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1
Maynor, David. Metasploit toolkit for penetration testing, exploit development, and vulnerability research. Burlington, MA: Syngress, 2007.
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Maynor, David. Metasploit toolkit for penetration testing, exploit development, and vulnerability research. Burlington, MA: Syngress, 2007.
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Implicit and explicit knowledge in second language learning, testing and teaching. Buffalo: Multilingual Matters, 2009.
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ACT, PLAN, EXPLORE: Mathematics victory : Classroom text. 3. Aufl. Des Plaines, Ill: Cambridge Publishing, 2008.
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Blau, Francine D. Do cognitive test scores explain higher US wage inequality? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
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United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement., National Center for Education Statistics. und National Assessment of Educational Progress (Project), Hrsg. Using HLM and NAEP data to explore school correlates of 1990 mathematics and geometry achievement in grades 4, 8, and 12: Methodology and results. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1995.
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Maugeri, Giuseppe. L’insegnamento dell’italiano a stranieri Alcune coordinate di riferimento per gli anni Venti. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-523-0.
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This book develops the theme of teaching Italian abroad, starting from the awareness of the motivations for foreign students to study the Italian language and the different methodological procedures in order to teach it.For this purpose, the book focuses on the problems concerning the training of teachers of Italian to foreigners and on the many aspects of teaching Italian in order to propose both a methodological reflection on the edulinguistic project and educational solutions aimed at improving the quality of the students’ learning.Part 1The first part focuses on edulinguistic teaching vision for the learning of the Italian language as a foreign language based upon the principles of the Humanistic Approach.1. Teaching Italian Language Abroad: Institutional Language Policy and StrategiesThis chapter focuses on the situation of Italian foreign language teaching in the world. It also describes the linguistic policy for the promotion of Italian languages abroad adopted by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the results obtained as the number of students involved in the different geographic areas.2. Teaching Trainer Courses as a Key Factor to Improve the Quality of Teaching Italian AbroadIn this chapter teaching trainer courses for Italian language teachers are considered as a part of a strategy to increase the students’ motivations and the learning process.3. Students as a Customer vs Students as a PersonLinguistic education and the Humanistic Approach aim to develop the students’ potential and create an autonomous language personality. Therefore, in this chapter, we outline a teaching perspective that considers the student as a person at the centre of teaching and learning Italian process.Part 2In the second part teaching methodologies to improve the quality of teaching and learning Italian language to foreigners are described.4. Effective Cooperative Learning Strategies to Teach Italian as a Foreign LanguageExamples of cooperative learning are given to illustrate how the following teaching methodology is possible in teaching Italian language even if it demands strong research and clear guidance for educators.5. How to Teach Italian Grammar to ForeignersThis chapter examines the existing research about using a deductive form of teaching grammar versus using an inductive form of teaching it.6. Teaching Italian Through Literature, Movies and CartoonsIn this chapter, different media and sources to teach Italian are examined. Using both classic and digital tools, students can explore the Italian language and culture from different points of view, developing a strategy to revisit thinking and to collaborate with others during the reading of classic texts or reading a cartoon.7. Humanistic Testing and Assessment for Italian as a Foreign LanguageFrom a Humanistic point of view, in this chapter, testing and assessment are considered as potential and relevant instruments to measure the progress and performance of individual students of Italian language.8. How to Plan and Use an Environment to Teach Italian to ForeignersThis chapter focuses on learning space to teach Italian to foreigners. The main aim is to provide practical advice and support to the teachers of Italian language schools that are going to explore how to develop and adapt learning spaces to the teaching activities and the students’ needs.
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Metasploit Toolkit for Penetration Testing, Exploit Development, and Vulnerability Research. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-59749-074-0.x5000-4.
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Foster, James. Metasploit Toolkit for Penetration Testing, Exploit Development, and Vulnerability Research. Syngress, 2007.
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Megahed, Hamza. Penetration Testing with Shellcode: Detect, exploit, and secure network-level and operating system vulnerabilities. Packt Publishing, 2018.
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Metasploit Revealed: Secrets of the Expert Pentester: Exploit the secrets of Metasploit to master the art of penetration testing. Birmingham, UK: Packt Publishing, 2017.
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Najera-Gutierrez, Gilberto. Kali Linux Web Penetration Testing Cookbook: Identify, exploit, and prevent web application vulnerabilities with Kali Linux 2018.x, 2nd Edition. Packt Publishing - ebooks Account, 2018.
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Explore it!: Reduce risk and increase confidence with exploratory testing. 2013.
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Tkaczyk, Viktoria, Mara Mills und Alexandra Hui, Hrsg. Testing Hearing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197511121.001.0001.
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Testing Hearing: The Making of Modern Aurality argues that the modern cultural practices of hearing and testing have emerged from a long interrelationship. Since the early nineteenth century, auditory test tools (whether organ pipes or electronic tone generators) and the results of hearing tests have fed back into instrument calibration, human training, architecture, and the creation of new musical sounds. Hearing tests received a further boost around 1900 as a result of injury compensation laws and state and professional demands for aptitude testing in schools, conservatories, the military, and other fields. Applied on a large scale, tests of seemingly small measure—of auditory acuity, of hearing range—helped redefine the modern concept of hearing as such. During the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the epistemic function of hearing expanded. Hearing took on the dual role of test object and test instrument; in the latter case, human hearing became a gauge by which to evaluate or regulate materials, nonhuman organisms, equipment, and technological systems. This book considers both the testing of hearing and testing with hearing to explore the co-creation of modern epistemic and auditory cultures. The book’s twelve contributors trace the design of ever more specific tests for the arts, education and communication, colonial and military applications, and sociopolitical and industrial endeavors. Together, they demonstrate that testing as such became an enduring and wide-ranging cultural technique in the modern period, one that is situated between histories of scientific experimentation and many fields of application.
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Novak, Peter. Autonomic Testing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190889227.001.0001.
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Autonomic testing is an important addition to neurological evaluations. While there are many excellent textbooks on autonomic disorders, only a few texts focus on how to perform and interpret autonomic tests. This manual fills the gap, dealing mainly with the practical aspects of autonomic testing. In accord with the maxim that “a good picture is worth a thousand words,” signal drawings are heavily used throughout the text to explain and illuminate test results. This book has two parts. The first part describes in detail the Brigham protocol of autonomic tests, which includes cardiovascular tests (deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, tilt tests), sudomotor assessment (quantitative sudomotor axonal reflex test and electrochemical skin conductance), and skin biopsies for assessment of epidermal and sweat gland small fibers. The cardiovascular tests use heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory parameters (respiratory rate and end tidal CO2), and cerebral blood flow velocity. All tests are graded with an updated quantitative scale for cardiovascular reflex tests and transcranial Doppler—the Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QASAT)—and small fiber (epidermal sensory and sweat gland) densities from skin biopsies. The second part of the book describes 100 cases covering a variety of autonomic disorders. The cases are thematically grouped into orthostatic intolerance syndromes (neurally mediated syncope, orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, orthostatic cerebral hypoperfusion syndrome, hypocapnic cerebral hypoperfusion, and pseudosyncope), dysautonomia in neurodegenerative disorders, small fiber neuropathies (idiopathic, secondary, inflammatory), and autonomic overactivity. The case descriptions are presented in a consistent format featuring pertinent clinical information, autonomic tests results, interpretation of testing, conclusions, and recommendations. This text is intended to be a guide for autonomic fellows, and for residents in neurology, general medicine, and other specialties, and for anyone who is interested in performing and interpreting autonomic tests.
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Avery, William H., und Chih Wu. Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.001.0001.
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Scientists and engineers around the world are striving to develop new sources of energy. One source, ocean thermal energy conversion, has virtually unlimited potential. It is based on techniques that exploit heat produced by solar energy that may, in turn, be used to produce fuel and electricity. This book reviews the status and background of this promising technology. William H. Avery is the leading expert in this field, and his co-author Chih Wu is an authority on heat engine performance. Together they describe the workings of an OTEC power plant and how such a system might be implemented as part of a futuristic national energy strategy. The book is the only detailed presentation of basic OTEC technology, its testing and improvement. It is based on extensive development initiatives undertaken internationally during the period from 1974 through 1985. The book offers a thorough assessment of the economics of OTEC in comparison with other energy production methods. It will be of interest to a wide range of professionals in energy research, power and mechanical engineering, and to upper-level undergraduate students taking courses in these fields.
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Center, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research, Hrsg. Videotapes explain the how and why of LTPP's revised resilient modulus laboratory tests and procedures. McLean, VA: [U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration], Research, Development, and Technology, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1999.
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Rosenberg, Michael. Doubts and Faith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845896.003.0005.
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Three very different first-century Jewish authors hint at a possible deviation from the regime of anatomical testing of virginity as established by Deuteronomy 22. Both Josephus and Philo, in their paraphrases of the bloody-sheets pericope, strikingly leave out any mention of any physical remainder of the sexual act, thus deviating from the explicit model of Deuteronomy. In the end, however, Josephus, seems unlikely to be a true variant, likely avoiding rather than replacing the Deuteronomic standard. Philo, however, may well express a concern for spiritual, rather than (or in addition to) physical virginity. The contrast with Deuteronomy is even more pronounced in the Gospel of Matthew, where faith-based testing comes to replace physical testing.
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Shephard OAM, Mark, Hrsg. Practical Guide to Global Point-of-Care Testing. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305193.
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Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to pathology testing performed in a clinical setting at the time of patient consultation, generating a rapid test result that enables informed and timely clinical action to be taken on patient care. It offers patients greater convenience and access to health services and helps to improve clinical outcomes. POCT also provides innovative solutions for the detection and management of chronic, acute and infectious diseases, in settings including family practices, Indigenous medical services, community health facilities, rural and remote areas and in developing countries, where health-care services are often geographically isolated from the nearest pathology laboratory.
A Practical Guide to Global Point-of-Care Testing shows health professionals how to set up and manage POCT services under a quality-assured, sustainable, clinically and culturally effective framework, as well as understand the wide global scope and clinical applications of POCT.
The book is divided into three major themes: the management of POCT services, a global perspective on the clinical use of POCT, and POCT for specific clinical settings. Chapters within each theme are written by experts and explore wide-ranging topics such as selecting and evaluating devices, POCT for diabetes, coagulation disorders, HIV, malaria and Ebola, and the use of POCT for disaster management and in extreme environments. Figures are included throughout to illustrate the concepts, principles and practice of POCT.
Written for a broad range of practicing health professionals from the fields of medical science, health science, nursing, medicine, paramedic science, Indigenous health, public health, pharmacy, aged care and sports medicine, A Practical Guide to Global Point-of-Care Testing will also benefit university students studying these health-related disciplines.
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Najera-Gutierrez, Gilberto, und Juned Ahmed Ansari. Web Penetration Testing with Kali Linux - Third Edition: Explore the methods and tools of ethical hacking with Kali Linux. Packt Publishing - ebooks Account, 2018.
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Pollack, Detlef, und Gergely Rosta. Charismatic, Pentecostal, and Evangelical Movements in Europe, the US, and Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0018.
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The growth of Evangelical Protestantism and Pentecostalism is widely regarded as a potent argument against the validity of secularization theory. To explain this growth, Chapter 12 draws on theoretical approaches to analysing new social movements, which allows an expansion of the repertoire of explanations concerning religious change and a testing of alternatives to the models provided by secularization theory. To explain the worldwide growth and relative resilience of the Evangelical and Pentecostal movements, the chapter identifies a number of conditions and explanatory factors: cultural and social confirmation, religious syncretism, social deprivation, and the widespread magical worldview and broadly accepted spiritistic beliefs in Latin American countries that are conducive to the acceptance of Pentecostal experiences and healing rituals.
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Vanderlee, Mary-Louise. Pilot testing a causal model that includes clusters of parent, child, teacher, and classroon variables, to explore the mechanisms underlying class size effects. 2004.
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Toye, John. Conclusion: The last grand narrative of development, 1938–. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723349.003.0012.
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This concluding chapter seeks to explain how neo-liberal ideas were transformed into a neoclassical doctrine and the forces, political and economic, that allowed it to influence developing countries. It goes on to speculate that neo-conservatism will be the last grand narrative of development, attributing this intellectual closure to the widespread adoption of the method of random controlled trials, pioneered in medicine, for the testing of individual policy intervention. This method may produce a plethora of valid petty narratives, but without any grand narrative to give overall coherence. Fragmentation will breed inevitable incoherence.
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D'Arcy, Alexandra. Variation and Change. Herausgegeben von Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron und Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0024.
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This chapter notes that the ultimate concern of variationist sociolinguistics is the evolution of linguistic systems and the mechanisms which operate on them. One feature that offers particularly good insight into these issues is the quotative be like, a relatively recent and robust change that has affected varieties of English worldwide. The chapter illustrates the types of theoretical issues that be like has been used to explore, beginning with the quantitative paradigm and the analytical assumptions underlying variationist work on direct quotation. It argues that what makes be like such a useful and powerful heuristic for testing theories of language change is variation and the constraints which operate upon it.
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Steinmo, Sven. Historical Institutionalism and Experimental Methods. Herausgegeben von Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti und Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.6.
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Although a core insight of historical institutionalism (HI) is that history affects actors’ beliefs, values and preferences, it is difficult to test these propositions directly. This chapter argues that one way of testing HI theories is to integrate some of the methods and techniques of experimental social science. Using experimental methods, historical institutionalism can better explain how specific institutional structures, decision-making processes, and historical contexts frame individual choices and shape the broader ecology of political decisions. A combination of diverse research traditions and methodologies can illuminate the dynamic relationships between ideas, interests and institutions that yield variation in policies and preferences across cultures and over time.
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Moseley, Mason W. Contentious Engagement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the cross-national determinants of protest participation in Latin American democracies, testing several central expectations from the protest state theory. Drawing on data from the AmericasBarometer, a biennial survey conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) from 2004 to 2014, and World Bank governance indicators, I use multilevel modeling techniques to evaluate how country-level institutional characteristics interact with individual-level indicators of political engagement to explain protest behavior. Rather than offering support for dominant grievance-based explanations of protest or theoretical perspectives couched solely within the resource mobilization or political opportunities traditions, I find that an interactive relationship between institutional context and civic engagement best explains why Latin Americans choose to protest.
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Pérez, Efrén O. The Language-Opinion Connection. Herausgegeben von Lonna Rae Atkeson und R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.18.
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This chapter critically reflects on the deceptively simple relationship between language and survey response: the language-opinion connection. It discusses what survey researchers actually know about this link, paying close attention to challenges involving conceptualization, measurement, and research design. Throughout, the discussion emphasizes a core theme: despite great advancements in sampling, measurement, and research design, the study of language and survey response is bereft of strong theory. Thus, while the language-opinion connection seems on the surface easy to assess, public opinion researchers have modest theory to explain how, when, and among whom language influences survey response. Against this backdrop, the chapter outlines several ways forward, stressing in particular the importance of identifying and testing psychological mechanisms.
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Balonas, Sara, Teresa Ruão und María-Victoria Carrillo, Hrsg. Strategic Communication in Context: Theoretical Debates and Applied Research. UMinho Editora/CECS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/uminho.ed.46.
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Strategic communication is becoming more relevant in communication sciences, though it needs to deepen its reflective practices, especially considering its potential in a VUCA world — volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous. The capillary, holistic and result-oriented nature that portrays this scientific field has led to the imperative of expanding knowledge about the different approaches, methodologies and impacts in all kinds of organisations when strategic communication is applied. Therefore Strategic Communication in Context: Theoretical Debates and Applied Research assembles several studies and essays by renowned authors who explore the topic from different angles, thus testing the elasticity of the concept. Moreover, this group of authors represents various schools of thought and geographies, making this book particularly rich and cross-disciplinary.
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Rosenberg, Michael. Impure Nuptials and Sex as Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845896.003.0008.
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A number of Talmudic passages, not specifically about virginity testing, buttress the claims made in the previous chapter. The Babylonian Talmud creates a legal culture in which wedding-night bleeding triggers a prohibition on any further sexual relations, thus discouraging sexual aggression. Similarly, the Babylonian Talmud’s discussion of first-time penetrative intercourse on the Sabbath focuses on divorcing the sexual act from acts of violence; this passage also connects a bride’s experience on her wedding night to that of a baby boy at his circumcision, the latter of which is explicitly marked as painful. Finally, an explicit discussion in the Babylonian Talmud tries to minimize descriptions of brides’ pain on their wedding night, in the process revealing Rabbinic male anxiety about their complicity in causing pain.
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Bergman, Marcelo. Why Has Crime Risen in Latin America? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608774.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses the applicability of theories of criminology in explaining the current crime wave in the region, by testing common assumptions of causes of criminality against social, economic, and political data. It is organized around covariates of crime such as labor markets, family structures, income inequality, guns, and drugs, and their correlations with different levels of crime between countries over the last decades. Based on an especially collected data set, this chapter shows that there is only very weak evidence to support the claims that poverty, inequality, and lack of development explain rising crime in the region. The need to transcend these assertions and focus on the mechanisms that produce the erosion of norms, the lack of social mobility, and the institutional weaknesses when opportunities for illegal profits arise is stressed.
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Levy, Jack S. Counterfactuals and Case Studies. Herausgegeben von Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady und David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0027.
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This article shows that counterfactuals can be used along with case studies to make inferences, although strong theories are needed for this. The article also argues that game theory is one approach that provides this kind of theory because a game explicitly models all of the actors' options including those possibilities that are not chosen. The article then indicates that any counterfactual argument requires a detailed and explicit description of the alternative antecedent which is plausible and involves a minimal rewrite of history, and suggests that one of the strengths of game theory is its explicitness about alternatives. The validity of counterfactual arguments is assessed in explaining cases or testing theoretical propositions. Counterfactuals should change as few aspects of the real world as possible in order to isolate their causal effects.
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Aldrich, John H., James E. Alt und Arthur Lupia. The Eitm Approach: Origins and Interpretations. Herausgegeben von Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady und David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0037.
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This article describes the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s initiative to close the gap between theory and methods. It also deals with the Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models (EITM) as currently understood as a way of thinking about causal inference in service to causal reasoning. Additionally, it explores the approach's origins and various ways in which NSF's call to EITM action has been interpreted. It makes a brief attempt to explain why the EITM approach emerged, why it is valuable, and how it is currently understood. It then contends that EITM has been interpreted in multiple ways. It emphasizes a subset of extant interpretations and, in the process, offers views about the most constructive way forward. The idea of EITM is to bring deduction and induction, hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing, close together.
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Spies, Dennis C. European Welfare Programs in the Era of Immigration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812906.003.0004.
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As mass immigration is a relatively recent phenomenon in Europe, it encounters states in which mature welfare regimes have already been in place for several decades. Therefore, the chapter starts with an overview of the most important welfare programs in Europe, according to their degree of universalism, the generosity of their replacement rates, means testing, and their redistributive character—asking how much they resemble the welfare or social security part of the US regime. It is shown that the institutional indicators explain a lot about the size of social expenditure budgets, and that programs with high middle-class involvement spend significantly more. Using EU-household survey data, Chapter 3 also offers an overview of how immigrants fare in the different programs, including immigrants’ welfare dependency, and discusses how this is related to the share of benefits they receive compared with the native population.
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Kempster, Steve, und Ken Parry. Beyond one voice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0009.
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Steve Kempster and Ken Parry introduce an unconventional research design and data collection method called co-constructed analytic auto-ethnography. This is based on a collaborative partnership between researcher and participant. The collaboration first involves an in-depth exploration of the participant’s socially constructed experience. The approach then reaches beyond that experience by testing the resonance of the insights generated with those of others who have been through similar experiences. Co-constructed analytic auto-ethnography can thus explore subjects that are difficult to access with traditional qualitative and quantitative methods. The approach is illustrated by a study that involved a collaboration between an academic and a senior manager, exploring the inter-related phenomena of emotional labour and authenticity in leadership practice. Dismissing criticism of auto-ethnography as ‘confessional tales’, the chapter concludes that this is a rigorous, insightful, and valuable research approach.
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Longenbaugh, Nicholas, und Maria Polinsky. Experimental Approaches to Ergative Languages. Herausgegeben von Jessica Coon, Diane Massam und Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.29.
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This chapter summarizes major results in the domain of experimental approaches to ergativity, focusing on three major topics. First, it discusses studies that explore the competition between accusative and ergative alignment, where researchers have attempted to derive the typological preference for accusative alignment from processing- and learnability based constraints. Next, it examines studies concerning the interrelated issues of long-distance dependencies and agreement. The unique dissociation of case and argument-hood in ergative languages has afforded researchers new means of testing conclusions regarding the privileged grammatical status of subject, the relative import and function of case and agreement in the grammar, and the origins of constraints on extraction in ergative languages and beyond. Given that linguists have only recently begun to conduct experimental research on ergative languages, we conclude by suggesting areas for future research where ergativity might provide genuine insights rather than just replicate existing studies of accusative languages.
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Joshua, Castellino, und Keane David. 2 Australia. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574827.003.0003.
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This chapter emphasizes the causes of violations against minorities and indigenous peoples within the state. It seeks to explain the extent to which law has sought to address the position of the more vulnerable groups in Australian society. The chapter is divided into four main sections. Section 2.1 identifies the key historical moments that are important in understanding the backdrop to the plight of minorities and vulnerable peoples in Australia. Section 2.2 focuses on an identification of ‘Minorities’, ‘Indigenous Peoples’, and others that are covered by this chapter. Section 2.3 provides an analysis of the legal framework that regulates indigenous peoples' and minorities' entitlements in Australia. Section 2.4 reflects on the existing remedies available in Australian law, testing their efficacy. The chapter concludes by addressing the question of what ‘Australian-ness’ means and how its construction impacts the experience of vulnerable groups within society.
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Kern, Margaret L., und Howard S. Friedman. Health Psychology. Herausgegeben von Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.2.
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As research on personality and health has moved to developing multitrait, multioutcome models, the five factor approach has shown excellent utility for understanding health, including physical and mental health, longevity, cognitive function, social competence, and productivity. Drawing on a growing arsenal of advanced statistical techniques, studies are testing complex models to explain how personality influences health. Health behaviors, social situations, physiological changes, and various indirect and moderating factors are important pathways connecting personality and health, and reciprocally influence one another. Future personality research will benefit from interdisciplinary approaches, including integrative data analyses of archival data, big data analyses, neuroscientific approaches, and lifespan epidemiology. Bringing together different types of data, innovative methods, and well-specified theories offers the potential to understand the personality–health model in ways never before imagined. Identifying pathways and key factors in turn will inform effective intervention to help more people live healthier, more productive lives.
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Sanders, Donald H. Virtual Reconstruction of Maritime Sites and Artifacts. Herausgegeben von Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton und Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0014.
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The integration of virtual reality into archaeological research began in the early 1990s. The use of computer-based methods in maritime archaeology is recent. Before exploring a real-time virtual, a 3D computer model is created from drawings, general sketches, raw dimensions, 3D scanned data, or photographs, or by using simple primitives and “drawing” on the computer. Virtual reality is a simulation of physical reality offering the viewer real-time movement through a true 3D space and interactivity with the objects, which can be further enhanced with 3D sound, lighting, and touch. This article presents case studies to show how virtual reality becomes valuable for the four components of archaeology: documentation, research/analysis/hypothesis testing, teaching, and publication. As digital technologies advance, so too will the opportunities to explore underwater sites in ways that will continue to enhance our abilities to understand and teach maritime history.
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Pinckney, Jonathan C. From Dissent to Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190097301.001.0001.
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Under what conditions will successful nonviolent revolutions lead to democratization? While the scholarly literature has shown that nonviolent resistance has a positive effect on a country’s level of democracy, little research to date has disaggregated this population to explain which cases of successful nonviolent resistance lead to democracy and which do not. This book presents a theory of democratization in transitions initiated by nonviolent resistance based on the successful resolution of two central strategic challenges: maintaining high transitional mobilization and avoiding institutionally destructive maximalism. I test the theory, first, on a data set of every transition from authoritarian rule in the post–World War II period and, second, with three in-depth case studies informed by interviews with key decision-makers in Nepal, Zambia, and Brazil. The testing supports the importance of high mobilization and low maximalism. Both have strong, consistent effects on democratization after nonviolent resistance.
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Alexandrova, Anna. Can the Science of Well-Being Be Objective? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.003.0004.
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As an object of science, well-being is unusual in that its study relies on a normative standard. Even when the requisite theory justifying this standard is available, deep disagreements about values can surface. These disagreements seem to undermine the claim of this science to objectivity. This is one reason why philosophers of science have traditionally advocated value freedom. This chapter proposes the notion of a ‘mixed claim’ to denote scientific hypotheses that rely on both factual and normative categories. It argues against the advocates of value freedom, that mixed claims should not be eliminated from science. Rather, we need principles that when followed can secure procedural objectivity for mixed claims. These principles include making values explicit, testing for presence of disagreement, and subjecting the controversial value presuppositions to a public deliberation that includes experts on well-being as well as the public whose well-being is in question.
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Glannon, Walter. Psychiatric Neuroethics I. Herausgegeben von John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford und Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.30.
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Severe psychiatric disorders may be resistant to conventional pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments. Invasive interventions such as deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and neurosurgical ablation (lesioning) can modulate dysfunctional neural circuits implicated in these disorders. Yet these two forms of psychiatric neurosurgery are still experimental and investigational and thus their safety and efficacy have yet to be established. This chapter is an examination and discussion of the main ethical issues surrounding the experimental use of DBS and lesioning for treatment-refractory psychiatric disorders. I address questions regarding research subjects’ exposure to risk and informed consent to be enrolled in clinical trials testing these techniques for major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These questions include whether or to what extent the therapeutic misconception influences decisions to enroll in these trials. I then explore similar questions about the use of DBS for schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. Finally, I discuss the obligations of researchers conducting these studies to research subjects.
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Conner, Mark T. Experiential Attitude and Anticipated Affect. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0003.
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Recent research has explored the effects of two affective influences within models such as the theory of planned behavior and reasoned action approach: experiential attitude and anticipated affect. Both refer to perceptions of future affect, that is, cognitively mediated affect. Primary studies and meta-analytic reviews supporting the role of these two affective variables on health behavior are presented. The correlational data use prospective designs and control for other health cognitions and past behavior. The experimental data also explore whether the affective variables mediate the impact of the “affective intervention” on behavior. Strong support is found across studies for both experiential attitude and anticipated affect as important determinants of health behaviors even when controlling for other health cognitions and past behavior. The need for further experimental studies with objective measures of health behavior is noted. Further the testing of the combined effects of manipulating both affective variables is highlighted for further attention.
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De Ste Croix, Mark B. A. Muscle strength. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0015.
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Despite a relatively limited understanding of the factors associated with strength development, advances in equipment, and increased understanding of growth and maturation issues, have provided new insights into paediatric muscle strength development. Strength testing of children is performed routinely by researchers to monitor the determinants and development of strength throughout childhood, and also by physiotherapists to assess the degree of muscle disability and to diagnose the rate of recovery. It is important for strength test administrators to be equipped with knowledge of the normal age and sex-associated variations in strength and the factors attributable to that variation. Over time, the use of differing techniques to adjust for body size has changed our perspective of the historical concept of the age- and sex-associated differences in muscle strength. Likewise, the development of more sophisticated techniques to determine muscle size and body composition has allowed researchers to explore the factors associated with the development of strength during growth with a greater degree of validity.
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Brady, Peter A. Evaluation and Treatment of Arrhythmias. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0043.
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Abnormal cardiac arrhythmias may be due to reentry, abnormal automaticity, or triggered activity. Reentrant rhythms may be microreentrant or macroreentrant. Ambulatory (Holter) monitoring is useful for the evaluation of both symptomatic and asymptomatic rhythm disturbances and their relationship to daily activity. Treadmill exercise testing is very useful in the evaluation of patients who present with bradycardia and symptoms of palpitations because it allows both documentation of the adequacy of heart rate response to exercise and the recording of the cardiac rhythm during exercise in a controlled setting with ECG monitoring. An electrophysiologic study is useful for assessing sinus node function and the cardiac conduction system and for attempting to induce atrial or ventricular arrhythmias that could explain the clinical presentation. Electrophysiologic study requires placement of electrode catheters in the heart to record and to stimulate heart rhythm. Several therapeutic options are available for heart rhythm disorders, including drug therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and device therapy.
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Kampourakis, Kostas, und Kevin McCain. Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871666.001.0001.
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Scientific knowledge is the most solid and robust kind of knowledge that humans have because of its inherent self-correcting character. Nevertheless, anti-evolutionists, climate denialists, and anti-vaxxers, among others, question some of the best-established scientific findings, making claims unsupported by empirical evidence. A common aspect of these claims is reference to the uncertainties of science concerning evolution, climate change, vaccination, and so on. This is inaccurate: whereas the broad picture is clear, there will always exist uncertainties about the details of the respective phenomena. This book shows that uncertainty is an inherent feature of science that does not devalue it. In contrast, uncertainty advances science because it motivates further research. This is the first book on this topic that draws on philosophy of science to explain what uncertainty in science is and how it makes science advance. It contrasts evolution, climate change, and vaccination, where the uncertainties are exaggerated, and genetic testing and forensic science, where the uncertainties are usually overlooked. The goal is to discuss the scientific, psychological, and philosophical aspects of uncertainty in order to explain what it really is, what kinds of problems it actually poses, and why in the end it makes science advance. Contrary to public representations of scientific findings and conclusions that produce an intuitive but distorted view of science as certain, people need to understand and learn to live with uncertainty in science. This book is intended for anyone who wants to get a clear view of the nature of science.
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Sun, Emily. On the Horizon of World Literature. Fordham University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823294787.001.0001.
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This book compares Romantic England and Republican China as asynchronous moments of incipient literary modernity in different lifeworlds. These moments were oriented alike by “world literature” as a discursive framework of classifications that connected and re-organized local articulations of literary histories and literary modernities. The book examines select literary forms—the literary manifesto, the tale collection, the familiar essay, and the domestic novel—as textual sites for the enactment of new socio-political forms-of-life. These forms function as testing grounds for questions of both literary-aesthetic and socio-political importance: What does it mean to attain a voice? What is a common reader? How does one dwell in the ordinary? What is a woman? In different languages, activating heterogeneous literary and philosophical traditions, the texts analyzed explore by literary means the far-from-settled problem of what it means to be modern in different lifeworlds and ongoing traditions. Authors studied include Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lu Xun, Charles and Mary Lamb, Lin Shu, Zhou Zuoren, Jane Austen, and Eileen Chang. This book contributes to the fields of comparative literature, British Romanticism, and modern Chinese literature.
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Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Marks, Tobias Lenz, Jeanine Bezuijen, Besir Ceka und Svet Derderyan. Measuring International Authority. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724490.001.0001.
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This book sets out a measure of authority for seventy-six major international organizations (IOs) from 1950 to 2010 in an effort to provide systematic comparative information on international governance. On the premise that transparency is key in the production of data, the authors chart a path in laying out the assumptions that underpin the measure. Successive chapters detail the authors’ theoretical, conceptual, and coding decisions. In order to assess their authority, the authors model the composition of IO bodies, their roles in decision making, the bindingness of IO decisions, and the mechanisms through which they seek to settle disputes. Profiles of regional, cross-regional, and global IOs explain how they are composed and how they make decisions. A distinctive feature of the measure is that it breaks down the concept of international authority into discrete dimensions. The Measure of International Authority (MIA) is built up from coherent ingredients—the composition and role of individual IO bodies at each stage in policy making, constitutional reform, the budget, financial compliance, membership accession, and the suspension of members. These observations can be assembled—like Lego blocks—in diverse ways for diverse purposes. This produces a flexible tool for investigating international governance and testing theory.
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Lindenmayer, David, Philip Barton und Jennifer Pierson, Hrsg. Indicators and Surrogates of Biodiversity and Environmental Change. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486304103.
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Ecological indicators and surrogates are used widely by resource managers to monitor and understand complex biota and ecosystem processes. Their potential to guide complex resource management has meant they have been proposed for use in all ecosystems worldwide. Despite extensive research into indicators and surrogates, there remains much controversy about their use, in addition to major issues and knowledge gaps associated with their identification, testing and application.
Indicators and Surrogates of Biodiversity and Environmental Change provides insights into the use of indicators and surrogates in natural resource management and conservation – where to use them, where not to use them, and how to use them. Using an ecological approach, the chapters explore the development, application and efficacy of indicators and surrogates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and atmospheric environments. The authors identify current gaps in knowledge and articulate the future directions for research needed to close those gaps.
This book is written by the world’s leading thinkers in the area of indicators and surrogates. It is the first major synthesis of learnings about indicators and surrogates and will be a critical resource for the vast number of people developing and applying them in ecosystems around the world. It will be an essential resource for scientists, policy makers and students with interests in surrogates and indicators.
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Nassaney, Michael S., Hrsg. Fort St. Joseph Revealed. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056425.001.0001.
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After nearly two decades of investigations at Fort St. Joseph, historical archaeologists have revealed the contours of everyday life at one of the most important French colonial outposts in the western Great Lakes region. Initially founded as a mission along the St. Joseph River in the 1680s, the French soon established a settlement amidst their Miami and Potawatomi allies, and the site became a strategic stronghold before it was abandoned in 1781. For many years, the site eluded archaeological discovery, until 1998 when Western Michigan University archaeologists identified material evidence of the long-lost Fort. In 2002, after a century of searching for the Fort, subsurface testing revealed undisturbed archaeological deposits in the form of fireplaces, pits, and trash middens—definitive material evidence of Fort St. Joseph. Under the auspices of the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project, subsequent fieldwork and analysis have focused on examining the materiality of the Fort and the relationships between the Fort residents and local native populations. Fort St. Joseph Revealed employs archaeological and documentary sources to examine the history and culture of a fur trade society on the frontier of New France. This collection of papers is the first compilation of analyses derived from documents, cultural features, plant and animal remains, and various artifacts both to explore the importance of Fort St. Joseph in the past and in the present and to synthesize data on the colonial frontier from the perspective of a single place in the western Great Lakes region.
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Coolen, Ton, Alessia Annibale und Ekaterina Roberts. Generating Random Networks and Graphs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.001.0001.
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This book supports researchers who need to generate random networks, or who are interested in the theoretical study of random graphs. The coverage includes exponential random graphs (where the targeted probability of each network appearing in the ensemble is specified), growth algorithms (i.e. preferential attachment and the stub-joining configuration model), special constructions (e.g. geometric graphs and Watts Strogatz models) and graphs on structured spaces (e.g. multiplex networks). The presentation aims to be a complete starting point, including details of both theory and implementation, as well as discussions of the main strengths and weaknesses of each approach. It includes extensive references for readers wishing to go further. The material is carefully structured to be accessible to researchers from all disciplines while also containing rigorous mathematical analysis (largely based on the techniques of statistical mechanics) to support those wishing to further develop or implement the theory of random graph generation. This book is aimed at the graduate student or advanced undergraduate. It includes many worked examples, numerical simulations and exercises making it suitable for use in teaching. Explicit pseudocode algorithms are included to make the ideas easy to apply. Datasets are becoming increasingly large and network applications wider and more sophisticated. Testing hypotheses against properly specified control cases (null models) is at the heart of the ‘scientific method’. Knowledge on how to generate controlled and unbiased random graph ensembles is vital for anybody wishing to apply network science in their research.