Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Explications contrastives“

Of the three logically possible approaches to contrastive left-dislocation (CLD) (base-generation cum deep anaphora; movement cum surface anaphora; elliptical clausal juxtaposition cum resumption), two are represented prominently in the recent literature. Ott’s (2014) account treats CLD uniformly in terms of clausal juxtaposition, the first clause being stripped down to its contrastive topic via an ellipsis operation said to be akin to sluicing. He argues that this analysis is superior to Grohmann’s (2003) approach, featuring movement within a single prolific domain and late spell-out of a resumptive element. Using data mainly from Hungarian and Dutch, we reveal problems for Ott’s biclausal account that undermine its apparent conceptual appeal and compromise its descriptive accuracy. We show that the ellipsis operation required is sui generis, that the approach fails to assimilate the crosslinguistic variation attested in the availability of multiple CLD to known cases of parametric variation in the left periphery, and that it undergenerates in several empirical domains, including P-stranding and “floated” arguments. Grohmann’s movement- cum-surface-anaphora analysis as it stands also cannot handle all these data, but it can be fixed to fit the facts. For Ott’s analysis, no patches seem available. Some further empirical properties of CLD appear underivable from either of these approaches. For these, the base-generation- cum-deep-anaphora analysis can be considered.

Translation studies has been provided with number of relatively new theoretical controversy,most notably the set of "universal features of translation" proposed by Mona Baker. Universals of translation are linguistic features there are number of features considered to translation method. These features concern simplification, explication, normalization, distinctive distribution of lexical items. In this paper we aimed to make contrastive analyses of Baker’s universals of translation features and other researcher’s guidelines of translation method. And also we are trying to look for opportunities to identify the cultural translation principle by contrastive analyses of Russian and English translation and source text.

The determination of academic research on the field of the arts education troubling its own artistic practices. It was assumed by clarifying the objective and method of doing the research, art was believed would be contributing to a greater intellectualisation, otherwise it is just an art practice without justification from science, and therefore no contribution worth to human knowledge. Since it contrastive to the nature of artistic practice embodied in the arts itself, which unfortunately not even realize by the artist his/herself. Whilst it is well said by Joseph Kosuth (1971) that: “the artist, not unlike a scientist for whom there is no distinction between working in the laboratory and writing a thesis, has now “to cultivate the conceptual implications of his art propositions, and argue their explication.” This paper is about explicating the writer as the artist himself who done the livedexperience of drawing performs as the research processed. Artists use drawings an activity or a way of understanding the meaning of who we are and how we lived in the world. However, the objective of this research is an exceptional one, it searches for the dual experiences of the researcher as the artist as the instrument who producing the drawing and as the spectators himself welcoming and appreciating as he/she reveals him/ herself capable of wondering. In a particular way, this research is to show that through the making of drawings, the drawing performs lived-experience, that it can be another paradigm so called art-based or artistic research.

This paper presents a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the phraseological semantic field, here viewed as a means of manifesting the corresponding fragment of the phraseological picture of the world built in consciousness and defined as a semantic unity of phraseological units which are connected with some pheno­menon of thereal or imagined world and reveal the phraseological concept of this phenomenon.The paper focuses upon three main aspects of a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the same phraseological semantic fields in different languages, highlighting their cognitive value: 1) a semantic inventory of the phraseological semantic field; 2) a phraseological representation of individual phraseological semantic groups as components of the phraseological semantic field and manifestants of separate features of the phraseological concept; and 3) a configuration of the component structure of the phraseological semantic field. The paper presents a method of contrastive linguo-cognitive study which is carried out in the three mentioned directions and allows explication on the basis of language data, as well as comparison and characterization of the contents of the different languages’ concepts and accents available in these contents. The method emphasizes the need to process language data and the importance of employing statistical procedures, both to estimate the relevance of possible interlanguage differences and to assess the possibility of their interpretation in terms of cognitive and cultural specificity. Use of the method is demonstrated through the example of a contrastive linguo-cognitive study of the Russian and English phraseological semantic field of arguing.

This study investigates a number of non-interference sources of some Cameroon English (CamE) prepositional usages. It is based on the observation that the investigation of causes or sources of post-colonial Englishisms (peculiarities of newer varieties of English spoken in former English and American colonies) has so far favoured the interference factor. More clearly, post-colonial English (PCE) specificities have generally been attributed to the influence of the speakers' other tongues on their (English) production (see, for example, Platt et al., 1984; Mbangwana, 1989; Bokamba, 1992; Gramley & Pätzold, 1992; Asante, 1995). Although the interference factor is indeed easily perceptible in CamE, it is interesting to note that other factors might have played a major role in the emergence of English in Cameroon. In reality, there are several non-contrastive causes that could underlie some grammatical constructions of PCE in general and CamE in particular. Many such causes are being studied, especially at the phonological level. However, few studies have been devoted to the non-interference sources of CamE grammatical usages in general and preposition use in particular. This paper will thus examine how CamE speakers use prepositions to express direction and location. From the analysis, non-interference sources of a good number of CamE specificities such as the colonial factor, logicalization, analogy and tacit national norm seem to be some of the autonomous routes unconsciously used by CamE speakers to yield a variety of English that markedly differs from the standardized varieties of British English (StE), officially the target of national education.

This study examines the conceptual semantics of human locomotion verbs in two languages – English and German – using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. Based on linguistic evidence, it proposes semantic explications for English walk and run, and their nearest counterparts in German, i.e. laufen (in two senses, roughly, ‘run’ and ‘go by walking’), rennen (roughly, ‘run quickly’), gehen (roughly, ‘go/walk’), and the expression zu Fuß gehen (roughly, ‘go on foot’). Somewhat surprisingly for such closely related languages, the conceptual semantics turns out to be significantly different in the two languages, particularly in relation to manner-of-motion. On the other hand, it is shown that the same four-part semantic template (with sections Lexicosyntactic Frame, Prototypical Scenario, Manner, and Potential Outcome) applies in both languages. We consider the implications for systematic contrastive semantics and for lexical typology.

This article focuses on the analysis of strategies and tactics variation within the modern network communication, which is a result of the dynamic implementation of a new “crisis-based” concept & valor space under the stimulus-reactive process of contrastive features explication in different types of discourse practices in a single consituative interpretation. Such indirect interaction, while complicated by a “dead” public space features a wide variety of encoding types and methods based on non-converging codes. The author employs critical discourse analysis to investigate the specific and most effective tactics that can be used to manipulate the collective mind of the topically and situational labeled pandemic discourse, and which implement a special type of understanding and description of respective phenomena in relation to various texts determined by the pandemic-bound reality. The focus is on complex, hierarchically arranged cognitive-cultural structures of generalized strategies, which are saccadic selected in various code systems (verbal, visual, auditory, symbolic, etc.). The primary tactics used within the strategy of creating psychological tension include “severe prognostics” and “illustration”, within the irony strategy the most effective in terms of shaping a new axiological space are the tactics of increasing voluntative potential: explication of expectations, game forms and oneiric perception. Thus, a kind of universal model of dominant strategies in crisis network communication is being built. Despite the contrastive basis of imprinting when employing these dominant strategies, the tactics that fill them will mix constantly and complement one another, which can be explained by the polydiscourse and polycode specifics of filling the “dead” communication space with mediated variable coding. This study offers a view at the first attempt at strategic modelling of complicated discourse practices not as a special way to contaminate ideological and worldview components, which was to be observed in some works, yet as an instrumental space for shaping these components based on the code convergence as well as communication registers, i.e. shaping a global axiosphere as an unequal sum of perception of criteria pertaining to the objective reality.

AbstractThis study undertakes a contrastive lexical-semantic analysis of a set of related verbs in English and French (English to joke and to kid, French rigoler and plaisanter), using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach to semantic analysis. We show that the semantic and conceptual differences between French and English are greater than commonly assumed. These differences, we argue, have significant implications for humor studies: first, they shed light on different cultural orientations towards “laughter talk” in Anglo and French linguacultures; second; they highlight the danger of conceptual Anglocentrism in relying on English-specific words as a theoretical vocabulary for humor studies.

De nombreuses études portant sur la causalité se sont intéressées à parce que, car et puisque. Cependant, comme à valeur causale mérite une plus grande attention, car sa structure syntaxique se démarque des autres connecteurs en introduisant la cause avant la conséquence. Cette particularité pourrait-elle induire une perspective différente du rapport de causalité ? En s’appuyant sur le corpus oral ESLO (Enquêtes SocioLinguistiques à Orléans), cet article présente une étude contrastive de comme et parce que qui met en évidence leurs distributions quantitative, syntaxique et discursive à l’oral. Les résultats montrent que parce que peut être dépendant et indépendant syntaxiquement et pragmatiquement. Il peut assurer différentes relations discursives (Explication, Résultat, Arrière-plan), mais les locuteurs l’emploient essentiellement pour exprimer la première. En revanche, comme est moins fréquent, mais révèle une plus grande variété d’emplois discursifs dans le corpus, malgré des contraintes linguistiques plus importantes que parce que. Les tests de substitution le démontrent. Pour finir, les cas litigieux de relations causales et d’arrière-plan avec comme ont révélé une propension à introduire une cause cadrative alors que parce que indique plutôt l’origine de la conséquence. Ainsi chaque connecteur confère intrinsèquement une perspective différente du rapport de causalité.