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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Extra non-Cancer death risk"
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Botta, Laura, Gemma Gatta, Annalisa Trama und Riccardo Capocaccia. „Excess risk of dying of other causes of cured cancer patients“. Tumori Journal 105, Nr. 3 (25.03.2019): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300891619837896.
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Background: The proportion of patients cured of cancer is usually estimated with cure models assuming they have the same death risk as the general population. These patients, even when cured, often maintain an extra death risk compared to the overall population. Our aims were to estimate this extra risk, and to take it into account in estimating cure proportions and relative survival (RS). Methods: We used RS mixture model with an additional parameter expressing the extra noncancer death risk of patients, assumed constant with age. We applied the model to the SEER registries survival data (1990–1994 diagnosed patients) with colorectal, breast, and lung cancers, and followed up to 2013. Results: The estimated relative risk of death for cured patients versus the general population was 1.11 for colorectal, 1.16 for breast, and 2.17 and 2.12, respectively, for female and male lung cancers. Taking this extra risk into account leads, for all cancers, to a higher estimated proportion of cured and a lower RS of uncured patients. In addition, it leads to a higher estimated RS for all patients aged >70 years, and for lung cancer patients aged >50 years, at diagnosis. Conclusions: Mortality of survivors not directly due to the diagnosed cancer was significantly higher than in the general population. It affected the estimates of cure proportions for all age classes and RS in the elderly.
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Kedves, Melinda, Fruzsina Kósa, Péter Kunovszki, Péter Takács, Melinda Zsuzsanna Szabó, Chetan Karyekar, Jennifer H. Lofland und György Nagy. „Large-scale mortality gap between SLE and control population is associated with increased infection-related mortality in lupus“. Rheumatology 59, Nr. 11 (01.05.2020): 3443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa188.
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Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to analyse the incidence, prevalence, mortality and cause of death data of adult SLE patients and matched controls in a full-populational, nationwide, retrospective study. Methods This non-interventional study was based on database research of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. A total of 7888 patients were included in the analyses, within which two subgroups of incident patients were created: the ‘All incident SLE patients’ group consisted of all incident SLE patients (4503 patients), while the ‘Treated SLE patients’ group contained those who received relevant therapy in the first 6 months after diagnosis (2582 patients). Results The median age of the SLE population was found to be 46.5 years (women 85%). The incidence rate was 4.86 and 2.78 per 100 000 inhabitants in the ‘All incident SLE patients’ and ‘Treated SLE patients’ groups, respectively. The standardized mortality ratio was 1.63 and 2.09 in the ‘All incident SLE patients’ and ‘Treated SLE patients’ groups, respectively. Overall survival was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in both groups than in the general population, with hazard ratio = 2.17 in the ‘All incident SLE patients’ group and hazard ratio = 2.75 in the ‘Treated SLE patients’ group. There was no significant difference between SLE and control deaths regarding cerebrovascular conditions as the cause of death. Generally, cancer-related deaths were less common, while haematological cancer and infection-related deaths were more common in SLE patients. Conclusion Infections, especially sepsis, had the largest positive effect on top of the extra mortality of SLE. This highlights that SLE patients are at increased risk of infection-related death.
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Agarwal, Shashi K. „Smoking and Its Relationship with Cancer“. Journal of Cancer Research Reviews & Reports 3, Nr. 2 (30.06.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jcrr/2021(3)136.
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Tobacco smoking is a popular pastime all over the world. It is the leading preventable cause of cancer. Tobacco smoke is loaded with carcinogens that harm literally every tissue in the human body. It is the main cause of cancers of the lung, esophagus, and urinary bladder. Besides its deleterious effect on the primary smokers, exhaled smoke and side-stream smoke from their cigarettes also increase the risk of cancer in non-smokers from passive inhalation. Almost one-half of the cancer sufferers continue to smoke after its diagnosis, and this interferes with treatment, increases the risk of recurrence, is associated with a poor quality of life, and markedly hikes mortality. Tobacco smoking is implicated in about a third of all cancer deaths. It also increases the risk of developing a second primary cancer. Smoking cessation not only reduces the risk of developing new cancer but also favorably alters the course of established cancer. It can also bestow an extra 20 years of life. This manuscript briefly reviews the noxious relationship between tobacco smoke and cancer.
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Henson, K., R. Brock, J. Charnock, B. Wickramasinghe, O. Will, L. Elliss-Brookes und A. Pitman. „Risk of Suicide After a Cancer Diagnosis in England: A Population-Based Study“. Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (01.10.2018): 228s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.92200.
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Background: Previous research has identified an increased risk of suicide among cancer patients, however this has not been investigated at a population level in England. Those subgroups of patients most at risk need to be identified to ensure appropriate access to psychological support. Aim: To examine the variation in suicide risk among individuals diagnosed with cancer in England. Methods: We identified 4,453,547 individuals (21 million person-years at risk) aged 18 to 99 years at diagnosis of cancer during 1995 to 2015 from the national cancer registry, and followed them up until 31 August 2017. The outcomes of interest were both suicide and open verdicts (ICD-10 X60-X84, Y87.0, Y10-Y34 [excluding Y33.9, Y87.2]). Population-based expected deaths were as published by ONS [2]. We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs), and explored variation in suicide risk by cancer type, age at death, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, and years since cancer diagnosis. Results: 2352 cancer patients died by suicide. This was 0.08% of all deaths. The overall SMR for suicide was 1.19 (95% CI 1.14-1.24) and AER per 10,000 person-years was 0.18 (0.13-0.22). The risk was highest among individuals diagnosed with mesothelioma, with a 4.34-fold risk corresponding to 4.00 extra deaths per 10,000 person-years. This was followed by pancreatic (3.94-fold), esophageal (2.53-fold), lung (2.52-fold), and stomach (2.14-fold) cancer (all significantly elevated). Suicide risk was highest in the first 6 months following cancer diagnosis (SMR: 2.64 [2.42-2.89]), but a significantly increased risk persisted for 2 years (SMR: 1.21 [1.08-1.35]). Conclusion: Despite low numbers, the elevated risk of suicide in patients with certain cancers is a concern, representing potentially preventable deaths. The increased risk in the first 6 months after diagnosis, which is consistent with previous studies, highlights unmet needs for psychological support delivered alongside cancer diagnosis and treatment. Our findings suggest a need for improved risk stratification across cancer services, followed by targeted psychological support.
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Beemsterboer, P. M. M., P. G. Warmerdam, R. Boer und H. J. de Koning. „Radiation risk of mammography related to benefit in screening programmes: a favourable balance?“ Journal of Medical Screening 5, Nr. 2 (01.06.1998): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jms.5.2.81.
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Objectives To estimate the number of breast cancer deaths induced by low dose radiation in breast cancer screening programmes compared with numbers prevented. Methods A computer simulation model on the natural history of breast cancer was combined with a model from BEIR-V on induced breast cancer mortality from low levels of radiation. The improvement in prognosis resulting from screening was based on the results of the Swedish overview of the randomised screening trials for breast cancer and the performance of screening in the Netherlands. Different scenarios (ages and intervals) were used to explore the objectives. Sensitivity analyses were carried out for latency period, dose of mammography, sensitivity of the screening test, early detection by screening of induced breast tumours, and new 1996 risk estimates by Howe and McLaughlin. Results For a screening programme, age group 50–69, two year interval, 2 mGy per view, the balance between the number of deaths induced versus those prevented was favourable: 1:242. When screening is expanded to the age group 40–49 with a one or two year interval the results may be less favourable, that is, 1:66 and 1:97. According to these scenarios and with the Dutch scenario as reference, one breast cancer death from radiation may be expected to occur to save eight extra deaths from breast cancer. If screening was equally effective in young women as in women aged 50–69, the marginal value was 1:±30. Assuming detection of induced cancers by screening could influence the ratios by about 30%, but did not substantially change the conclusions. The new risk estimates by Howe and McLaughlin resulted in five times to eight times favourable ratios breast cancer deaths induced to prevented. Besides age group of screening, dose of mammography is the other determinant of risk. Conclusions For screening under the age of 50, the balance between the number of breast cancer deaths prevented by screening compared with the number induced by radiation seem less favourable. Credibility intervals were however wide, because of many uncertainties of radiation risk at very low doses.
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Daniels, Robert Douglas, und Stephen J. Bertke. „Exposure–response assessment of cancer mortality in styrene-exposed boatbuilders“. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, Nr. 10 (29.05.2020): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106445.
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ObjectivesTo improve exposure estimates and reexamine exposure–response relationships between cumulative styrene exposure and cancer mortality in a previously studied cohort of US boatbuilders exposed between 1959 and 1978 and followed through 2016.MethodsCumulative styrene exposure was estimated from work assignments and air-sampling data. Exposure–response relationships between styrene and select cancers were examined in Cox proportional hazards models matched on attained age, sex, race, birth cohort and employment duration. Models adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES). Exposures were lagged 10 years or by a period maximising the likelihood. HRs included 95% profile-likelihood CIs. Actuarial methods were used to estimate the styrene exposure corresponding to 10-4 extra lifetime risk.ResultsThe cohort (n= 5163) contributed 201 951 person-years. Exposures were right-skewed, with mean and median of 31 and 5.7 ppm-years, respectively. Positive, monotonic exposure–response associations were evident for leukaemia (HR at 50 ppm-years styrene = 1.46; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.97) and bladder cancer (HR at 50 ppm-years styrene =1.64; 95% CI 1.14 to 2.33). There was no evidence of confounding by SES. A working lifetime exposure to 0.05 ppm styrene corresponded to one extra leukaemia death per 10 000 workers.ConclusionsThe study contributes evidence of exposure–response associations between cumulative styrene exposure and cancer. Simple risk projections at current exposure levels indicate a need for formal risk assessment. Future recommendations on worker protection would benefit from additional research clarifying cancer risks from styrene exposure.
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Khatun, F., B. Rawat, A. Vaidya, S. Rajbhandari und Y. Bhatta. „Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in Nepalese diabetic patients: Do they carry extra risk to revascularization process?“ Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 1, Nr. 1 (18.12.2012): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i1.7250.
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Background and Objectives: There is evidence that diabetes carries risk of various complications and adverse outcome with coronary revascularisation procedures. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes and complications of Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty in Nepalese diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients. Method: A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Norvic International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 702 consecutive Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty patients coming to the hospital from 2002 to 2010 were included. Angioplasty was performed using radial and femoral routes in a standard setting with standard techniques. Information on other background risk factors was recorded. Success of the procedures and presence of major and minor complications were observed. Results: Of the 702 patients participating in this study, 259 were diabetic and 443 were non-diabetic. Success rates were similar: 256 (98.8%) of diabetic and 438 (98.8%) of non-diabetic had a successful Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty. Complications of the procedure were however higher in the diabetic patients with higher in-hospital death (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence Interval: 0.6-19.1), compared to non-diabetic patients. Conclusion: The overall outcome of Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty was equally successful in diabetic and non-diabetic populations groups. But the complications were higher with the diabetic group which were because of presence of other co-morbidities in this group and were not procedure-related. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i1.7250 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 1, Issue 1, Jul.-Sep., 2012 pp.16-20
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Sobrero, Alberto, Sara Lonardi, Gerardo Rosati, Maria Di Bartolomeo, Monica Ronzoni, Nicoletta Pella, Mario Scartozzi et al. „FOLFOX or CAPOX in Stage II to III Colon Cancer: Efficacy Results of the Italian Three or Six Colon Adjuvant Trial“. Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, Nr. 15 (20.05.2018): 1478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.76.2187.
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Purpose Given the cumulative neurotoxicity associated with oxaliplatin, a shorter duration of adjuvant therapy, if equally efficacious, would be advantageous for patients and health-care systems. Methods The Three or Six Colon Adjuvant trial is an open-label, phase III, multicenter, noninferiority trial randomizing patients with high-risk stage II or stage III colon cancer to receive 3 months or 6 months of FOLFOX (fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) or CAPOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin). Primary end-point is relapse-free survival. Results 3,759 patients were accrued from 130 Italian sites, 64% receiving FOLFOX and 36% CAPOX. Two-thirds were stage III. The median time of follow up was 62 months and 772 relapses or deaths have been observed. The hazard ratio (HR) of the 3 months versus 6 months for relapse/death was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.32; P [for noninferiority] = .514) and the CI crossed the noninferiority limit of 1.20. However, the absolute difference in 3-year RFS was 1.9% (95% CI, -0.7% to 4.4%). Counter-intuitively, while the RFS curves were similar for stage III (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.26) and for CAPOX treated patients (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.26), they were not for stage II and for FOLFOX treated patients, with HR of 1.41 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.89) and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.46), respectively, favoring the 6 months of treatment. Conclusion The Three or Six Colon Adjuvant trial failed to formally show noninferiority of 3 versus 6 months of treatment to the predefined margin of 20% relative increase. The results depended on the adjuvant regimen and risk. For CAPOX, 3 months were as good as 6 months; for FOLFOX, 6 months added extra benefit. Counter-intuitively, the low-risk patients benefitted more than the high-risk population from the 6-month duration. The choice of regimen and duration should depend on patient characteristics and be balanced against the extra toxicity of longer therapy.
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Piper, Thomas B., Hans J. Nielsen und Ib Jarle Christensen. „Serological cancer-associated protein biomarker levels at bowel endoscopy: Increased risk of subsequent primary malignancy“. Tumor Biology 44, Nr. 1 (14.02.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/tub-211501.
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BACKGROUND: It was previously shown in three subpopulations that subjects not identified with colorectal cancer (CRC) at bowel endoscopy, but with increased serological cancer-associated protein biomarker levels had an increased risk of being diagnosed with subsequent malignant diseases. Objective: The aim of the present study was to perform a pooled analysis of subjects from the three subpopulations and subsequently validate the results in an independent study. The study population denoted the training set includes N = 4,076 subjects with symptoms attributable to CRC and the independent validation set N = 3,774 similar subjects. METHODS: Levels of CEA, CA19-9, TIMP-1 and YKL-40 were determined in blood samples collected prior to diagnostic bowel endoscopy. Follow-up of subjects not diagnosed with CRC at endoscopy, was ten years and identified subjects diagnosed with primary intra- or extra-colonic malignant diseases. The primary analysis was time to a newly diagnosed malignant disease and was analyzed with death as a competing risk in the training set. Subjects with HNPCC or FAP were excluded. The cumulated incidence was estimated for each biomarker and in a multivariate model. The resulting model was then validated on the second study population. RESULTS: In the training set primary malignancies were identified in 515 (12.6%) of the 4,076 subjects, who had a colorectal endoscopy with non-malignant findings. In detail, 33 subjects were subsequently diagnosed with CRC and 482 subjects with various extra-colonic cancers. Multivariate additive analysis of the dichotomized biomarkers demonstrated that CEA (HR = 1.50, 95% CI:1.21–1.86, p < 0.001), CA19-9 (HR = 1.41, 95% CI:1.10–1.81, p = 0.007) and TIMP-1 (HR = 1.25 95% CI: 1.01–1.54, p = 0.041) were significant predictors of subsequent malignancy. The cumulated incidence at 5 years landmark time was 17% for those subjects with elevated CEA, CA19-9 and TIMP-1 versus 6.7% for those with low levels of all. When the model was applied to the validation set the cumulated 5-year incidence was 10.5% for subjects with elevated CEA, CA19-9 and TIMP-1 and 5.6% for subjects with low levels of all biomarkers. Further analysis demonstrated a significant interaction between TIMP-1 and age in the training set. The age dependency of TIMP-1 indicated a greater risk of malignancy in younger subjects if the biomarker was elevated. This observation was validated in the second set. CONCLUSION: Elevated cancer-associated protein biomarker levels in subjects with non-malignant findings at large bowel endoscopy identifies subjects at increased risk of being diagnosed with subsequent primary malignancy. CEA, CA19-9 and TIMP-1 were significant predictors of malignant disease in this analysis. TIMP-1 was found dependent on age. The results were validated in an independent symptomatic population.
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Garcia-Guasch, Maite, Mireia Medrano, Irmgard Costa, Elena Vela, Marta Grau, Eduard Escrich und Raquel Moral. „Extra-Virgin Olive Oil and Its Minor Compounds Influence Apoptosis in Experimental Mammary Tumors and Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines“. Cancers 14, Nr. 4 (11.02.2022): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040905.
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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Modifiable factors such as nutrition have a role in its etiology. In experimental tumors, we have observed the differential influence of high-fat diets in metabolic pathways, suggesting a different balance in proliferation/apoptosis. In this work, we analyzed the effects of a diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a diet high in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) on the histopathological features and different cell death pathways in the dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer model. The diet high in n-6 PUFA had a stimulating effect on the morphological aggressiveness of tumors and their proliferation, while no significant differences were found in groups fed the EVOO-enriched diet in comparison to a low-fat control group. The high-EVOO diet induced modifications in proteins involved in several cell death pathways. In vitro analysis in different human breast cancer cell lines showed an effect of EVOO minor compounds (especially hydroxytyrosol), but not of fatty acids, decreasing viability while increasing apoptosis. The results suggest an effect of dietary lipids on tumor molecular contexts that result in the modulation of different pathways, highlighting the importance of apoptosis in the interplay of survival processes and how dietary habits may have an impact on breast cancer risk.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Extra non-Cancer death risk"
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Botta, Laura. „Impact de la correction du risque supplémentaire de décès non lié au cancer sur l'estimation des indicateurs de survie nette et de guérison“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCI023.
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Dans le cadre de la survie relative (SR), les survivants du cancer sont généralement supposés avoir le même risque de mortalité que les individus de la population générale de mêmes caractéristiques, en plus du risque spécifique dû au cancer. Cette hypothèse est utilisée dans le modèle conventionnel de guérison de mélange pour estimer la proportion de patients guéris (CF), ie qui ne mourront pas du cancer. Cependant, cette hypothèse ne se vérifie pas toujours.Mon hypothèse est que les survivants, même si leur cancer a été définitivement guéri, peuvent présenter un risque supplémentaire de mortalité non cancéreuse par rapport à la population générale. Cela pourrait être dû aux effets secondaires à long terme des traitements, à un second cancer ou à l'exposition à des facteurs de risque liés au mode de vie ou à l'environnement. Une analyse antérieure des données de la population des États-Unis a montré l'existence d’un surrisque de décès par autre cause par rapport à la population générale.Ignorer le surrisque de mortalité non cancéreuse auquel sont exposés les survivants du cancer peut conduire à des estimations biaisées de la CF, c'est-à-dire de la proportion de patients qui ne mourront pas de leur cancer, et d'autres indicateurs de survie pertinents, par exemple la survie nette. Les recherches sur les méthodes permettant d'estimer avec précision la mortalité par autres causes des survivants du cancer se multiplient.Cette travail vise à tester la fiabilité et la robustesse du nouveau modèle de guérison de mélange qui tient compte de ce risque dans différents contextes à l'aide d'une étude de simulation. Sur la base de ces résultats, la méthode a été appliquée à des données réelles, afin d'estimer le surrisque de mortalité non cancéreuse pour les patients atteints de cancer et la CF corrigée, en se concentrant sur certains cancers de l'adulte et sur les enfants ainsi que les adolescents et jeunes adultes (AJAs). Les AJAs sont définis comme les personnes diagnostiquées entre 15 et 39 ans, conformément à la définition internationale proposée par le Réseau européen pour le cancer de l'enfant et de l'adolescent (ENCCA).Des études antérieures ont montré que les survivants d'un cancer de l'enfant ou de l'adolescent présentent un risque de mortalité accru par rapport à la population générale. Les décès chez ces survivants sont principalement dus au cancer initial, suivi de néoplasmes malins secondaires et d'effets secondaires du traitement.L'objectif de cette partie du projet est d'appliquer le nouveau modèle de guérison de mélange à de petites populations telles que les AJAs et à une population présentant un risque de décès réduit dans la population générale, c'est-à-dire les enfants. À notre connaissance, la littérature sur l'utilisation des modèles de guérison de mélange pour les AJA et les enfants atteints de cancer est rare.Pour l'application du modèle à des données réelles, la base de données EUROCARE 6 sera utilisée pour illustrer le surrisque de décès non cancéreux et son impact sur la survie nette et les estimations de la CF.EUROpean CAncer REgistry based study on survival and care of cancer patients (EUROCARE)est une initiative de recherche collaborative axée sur la survie au cancer au sein de la population en Europe. L'équipe de recherche d'EUROCARE est basée à l'Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano (INT) et à l'Istituto Superiore di Sanità à Rome, et je suis membre du comité des chercheurs d'EUROCARE 6.Ces résultats contribueront, je l'espère, au débat sur la définition du « droit à l'oubli pour les patients atteints de cancer » et à la gestion des effets secondaires tardifs, qui est rarement abordée dans les études épidémiologiques. Le travail sera effectué en collaboration avec la Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Tumori di MilanoIn the relative survival (RS) framework, cancer survivors are typically assumed to have, in addition to the specific risk due to cancer, the same mortality risk as individuals from the general population with the same demographic characteristics. This assumption is used in the conventional mixture cure model to estimate the proportion of patients that will not die of the cancer ie the statistical cure fraction (CF). However, this assumption does not always hold.My hypothesis is that survivors, even if their cancer has been permanently cured, may have an additional non-cancer mortality risk compared to the general population. This could be due to long-term side effects of treatments, second cancers, or exposure to lifestyle or environmental risk factors. A previous analysis of United States population data showed the presence of relative risks of non-cancer deaths compared to the general population higher than 1.Ignoring the extra non-cancer mortality risk to which cancer survivors are exposed can lead to biased estimates of CF and other relevant survival indicators, e.g. net survival. Research on methods for accurately estimating the background mortality of cancer survivors is increasing .This research aims at testing the reliability and robustness of the new mixture cure model that accounts for this risk in different settings using a simulations study. Building on these results, the method will be applied to real data, estimating the extra non-cancer mortality risk for cancer patients and the corrected CF, focusing on some adult cancers and also on children and adolescents and young adults (AYAs). AYAs are defined as those diagnosed at ages 15-39, in line with the international definition proposed by the European Network for Cancer in Children and Adolescents (ENCCA).Previous studies have shown that survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer have increased mortality risks compared to the general population. Deaths in these survivors are mainly due to the original cancer, followed by second malignant neoplasms and side effects of treatment.The aim of this part of the project is to apply the new mixture cure model to small populations such as AYAs and to a population with a reduced risk of death in the baseline population, i.e. children. To our knowledge, the literature on the use of mixture cure models for AYAs and childhood cancer patients is scarce.For the application of the model to real data, the EUROCARE 6 database was used to illustrate the extra risk of non-cancer death and its impact on net survival and CF estimates. The EUROpean CAncer REgistry based study on survival and care of cancer patients (EUROCARE) is a collaborative research initiative focused on population-based cancer survival in Europe. The EUROCARE research team is based at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano (INT) and the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome, and I am a member of the EUROCARE 6 Researchers Committee.These results will hopefully help in the discussion for the definition of the “Right to be forgotten for cancer patients” and address the management of late side effects, which is rarely addressed in epidemiological studies. The work will be carried out in collaboration with Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Tumori di Milano
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Po-FengLee und 李柏鋒. „The risk factors for concurrent use of benzodiazepines or death among non-cancer patients with long-term opioid analgesics use“. Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45fj83.
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碩士國立成功大學
公共衛生研究所碩士在職專班
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Introduction Over the past 20 years, the consumption of opioid analgesics has significantly increased in many countries of North America and Europe. There has been international concern over the rise in opioid analgesics addiction and black-marketing, as well as opioid intoxication and mortality. Although the average opioids consumption in Taiwan is still much lesser than U.S. and Australia, it rose by 41% between 2002 and 2014. This was because Taiwanese government implemented more strict policies on prescription of opioid analgesics, as well as the introduction of new opioid analgesics. However, there were only few articles conducted to address prescriptions of opioid analgesics in Taiwan. This study aimed to investigate the trend of long-term opioid analgesics use in Taiwan and the risk factors for subsequent intoxication or death among non-cancer patients with long-term opioid analgesics use. Goal of study We aimed to investigate (1) sociodemographic characteristics; (2) risk factors of concurrent benzodiazepine use; (3) risk factors of opioid intoxication; (4) risk factors of death; (5) age and sex standardized mortality ratio (SMR); and (6) the distribution of cause of death, among non-cancer patients with long-term opioid analgesics use. Material and methods Our study design was a longitudinal and retrospective cohort study; and the database analyzed was all claim data, between 2000-2013, of a randomly selected population-based cohort (2-million people) provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Our study cohort consisted of 12,990 adults with non-cancer diagnosis and long-term opioid analgesics use between 2001 and 2012. Long-term opioid analgesics use was defined as consecutive opioid analgesics use for more than 14 days, or intermittent opioid analgesics use more than 28 days in a 90 days period. We performed survival analysis (Cox regression model) to identify risk factors for subsequent concurrent benzodiazepine use and death. Defining the whole population as reference population, we also calculated age and sex standardized mortality ratio with indirect standardization method. Results We identified 12,990 beneficiaries to be our study cohort. In this cohort, 7,826 (60.2%) enrollees were male, and 8715 (67.1%) enrollees were aged between 45 and 64 years. Totally 2,852 (22%) enrollees were noted to have combined use of benzodiazepine, and 2,327 (81.6%) out of these 2,852 enrollees were identified within 1 year after the definition of long-term opioid analgesic were met. Risk factors of concurrent benzodiazepine use were female gender, middle age (45-64 years old), lower socioeconomic status, higher Charlson’s Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, and mental illness. We identified only 5 enrollees with opioid intoxication, and this is very likely to be under-estimated. There were 558 deaths (4.3%) noted in our cohort during follow-up, corresponding to a mortality rate of 11.6 / per 1,000 person-years. The risk factors of death included male gender, older age, combined benzodiazepine use, higher CCI score, living in rural area, lower income, affective disorder, and alcohol use disorder. Compared with the whole population in 2006, the all-cause SMR of our cohort between 2001 and 2013 is 1.41 (95% confidence interval=1.29-1.53). The sex-specific SMR was higher in female enrollees than in male enrollees. Conclusion The number of enrollees with long-term opioid analgesics use and combined benzodiazepine use, respectively, was increasing between 2001 and 2012. We also found that sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidity, and concurrent benzodiazepine in enrollees with long-term opioid analgesics use were significantly associated with death. Our cohort had a higher all-cause SMR compared with general population. Moreover, since it is difficult to identify opioid intoxication events correctly by International Classification of Disease codes in the claim data of National Health Insurance, establishing other valid surveillance systems to minitor intoxication events are needed and should be considered. Key words: prescription opioids; benzodiazepine; mortality; risk factors
Bücher zum Thema "Extra non-Cancer death risk"
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Montironi, Rodolfo, Liang Cheng, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Roberta Mazzucchelli, Matteo Santoni und Marina Scarpelli. Prostate cancer. Herausgegeben von James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0060.
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The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) has risen dramatically in the last years. This event may be partially explained by the employment of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and transrectal ultrasonography. In developed countries, PCa is the most frequent non-skin malignancy in males. It is estimated that one in six males will be diagnosed with PCa during their lifetime, the risk of death due to metastatic PCa being 1 in 30. Multiple factors contribute to the development of PCa, as well as to its progression to an androgen-independent state: dietary factors, inherited susceptibility factors, gene defects, and androgens and their receptors. The chapter will discuss the following topics: high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN); atypical small acinar proliferation; morphological criteria for the identification of PCa; reporting of PCa biopsies; prognostic factors in radical prostatectomies (RPs); and specimens.
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Landrigan, Philip J. Children’s Environmental Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0033.
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Children are exquisitely vulnerable to health threats in the environment. The World Health Organization estimates that 36% of all deaths in children worldwide are caused by harmful environmental exposures. Environmental exposures are major causes of non-communicable diseases in children—asthma, birth defects, preterm birth, neurodevlopemental disorders, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. This chapter reviews the historical origins of children’s environmental health, which is the branch of pediatric medicine and public health that studies the influence of the environment on children’s health, development, and risk of disease. It describes the evolution of research in this growing field. It describes the global spread of environmental hazards, especially toxic chemicals and pesticides to rapidly industrializing low- and middle-income countries where these materials have resulted in major episodes of disease and death in children. The chapter concludes with a discussion of strategies for prevention of environmental disease in children.
Buchteile zum Thema "Extra non-Cancer death risk"
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Isaakyan, Irina. „To the Memory of a Star“. In IMISCOE Research Series, 207–30. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67833-2_9.
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AbstractOn 22 November 2017, the world of opera was shell-shocked by the death of the supergiant star Dmitry Hvorostovsky, a famous Russian baritone who died of cancer. His death was not a surprise because he had been terminally ill for a long time. However, the fact of his ‘sudden non-being’ in the world of opera appeared as a shock to all who loved it. My informants were no exception. Most of them had been lucky to attend his performances in Europe and to hear his unrivalled charming voice. ‘It feels like he is still here, still alive’, noted Zosya, ‘I think artists like him never die. They continue to shine even post mortem. Their glory is immortal. Will I ever reach this kind of fame and eternity?’ I did not respond to this question, which I guess was rhetorical—or maybe not. Maybe Zosya truly wanted to hear what a sociologist might think about her career potential. I softly switched the topic because I did not want to disappoint her. To be honest, I did not believe in her futuristic starry career, although miracles can, of course, happen. The reason I am so skeptical about Zosya’s future is that she and her idol Hvorostovsky are the two extra-polar types of global elite migrant.
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Kumar Giri, Sushil, und Bhagyalaxmi Nayak. „Endometriosis and Cancer“. In Endometriosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102393.
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Endometriosis is a chronic debilitating inflammatory disease of women, with the growth of ectopic endometrium in extrauterine sites like rectovaginal septum, peritoneal surfaces, or ovaries, etc. Though endometriosis is not regarded as a malignant disorder, it does have some features common to malignant disease. They are; local and distant metastasis, invasion and destruction to adjacent structures, unrestricted growth, development of new blood vessels. The association between endometriosis and ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers and between endometriosis and extra-ovarian malignancies has been reported in different kinds of literature. Clear cell and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas are presumed to have developed from endometriosis. Ovarian seromucinous borderline tumors, low-grade serous ovarian carcinomas, adenosarcoma, and endometrial stromal sarcomas may also arise from endometriosis. However, it is not very clear whether endometriosis has undergone malignant transformation or simply is found co-existent with cancer. Endometriosis itself may increase a woman’s risk of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, malignant melanoma, and breast cancer.
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Yie, Darren Lim, Mageswaran Sanmugam, Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya, Syahrini Shawalludin und Jingru Zhang. „Forming the Depth-Annex-Motion-Placement (DAMP) Conceptual Model for Gamified Learning“. In Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, 117–40. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6745-2.ch006.
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Gamification is known as the use of game-like elements within a non-game context. The use of gamification in a classroom setting, also known as gamified learning aims to improve the learning process by constructing a low-risk and well-structured learning environment for students. The use of gamification in the educational context has proven to be able to increase motivation, engagement, retention of knowledge and performance. In this paper, the authors inquired into previous relevant research and wish to contribute to the field by proposing the DAMP model which dealt with the depth (shallow, deep and total), annex (plugged or unplugged, online or offline), motion (static and dynamic), and placement (intra and extra) of gamification with the consideration of 8Ts namely task, target, technology, time, technique, tariff, tensity and terrain. The proposed model hopes to serve as a guideline and provide new insights for future educators and instructional designers when constructing a gamified learning classroom.
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Centonze, Giorgia, Jennifer Chapelle, Costanza Angelini, Dora Natalini, Davide Cangelosi, Vincenzo Salemme, Alessandro Morellato, Emilia Turco und Paola Defilippi. „The Scaffold Protein p140Cap as a Molecular Hub for Limiting Cancer Progression: A New Paradigm in Neuroblastoma“. In Pheochromocytoma, Paraganglioma and Neuroblastoma. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96383.
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Neuroblastoma, the most common extra-cranial pediatric solid tumor, is responsible for 9–15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. Its intrinsic heterogeneity makes it difficult to successfully treat, resulting in overall survival of 50% for half of the patients. Here we analyze the role in neuroblastoma of the adaptor protein p140Cap, encoded by the SRCIN1 gene. RNA-Seq profiles of a large cohort of neuroblastoma patients show that SRCIN1 mRNA levels are an independent risk factor inversely correlated to disease aggressiveness. In high-risk patients, SRCIN1 was frequently altered by hemizygous deletion, copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity, or disruption. Functional assays demonstrated that p140Cap is causal in dampening both Src and Jak2 kinase activation and STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, p140Cap expression decreases in vitro migration and anchorage-independent cell growth, and impairs in vivo tumor progression, in terms of tumor volume and number of spontaneous lung metastasis. p140Cap also contributes to an increased sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to chemotherapy drugs and to the combined usage of doxorubicin and etoposide with Src inhibitors. Overall, we provide the first evidence that SRCIN1/p140Cap is a new independent prognostic marker for patient outcome and treatment, with a causal role in curbing the aggressiveness of neuroblastoma. We highlight the potential clinical impact of SRCIN1/p140Cap expression in neuroblastoma tumors, in terms of reducing cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, one of the main issues for pediatric tumor treatment.
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Li, Jinpeng, Yaling Tao, Zhunan Li und Ting Cai. „Investigating Critical Risk Factors of Liver Cancer with Deep Neural Networks“. In Computer Methods in Medicine and Health Care. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210238.
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The crude incidence of liver cancer ranks top five among all cancers in China, and the death rate ranks the top two. Identifying critical risk factors of liver cancer helps people adjust their lifestyles to reduce cancer risk. Launched in 2012, Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Urban Cancer project has been carried out in major cities of China, which collected a broad range of epidemiological risk factors including definite, probable and possible causes of cancer. We retrieved data from 2014 to the present and obtained 184 liver cancer cases among 55 thousand people. We explored 84 risk factors and implemented liver cancer prediction model with machine learning algorithms, where deep neural network achieved the best performance using non-clinical information (mean AUC=0.73). We analyzed model parameters to investigate critical risk factors that contribute the most to prediction. Using 50% top-ranking risk factors to train a model, the performance showed no significant difference from that using all risk factors. Using top 10% risk factors induced a sensitivity drop and a lower false positive rate. These phenomena prove that the identified risk factors are critical in liver cancer prediction. This work is a reference in public health research, and provides a scientific lifestyle guideline for individuals to prevent liver cancer based on machine learning technology.
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Bakour, Noor, Claudine Duggan und Stephanie L. Annett. „Adipose Tissue and Cancer“. In Adipose Tissue - Development, Homeostasis, and Remodelling [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1008462.
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White adipose tissue (WAT) is a major endocrine organ with crucial physiological functions in energy homeostasis, hormonal regulation, and immune function. It is comprised of a vast repertoire of cell types including adipocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, and stem cells each with their own tissue-specific role. Disturbances in AT physiology can occur in conditions such as metabolic syndrome and obesity and are associated with the development of several non-communicable diseases including cancer. Cancer is a leading cause of death globally, and alarmingly, rates of both cancer and obesity are rising. Obesity has become a well-established risk factor for the development of several cancer types and can lead to worse outcomes and increased mortality rates in patients with cancer. Dysfunctional AT associated with obesity demonstrates an altered cell composition profile and secretes factors that benefit cellular transformation, cancer growth and progression, and metastasis. In addition, a bidirectional relationship between the AT and cancer cells involves cell-cell crosstalk, which ultimately benefits tumor growth. Here, we discuss the epidemiology of obesity-associated cancer and the molecular mechanisms that link AT dysfunction in obesity to the development and progression of cancer.
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Hjorth, Lars, Riccardo Haupt, Gisela Michel, Maria Luisa Garrè, Leontien C. M. Kremer und Rod Skinner. „Late Effects of Therapy and Survivorship Issues“. In Oxford Textbook of Cancer in Children, 106–16. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797210.003.0014.
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This chapter presents an overview of late complications of therapy for childhood cancer with a focus on organ systems at risk. First comes an introductory overview of previous and current studies on late complications of treatment for childhood cancer, followed by data on epidemiology. Serious late complications such as late mortality (i.e. premature death), second malignant neoplasms, and cardiac disease, as well as neurological and neuropsychological toxicities, are described in more detail. Endocrine problems (both gonadal and non-gonadal) are presented, including information on the metabolic syndrome. Toxicities of other organ systems follow (i.e. lung, kidney, vision, hearing, face and teeth, gut and liver, skin, skeleton, and the immune system), as does specific information on survivors of haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) and central nervous system (CNS) tumours, as well as surgical complications. Finally, the chapter presents information on psychosocial outcomes regarding long-term follow-up care, with an outlook to the future and recommendations for further reading.
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Jamrozik, Konrad. „Tobacco and cardiovascular disease“. In Tobacco and Public Health: Science and Policy, 549–76. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198526872.003.0032.
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Abstract At the level of the whole population, tobacco causes far more harm via its contribution to cardiovascular disease (CVD) than it does through its effects on either the risk of lung cancer or of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This occurs because, in the absence of smoking, lung cancer and COPD are both very rare conditions. CVD, by contrast, is now the commonest cause of death of Homo sapiens (World Health Organization 1999). Thus, for a given prevalence of smoking in a population, the small increase in risk of CVD, in relative terms, that is associated with smoking generates many additional cases of CVD. By contrast, the much larger relative risks for lung cancer and COPD associated with smoking generate fewer additional cases of these conditions because these risks are applied to ‘background’ incidence rates that are much lower than the lifetime risk of CVD in non-smokers (Wald 1978).
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Concato, Mariana de Toledo, Natalia Pires de Sant'Anna, Barbara de Araujo Casa und Ethel Zimberg Chehter. „Early Gastric Cancer: Surgery or Endoscopy?“ In COLLECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TOPICS IN HEALTH SCIENCE- V1. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/colleinternhealthscienv1-009.
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Gastric cancer is an extremely important issue, responsible for the fifth leading cause of cancer death in Brazil. It has a higher incidence in men than women, but usually over 60 years of age. There is no doubt that its early detection guarantees a longer survival and, as in the literature there is still a question about the therapeutic approach of early gastric cancer, we decided to study it. The objective of this work was to perform a horizontal review of the PRISMA method to evaluate the best treatment for cases of early gastric cancer: surgery or endoscopy. Six independent reviewers placed the keywords "comparison", "submucosal endoscopic dissection", "surgical resection", "early gastric cancer", "early gastric cancer", "treatment", "surgery" and "endoscopic" in the PubMed database and obtained seventy-one articles. The inclusion criteria were adults with early gastric cancer and who underwent surgical or endoscopic laparoscopic therapy and exclusion ary patients were articles in a language other than English; Duplicate; articles that did not address the comparison between techniques of resection of early gastric cancer; articles published before 2015. Given the controversy among surgical or endoscopic therapies of early gastric cancer, the aim of this study was to analyze the revised and indexed literature in order to choose which therapy is best. After a detailed analysis of each article, nineteen of them were elected and the outcomes were as follows: in relation to the overall survival rate, among the results of the past there was a prevalence of better survival outcomes on gastrectomy, but the non-difference in the results obtained is probably due to advances in endoscopic techniques that provide lower rates of error in the procedure and greater precision in tumor removal. Regarding the adverse event rate, there was a prevalence in the results of lower rates of adverse effect on endoscopic resection (ESD) and this is probably due to the higher risk of infection that open surgery brings. Moreover, the endoscopic technique is less invasive and maintains the anatomical integrity of the stomach. Regarding the risk rate, although the result is inconclusive, it is much discussed that the risk of perforation is higher in endoscopy because it is a procedure with a lower field of surgical view. However, with advances in endoscopic technique, this risk tends to decrease as time goes by. Regarding the recurrence rate, fourteen articles obtained concrete data to conclude that recurrence rates were significantly higher in the group that underwent endoscopic resection when compared to the group submitted to gastrectomy. This is probably justified by the non-total resection of the tumor by endoscopic technique compared to gastrectomy, due to the lower visual field during the procedures and lower mobility of the surgeon. Regarding the time of hospitalization, all concluded that patients undergoing endoscopic resection had shorter hospital stay. A hypothesis for this fact would be the smaller incision in the patient and because it is a smaller surgery, having fewer adverse events with lower risk of infection, which provides a faster recovery. Finally, in relation to cost, all concluded that endoscopic resection is less costly than surgery. This is due to the fact that, because it is a smaller surgery, it requires fewer materials, anesthesia, auxiliary professionals, requires a shorter hospitalization time and has fewer adverse effects. That said, endoscopic resection proved to be more efficient in the treatment of early gastric cancer, except for the recurrence rate.
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El Haouari, Mohammed. „Anti-Cancer and Cardiovascular Properties of Phenolic Compounds Present in Virgin Olive Oil“. In Olive Oil - New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96392.
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Cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Furthermore, current cardiovascular and cancer therapy is accompanied by various side effects, which considerably reduce the quality of life. Epidemiological studies suggest that the Mediterranean diet has been related to a lower risk of non-communicable diseases such as CVD and cancer. This lower incidence has been partially attributed to the regular intake of virgin olive oil (VOO) which is the main fatty component of the traditional Mediterranean die. In addition to monounsaturated fatty acid, VOO contains various phenolic compounds, which have shown a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties due to their antioxidant activity. This chapter summarizes current knowledge on the effects of the main phenolic compounds isolated from VOO on different cancers and CVD as well as the plausible action mechanisms involved.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Extra non-Cancer death risk"
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Lowe, G. D. O. „EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK PREDICTION OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642965.
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Uses of epidemiology. Venous thromboembolism continues to be an important cause of death and disability in Western Countries. Its epidemiology may provide clues to etiology, e.g. the increased incidence in oral contraceptive users, and the low prevalence at autopsy in Central Africa or Japan compared to the U.S.A. A second use is the monitoring of time-trends: the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism increased during the 1970s, although the case fatality decreased. A third use is the identification and quantification of risk factors: these could be modified in the hope of prevention, or else used to select high risk groups for selective prophylaxis, e.g. during acute illness. Prevention is the only feasible approach to reducing the burden of venous thromboembolism, since most cases are not diagnosed, and since the value of current treatment is debatable.Case definition. Presents problems: clinical diagnosis is unreliable, and should if possible be supported by objective methods. Autopsy studies are performed on selected populations, at a decreasing rate; the frequency of thromboembolism depends on technique; and pathologists cannot be blinded and are open to bias. It can also be difficult to judge whether a patient dying with pulmonary embolism died from pulmonary embolism. 125I-fibrinogen scans indicate minimal disease, and now present ethical problems in screening due to risks of viral transmission. Venography is invasive and is not readily repeatable, which limits its use as a screening method. Plethysmography merits wider evaluation, since it is non-invasive, and sensitive to major thrombosis.Community epidemiology. Data on the community epidemiology are limited. The risk increases with age. When age is taken into account, there is little sex difference. Overweight in women, use of oral contraceptives and blood group A increase the risk: smoking, varicose veins, blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose do not, on current evidence. Long-term follow-up of patients with proven thromboembolism shows an increased risk of malignancy, hence occult cancer may also be a risk factor. Polycythaemia and certain congenital deficiencies (e.g. antithrombin III) are also well-recognised risk factors, although uncommon.Hospital epidemiology. Data on hospital epidemiology are derived largely from autopsy prevalence, and from short-term incidence of minimal thrombosis detected by 125I—fibrinogen scanning. Old, immobile and traumatised patients are most at risk. Previous thromboembolism, polycythaemia, antithrombin III deficiency, hip and leg fractures, elective hip and leg surgery, hemiplegia, paraplegia, and heart failure carry high risks, and merit consideration for routine prophylaxis. The risk in elective surgery precedes the operation, and increases with age, overweight, malignancy, varicose veins, non-smoking, and operative factors (duration, approach, general anaesthesia, intravenous fluids). Diabetics appear to have no extra risk. Combinations of clinical variables can be used to predict high risk groups for selective prophylaxis, but combination indices require further study. Laboratory variables may increase the predictability of deep vein thrombosis, but the results of published studies are conflicting, and the cost-effectiveness of laboratory prediction should be evaluated.
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Song, Fengju, und Jiali Han. „Abstract 4223: Personal history of non-melanoma skin cancer and the risk of death from invasive cutaneous melanoma in men“. In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4223.
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Dimitrievska, Ljubica, Irina Pavlovska, Beti Zafirova-Ivanovska, Milena Grivčevska und Meliha Nehteparova. „Risk factors associated with occurrence of lung cancer“. In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges, 196. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24148d.
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Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality in the world, right after cardiovascular diseases. The motivation for conducting this study was the fact that the number of newly diagnosed and death cases from lung cancer has been constantly growing, especially in the last few years. Objectives and Methods: The aim of the study was to present lung cancer (LC) as a public health problem today at the global level as well as in the Republic of North Macedonia. This is an analytical case-control study. It included all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer (LC) with histopathological analysis (examined group) and patients who have not had any history of malignancy (control group), in a period of six months. Survey data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire. Results: The study included a total of 86 respondents in both, the examined and the control group. Regarding the habit of cigarette smoking, the largest percentage of examined respondents (58%) were current smokers, compared to the control group where the largest percentage (56%) were non-smokers. About professional exposition 57% from examined group were exposed to potentially carcinogenic substances for more than 10 years at the workplace. In the control group that percentage is smaller (25%). Conclusions: This study confirmed the association of cigarette smoking habit, professional exposition and lung cancer.
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Zhou, Yufei, Can F. Koyuncu, Cristian Barrera, Germán Corredor, Xiangxue Wang, Cheng Lu und Anant Madabhushi. „Transformer as a spatially-aware multi-instance learning framework to predict the risk of death for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer“. In Digital and Computational Pathology, herausgegeben von John E. Tomaszewski und Aaron D. Ward. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2654498.
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Ketaren, Enge Surabina, Bhisma Murti und Vitri widyaningsih. „Effect of Obesity and Family History on the Risk of Breast Cancer: Meta Analysis“. In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.56.
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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and currently ranked as the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in general. Studies have indicated that breast cancer was strongly associated with a positive family history of breast cancer.The risk of breast cancer also increased with the increasing levels of body‐mass index. This study aimed to examine the effect of obesity and family history on the risk of breast cancer. Subjects and Method: Meta analysis and systematic review was conducted by collecting published articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, DOAJ, and Science Direct databases.Keywords used “breast cancer” AND “risk factors” AND “BMI” OR “body mass index” AND “obesity”AND “family history” AND “cohort” AND “Asia”. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, using cohort study design, and reporting adjusted hazard ratio.The study population was Asian women. Intervention was obesity and family history with comparison non-obesity and no family history. The study outcome was breast cancer. The collected articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed by random effect model using Revman 5.3. Results: 6 studies fromTaiwan, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, and Korea were selected for this study. This study showed that obesity (aHR= 1.01; 95% CI= 0.67 to 1.52; p= 0.96), with I²= 90% and family history (aHR= 1.69; 95% CI= 1.09 to 2.62; p= 0.02), with I²= 57%, were associated with breast cancer. Conclusion: Obesity and family history are associated with breast cancer. Keywords: breast cancer, obesity, family history Correspondence: Enge Surabina Ketaren. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: ketarenenge3@gmail.com. Mobile: 087838583646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.56
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Jackisch, C., W. Schoenegg, D. Reichert, M. Welslau, J. Selbach, H.-D. Harich, H. Tesch, S. Keitel und A. Hinke. „Abstract P4-13-28: Identification of patients (pts) at high risk for early death with advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC), not receiving salvage treatment after 1st-line (1stL) therapy with trastuzumab (T) – Results of a prospective national non-interventional study (NIS) in Germany“. In Abstracts: Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 8-12, 2015; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p4-13-28.
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Marcon, Norman E. „Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging for Detection of Colonic Dysplasia“. In European Conference on Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ecbo.2001.4432_152.
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Cancer of the colon is the second leading cause of cancer related death in North America and Europe. Colonoscopy is currently the gold standard for the detection and removal of polyps and the diagnosis of cancer. Although a field of intense research, there are currently no surrogate serum or stool markers that accurately identify patients at risk who may have adenomatous colon polyps or curable cancer. Clinicians therefore rely on white light colonoscopy to survey colonic mucosa in their search for polyps. White light endoscopy has some limitations. It cannot detect flat, non-raised lesions. It cannot distinguish easily between hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps. Subtle, flat lesions may be missed. Scars at the sites of previous sessile polyps are difficult to evaluate for recurrence. Endoscopies utilizing fluorescence techniques either on the basis of intrinsic fluorescence or exogenous (prodrug) compounds, have the potential to compliment white light endoscopy by improving detection of mucosal dysplasia and ultimately improve outcomes for cancer detection before the date of escape from cure.
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Zaman, M. Hasanat, und Ayhan Akinturk. „Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Loads on a Concrete Gravity-Based Offshore Structure in Extreme Waves“. In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78578.
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Abstract The oil and gas companies extended their activities in the offshore area of the North Seas. The presence of extreme environmental waves imparts extra risks to the operations of the offshore fixed and floating structures in these areas. The operation and safety of these offshore structures are considerably disturbed during the propagation of large waves over the region. The Newfoundland coast experienced very high waves during an intense ever storm in 2018 that brought waves with very large wave heights at various locations. This paper reports the loadings of such high waves on the shaft of a Gravity-Based Structure (GBS). A 3D non-linear dispersive mass, momentum, and energy model (MME) with second-order in wave amplitudes, and OrcaFlex™, a commercial numerical tool are used for the simulation of loads on the structure. The 3D numerical model describes the characteristics of the wavefield in terms of mass, momentum, and energy flux conservation equations. OrcaFlex™ is a 3D non-linear time-domain finite element implicit and explicit software that uses lumped mass elements to simplify equations, has diffraction capability, and makes the computation efficient. In the simulations, parameters for incident wave conditions are varied systematically to study various cases and data comparisons between the two numerical simulators are made. The geometry of the GBS was kept constant. The water depth is assumed to be 80m and the shaft length is 95m with a diameter of 30m. The simulation is carried out for 3 hours in each case. New data and information that would be produced from this work are important for possible use in the design method of a GBS and thus increase structural and operational safety exclusively in the harsh environment or in the existence of freak waves.
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Chen, Changchang, Guodong Ji, Hongyuan Zhang, Yuqi Sun, Qiang Wu und Haichao Jiang. „Study and Application of Rock Breaking by PDC Bit in Ultra Deep In-Situ High-Temperature and High-Pressure Environment“. In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0349.
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ABSTRACT The finite element model of the cutting tooth rock system based on ABAQUS is established by using the grid adaptive method. The average stress of each node of the cutting tooth is solved by using the secondary development of PYTHON language, and the rock breaking efficiency, real stress distribution and the influence laws of temperature and pressure of different cutting tooth shapes and rock samples are obtained. A super deep PDC bit with special non plane teeth is optimized and designed, which has achieved good results in the southern edge of Xinjiang. The research shows that the mechanical parameters of the rock change obviously under the high temperature and high pressure environment. The micro damage structure that is conducive to rock breaking by the bit is produced under the high temperature. The rock breaking efficiency is negatively related to the temperature due to the transformation of the rock from brittleness to plasticity under the high confining pressure. The double row structure of axe shaped teeth and cone shaped teeth has the best rock breaking effect under the ultra deep high temperature and high pressure environment. The drill bit footage is the longest. The problem of bit shoulder collapse is prominent under the ultra deep in-situ environment, The design of different rail double row teeth should be adopted, the design of bit stability should be strengthened, and the drilling parameters with large WOB, low speed and large displacement should be adopted. INTRODUCTION Onshore deep and extra deep layers where 39% of the remaining oil and 57% of the remaining natural gas are distributed [1-3]. The ultra deep layer in the south border region of Junggar basin is an important oil and gas reservoir and production increasing block in Xinjiang Oilfield. The reservoir in this block has deeply buried depth with high temperature and pressure, low ROP and long drilling cycle. The average well depth of the three risk exploration wells drilled in 2020 has reached 7205m, and the estimated well depth of well Matan 1 to be newly deployed in 2021 reaches even 8200m. There are extraordinary high pressure system and extremely thick salt gypsum layer in the deep well section, resulting in many complex situations, and long drilling cycle with the per-well average drilling cycle being 335d, and the average ROP of deep formation being less than 2m / h. Improving the ROP and reducing the complexity of accidents are the urgent needs and great challenges for the deep layer drilling in the south border region. Under the ultra-deep high temperature and high pressure environment in the south border region, the crustal stress increases. Affected by high temperature and high pressure, the rock crushing mechanism is extremely complex, which puts forward higher requirements for the design of bit [4].
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El Wazeer, F., Y. Berdiyev, M. Bazuhair, R. Al Kaabi, M. Propper und C. Lentz. „A Novel Approach to Time-Lapse Logging in Producing Horizontal Wells Using Logging While Tripping (LWT) Technology - A Case Study Review in a Middle East Reservoir“. In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23278-ea.
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Abstract Naturally flowing horizontal oil producers typically suffer from increasing Water-Cut within 5 to 7 years of commencing the production. This paper will describe the application of Logging While Tripping (LWT) technology in identifying water-producing sections and hence isolate them effectively by installing Adaptive Inflow Control Devices (AICD) in the permanent completion. This paper will describe the method of deployment of LWT technology which can measure resistivity, caliper, density, neutron porosity, and gamma-ray in the open hole lateral section from inside the drill pipes. LWT logging tools are pumped down inside the drill pipes and locked into place in the LWT collars and data will then be acquired while tripping out of the well with virtually no extra rig time required. This paper will also describe how this technology can be used in time-lapse logging to be compared with the original saturation profile at well day 1 and identify new water sweep sections in the horizontal oil production wells. This approach has been applied in more than 10 horizontal wells in the Middle East; timelapse logs have been successfully used to install AICD devices and improve oil productivity. Results from some wells shall be presented. The study showed that with LWT, it became possible to monitor the horizontal/deviated producing well’s water saturation with the following advantages when compared with the conventional method:Using LWT reduced well intervention time by not less than 200% and hence it also significantly reduced the overall well intervention cost and all the associated non-productive time (NPT) and lost-time incidents (LTI).Measuring time-lapse saturation with deep resistivity tools with a depth of investigation of 50-60 inches; which is greater than the conventional sigma saturation tools of 15-17 inches.Measuring time-lapse porosity to observe the effect of acid treatments if any.Caliper data was used to avoid sections of the borehole where the AICDs most likely will not achieve isolation.Virtually zero risk during logging since the radioactive chemical sources are kept safe inside drill collars and can be retrieved in case of stuck pipes. Ultimately, using LWT achieved its objective of identifying water sweeping sections, resulting in a successful and economic reduction of water. This paper illustrates a case study for the first time for the successful implementation of LWT in water zonal isolation by time-lapse logging. The paper will open the door for a wider range of LWT applications in high-risk wells delivering significant optimizations and improvements to the well intervention operations.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Extra non-Cancer death risk"
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Garsa, Adam, Julie K. Jang, Sangita Baxi, Christine Chen, Olamigoke Akinniranye, Owen Hall, Jody Larkin, Aneesa Motala, Sydne Newberry und Susanne Hempel. Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer242.
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Objective. This evidence report synthesizes the available evidence on radiation therapy for brain metastases. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL®, clinicaltrials.gov, and published guidelines in July 2020; assessed independently submitted data; consulted with experts; and contacted authors. Review methods. The protocol was informed by Key Informants. The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168260). Two reviewers independently screened citations; data were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by an experienced reviewer. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies (for safety assessments), evaluating whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone or in combination, as initial or postoperative treatment, with or without systemic therapy for adults with brain metastases due to non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Results. In total, 97 studies, reported in 190 publications, were identified, but the number of analyses was limited due to different intervention and comparator combinations as well as insufficient reporting of outcome data. Risk of bias varied; 25 trials were terminated early, predominantly due to poor accrual. Most studies evaluated WBRT, alone or in combination with SRS, as initial treatment; 10 RCTs reported on post-surgical interventions. The combination treatment SRS plus WBRT compared to SRS alone or WBRT alone showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.73; 4 RCTs; low strength of evidence [SoE]) or death due to brain metastases (relative risk [RR], 0.93; CI, 0.48 to 1.81; 3 RCTs; low SoE). Radiation therapy after surgery did not improve overall survival compared with surgery alone (HR, 0.98; CI, 0.76 to 1.26; 5 RCTs; moderate SoE). Data for quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects were insufficient to determine effects of WBRT, SRS, or post-surgical interventions. We did not find systematic differences across interventions in serious adverse events radiation necrosis, fatigue, or seizures (all low or moderate SoE). WBRT plus systemic therapy (RR, 1.44; CI, 1.03 to 2.00; 14 studies; moderate SoE) was associated with increased risks for vomiting compared to WBRT alone. Conclusion. Despite the substantial research literature on radiation therapy, comparative effectiveness information is limited. There is a need for more data on patient-relevant outcomes such as quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
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Newman-Toker, David E., Susan M. Peterson, Shervin Badihian, Ahmed Hassoon, Najlla Nassery, Donna Parizadeh, Lisa M. Wilson et al. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Dezember 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer258.
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Objectives. Diagnostic errors are a known patient safety concern across all clinical settings, including the emergency department (ED). We conducted a systematic review to determine the most frequent diseases and clinical presentations associated with diagnostic errors (and resulting harms) in the ED, measure error and harm frequency, as well as assess causal factors. Methods. We searched PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), and Embase® from January 2000 through September 2021. We included research studies and targeted grey literature reporting diagnostic errors or misdiagnosis-related harms in EDs in the United States or other developed countries with ED care deemed comparable by a technical expert panel. We applied standard definitions for diagnostic errors, misdiagnosis-related harms (adverse events), and serious harms (permanent disability or death). Preventability was determined by original study authors or differences in harms across groups. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility; serially extracted data regarding common diseases, error/harm rates, and causes/risk factors; and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. We synthesized results for each question and extrapolated U.S. estimates. We present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) or plausible range (PR) bounds, as appropriate. Results. We identified 19,127 citations and included 279 studies. The top 15 clinical conditions associated with serious misdiagnosis-related harms (accounting for 68% [95% CI 66 to 71] of serious harms) were (1) stroke, (2) myocardial infarction, (3) aortic aneurysm and dissection, (4) spinal cord compression and injury, (5) venous thromboembolism, (6/7 – tie) meningitis and encephalitis, (6/7 – tie) sepsis, (8) lung cancer, (9) traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, (10) arterial thromboembolism, (11) spinal and intracranial abscess, (12) cardiac arrhythmia, (13) pneumonia, (14) gastrointestinal perforation and rupture, and (15) intestinal obstruction. Average disease-specific error rates ranged from 1.5 percent (myocardial infarction) to 56 percent (spinal abscess), with additional variation by clinical presentation (e.g., missed stroke average 17%, but 4% for weakness and 40% for dizziness/vertigo). There was also wide, superimposed variation by hospital (e.g., missed myocardial infarction 0% to 29% across hospitals within a single study). An estimated 5.7 percent (95% CI 4.4 to 7.1) of all ED visits had at least one diagnostic error. Estimated preventable adverse event rates were as follows: any harm severity (2.0%, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6), any serious harms (0.3%, PR 0.1 to 0.7), and deaths (0.2%, PR 0.1 to 0.4). While most disease-specific error rates derived from mainly U.S.-based studies, overall error and harm rates were derived from three prospective studies conducted outside the United States (in Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, with combined n=1,758). If overall rates are generalizable to all U.S. ED visits (130 million, 95% CI 116 to 144), this would translate to 7.4 million (PR 5.1 to 10.2) ED diagnostic errors annually; 2.6 million (PR 1.1 to 5.2) diagnostic adverse events with preventable harms; and 371,000 (PR 142,000 to 909,000) serious misdiagnosis-related harms, including more than 100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities and 250,000 deaths. Although errors were often multifactorial, 89 percent (95% CI 88 to 90) of diagnostic error malpractice claims involved failures of clinical decision-making or judgment, regardless of the underlying disease present. Key process failures were errors in diagnostic assessment, test ordering, and test interpretation. Most often these were attributed to inadequate knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case presentations. Limitations included use of malpractice claims and incident reports for distribution of diseases leading to serious harms, reliance on a small number of non-U.S. studies for overall (disease-agnostic) diagnostic error and harm rates, and methodologic variability across studies in measuring disease-specific rates, determining preventability, and assessing causal factors. Conclusions. Although estimated ED error rates are low (and comparable to those found in other clinical settings), the number of patients potentially impacted is large. Not all diagnostic errors or harms are preventable, but wide variability in diagnostic error rates across diseases, symptoms, and hospitals suggests improvement is possible. With 130 million U.S. ED visits, estimated rates for diagnostic error (5.7%), misdiagnosis-related harms (2.0%), and serious misdiagnosis-related harms (0.3%) could translate to more than 7 million errors, 2.5 million harms, and 350,000 patients suffering potentially preventable permanent disability or death. Over two-thirds of serious harms are attributable to just 15 diseases and linked to cognitive errors, particularly in cases with “atypical” manifestations. Scalable solutions to enhance bedside diagnostic processes are needed, and these should target the most commonly misdiagnosed clinical presentations of key diseases causing serious harms. New studies should confirm overall rates are representative of current U.S.-based ED practice and focus on identified evidence gaps (errors among common diseases with lower-severity harms, pediatric ED errors and harms, dynamic systems factors such as overcrowding, and false positives). Policy changes to consider based on this review include: (1) standardizing measurement and research results reporting to maximize comparability of measures of diagnostic error and misdiagnosis-related harms; (2) creating a National Diagnostic Performance Dashboard to track performance; and (3) using multiple policy levers (e.g., research funding, public accountability, payment reforms) to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of solutions to address this critically important patient safety concern.