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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Faisceaux d'électrons à basse énergie“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Faisceaux d'électrons à basse énergie"
Braga, Delfin. „Etude des phénomènes de charge des matériaux isolants sous faisceau d'électrons de basse énergie (200 eV-30 keV)“. Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCharging phenomena of insulating materials were studied thanks to a scanning electron microscope which allows the injection of few electrons doses in a large domain of energies and the measurements of the secondary electron emission and the induced current created in the sample holder by the charges generated in the sample. The results shown that the secondary electron emission yield is a very sensitive parameter to characterise the charging state of an insulator and they allowed to class these materials in two groups relatively to their ability to relax the generated charges: the "trapping insulators", presenting high resistivities, in which the charges are trapped in a stable way during several months and the "conductive insulators", presenting lower resistivities than the "trapping" ones, in which the charges relaxation occurs more or less rapidly depending on the density and the mobility of intrinsic charges of the material. The fundamental parameter controlling the charging kinetic is the current density J0. For "trapping insulators", different regimes (self-regulated, ageing, degradation) function of J0 and the domain of energy considered were observed. The study of "conductive insulators" revealed that a permanent current exist in these materials which is characterised by a steady state yield [sigma]∞ which fix the maximum value of J0 withstanding by a "conductive" without charge accumulation beneath its surface. These results allowed to define what kind of materials should be used from an electrical angle to reduce indeed to cancel the deviation of electrons due to spacers in field emission displays, and also to introduce a new characterisation process of the internal field created by thermal poling in glasses samples. We also developed a new exploration way of spatial and time evolution of trapped charges in "trapping insulators" thanks to an electrostatic force microscope. Firsts results show the very high stability of trapped charges in these materials
Jussot, Julien. „Lithographie directe à faisceaux d’électrons multiples pour les nœuds technologiques sub-20nm“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT086/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFor decades, the growth of the Semiconductor Industry (SI) has been driven by the paramount need for faster devices at a controlled cost primarily due to the shrinkage of chip transistors. The performances of future CMOS technology generations still rely on the decrease of the device dimensions. However, the photolithography is, today, the limiting factor for pattern miniaturization and the technology has been at a standstill since the development of 193-nm water-based immersion lithography. Moreover, another parameter limiting further semiconductor scaling is the transistor gate linewidth roughness (LWR), i.e. the standard deviation of the gate critical dimension (CD) along the line. The LWR needs to be controlled at the nanometer range to ensure good electrical performances of the future CMOS device. The lithography step is again identified as the root cause of the gate LWR. Indeed, the significant LWR (4-5 nm) of the patterns printed by photolithography is transferred into the gate during the subsequent plasma etching steps, resulting in a final gate LWR far above the sub-2 nm LWR targeted for the sub-20 nm technological nodes. In order to continue scaling down feature sizes of devices, the semiconductor industry is waiting for the maturity of next generation lithographies (NGL). Among NGL, one can find the promising mask-less direct-write techniques (ML2) in which multiple electron beam lithography (multibeam lithography) is regarded as a serious candidate for providing high resolution structures at a low cost. The firm MAPPER Lithography, associated with CEA-LETI is working on the development of such a technology. The aim of this work is to contribute to the development of a low energy (5 keV) multibeam technology and to focus on the improvement of the LWR of the printed patterns. Several process parameters have been investigated to decrease the LWR: the effect of a specific writing strategy, the influence of the under layers and the introduction of post-lithographic treatments such as plasma treatments or thermal annealing. This work has shown that by combining a biased writing strategy with H2 plasma treatment, a 41% LWR decrease could be obtained. Although this performance is still above the ITRS requirements, this work opens the pace for LWR optimization with multi-beam lithography
BRAGA, DELFIN. „ETUDE DES PHENOMENES DE CHARGE DES MATERIAUX ISOLANTS SOUS FAISCEAU D'ELECTRONS DE BASSE ENERGIE (200 eV - 30 keV)“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004341.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMartelli, Lorenzo. „Average Current Enhancement of Laser-Plasma Accelerators for Industrial Applications“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAE012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis doctoral thesis is part of a CIFRE collaboration between Thales-MIS and the Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée (LOA). The main objective is to enhance the average current of low-energy laser-plasma accelerators, particularly in the range of a few MeV. This advancement is particularly interesting for low-energy applications such as industrial X-ray tomography, which does not require monoenergetic electron beams.Experiments were conducted using the 60,TW laser system installed in the Salle Jaune at LOA, capable of generating 30 fs pulses. Through meticulous exploration of plasma densities, laser energies, gas targets, and focusing degrees, we identified conditions conducive to producing highly divergent electron beams (i.e., >100 mrad) at energies of a few MeV, with charges ranging from 5 to 30 nC. We also achieved a maximum laser-to-electron energy conversion efficiency of approximately 14 %, one of the highest ever measured. Looking ahead to future laser systems capable of achieving average powers of around 100 W, these configurations could pave the way for generating laser-plasma accelerated electron beams with average currents exceeding 1 microampere, surpassing the current state of the art in laser-plasma accelerators. To facilitate these innovative experiments, we designed a supersonic glass nozzle and permanent magnetic dipoles to deflect electrons towards scintillating screens for beam spectroscopy. Concurrently with the experiments, this thesis also delved into Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations to study acceleration mechanisms. Using a dedicated numerical tool for processing PIC simulation results, we demonstrated that the ponderomotive force of the laser plays a predominant role in electron acceleration. Notably, the majority of particles are not injected into plasma waves but rather slide along the laser pulse, thereby gaining low energies on the order of a few MeV
Garcia, Roge Vololoniaina. „Nitruration superficielle de SiO2 à basse température activée par des électrons de basse énergie“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22097.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBouchiha, Dorra. „Étude théorique des collisions d'électrons de basse énergie avec des molécules d'intérêt biologique“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4263.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDubus, Alain. „Application de méthodes de neutronique au transport d'électrons à basse énergie dans les solides et notamment à l'émission d'électrons secondaires“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213435.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrech, Sophie. „Mesures locales des propriétés de transmission d'électrons de basse énergie par une couche métallique ultrafine“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work of thesis was motivated by the will to measure the transmission of an electronic beam of low energy through a film. These measures were realized with the electron projection microscope, the use of which is based on three key elements: the tip, the object, the system of detection. The made measures allow, on the same object, to determine the transmission according to the kinetic energy of the incidental electrons for energies included between some tens and several hundreds of électronvolts. To bring to a successful conclusion these measures, we developed a procedure to fabricate freestanding ultra thin films. Their characterization by electronic microscopy showed that this procedure is reliable and that it allows to obtain freestanding films of some nanometers of thickness about side sizes of some tens of micrometers. We more particularly bent over golden nano porous films and over continuous nickel films. However, encouraging attempts (Co, Au/Co/Au, aluminum oxide, tétracontane) using this procedure indicate that this fabrication method can be spread. Transmission measurements realized on gold and nickel allowed to reach characteristics inherent to the material. Indeed, they constitute a new method of determination of the inner potential U and of inelastic mean free path Λ. We thus demonstrate through this work that the measure of the transmitted intensity of a coherent electrons beam by an ultra thin film can be realized in a local scale even on a unique cristallite. Furthermore, nano porous films constitute objects acting on the amplitude and the phase of the electronic wave. It is thus possible to modulate the wave electronic function by the control of the thickness and the porosity of the film
Pierron, Juliette. „Modèle de transport d'électrons à basse énergie (~10 eV- 2 keV) pour applications spatiales (OSMOSEE, GEANT4)“. Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpace is a hostile environment for embedded electronic devices on board satellites. The high fluxes of energetic electrons that impact these satellites may continuously penetrate inside their electronic components and cause malfunctions. Taking into account the effects of these particles requires high-performant 3D numerical tools, such as codes dedicated to electrons transport using the Monte Carlo statistical method, valid down to a few eV. In this context, ONERA has developed, in collaboration with CNES, the code OSMOSEE for aluminum. For its part, CEA has developed for silicon the low-energy electron module MicroElec for the code GEANT4. The aim of this thesis, in a collaborative effort between ONERA, CNES and CEA, is to extend those two codes to different materials. To describe the interactions between electrons, we chose to use the dielectric function formalism that enables to overcome of the disparity of electronic band structures in solids, which play a preponderant role at low energy. From the validation of the codes, for aluminum, silver and silicon, by comparison with measurements from the experimental set-up DEESSE at ONERA, we obtained a better understanding of the transport of low energy electrons in solids. This result enables us to study the effect of the surface roughness. This parameter, which may have a significant impact on the electron emission yield, is not usually taken into account in Monte Carlo transport codes, which only simulate ideally flat materials. In this sense, the results of this thesis offer interesting perspectives for space applications
Aminou, Mal Adji. „Etude d'un laser KrF de grande énergie : optimisation du dépôt d'énergie par faisceaux d'électrons dans la cavité laser“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX30018.
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