Dissertationen zum Thema „Exploitations agricoles familiales – Amazonie“
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Carvalho, Soraya Abreu de. „Entre opportunisme et persistance. Quelles dynamiques et perspectives d'évolution pour les exploitations laitières familiales de la Transamazonienne ?“ AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/60/58/40/PDF/Carvalho_Soraya_Final.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Brazilian Amazonia, detaining a vast biodiversity, has undergone great transformations in the economic, social, cultural and ecological aspects. The Transamazonica (Brazilian Highway 230 Region) distinguishes by the great participation of the family agriculture, in terms of occupied area, population and food production. It is characterized by a diverse system of production, where cattle breeding and dairy takes a strategic role as a food source to the families, generating income by selling of milk and calf. In this context, cattle breeding have been suffering substantial changes in its system of milk production, and in its productive chain. The aim of this study is to understand how the family agriculture establishments of milk systems work in the Eastern Brazilian Amazonia frontier, in the municipality of Brasil Novo (state of Pará). A methodological arrangement has been used combining interviews with farmers and key informants, retroactive analysis over the importance of the milk in its way to the establishments, typologies of the establishments in 2001 and 2009, besides the empirical knowledge acquired throughout the fifteen years of research-development in the region. The results have shown a spectrum of evolution in the milk establishments, where two types of producers distinguishes, that we have named “Opportunistic Type” and “Persistent Type”. Due to both inside and outside establishment factors, there is a constant fluctuation throughout this spectrum. Among these factors, the market access is fundamental, and it greatly defines the orientation that the producers follow when conducting their milk systems. The chain of milk production still shows concern. The direct producer-consumer trade in still a usual practice. The milk-processing factories are of small capacity, with disperse collective capacity radius, presenting a history of instability in their process. The precarious infrastructure in both the road system and electricity are key factors to explain the timid increase in the chain production structure in this region. These aspects take to a high degree of insecurity to most farmers, preventing them from investing in the activity, even with the low cost of the milk production. These deficiencies might have been resolved with adapted public policies, as well as by the strong increase of the local market, due to the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Dam construction
Veiga, Iran. „Savoirs locaux et organisation sociale de l'agriculture amazonienne : la gestion durable des milieux en question“. Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArnauld, de Sartre Xavier. „Territorialités contradictoires des jeunes ruraux amazoniens : mobilités paysannes ou sédentarités professionnelles ?“ Toulouse 2, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003992.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYouth's future is a crucial stake for family farmers, trade unionists and sustainable development actors of a pioneer frontier of Amazônia. For the trade unionists and sustainable development actors, their objectives of make the farmers adopt sustainable practices would not be achieved with the current farmers; that's why they transferred their hopes on young farmers. The family farmers would like to reproduce their peasant way of life with their children. This these studies, by the way of analysis of semi structured interviews, the stakes of these hopes; and tries to compare them to the conceptions and practices of young farmers. These, analysed by the way of biographical interviews and formalised in a typology, are strongly different of wishes of those actors, and lead us to conclude that professionalization of family farming is a process which imply a deep break in the farmers conceptions
Nascimento, Wagner Luiz Nascimento do. „Desenvolvimento de sistemas agroflorestais nos territórios rurais da Amazônia“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LEMA3009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe debate on other ways of farming is necessary and urgent. The crises that areravaging society increasingly highlight the importance of adapting practices, techniquesand tools to produce in rural areas of the Amazon. For centuries, family farming hasbeen based on a practice that consists of cutting and burning the forest, linked toitinerant agriculture. Recent factors, such as population growth and the demand forfood, have increased the production areas to meet market demand. This endangersnatural resources such as water, soil and air. Rethinking production methods andsystems is a key point to achieve family farming capable of meeting the fundamentalaspects of sustainability. In this sense, agroforestry systems (AFS) are an alternativeadopted by family farmers in the Amazon, as they are well adapted to the diverserealities of the region, but these systems are spreading slowly. Thus, the presentresearch aims to identify the aspects related to the barriers that prevent the adoptionand/or diffusion of AFS in family farming and the possible adoption strategies that cancontribute to overcoming them in rural areas of the Amazon. The research wasconducted in the floodplain areas of Igarapé-Miri and on the mainland of Tomé-Açu,Eastern Amazon, adopting a qualitative-quantitative research approach, withexploratory and descriptive purposes. At the end of the research, as main results, weidentified that research on SAF has focused on a more socio-environmental debate,while the main barriers identified both at the property level and at the multi-level spatiallevels Local/Territorial and Regional/Federal, the factors that limit the adoption of SAFare linked to socioeconomic factors. Another result is to consider both the specificitiesof the biophysical environment to structure these systems and the techniques used toimplement them, considering various aspects of the farms such as availability of labor,financial resources, time, materials, inputs, among others. Finally, another extremelyimportant result that we identified is linked to cooperation relationships and the creationof networks in the territory: they reveal strategic and fundamental elements to overcomethe barriers encountered and thus support family farmers in the agroecologicaltransition
O debate sobre outras formas de fazer agricultura é necessário e urgente. As crises queassolam a sociedade destacam cada vez mais a importância da adaptação de práticas,técnicas e ferramentas para produzir nos territórios rurais da Amazônia. A agriculturafamiliar baseou-se durante séculos numa prática que consiste no corte e queima dafloresta, ligada à agricultura itinerante. Fatores recentes, como o crescimentopopulacional e a procura de alimentos, intensificaram as áreas de produção parasatisfazer a procura do mercado. Isto põe em perigo recursos naturais como a água, osolo e o ar. Repensar os métodos e sistemas de produção é um ponto chave paraalcançar uma agricultura familiar capaz de atender aos aspectos fundamentais dasustentabilidade. Nesse sentido, os sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) são uma alternativaadotada pelos agricultores familiares na Amazônia, pois estão bem adaptados àsdiversas realidades da região, mas esses sistemas estão se espalhando lentamente.Assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os aspectos relacionados àsbarreiras que impedem a adoção e/ou difusão do SAF na agricultura familiar e aspossíveis estratégias de adoção que possam contribuir para superá-las nos territóriosrurais da Amazônia. A pesquisa foi realizada nas áreas de várzea do Igarapé-Miri e nocontinente de Tomé-Açu, Amazônia Oriental, adotando uma abordagem de pesquisaquali-quantitativa, com fins exploratórios e descritivos. Ao final da pesquisa, comoprincipais resultados, identificamos que a pesquisa sobre SAF tem se concentrado emum debate mais socioambiental, enquanto as principais barreiras identificadas tanto nonível da propriedade quanto nos multiníveis espaciais Local/Territorial eRegional/Federal, o os factores que limitam a adopção do SAF estão ligados a factoressocioeconómicos. Outro resultado é considerar tanto as especificidades do ambientebiofísico para estruturar esses sistemas quanto as técnicas utilizadas para implementálos,considerando diversos aspectos das fazendas como disponibilidade de mão de obra,recursos financeiros, tempo, materiais, insumos, entre outros. Por fim, outro resultadoextremamente importante que identificamos está ligado às relações de cooperação e àcriação de redes no território: revelam-se elementos estratégicos e fundamentais parasuperar as barreiras encontradas e assim apoiar os agricultores familiares na transiçãoagroecológica
De, Aguiar Janaina. „Padrões de uso e sistemas de trabalho associados à diversidade vegetal no amazonas : uma abordagem interdisciplinar“. Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20125.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the last decades, there has been an intensification of environmental impacts generated by the conventional agricultural production model (degradation, contamination of water resources, reduction of biodiversity). Coupled with a concentration of land and income -producing exclusion of rural workers and violence in campagne- this intensification has been lead to the emergence of proposals for rural development which includes the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. In this agroecological approach, the implementation of new agricultural practices is inserted into a gradual process and multilinear change, called agro-ecological transition, which is the transition from an agricultural model based on the use of chemical inputs to forms more sustainable production. The research was conducted in the community of São Francisco da Costa da Terra Nova. From existing production models, this agro-ecological transition has triggered a series of technical and organizational innovations, that have led both to changes in the production process, in the forms of work organization, and in the inclusion of a new work activity: the marketing of agro-ecological products. In addition to crop production practices and forms of work organization, agro-ecological transition leads to new performance prospects for farmers, for example formation of a new market, the agro-ecological fairs. The research shows that changes resulting from agro-ecological transition process may contribute to the development, enhancement and dissemination of innovative processes that improve the working conditions of farmers, and that adds value and expand the work opportunities in the context of sustainable agriculture
Nas últimas décadas, a intensificação dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo modelo de produção agrícola convencional (degradação dos solos, contaminação dos recursos hídricos, redução da biodiversidade); associado à concentração fundiária e de renda e, consequentemente, à exclusão de trabalhadores rurais e à violência no campo; propiciou o surgimento de propostas de desenvolvimento rural que incluíam a adoção de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, a fim de fomentar alternativas viáveis à produção de alimentos e ao fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Na abordagem agroecológica, a implementação de novas práticas agrícolas está inserida em um processo gradual e multilinear de mudança, denominado transição agroecológica, que visa a passagem de um modelo agrícola baseado no uso de insumos químicos à formas de produção mais sustentáveis. Na comunidade São Francisco da Costa da Terra Nova, lócus da pesquisa, observou-se, a partir dos modelos de produção existentes, que essa transição desencadeou uma série de inovações técnicas e organizacionais que resultaram em mudanças no processo produtivo, nas formas de organização do trabalho e na inclusão de uma nova atividade: a comercialização dos produtos agroecológicos. Além de ressignificar as práticas produtivas e as formas de organização do trabalho, a transição agroecológica conduziu à possibilidades inéditas de atuação dos agricultores, através dos novos espaços de comercialização, as feiras agroecológicas. Acredita-se que as mudanças decorrentes do processo de transição agroecológica possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento, aprimoramento e difusão de processos inovadores que visam a melhoria das condições de trabalho dos agricultores familiares, com vistas a valorizar e ampliar as perspectivas do trabalho no contexto da agricultura sustentável
Lau, Hugo Didonet. „Approche écopathologique de la mortalité des veaux dans les systèmes d'élevage de l'agriculture familiale amazonienne : les cas des régions d'Uruara et de Castanhal - Brésil“. Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT007A.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFarella, Nicolina. „Les fermes de la région frontière du Tapajos en Amazonie brésilienne : relations entre les origines familiales, les pratiques agricoles, les impacts sur les sols et le déboisement /“. Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24173907.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEn tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Comprend des réf. bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.
Lima, resque Antônio Gabriel. „Can the concept of ecosystem services facilitate agroecological transition in the Brazilian Amazon? Results from a mixed methods approach in Irituia and Paragominas, Pará state“. Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IAVF0026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe proposal of a model of development that reconciles environmental conservation, especially of forest resources, and socioeconomic development is still a challenge to be achieved worldwide, especially in the Amazon region. Due to its amplitude, the Brazilian portion of the Amazon is a matter of great concern nationally and internationally. Agriculture stands out in the Brazilian Amazon for its socioeconomic importance and its tremendous potential to alter ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services (ES). Among the different forms of agriculture (i.e. large and small farmers), family farms are key players for promoting rural sustainable development. Despite its importance, local actors supporting family farms face numerous challenges to promote agroecological transition of these farms. The general question that we want to contribute to with this thesis is: How can the conceptual framework of ES serve as a cognitive and operational basis to support the agroecological transition? We carried out this research in two contrasting municipalities in the eastern part of the Brazilian Amazon, Irituia and Paragominas. The farming sector of the first study site is dominated by family farming, which is often biodiversified. Contrastingly, large-scale industrial agriculture predominates in the second study site, although it coexists with family farming. We adopted a multi-actor perspective, with the participation of a heterogeneous set of local actors (e.g. policy makers, researchers, rural extension agents, farmers) related to rural issues. We implemented a “mixed methods approach” combining well-tested qualitative methodologies, such as semi-directive interviews and participant observation, with semi-quantitative methodologies such as questionnaires and a role-playing game. We first aimed to understand the perception of different local actors about ES and their co-production process. We observed that, in general, a diversity of ES is perceived by local actors. The perception of ES and the different possible ways to co-produce these ES differ significantly among actors. The type of activity performed by the stakeholders and their municipality are the main factors influencing their perception of ES co-production. The type of knowledge (more scientific or empirical) was also relevant to distinguish between the ways to perceive ES. We also sought to understand the importance of these perceptions in the decision-making process on land use. We investigated some contextual factors that influence this decision making process, focusing on factors external (notably institutional markets) and internal (e.g. labor, costs, cognitive aspects) to the agroecosystem. We realized that these markets are important for valuing agrobiodiversity, but this will depend on how they are managed at a municipal level and on the local institutional landscape. Accordingly, the agroecosystem may evolve towards agroecological or non-agroecological standards. Internal factors in the farm, such as labor, money, values also influence this decision making process. Finally, we sought to understand how the knowledge generated previously could contribute to operationalize the agroecological transition in our two study sites. Knowledge about ES issues generated in our research site contributed to disclose the expectations and factors that drive the actions of stakeholders regarding land use management. This knowledge was obtained through and was used to feed methodological tools to support agroecological transition. Finally, we highlight that the conceptual framework of ES co-production not only enables exploring elements correlated to agroecosystem management, it also serves as a viable tool to stimulate the communication of different actors on the subject. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-production of ES and the sharing of different knowledge and perceptions can support more collective awareness toward agroecological transition
Bertrand, Georges. „Caractérisation des réponses adaptatives à la contrainte hydrique dans le Sud-Est de l’Amazonie chez trois espèces fourragères cultivées en monoculture et en association : brachiaria brizantha, Leucaena leucocephala et Arachis pintoï“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0066/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the Eastern Amazon region (Pará, Brazil), smallholder farming significantly contributes to the transformation of the Amazonian rain forest ecosystem into pasture land that typically includes a single species, generally a perennial fodder grass (Poaceae) originating from Africa (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). Such pastures rapidly lose their sustainability and get invaded by weeds. To prevent these effects, two imported perennial fodder species of the Fabaceae family (Arachis pintoï cv. Amarelo and Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) have been mixed with the African grass Brachiaria and the interrelations between B. brizantha and the Fabaceae species have been studied. In this unique ecophysiological study, plant parameters, such as gas exchange and plant water potential have been correlated with soil parameters, such as soil water content. The final goal was to assess the impact of the Fabaceae plants on pasture tolerance to water deficit. The experimental setting included five treatments applied to 100 m2 fenced plots to keep cattle away. Treatments corresponded to various combinations between the grass and the two Fabaceae species. Three biological repeats were set up for each treatment for statistical significance and in order to account for soil structure variability. In monospecific plots, B. brizantha exhibited stomatal conductance values higher than those expected from typical C4 species whereas net CO2 assimilation rates were normal. A. pintoï and L. leucocephala had usual stomatal conductance values for field-cultivated C3 plants. In response to drought, a general adjustment in stomatal conductance was observed 30 days into the dry season (i.e. without rain), suggesting that the plants limited transpiration rates according to the progressive decrease in soil water content. This strategy allowed them to maintain photosynthetic activities and to supply photosynthates to their tissues while limiting rises in temperatures. Upon exhaustion of soil water cotent, decreases in leaf water potentials were observed and plants escaped drought by reducing their leaf area and by abruptly closing their stomata. Brachiaria’s responses to drought were similar in mixed and monospecific plots regarding stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate or real-time water efficiency. However, when grown in mixed plots with A. pintoï, Brachiaria’s leaf water potential decreased rapidly after the onset of drought, due to the competition for water. In a A. pintoï ! Brachiaria plot, Brachiaria had a negative impact on A. pintoï photosynthetic activities and biomass production, even though the latter was considered as a shade plant species. On the other hand, Brachiaria metabolic activities were reduced in L. leucocephala ! Brachiaria combinations, due to the interception of light supply by L. leucocephala. L. leucocephala avoided water deficit by reducing leaf area. The resulting increase in light intensity reaching the lower strata, toward the end of the dry season weakened the shortest plants and limited fodder production. In conclusion, we propose that farmers implement pasture sustainability by developing crop mixing, using fodder species adapted to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, our results show that several crop combinations represent viable solutions to the perpetuation of new pastures. Each fodder species presents specific drought adaptation features. Combining them could be beneficial if pastoral pressure was allowed to develop according to the plants tolerance level. Improvements in fodder production and diversity could extend the life-span of smallholder settlements and as a result slow down deforestation
Sall, Moussa. „Les exploitations agricoles familiales face aux risques agricoles et climatiques : stratégies développées et assurances agricoles“. Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20063/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFamily farming undeniably appears as a pillar of national food security. It represents nearly 80% of farms in sub-Saharan Africa and employs 75% of assets. In the groundnut basin, family farms generally have an average size between one and five hectares, but they face the various challenges of food security, social equity and environmental sustainability. In addition, they face structural constraints of organizational and economic order in a context of climate uncertainty. Thus, this thesis seeks to understand the strategies used by family farms toward the various risks and alternative proposals from other actors in the sector's development. It is, at once, to identify the main constraints arising farms and strategies they cause to propose additional or alternative strategies in the analysis of the risk management framework. For such an aim, we arrested the concepts of family farm, risk, vulnerability and agricultural insurance to reflect the dimensions of this subject for research. This theoretical and conceptual framework was operationalized on the field within farms, giving a voice to farm managers. Several investigations have been conducted and focused on socio-demographic, structural and technical indicators, principal risks and constraints at the farm level, the perception of agricultural insurance. It appears from this study that the main risks identified are agriculture and climate. Family farms consider access to inputs (fertilizer and seed) and farm equipment as a structural constraint in the rainfall deficit. Also, it appears a significant vulnerability in its three components at farm level Basin. This reflection shows the limits of the strategies developed by the farms to improve their resilience in the context of rained groundnut basin; and justifies the need to go to new complementary strategies. One of the tracks that we have explored is the agricultural index insurance. Its coupling to credit, as collateral to financial institutions and to provide working capital is positively appreciated by the subscribers who, up to 95%, are willing to extend the use of insurance policies
Efole, Ewoukem Thomas. „Optimisation biotechnique de la pisciculture en étang dans le cadre du développement durable des Exploitations Familiales Agricoles au Cameroun“. Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARH084.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo determine ways to improve fish farming in ponds within the framework of sustainable development of family farms in Africa, a three-step approach was performed: classification of fish farming systems, assessment of their environmental impacts via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and an experiment to identify the factors that most influence them. Four types of fish farm and forms of integration within family farms in Cameroon were classified. The LCA showed that environmental impacts of analyzed fish farms varied with farm practices. These results were higher compared to those of similar aquaculture systems because of their low yields and different origins of trophic inputs. Poor water management is one production factor responsible for low yields in Cameroon. The experiment, following a fractional factorial design, showed that stocking density and addition of bread, wheat bran, lime or ash to ponds acted on the agronomic and economic performances of tilapia and catfish polycultures. In particular, urea and ash have been found harmful to the environment due to the discharges of nitrogen and phosphate they generate, respectively. Two rationales for sustainable fish farming emerged from this study: (1) low stocking density (1. 2 fish/m²) with low levels of inputs and (2) high stocking density (2. 2 fish/m²) with associated species and high levels of inputs. Together, these strategies can meet the economic and sustainability objectives of producers in different socio-economic contexts
Thiam, Ibrahima Uwizeyimana Laurien Gafsi Mohamed. „Stratégies des exploitations agropastorales de Thieul [Ferlo-Sénégal] dans un contexte d'incertitudes sur les ressources naturelles productives“. Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000716.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLepage, Fanny. „Les déterminants financiers et organisationnels de la viabilité économique des entreprises agricoles familiales après leur transfert“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25785/25785.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMercier, Thierry. „La transmission des exploitations agricoles : les cas de l'albigeois du segala et du gaillacois“. Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe study of the handing down of farms gives greater importance to the approche of the family as an institution. In fact the family farm must be studied from the point of view of the links between the farm itself - as a unit of development of a network of land and the technical resources - and the family - defined as a value system which strengthens the bonds between the members of the family - : the farm/family nexus will determine the way the farm will be handed down to the next generation. We have classified farmers into three groups according to the strategie adopted - defined as the degree of involvement in the modernization of the equipment - in order to defined the link between the two main components of the family farm : the way the farm develops depends on this link. Indeed the modernization of agriculture, along with the cultural transformation of the agricultural world, constitute the "backdrop" for processes concerned with the handing down of farms which usually span a great number of years. Under these conditions the survival of the demise of the correspondence between the "development" of the farm and the evolution of family values will entail the success or failure of the handing down. For this symbiotic relationship between the farm and the family depends on the familial dimension of the handing down of the farm
Hinkati, Christophe. „Transmission du patrimoine : problemes théoriques et pratiques pour les exploitations agricoles familiales en Basse-normandie“. Caen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CAEN0558.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince some decades, agriculture knows deep mutations, essential in its cobntribution to employment and national economic growth. And one of the happenings of this phenomenon is estimated in handing over the farm, what makes up an important action for the future of agricultural branch, consequenty for the local economic system where those economic units are created and developed. Nowadays, it is question, for the boss to tackle under a new look to the problems of perenniality of his farm taking on the one hand the new habits of consumption on the other hand the rarity of potential successors facing up to the important number of people retiring. This transformation in the agricultural circle has induced us to suggest on basse-normandie scale an investigation which renders an account of the keeness of the preparation in the handing over the farms. This will have to allow firstly the boss of farm to acquire the undertaking reflex which can help him seize the economic juridical, fiscal and financial opportunities then the command of success key factors of the handing over of his farm
Eiriz, Gervas Gonzalo. „Transformation des unités de production rurales dans la transition post-soviétique : approche pluridisciplinaire pour une aide au développement : le cas de la région Syunik en Arménie /“. Montpellier : Institut agronomique méditerranéen, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39916931k.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDarwich, Salem. „La relance de l'agriculture familiale au Liban : tentatives de reconversion des cultures illicites et changement des systèmes de production dans la région de Baalbeck-Hermel, Béqaa-Liban“. Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNyore, Nyore. „Stratégies d'adaptation aux changements globaux et durabilité des exploitations agricoles familiales en zone cotonnière du Cameroun“. Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20054.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe rural area of North Cameroon has been experiencing the last three decades, profound changes. The population growth that has led to land pressure, the saturation of terroirs, and the overexploitation of resources. As a corollary, producers saw declines in yield and soil fertility. The economic and institutional environment is also marked by volatile prices of key inputs and agricultural products. This context of vulnerability is accentuated by climate variability. How to improve the sustainability of family farms in this context of uncertainty? To answer this question, data were collected from 756 family farms at four sites. They allowed us to characterize the family farms in the study area. After having characterized the latter, we analyzed the trajectories and the sustainability of 52 farms using the IDEA method adapted to the context of North Cameroon. Several strategies were identified and the analysis of sustainability levels allowed us to have several groups of farms according to their level of sustainability. Farms must be accompanied internally and externally to improve the level of sustainability
Congretel, Mélanie. „Une plante, des fils et des clones. Histoires amazoniennes de guaraná(s) dans un monde globalisé“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA016/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCan we account for the identity and territorial struggles the globalization of markets and resources reveals, by describing how a plant cultivated for several centuries in the Brazilian Amazon, turns into a « wild » plant or, conversely, into a « technology »? In a context of ecological transition and criticism of the modernist agricultural paradigm, the thesis explores the local expressions and stakes of this socio-environmental shift, focusing on the relationships that form between men and an emblematic plant of the region, guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). Considering four distinct projects which promote this energetic plant, it also questions the way Amazonian populations seize this changing context, and innovate in order to negotiate their relationship to modernity, at the crossroads of globalized value chains and of a territory, the Lower Amazonas, where the plant is historically rooted. In the wake of the environmental humanities interdisciplinary stream, our work contemplates guaraná as an actor of the projects studied. We combine ethnobotanical surveys with a socio-anthropological approach inspired by science studies, to portray local experiences of the plant and the multiple forms innovation can take in a region long shelved from the dynamics of development. By approaching the plant through the concept of ontology, we show that that several guaranas coexist today in the Lower Amazonas, defined by several ingredients: biological resources, practices, techniques, knowledge, representations, valuation projects and rules. Far from representing different points of view on the same plant, these "guaranás" are distinct plants. They embody the frictions between different worlds whose more or less extensive networks intersect and seek to anchor themselves in the territory, in order to impose themselves on others, to resist them, or to invent new representations of territorial development
Gariépy, Marie-Claude. „La pérennité de l'entreprise agricole et son lien avec le contexte organisationnel au moment du transfert des avoirs“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25943/25943.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZelem, Marie-Christine. „Mutations foncières, structures familiales et exploitations agricoles de l'Empire à nos jours dans un canton auvergnat (Salers - Cantal)“. Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe originality of this study lies in setting a computer program to process data about landed properties form the 18th century until now. The conception of landed property for two centuries permits to retrace the property history and to show how the way of transfering patrimony changes according to the land size, the place the farmer is native of, and to the fact that the farmer owns the land or paies a rent. Considering the way the salers' society runs, the aim was to underline a link 5between the local land property system, the unequal sharing of inheritance and the need to get into production policy recommended by the european community. It was also to check if the size of the farm estate and the way to develop land was conected with the size of the farmer's family
Moreno, Urdaneta Carmen Leonor. „La caféiculture andine vénézuélienne entre l'impact des tendances globales et la réaffirmation des processus locaux : étude de la communauté de Mesa Bolívar dans l'état de Mérida, Venezuela“. Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20126.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePaillat-Jarousseau, Hélène. „Une terre pour cultiver et habiter : anthropologie d'une localité de l'île de la Réunion /“. Paris ; Budapest ; Torino : l'Harmattan, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38811674h.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGonçalves, Kátia de Freitas Carrière Jean-Paul. „L'évolution de la politique brésilienne d'aide technique et de vulgarisation agricole (P.N.A.T.E.R) vers le référentiel agroécologique“. S. l. : S. n, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR1804.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThiam, Ibrahima. „Stratégies des exploitations agropastorales de Thieul [Ferlo-Sénégal] dans un contexte d'incertitudes sur les ressources naturelles productives“. Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000716/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Rural District of Thieul, located in the South Sahel component of the Senegalese Ferlo Natural Region, is south enclosed by the Peanut area. In addition to the repeated climatic crises in the Sahel countries (droughts), these are new socio-economic and demographic pressures, negative political and institutional tendencies on Productive Natural Resources with land tenure crisis. These are all factors that can lead to uncertainties, vulnerability and poverty if there are no reactions. Therefore, dealing with this new environmental production context, characterised by Productive Natural Resource Rarefaction, the Agro-pastoral Farmers of The Thieul Rural Community has developed new strategies, based on also material and immaterial Capitals implementation in channel production. Strategies are also based on capacity building and capabilities that permit diversification in family production activities, innovations for sustainable rural livelihoods
Carvalho, Soraya Abreu De. „Entre opportunisme et persistance. Quelles dynamiques et perspectives d'évolution pour les exploitations laitières familiales de la Transamazonienne ?“ Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00605840.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJouili, Mustapha. „Ajustement structurel, mondialisation et agriculture familiale en Tunisie“. Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe agrarian question is nowadays at the heart of destructive effects of the neoliberal globalization. Imposed in extreme inequality condition, free-trade policies overwhelm millions of peasants in the South. The GATT and WTO agricultural agreement is shaped to serve the main objective of opening South markets for North agricultural surplus. This agreement exposes South peasants to the competition with highly productive producer, while the logic of globalized accumulation deprives them of any possibility of catch-up. In Tunisia, the adoption of a neoliberal agricultural policy, since the application of SAP, is the cause of structural alteration of peasant and family farmers production and reproduction conditions: unfavorable price evolution, exclusion from finance system, restricted access to land, inefficiency of services…. The ultimate consequence is a tendency towards the deterioration of peasants' real income. However, heterogeneity of real production conditions is the foundation of an emphasis of socio-economic differentiation among farmers. With the signing of WTO agreements and the free-trade agreement with the EU, it has become more and more difficult for peasant to survive. Moreover, the mechanisms which allowed them to survive have reached their limits. The new orientations have only increased the socio-economic disparities in the rural world. Small peasants are more and more marginalized and condemned to exodus without assuring employment possibilities. More than small peasants' proletarization, it is the ruin of rural regions. Poverty, unemployment and food dependency are the main consequences
Sakho-Jimbara, Maam Suwadu. „L'autonomie alimentaire par la diversification des activités : le cas des ménages agricoles du bassin arachidier au Sénégal“. Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON10037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn face of degrading environmental resources, the agricultural production in the groundnut basin of Senegal is unable to meet the food needs of the agricultural households. The food autonomy of agricultural households is investigated. It means the ability of these households to ensure their food needs through agricultural production or income diversification, under constraining agro-economic conditions. From a theoretical viewpoint, the analysis is based on household microeconomics behaviour in order to improve the understanding of the household resource allocation. From an empirical viewpoint, original data are used which were collected through fieldwork in two villages of the Groundnut Basin. Firstly, the analysis of the ability of the household heads to ensure food autonomy with regard to a whole set of exogenous variables which cause uncertainty of production, show that food autonomy greatly depends on diversification of activities, either locally, or through migration of family members to urban areas and abroad. Given the importance of local diversification and migration, we deal with the relationship between these two diversification forms. Evidence is found that migration is a substitute and not a complement to diversification of activities at local level. Finally, given the level of migrants' remittances, their impact on agricultural activities carried out together at agricultural household level is investigated through an intrahousehold analysis. Given the fact that agricultural activities are based on a system of rights and obligations, two levels of analyses are adopted: the head of the agricultural household and the dependents members. We found that the household head, being responsible for the part of the agricultural production obtained through common effort, adjusts the total area cultivated in collective production according to the migrants' remittances. Consequently, once this adjustment has been made, the dependents members' contributions to the family production obtained through common effort are not considerably affected by the level of the received remittances. Therefore, for a better understanding of the microeconomic behaviour of households, it is essential to take into account residents as well as migrants because of the contribution the latter make to the household budget through their remittances
Abdelhakim, Garrabe Tahani. „Pluriactivité et agriculture familiale : réalités sociales, questions théoriques, et études de cas“. Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLanglois, Lise. „Reproduction sociale à l'Île d'Orléans : stratégies, transmission du patrimoine et migrations sous le régime français“. Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenMarinozzi, Gabrio. „Stratégies collectives et dispositifs de commercialisation : l'essor de la fruticulture irriguée à Juazeiro Petrolina (Nordeste du Brésil)“. Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT017A.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrisel, Pierre-Nicolas. „La possibilité d'une transition agroécologique? : une analyse des déterminants économiques, écologiques et institutionnels de l'adoption de pratiques agricoles alternatives dans une communauté d'agriculteurs familiaux au Brésil“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01250525.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to explore the issue of changes in ways of production of family farmers communities facing economic and ecological crisis. To what extent are they able to carry out a transition to more sustainable ways of production? The thesis focuses on a rural region of Nova Friburgo (Brazil) with family farmers organized in communities. First of all, we identify the environmental, economic and institutional factors allowing family farmers to substitute agroecological practices to practices that emerged during the "green revolution" Based on a farming systems model, we then highlight the weakening of family structures since the 1970s, both in terms of economic performances and exploitation of ecosystem services. This context facilitateemergence of "environmental desservices" that had undermined the sustainability of these structures. In addition, the reintroduction of a full set of agroecological practices in the current family farming system does not appear as a viable economic alternative for farmers. Using scenarios, we however show that it is possible to identify the missing capabilities of producers that would enable them to initiate basic transformations. In addition, by focusing our analysis on the community level, we show the existence of endogenous forms of coordination – institutional arrangements – which could turn the current farming system toward an agroecology-based system
Juin-Rialland, Cécile. „Geographie des installations en agriculture dans les pays de la loire : elements de comparaison avec le quebec“. Nantes, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NANT3006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this research is one of describing explaining and understanding the unequal geographical division of the nomber, types and processus of establishment in the agriculture. The hypothesis from which this work started - and which proved true - is the development of a variety of forms concerning the establishment in the agriculture, the traditional father-son pattern on succession being challenged in the short term due to the sinking of birthrate of the agricultural population. A comparative study between two territories, geographically remote but close together in their socio-economic structures, has appeared as revealing and likely to inspire some development policies (those territories being both rural areas densely populated, marked by apparented demographic, social and cultural history). The gepgraphical analysis of the agricultural renewal required the setting up of a data bank about the above-mentioned establishment and including the standard statistics, along with other particular less often exploited, for instance those of the mutualite sociale agricole in france, and ground investi gation (200 surveys in quebec and in the pays de la loire). Included in a global process of mutation from a domestic agriculture to a business one, 3 types of areas were given prominence to, each characterized by a specific rate of agricultural renewal (strong, weak an intermediate). These territories draw simultaneously some specific establishment profiles : the first type (of area) with a conventional father-son transmission and a productivist pattern of expansion; the second type on the contrary, with non-domestic an atypical establishment forms; and in between those extremes, a transmission from parents to children, and a pattern of development halfway (between) both preceding types. This intensely contrasted. .
Baccar, Ben Lamine Mariem. „Evaluation de la durabilité et des processus d’adaptation des exploitations agricoles familiales en lien avec les ressources en eau souterraine et le développement des filières agricoles : cas de la plaine du Saïs (Maroc)“. Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0018/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAgriculture based on the massive use of non-renewable resources and the intensification of production systems show its limits, which question this development path. Yet this agricultural model has been developed in the Saïs plain, particularly in family farms. This development has resulted in the development of income-generating sectors that are intensively managed, with few technical supports. This dynamic has led to a groundwater overexploitation and pollution, and price fluctuations of agricultural products. The sustainability of family farms is questioned, especially since Moroccan agricultural policy encourages an intensive development path. This issue has been studied based on three sub-questions, each addressing the sustainability of family farms from a different perspective. These sub-questions were investigated thanks to a sample of 40 farms, chosen for their diversity of production systems. We used different tools for the data analysis.The first sub-question dealt with the sustainability of farms related to their evolving dynamics over the past 60 years. Seven pathways were identified based on several internal and external drivers. These pathways have resulted currently in three main farm types, differing in their production activities. T1 includes farms close to the original traditional system, based on land without a groundwater access; T2 gather farms cultivating a diversity of irrigated productions; T3 gather specialized farms.The second sub-question aims to evaluate the sustainability of family farms and to formalize its determinants, by mobilizing a research viewpoint. This analysis was based on a sustainability assessment tool (IDEA), adapted to the context of Saïs. Environmental sustainability depends on the diversification of activities and farm autonomy degree; socio-territorial sustainability is linked to the degree of farmer involvement in the territorial dynamics; and economic sustainability depends on the production system and the farm’ structural factors. However, general trend shows an antagonism between environmental and economic sustainability.The third sub-question explores farmers' perceptions of sustainability and how these perceptions influence their management strategies. A first group of farmers perceives sustainability through the combination of profitability and farm natural resources preservation. They implement a strategy of income security and low intensive practices. A second group links sustainability to profitability and adaptation to farms external changes. They implement a strategy of farm flexibility to seize opportunities. Finally, a third group perceives sustainability through modernist agricultural model. They implement an entrepreneurial strategy, based on maximization of income.This study shows both divergence and convergence viewpoints of sustainability concept and its implementation in agriculture, between researchers and farmers, for instance on production practices or access to natural resources. To fill this gap between the various stakeholder’s perceptions, environmental regulation, extension and accompanying measures must be considered collectively by farmers, authorities and researchers
Cazella, Ademir Antonio. „Développement local et agriculture familiale : les enjeux territoriaux dans le département de l'Aude“. Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR1802.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMalgalhães, Drouvot Cláudia. „Le Programme national brésilien de biodiesel, les facteurs clés du succès et le management coopératif : une solution pour développer les compétences et la participation des petits paysans ?“ Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENG004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of the Program main road of biodiesel launched by the Brazilian federal government in 2004 is to develop the production of biodiesel in relation to the small family farmers of the semi-arid areas and starting from plants which do not enter directly the human and animal chain food. Carried out in various areas of Nordeste and the North of Brazil, four studies on the ground evaluate, on a whole of criteria, the establishment of this program, in order to determine if the country communities concerned take part concretely in these actions, within the framework of associations or co-operatives and, if these projects support the social integration of this very marginalized population
Figuié, Muriel. „La construction sociale d'un savoir sur la dégradation des ressources naturelles: le cas des pâturages dans les exploitations agricoles familiales de la commune de Silvânia au Brésil“. Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006819.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAinsi la définition adoptée par le milieu de la recherche agronomique est marquée par les objectifs de colonisation agricole de la région, d'intensification et de modernisation de l'agriculture qu'il poursuit. Pour le milieu "socio-environnementaliste", elle est marquée par des objectifs de résistance au processus de colonisation de la région et de défense des intérêts des petits producteurs longtemps ignorés des politiques agricoles.
Concernant les producteurs, le sens qu'ils donnent à la dégradation des pâturages est lié à leur relation pratique à cette ressource. Dans un contexte de changement technique, on montre que les agriculteurs construisent de nouvelles représentations et que cette construction est nécessaire pour donner un sens aux innovations et au concept de dégradation introduits par les techniciens.
Résoudre les problèmes de dégradation nécessite d'admettre leur statut de construction sociale et le rôle que les agriculteurs doivent jouer dans la construction d'un concept commun de dégradation.
Figuié, Muriel. „La construction sociale d'un savoir sur la degradation des ressources naturelles : le cas des paturages dans les exploitations agricoles familiales de la commune de silvania au bresil“. Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INAP0010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJolly, Clara. „Innover pour la périphérie : recherche agronomique publique et développement de machinisme approprié pour l’agriculture familiale en Argentine“. Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn Argentina in the early 2000s, the world of public agricultural research focused on the development of appropriate machinery for family farming. Family farming, which became a category of public and scientific action at the same time, refers to farmers working their land without employing paid labor. This model differs from the agri-business model, which focuses on the production of raw materials for exportation, which has grown considerably in Argentina since the 1990s.The thesis first focuses on the establishment of such machinery and its subsequent development in relation to family farming within Argentinean agricultural research, around the creation of new institutes specially dedicated to research and technological development for family farming (Ipaf). These institutions are particularly unique in that they are based on the reference of the concept of "appropriate technologies". Born in Europe in the 1960s, this concept is grounded on a strong criticism of conventional technologies, while at the same time proposing the development of simple, local, small-scale and decentralized technologies. After having observed the trajectory of circulation, made of hybridizations, of the concept of appropriate technologies in Latin America, we will present how it has been mobilized by Argentinean public agronomic research in the specific context of the 2000s. This context, politically marked by Kirchnerism, has seen the establishment of a mandate to put science and technology at the service of social inclusion.The thesis then focuses in detail on the work carried out by the engineers responsible for developing machines suitable for family farming. We return to two specific cases, namely the design and manufacture of quinoa post-harvest machines and the development of a semi-mechanized harvester prototype. We present how engineers are working on different fronts. They designed models, found funds to prototype them, participated in manufacturing, but also sought public funding to enable small producers to acquire the machines. We analyse this specific method of intervention, which is oriented towards the achievement of a mission, which is to ensure that innovations reach small producers.Finally, we present the way in which public agricultural research agents have, at the heart of this state-led project, interacted with the private sector and attempted to build a sector of machine manufacturers for family farming. This last theme is all the more complex in the context of technologies for family farming, where it is a question of considering the development of markets for impoverished individuals, or at least those with low or very low purchasing power.This thesis provides a detailed analysis of the role of public agricultural research in supporting family agriculture, and the changing relationships in science, technology and politics in a peripheral country like Argentina
Andrianantoandro, Voahirana Tantely. „Structures familiales, organisation des activités et développement en milieu rural malgache“. Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956805.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoruzzi-Marques, Paulo Eduardo. „Agriculture familiale et participation au Brésil : les conseils municipaux de développement rural du PRONAF (acteurs, intérêts et pouvoir)“. Paris 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA030039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the crafting of Brazilian agricultural policy today, the idea of prioritizing family-run farming is broadening the debates on the subject of rural development, debates which bring different world views to confrontation. Enhancing the image of family-run farming is a major issue to be considered when examining modern Brazilian agricultural policies, which tend traditionally toward large operations, and which have marginalized through time the family-run farms, leading to a noticeable deterioration of agricultural ecosystems. In this regard, the fact that many developed countries have granted an important role to family-run farms can be taken as an example. This work analyzes the implementation of PRONAF, the Brazilian National Family-Run Agriculture Program created in 1995, and focuses notably on the participative aspect of the program. .
Cantin, Stéfanie. „La coexploitation comme un mode d'établissement en agriculture“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26724/26724.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDumora, Catherine. „Vivre et survivre dans une aire d'environnement protégé : le cas d'une petite paysannerie de l'APA (Area de proteçao ambiental) de Guaraqueçaba, Parana, Bresil“. Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21369.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis analyses the daily life of populations struggling with contradictions constituent of the sustainable development notion, which create a tension between environmental "sustainability" and social "sustainability". An anthropological approach – focused on concrete strategies implemented by small family farmers of the Guaraqueçaba region to go on living in hope of a better future in a context in which they feel they don't fit in anymore – reveals that they are considerably pushed away in clandestinity, a necessary situation for their survival. The study shows the divorce between two visions of sustainable development : on the one hand the local population who considers sustainability is linked to subsistence, and on the other hand the institutions which enforce the legislation giving priority to the environmental preservation
Bonnel, Germain. „La main-d’œuvre en agriculture biologique : une approche par les risques du travail“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1A018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOrganic farming holds a positive image with consumers. But people working in this area are poorly known regarding their working conditions. Producers, farmers and employees, must comply with strict specifications which, by prohibiting pesticides and other chemical inputs, involves more intensive physical work. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how the health of those who work in organic production is compromised in order to meet consumers expectations. To this end, an ethnographic study based on 59 interviews (with, especially, employees and farmers) and nearly 200 hours of field observation was conducted in 18 organic farms producing vegetables in the North of France. An ideal-typical construction enables to cross-reference different types of exploitation according to their work organization and risk management. Thus, 'entrepreneurial' farms are characterized by a work organization based on the subordination and flexibility of the workforce, which is necessary to mask the risks taken in this occupation. "Family" farms do not hire labor, but may have outside help. This work being family-run risks are integrated into practices. “Social” farms are socio-professional integration structures and are characterized by a form of assisted work. Risk management is outsourced to the "Mutualité Sociale Agricole", an agricultural social protection organization which gives rise to a "protocolisation" of risk
Paillat-Jarousseau, Hélène. „La Renaissance, mutation d'une localité de La Réunion : dynamiques familiales et rapport à la terre vers de nouvelles formes d'intégration“. Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0090.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn Reunion, the sale of large sugar (cane production) estates to land planning and rural development companies led to the creation of agricultural holdings backed by family groups. The study focuses on this changeover that involved farm families and, more broadly, the inhabitants of renaissance, an old plantation that was turned into the "renaissance safer land distribution scheme". To understand the social processes that occurred since the changeover, it was necessary to look into the past. History showed that the plantation society was one of movement, which mitigates the impression of a sudden abrupt change. This society, at certain times in history, assumed traits of the hacienda and gives us a different view of the plantation. Workers and other employees of these estates showed that, from their different positions, their social universe changed as events occurred. More recently, they have also shown how society developed new, diversified links, as the plantation system became less important because of the island's position as a French department. In former times, the notion of society included both communal labour and social life. The farmers' practises fit with in the concept of communal labour as a result of family dynamics that could be traced back to share-cropping practises and the comradeship of the plantation. Farming families had projects that went beyond professional considerations to include questions such as inheritance of lands, based on the ideology of equal sharing. Priority in farmland successor rights was based on the idea of giving access to jobs to the jobless. Renaissance is a kindred society that distributed in pockets of land to domestic groups. How relations were configurated depend on modes of integration stemming from agricultural activity, socio-cultural life and religion. This created new local hierarchies, which reflect family solidarity and give identity and rank within the society
Houngbedji, Ouziel Kenneth. „Trois essais sur la formalisation des droits fonciers au Bénin et en Éthiopie“. Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleContending that tenure insecurity under informal customary institutions dampens incentives for investment and contributes to low agricultural productivity in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, policymakers have tried to formalize customary land use through the provision of de jure rights to users. Two examples of such initiatives are the land registration programmes in Benin and Ethiopia. Both programmes embed the resolution of land disputes, the demarcation of plots and the recognition of individual land rights within customary practices and provide documentary evidence of those rights. In this doctoral thesis we explore the early effects of such programmes on household welfare. Following the land demarcation activities and the resolution of land disputes, the resources previously used to safeguard land claims from risk of encroachment are freed and can increase household welfare. There is also evidence that households anticipate the registration of their landholding(s) and take preventive measures to safeguard their land rights. This anticipation has an impact on the distribution of land rights between female and male landholders and could bias the impact evaluation of land registration programmes
Garcia, Parrilla Tiffany. „Temporalités et agricultures. Identités et objets en mouvement. Une approche croisée France - Brésil“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHow do Brazilian and French family farms create innovative temporal practices to respond to ecological transition?This thesis explores in a context of the social acceleration of ecologisation, the diversity of practices and representations as an expression of fracture within the modernist agricultural model. It proposes focussing on temporal experiences of socio-professional identities, elements of nature and technical artefacts. Our three ields of research- La Genétouze, Saints en Puisaye and Rio Veado- encompass the development of organic farming and of the animated debates that arise from its «conventionalisation.» Controversies over its identity _ question the numerous cultural connections between the different agricultural models and the tensions conveyed around their links with the past, the present and the future.Our transversal approach in both France and Brazil proposes to cross-examine the temporalities experienced by farmers who use reasoned agriculture, conservation agriculture or agrobiologic farms alongside their local trajectories. It shows that social acceleration hegemony is illusory: the inversion of progressive and linear time or its deceleration symbolize cultural resistances. Rather, we are part of the coexistence of multiple, opposing and even contradictory temporalities within the same territory. The challenging questions for family farming are then civilizational: they reveal temporal crises questioning the researcher on the capacity of the actors to reverse the arrow of time, offering possible reconciliations between the linearity of technical progress and life cycles
Courte, Amandine. „Le carbone des sols, la petite agriculture, ses systèmes de production et pratiques, témoins des enjeux environnementaux et agricoles de la Guyane“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuyanese soils as those of Amazonian bioma, have for agrosystems, strong edaphic constrains which are accentuated by land uses changes. Carbon stocks are the center of fertility and environmental management issues that involves emerging systems and low impact practices. In order to estimate the value of such practices, we studied the stocks evolution after cultivation using the data provided by the creation of two repositories, one of the production systems of small-scale agriculture and the other one of soil carbon stocks under natural vegetation. Our study on Guiana's agricultural production systems showed that carbon can be a recognized indicator that order space management patterns. This work also confirms the spontaneous development of low-impact practices by farmers. Measurements in the forest environment and mapping showed that soil organic carbon stocks under natural vegetation are high and could constitute an important carbon reservoir for France, estimated between 11 and 22 % of the national stock. Measurements of agricultural stocks and simulations (RothC) of the stock value among time, indicated that stocks vary rapidly and strongly after clearing and cultivation. Indeed, 50 % stocks decreases have been observed with intensive crop systems after 5 years’ cultivation. Low-impact practices reveal economical and environmental efficiency. In fact, they present an interest by being low GHG emitters and being able to increase the initial SOC under natural vegetation by 20 % after 5 years. However, beyond the farmers acceptability, there are many obstacles for agriculture development and these issues require global public policies in order to encourage these low-impact practices
Di, Roberto Hadrien. „Le marché foncier, une affaire de famille ? : une analyse institutionnelle des transactions de terres agricoles dans les Hautes Terres à Madagascar“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTD003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIncreased competition for access to agricultural land in Africa has led to a renewed interest in land markets. While there is a growing literature on the economic effects of markets, in terms of efficiency and equity, little is known about the institutions underlying their operations. Based on a study conducted in the Malagasy Highlands, this thesis addresses the role of local institutions in the functioning of land markets, with a focus on the role of the family which is traditionally involved in “ancestral” land governance. Using mostly first-hand, qualitative and quantitative data, this work is structured around three main topics: the role of local rules in the concrete unfolding of transactions; the allocative effects of transactions in terms of equity; the conflicts that may arise and the institutional devices to secure transactions. The thesis shows that markets expansion does not deprive the family of its land’s prerogatives and that the family actually contributes to organizing land transactions. First, the family is involved in the definition and enforcement of the "right to sell": sales of inherited land require the approval of the family which also implements intra-family priority rules in the sales process. Second, although purchases are accessible only to the wealthiest households who can afford to pay for the price of land, land transactions do not appear to strengthen land inequalities. Indeed, our results suggest that land markets contribute to equalize the distribution of land in favor of households with less inheritance. The mitigation of inequalities stemming from inheritance is partly explained by specific family rules that channel land sales offers to relatively less endowed households. Finally, the thesis explores the interactions between family and land markets through an analysis of conflicts and transaction securing practices. Results show that market transactions can trigger family-induced conflicts. One common conflict type is related to the contestation, by third party belonging to the family inheritance group, of the "right to sell". A second type has to do with the ex post re-interpretation of the terms of a past transaction (the seller claiming that the “sale” was in fact a long-term tenure arrangement). On the other hand, and despite the existence of land transaction registration devices, either formal (titles, certificates) or semi-formal (“piece of papers”), the family continues to play a key role in legitimating sales and securing transactions
Labaig, Henrique. „Les associations du monde paysan : vers une nouvelle construction territoriale de l'agriculture familiale au Brésil : l'exemple du Cerrado“. Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD research intent to demonstrate that the new policies in Brazil in direction of family farms don't are only the reinforcement of previous social relations but that they correspond with a deep transformation of rural societies and of the relationship between State and peasantry. The first part presents an historical study of the development process of agriculture and of the constitution of a peasantry in Brazil. The process of modernization is analysed in the case of the Cerrados area and in particular the municipe of Rio Verde (Goiás state) and it shows that the cooperative has been the instrument of this modernisation and of the marginalisation of family farms. The second part shows that public policies in direction of family farming since 1995 are able to produce a new type of rural thanks to the associative movement that can't be summarised into a mere opportunist instrument of resource captivation from the state by clientelistic networks. The demonstration is based on the analysis of associations and farms strategies in two municipes of the states of Bahia and Goiás: Correntina and Orizona