Dissertationen zum Thema „Faisceaux d'électrons à basse énergie“
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Braga, Delfin. „Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux isolants sous faisceau d'électrons de basse énergie (200 eV-30 keV)“. Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCharging phenomena of insulating materials were studied thanks to a scanning electron microscope which allows the injection of few electrons doses in a large domain of energies and the measurements of the secondary electron emission and the induced current created in the sample holder by the charges generated in the sample. The results shown that the secondary electron emission yield is a very sensitive parameter to characterise the charging state of an insulator and they allowed to class these materials in two groups relatively to their ability to relax the generated charges: the "trapping insulators", presenting high resistivities, in which the charges are trapped in a stable way during several months and the "conductive insulators", presenting lower resistivities than the "trapping" ones, in which the charges relaxation occurs more or less rapidly depending on the density and the mobility of intrinsic charges of the material. The fundamental parameter controlling the charging kinetic is the current density J0. For "trapping insulators", different regimes (self-regulated, ageing, degradation) function of J0 and the domain of energy considered were observed. The study of "conductive insulators" revealed that a permanent current exist in these materials which is characterised by a steady state yield [sigma]∞ which fix the maximum value of J0 withstanding by a "conductive" without charge accumulation beneath its surface. These results allowed to define what kind of materials should be used from an electrical angle to reduce indeed to cancel the deviation of electrons due to spacers in field emission displays, and also to introduce a new characterisation process of the internal field created by thermal poling in glasses samples. We also developed a new exploration way of spatial and time evolution of trapped charges in "trapping insulators" thanks to an electrostatic force microscope. Firsts results show the very high stability of trapped charges in these materials
Jussot, Julien. „Lithographie directe à faisceaux d’électrons multiples pour les nœuds technologiques sub-20nm“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT086/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor decades, the growth of the Semiconductor Industry (SI) has been driven by the paramount need for faster devices at a controlled cost primarily due to the shrinkage of chip transistors. The performances of future CMOS technology generations still rely on the decrease of the device dimensions. However, the photolithography is, today, the limiting factor for pattern miniaturization and the technology has been at a standstill since the development of 193-nm water-based immersion lithography. Moreover, another parameter limiting further semiconductor scaling is the transistor gate linewidth roughness (LWR), i.e. the standard deviation of the gate critical dimension (CD) along the line. The LWR needs to be controlled at the nanometer range to ensure good electrical performances of the future CMOS device. The lithography step is again identified as the root cause of the gate LWR. Indeed, the significant LWR (4-5 nm) of the patterns printed by photolithography is transferred into the gate during the subsequent plasma etching steps, resulting in a final gate LWR far above the sub-2 nm LWR targeted for the sub-20 nm technological nodes. In order to continue scaling down feature sizes of devices, the semiconductor industry is waiting for the maturity of next generation lithographies (NGL). Among NGL, one can find the promising mask-less direct-write techniques (ML2) in which multiple electron beam lithography (multibeam lithography) is regarded as a serious candidate for providing high resolution structures at a low cost. The firm MAPPER Lithography, associated with CEA-LETI is working on the development of such a technology. The aim of this work is to contribute to the development of a low energy (5 keV) multibeam technology and to focus on the improvement of the LWR of the printed patterns. Several process parameters have been investigated to decrease the LWR: the effect of a specific writing strategy, the influence of the under layers and the introduction of post-lithographic treatments such as plasma treatments or thermal annealing. This work has shown that by combining a biased writing strategy with H2 plasma treatment, a 41% LWR decrease could be obtained. Although this performance is still above the ITRS requirements, this work opens the pace for LWR optimization with multi-beam lithography
BRAGA, DELFIN. „ETUDE DES PHENOMENES DE CHARGE DES MATERIAUX ISOLANTS SOUS FAISCEAU D'ELECTRONS DE BASSE ENERGIE (200 eV - 30 keV)“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMartelli, Lorenzo. „Average Current Enhancement of Laser-Plasma Accelerators for Industrial Applications“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAE012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis doctoral thesis is part of a CIFRE collaboration between Thales-MIS and the Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée (LOA). The main objective is to enhance the average current of low-energy laser-plasma accelerators, particularly in the range of a few MeV. This advancement is particularly interesting for low-energy applications such as industrial X-ray tomography, which does not require monoenergetic electron beams.Experiments were conducted using the 60,TW laser system installed in the Salle Jaune at LOA, capable of generating 30 fs pulses. Through meticulous exploration of plasma densities, laser energies, gas targets, and focusing degrees, we identified conditions conducive to producing highly divergent electron beams (i.e., >100 mrad) at energies of a few MeV, with charges ranging from 5 to 30 nC. We also achieved a maximum laser-to-electron energy conversion efficiency of approximately 14 %, one of the highest ever measured. Looking ahead to future laser systems capable of achieving average powers of around 100 W, these configurations could pave the way for generating laser-plasma accelerated electron beams with average currents exceeding 1 microampere, surpassing the current state of the art in laser-plasma accelerators. To facilitate these innovative experiments, we designed a supersonic glass nozzle and permanent magnetic dipoles to deflect electrons towards scintillating screens for beam spectroscopy. Concurrently with the experiments, this thesis also delved into Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations to study acceleration mechanisms. Using a dedicated numerical tool for processing PIC simulation results, we demonstrated that the ponderomotive force of the laser plays a predominant role in electron acceleration. Notably, the majority of particles are not injected into plasma waves but rather slide along the laser pulse, thereby gaining low energies on the order of a few MeV
Garcia, Roge Vololoniaina. „Nitruration superficielle de SiO2 à basse température activée par des électrons de basse énergie“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22097.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouchiha, Dorra. „Étude théorique des collisions d'électrons de basse énergie avec des molécules d'intérêt biologique“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4263.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDubus, Alain. „Application de méthodes de neutronique au transport d'électrons à basse énergie dans les solides et notamment à l'émission d'électrons secondaires“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213435.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrech, Sophie. „Mesures locales des propriétés de transmission d'électrons de basse énergie par une couche métallique ultrafine“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work of thesis was motivated by the will to measure the transmission of an electronic beam of low energy through a film. These measures were realized with the electron projection microscope, the use of which is based on three key elements: the tip, the object, the system of detection. The made measures allow, on the same object, to determine the transmission according to the kinetic energy of the incidental electrons for energies included between some tens and several hundreds of électronvolts. To bring to a successful conclusion these measures, we developed a procedure to fabricate freestanding ultra thin films. Their characterization by electronic microscopy showed that this procedure is reliable and that it allows to obtain freestanding films of some nanometers of thickness about side sizes of some tens of micrometers. We more particularly bent over golden nano porous films and over continuous nickel films. However, encouraging attempts (Co, Au/Co/Au, aluminum oxide, tétracontane) using this procedure indicate that this fabrication method can be spread. Transmission measurements realized on gold and nickel allowed to reach characteristics inherent to the material. Indeed, they constitute a new method of determination of the inner potential U and of inelastic mean free path Λ. We thus demonstrate through this work that the measure of the transmitted intensity of a coherent electrons beam by an ultra thin film can be realized in a local scale even on a unique cristallite. Furthermore, nano porous films constitute objects acting on the amplitude and the phase of the electronic wave. It is thus possible to modulate the wave electronic function by the control of the thickness and the porosity of the film
Pierron, Juliette. „Modèle de transport d'électrons à basse énergie (~10 eV- 2 keV) pour applications spatiales (OSMOSEE, GEANT4)“. Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpace is a hostile environment for embedded electronic devices on board satellites. The high fluxes of energetic electrons that impact these satellites may continuously penetrate inside their electronic components and cause malfunctions. Taking into account the effects of these particles requires high-performant 3D numerical tools, such as codes dedicated to electrons transport using the Monte Carlo statistical method, valid down to a few eV. In this context, ONERA has developed, in collaboration with CNES, the code OSMOSEE for aluminum. For its part, CEA has developed for silicon the low-energy electron module MicroElec for the code GEANT4. The aim of this thesis, in a collaborative effort between ONERA, CNES and CEA, is to extend those two codes to different materials. To describe the interactions between electrons, we chose to use the dielectric function formalism that enables to overcome of the disparity of electronic band structures in solids, which play a preponderant role at low energy. From the validation of the codes, for aluminum, silver and silicon, by comparison with measurements from the experimental set-up DEESSE at ONERA, we obtained a better understanding of the transport of low energy electrons in solids. This result enables us to study the effect of the surface roughness. This parameter, which may have a significant impact on the electron emission yield, is not usually taken into account in Monte Carlo transport codes, which only simulate ideally flat materials. In this sense, the results of this thesis offer interesting perspectives for space applications
Aminou, Mal Adji. „Etude d'un laser KrF de grande énergie : optimisation du dépôt d'énergie par faisceaux d'électrons dans la cavité laser“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX30018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoupie, Julien. „Contribution à l'étude de l'émission électronique sous impact d'électrons de basse énergie (<=1keV) : application à l'aluminium“. Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlthough extensively studied, the phenomenon of electron emission under electron impact is not very well known at very low energy (<100 eV). An energy range where this phenomenon is a fundamental parameter in space technologies such as radiofrequency waveguide in vacuum. In order to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon, in this energy range, a theoretical study through Monte Carlo simulation of electron emission at very low energyhave been undertaken. After identification of the involved interactions, we selected for each interaction the most appropriate existing models while providing modifications whenever necessary. Somme models found in the literature were used for the first time in the field ofelectron emission. Our approach has been applied to aluminum and has been validated experimentally when data existed. The commonly accepted shape of the yield curve has benne contradicted and explained by the low escape probability of very low energy electrons, as well as by a more rigorous treatment of the reflection of very low energy electrons that impact thematerial. In addition, the simulation provides, for the first time, access to a yield curve at very low energy presenting oscillations also found in the few available experimental data. These oscillations are attributed to the interaction of the electrons with the plasmons. Simulations showed the importance of the backscattered electrons population ate very low energy
Hadj, Hamou Mohamed. „Désorption stimulée d'ions négatifs par impact d'électrons de basse énergie sur des surfaces de diamant hydrogéné et oxygéné“. Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work, we considered from the experimental point of view, the interaction of low-energy electrons with hydrogenated oxygenated diamond surfaces. We have studied the mechanisms of H ̄and 0 ̄ions desorption from these surfaces, hydrogenated diamond surfaces received particular attention. For this surface, we have proved the existence of Feshbach resonance at 9 eV, which is responsible for H ̄ions desorption, by the direct dissociative electron attachment mechanism at 9 eV, and by indirect dissociative electron attachment at 22 eV. In the other hand dipolar dissociation mechanism contributed to H ̄ions desorption above 14 eV. The two mechanisms are involved probably in the photodesorption of H- ions which we have mentioned in the introductions. Thus, they contribute to the depletion of hydrogen from hydrogenated diamond surfaces and consequently to the degradetion of the negative electronic affinity property. In addition the resonance at 9 eV is responsible for the attenuation of the current of secondary electrons, emmited by the surfaces submitted to electronic bombardment, by the induction of upward energy band bending. The recent studuies in the laboratory showed that this resonance contribute to vibrational excitation of C-H bond. Finally studies as function of incident current intensity and surface temperature showed that if one works with currents lover to 2 nA and temperatures around 500 K, it is possible to avoid the decrease of the secondary electrons emmitted by the surfaces of hydrogenated diamond. Despite the fact that our results are far ahead of industrial use of diamond surfaces, they should be used for optimisation of this surfaces for high technologies applications
Chefdeville, Simon. „Dynamique de collisions moléculaires à très basse énergie : mise en évidence expérimentale de résonances quantiques“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0340/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTheoretical calculations predict that the dynamics of rotational excitation of CO or O2molecules, induced by collisions with H2, are dominated by quantum scatteringresonances at very low energies. However, experimental observation of these effectsis challenging: very low collision energies and high energy resolution are bothrequired. Experiments performed with a crossed molecular beam apparatus withvariable intersection angle allow us to observe the thresholds of the CO (j = 0 1)transition at 3.85 cm-1 and the O2 (Nj = 10 11) transition at 3.96 cm-1, whichcorrespond to the average kinetic energy of a gas below 4 K. The peaks in theintegral cross section’s collision energy dependence constitute the first experimentalobservation of resonances in an inelastic process. The good agreement betweentheory and experiment reinforces the confidence in the interaction potentials used todeduce rate coefficients for modeling the interstellar medium in the 1-20 K range. Ourexperimental results highlight the quantum nature of molecular interactions at verylow energies
Charpenel, Philippe. „Effets d'irradiations aux électrons de basse et moyenne énergie sur des isolants MOS issus de différentes technologies“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAstruc, Jean-Pierre. „Transfert d'électron entre atomes excités et molécules dans une expérience en jets croisés avec fluorescence résolue dans le temps“. Paris 13, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA132020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTomashchuk, Iryna. „Assemblage hétérogène cuivre-inox et TA6V-inox par les faisceaux de haute énergie : compréhension et modélisation des phénomènes physico-chimiques“. Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651486.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLemelin, Vincent. „Mesure de sections efficaces absolues vibrationnelles pour la collision d’électrons de basse énergie (1-19 eV) avec le tétrahydrofurane (THF) condensé“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9467.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract: This master’s thesis is a study of interactions probabilities (cross sections) of low-energy electrons with an important biomolecule. The studied molecule is tetrahydrofuran (THF) which is a good model for the DNA backbone constituent deoxyribose. Knowing the important quantity of secondary electrons generated by the radiations passage through the biological matter and knowing that these low-energy electrons are responsible for the majority of the energy deposited, the study of their interactions with DNA constituents becomes rapidly important. Cross sections measurements are performed with a high-resolution electron energy loss spectrometer. The electron energy loss spectra obtained from this spectrometer allow cross sections calculations for each vibration mode as a function of electron incident energy. The article presented in this master thesis describes in details the experimental methods, it presents energy loss spectra and it shows and discusses results obtained in this project. The energy dependence of the cross sections allows the observation of multiple resonances in many vibration modes of THF. Effectively, this study allows the energy localisation of 4 resonances, which have all been confirmed by previous experimental and theoretical studies on the electron-THF collisions. Additionally, these resonances have never been observed simultaneously in the same study and the resonance found at low incident energy has never been observed with as much intensity as this present work. This study allowed a better understanding of the fundamental processes occurring in collisions of low-energy electrons with THF. The cross sections values are highly prized by theorists and they are essential for Monte Carlo simulations. These values will be used in models for energy distribution and deposition in biological matter at nanoscopic scales, thereby they will eventually improve the efficiency of radiotherapeutic modalities.
Beck, Lucile. „Développement de méthodes nucléaires induites par faisceaux d'ions de basse énergie à la caractérisation d'objets archéologiques composites : application à l'étude d'alliages Au-Ag-Cu de l'orfèvrerie antique“. Orléans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ORLE2058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGerardin, Frédéric. „Etude de la compensation de charge d'espace dans les lignes basse énergie des accélérateurs d'ions légers de haute intensité“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study of intense ion beam dynamics in lowenergy beam transport line (LEBT) representsone of the most important challenges inaccelerating sciences. At low energy, it isdominated by the space-charge field created bythe beam itself, which is generally non-linearand can induce halo, emittance growth and beamlosses. But, a ion beam at low energypropagating in a LEBT ionises the residual gas.The particles (ions and electrons) fromionisation are repelled or confined radially bythe space charge field according to their chargesign.Other interactions take place in the LEBT,modifying the beam dynamics and the space chargecompensation time and the space-chargecompensation yield. In order to obtain predictiveand precise results quantitatively, numericalsimulations of beam transport in space-chargecompensation regime with WARP code havebeen realized taking account the most probablephysical interactions. Then, we will discuss theresults with comparisons with experimental dataobtained on the MYRRHA and IFMIF LEBT’s