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1
Olmos, Paula. „An argumentative approach on abduction and on the weighing of explanatory hypotheses“. THEORIA. An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science 34, Nr. 1 (11.04.2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.18292.
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This paper makes use of the concepts and theoretical framework developed within the field of Argumentation Theory to account for the structure and characteristics of abduction and of the comparative processes of weighing explanatory hypothesis. It elaborates an analysis of abduction based on its consideration as a meta-explanatory argumentation scheme while elucidating its relations with abductive reasoning and inference. The conceptualization of comparative processes of weighing explanatory hypothesis as complex and varied argumentative structures is presented as an alternative to the idea of “inference to the best explanation”.
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Riveret, Régis. „On searching explanatory argumentation graphs“. Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 30, Nr. 2 (02.04.2020): 123–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11663081.2020.1766248.
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Oluwaseyi Ajayi, Ifeoluwa, Bosede Abimbola Adesina und Segun Lakin Oderinde. „Effect of argumentation learning strategy on senior secondary school students' academic performance in Government in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria“. KIU Journal of Education 4, Nr. 2 (17.12.2024): 143–53. https://doi.org/10.59568/kjed-2024-4-2-13.
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In this investigation, the academic achievement of government pupils in secondary schools in Ibadan, Oyo State, was compared before and after they were exposed to teacher explanatory techniques and argumentation learning. The study looked at how well male and female government students retained material after using the Teacher Expository approach (TES) and Argumentation Learning Strategy (ALS), as well as how well they performed academically after using the argumentation learning approach. An experimental research design with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group was used. All 133 pupils from four senior secondary schools in Ibadan made up the study population, and they were chosen at random. While the control group B received instruction utilizing the teacher explanatory technique, the group performing the experiment A was introduced to the argument learning strategy. The gathered data was examined using the Government Performance Test (GPT). Prior to being exposed to the argumentation learning technique, academic performance did not significantly differ, according to the data. The academic achievement of pupils who received argumentation learning and instructor exposition tactics, however, differed significantly. There was a substantial difference in the retention of government concepts by students who were taught utilizing the argumentation technique. As a result, the study came to the conclusion that students who are exposed to argumentative learning strategies are more likely to remember the material than those who are exposed to explanatory.
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Aikin, Scott, und John Casey. „Fallacies of Meta-argumentation“. Philosophy & Rhetoric 55, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2022): 360–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/philrhet.55.4.0360.
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ABSTRACT This article argues that the theoretical concept of meta-argumentative fallacy is useful. The authors argue for this along two lines. The first is that with the concept, the authors may clarify the concept of meta-argumentation. That is, by theorizing where meta-argument goes wrong, the authors may capture the norms of this level of argumentation. The second is that the concept of meta-argumentative fallacies provides an explanatory model for a variety of errors in argument otherwise difficult to theorize. The authors take three as exemplary: the straw man, both sides, and free speech fallacies.
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Finsen, Andreas Bilstrup, Gerard J. Steen und Jean H. M. Wagemans. „An argumentative reconstruction of the computer metaphor of the brain“. Journal of Argumentation in Context 8, Nr. 3 (31.12.2019): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.18019.fin.
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Abstract The computer metaphor of the brain is frequently criticized by scientists and philosophers outside the computational paradigm. Proponents of the metaphor may then seek to defend its explanatory merits, in which case the metaphor functions as a standpoint. Insofar as previous research in argumentation theory has treated metaphors either as presentational devices or arguments by analogy, this points to hitherto unexplored aspects of how metaphors may function in argumentative discourse. We start from the assumption that the computer metaphor of the brain constitutes an explanatory hypothesis and set out to reconstruct it as a standpoint defended by a complex argumentation structure: abduction supported by analogy. We then provide three examples of real arguments conforming to our theoretically motivated construction. We conclude that our study obtains proof-of-concept but that more research is needed in order to further clarify the relationship between our theoretical construct and the complexities of empirical reality.
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Bilstrup Finsen, Andreas, Gerard J. Steen und Jean H. M. Wagemans. „How do scientists criticize the computer metaphor of the brain?“ Journal of Argumentation in Context 10, Nr. 2 (05.07.2021): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.19018.bil.
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Abstract The central metaphor in cognitive science is the computer metaphor of the brain. In previous work, we reconstructed the metaphor in a novel way, guided by the assumption that it functions as an explanatory hypothesis. We developed an argumentative pattern for justifying scientific explanations in which this metaphor functions as a standpoint supported by argumentation containing abduction and analogy. In this paper, we use the argumentative pattern as a heuristic to reconstruct recent scientific criticisms against the computer metaphor. The pattern generates expectations about the nature of these criticisms, and we show those expectations to be met in most respects. We then discuss the extent to which our findings render the reconstruction offered by the argumentative pattern feasible. A central question emerging from our analysis is whether the computer metaphor can be adequately characterized as an explanatory hypothesis based on abduction. We suggest some possibilities for future lines of inquiry in this respect.
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Albini, Emanuele, Pietro Baroni, Antonio Rago und Francesca Toni. „Interpreting and explaining pagerank through argumentation semantics“. Intelligenza Artificiale 15, Nr. 1 (28.07.2021): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ia-210095.
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In this paper we show how re-interpreting PageRank as an argumentation semantics for a bipolar argumentation framework empowers its explainability. After showing that PageRank, naively re-interpreted as an argumentation semantics for support frameworks, fails to satisfy some generally desirable properties, we propose a novel approach able to reconstruct PageRank as a gradual semantics of a suitably defined bipolar argumentation framework, while satisfying these properties. We then show how the theoretical advantages afforded by this approach also enjoy an enhanced explanatory power: we propose several types of argument-based explanations for PageRank, each of which focuses on different aspects of the algorithm and uncovers information useful for the comprehension of its results.
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Sari, Alda Novita, Viyanti Viyanti und Chandra Ertikanto. „Teachers' Perceptions of Physics Scientific Argumentation Test Instruments Based on Modern Test Theory Using Question Modeling Through E-Learning Edpuzzle LMS“. Indonesian Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 6, Nr. 3 (30.11.2023): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ijsme.v6i3.18991.
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The study aims to understand teachers' perceptions of scientific argumentation test instruments in physics based on modern test theory using question modelling through Edpuzzle LMS e-learning. It employed a mixed method with a Sequential Explanatory Design. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed descriptively. Initially, it was found that 75% of teachers had not developed assessment instruments capable of optimally training students, resulting in 68% of students struggling to understand physics learning. Additionally, 54% of students reported having identified and solved complex physics problems using scientific argumentation, while 46% had not. Based on survey results, 95% of students and teachers agreed that assessment activities encourage scientific argumentation, indicated by identifying scientific issues and explaining scientific phenomena. Hence, there is a need for a physics scientific argumentation test model based on modern test theory. For future research, it is suggested to explore how integrating this test model in different educational settings impacts students' scientific argumentation skills and understanding of physics concepts.
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LOUKILI, Sana, und Chams-Eddoha MARRAKCHI. „TECHNIQUES OF ARGUMENTATION IN THE INTERPRETATION OF" TAHRIR WA TANWIR"“. International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 05, Nr. 03 (01.06.2023): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.20.11.
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The explanatory text of the holy Qur'an is based on foundations and criteria that makes it a communicative and argumentative discourse that seeks to convince others of issues of Islamic belief. This article attempts to study the techniques as wellas the means of interpretative argumentative discourse, in Ibn Achor's book tituled: Tahrir Wa Tanwir through Surat Al Anaam: by extracting the argumentative mechanisms and it's technics employed in the interpretation of the Quran
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Kulenović, Nina. „The Explanatory Power of the Concept of Embodiment in Anthropology“. ISSUES IN ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY 16, Nr. 2 (19.07.2021): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v16i2.1.
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As part of the author's cumulative research on the types of explanation, the structure of explanation and the explanatory capacity of key concepts in sociocultural anthropology, this paper looks at the concept of embodiment. The relevance of reappraising the explanatory power of this concept is manifold, above all on the interpretive, conceptual and paradigmatic level. Research suggests that the concept of embodiment – although very popular, commonly used in very influential scholarly monographs and academic papers, and even proposed as the cornerstone of a "new paradigm for anthropology" – has a very limited explanatory capacity. It seems that its use in no way contributes to anthropological argumentation on the level of explanation – neither cumulatively nor in terms of recontextualisation. Namely, it turns out that by deleting the word "embodiment" from the analyzed arguments nothing would be lost, and that the anthropological explanatory apparatus developed within the anthropology of the body, the anthropology of gender and the anthropology of kinship – whose use precedes contemporary popular uses of the concept of embodiment – does not have a smaller scope in terms of explanatory power.
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Denny DPJ, Nanda, Dewi Lengkana und Abdurrahman. „Teachers and Students' Perspectives on the Use of STEM-Oriented Blogs With the Flipped Classroom Strategy to Improve Representation and Argumentation Skills: A Cross-Sectional Mixed Method“. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, Nr. 12 (15.12.2023): 10633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.4336.
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The objective of this research was to investigate the Science teachers' and students’ perception toward STEM-Oriented Blogs with the flipped classroom strategy to improve students' representation and argumentation skills. The method used in this research is mixed methods with Sequential Explanatory Design. This research was conducted on 30 junior high school science teachers and involved 76 students of class VII junior high school. Data were obtained through questionnaires distributed online and interviews online via WhatsApp video calls, then analyzed using descriptive analysis. The result shows that teachers and students have a positive perception toward STEM-Oriented Blogs with the flipped classroom strategy. As 80% of teachers had not used blog as learning media; all of students needs learning media that can be accessed via smartphones. The current media learning has not completely train students' representation and argumentation skills and that's skills was in low category. Based on the result, it can be concluded that STEM-Oriented Blogs with the flipped classroom strategy is needed to improve students' representation and argumentation skills.
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Adeoye, Moses Adeleke. „Explanatory remark on differences between a position paper and an empirical paper“. INVOTEC 19, Nr. 1 (17.06.2023): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/invotec.v19i1.57126.
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An accessible explanation of academic writing differences between a position paper and an empirical paper for graduate students’ writing approach. The purpose is for graduate scholars who want to use these articles for basic knowledge and fundamental ideas. It can also be used as a textbook or reference. The paper revealed information regarding academic writing differences between position papers, empirical papers and authenticate benefits. Both position papers and empirical papers involve research and analysis but the main difference is that position papers present a specific stance or argument while empirical papers present objective data and research findings. It was concluded that a position paper and an empirical paper focus on argumentation persuasion versus original research create a new body of knowledge scientifically.
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Malm-Lindberg. „The Thought Experimenting Qualities of Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling“. Religions 10, Nr. 6 (19.06.2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10060391.
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In this article, I examine the possible thought experimenting qualities of Søren Kierkegaard’s novel Fear and Trembling and in which way (if any) it can be explanatory. Kierkegaard’s preference for pseudonyms, indirect communication, Socratic interrogation, and performativity are identified as features that provide the narrative with its thought experimenting quality. It is also proposed that this literary fiction functions as a Socratic–theological thought experiment due to its influences from both philosophy and theology. In addition, I suggest three functional levels of the fictional narrative that, in different ways, influence its possible explanatory force. As a theoretical background for the investigation, two accounts of literary cognitivism are explored: Noël Carroll’s Argument Account and Catherine Elgin’s Exemplification Account. In relation to Carroll’s proposal, I conclude that Fear and Trembling develops a philosophical argumentation that is dependent on the reader’s own existential contribution. In relation to Elgin’s thought, the relation between truth and explanatory force is acknowledged. At the end of the article, I argue that it is more accurate to see the explanatory force of Fear and Trembling in relation to its exploratory function.
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Istiana, Rita, und Desti Herawatia. „STUDENT ARGUMENTATION SKILL ANALYSIS OF SOCIOSCIENTIFIC ISSUES IN SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS“. JHSS (JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES) 3, Nr. 1 (10.03.2019): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v3i1.1096.
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This is a mixed method-explanatory research. This study aims to obtain information about the relationship between the ability to solve environmental problems with students 'argumentation skills about socio-scientific issues and the reasons why the variable ability to solve environmental problems has a very high relationship in improving students' argumentation skills about socio-scientific issues as well as other factors that influence it in addition to the ability to solve environmental issues. This research was conducted in November 2017 until May 2018. The population of this research is Biology Education Student, FKIP, Universitas Pakuan academic year 2017/2018. Sampling technique using purposive sampling and Slovin. The sample of 113 students consist of semesters 2 to semester 6. Based on the result of significance test and linearity test it can be concluded that simple regression analysis with equation Ŷ = 0,898 + 0,049 X is significant and linear. Based on the results of quantitative research obtained correlation coefficient (ry) between the ability to solve environmental problems with student argumentation skills about socio-scientific issues of 0.765. The value of this correlation coefficient shows that the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted, it means that the ability to solve the environmental problems contributes very highly to students' argumentation skill about socio-scientific issue. Based on the results of interviews on several sources, there are other factors that influence students' argumentation skill about socio-scientific issues among others, confidence, lecturer role, and peer role during discussion.
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Sherry, David. „Formal Logic for Informal Logicians“. Informal Logic 26, Nr. 2 (28.02.2008): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v26i2.444.
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Classical logic yields counterintuitive results for numerous propositional argument forms. The usual alternatives (modal logic, relevance logic, etc.) generate counterintuitive results of their own. The counterintuitive results create problems—especially pedagogical problems—for informal logicians who wish to use formal logic to analyze ordinary argumentation. This paper presents a system, PL– (propositional logic minus the funny business), based on the idea that paradigmatic valid argument forms arise from justificatory or explanatory discourse. PL– avoids the pedagogical difficulties without sacrificing insight into argument.
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Esposito, Fabrizio, und Giovanni Tuzet. „Economic consequences for lawyers“. Journal of Argumentation in Context 9, Nr. 3 (17.12.2020): 368–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.19013.esp.
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Abstract This article moves from the premise that a bilateral relationship between law and economics requires the contribution of the theory of legal argumentation. The article shows that, to be legally relevant, economic consequences have to be incorporated into interpretive arguments. In this regard, the jurisprudential preface strategy proposed by Craswell goes in the right direction, but begs the question of why the legally relevant consequences have to be assessed in terms of total welfare maximization instead of, in the EU context at least, consumer welfare maximization. After having identified five points of divergence between total and consumer welfare approaches, the article draws from legal inferentialism to propose an analytical tool – the explanatory scorekeeping model – for assessing the explanatory power of these two approaches. The model is then applied to the reasoning in United Brands Company v. Commission.
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Laar, Jan Albert van. „Motivated Doubts: A Comment on Walton’S Theory of Criticism“. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 36, Nr. 1 (01.03.2014): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0011.
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Abstract In his theory of criticism, D. N. Walton presupposes that an opponent either critically questions an argument, without supplementing this questioning with any reasoning of her own, or that she puts forward a critical question and supplements it with a counterargument, that is, with reasoning in defense of an opposite position of her own. In this paper, I show that there is a kind of in-between critical option for the opponent that needs to be taken into account in any classification of types of criticism, and that should not be overlooked in a system of dialogue norms, nor in a procedure for developing a strategically expedient critique. In this third option, an opponent questions and overtly doubts a statement of the proponent and supplements her doubts with a counterconsideration that explains and motivates her position of critical doubt, yet without supporting any opposite thesis, thereby assisting, as it were, the proponent in his attempt to develop a responsive argumentation, tailor-made to convince this particular opponent. First, I elaborate on the notion of an explanatory counterconsideration. Second, I discuss Walton’s distinction between premises that can be challenged by mere questioning (“ordinary premises” and “assumptions”) and premises that must be challenged by incurring the obligation to offer counter-argumentation (somewhat confusingly labeled “exceptions”). I contend that the latter type of premises, that I would label “normality premises,” can be attacked without incurring a genuine burden of proof. Instead, it can be attacked by means of incurring a burden of criticism (Van Laar and Krabbe, 2013) that amounts to the obligation to offer an explanatory counterconsideration, rather than a convincing ex concessis argument. Of course, providing the opponent with the right to discharge her burden of criticism with explanatory counterconsiderations brings a clear strategic ad- vantage to her. It is much less demanding to motivate one’s doubts regarding proposition P, than to convince the proponent of not-P. If we want to encourage opponents to act critically, and proponents to develop responsive arguments, the importance of the notions of an explanatory counterconsideration and of a motivated doubt should be emphasized in the theory of criticism.
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Eriksen, Erik O. „Getting to agreement: mechanisms of deliberative decision-making“. International Theory 10, Nr. 3 (13.09.2018): 374–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175297191800009x.
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Deliberation has not only epistemic and moral value, it also has transformative value. Even if deliberation faces the problem of indeterminacy, it is assumed to have explanatory power. This article spells out why this is so and suggests a way to establish the causing effect of deliberation. It outlines a reason-based (RB) model of political decision-making applicable also to international affairs. By specifying a theory of argumentation on collective decision-making, we get to the nuts and bolts of deliberative decision-making, which, when supported by institutional powers, ensures a justified and well-grounded decision. The model contains a set of rules of inference and offers ‘mechanismic’ accounts of social events. It allows for explanations, but not predictions. The RB model conceives of decision-making as consisting of three sequences: claims-making, justification, and learning, each containing a set of explanatory mechanisms: values referring to conceptions of the common good, mandatory norms concerning the right thing to do, and evidence to the fact that non-compliance is wrong. The explanatory potential of this scheme is exemplified with reference to agreement making in the European Union. Some actors changed opinion voluntarily with regard to empowering the European parliament.
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Fettahlıoğlu, Pınar, und Devkan Kaleci. „Online Argumentation Implementation in the Development of Critical Thinking Disposition“. Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, Nr. 3 (22.02.2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i3.2904.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of teaching technologies and material development course taught through Moodle based online argumentation implementation on critical thinking disposition of third year science teacher candidates. The study was carried out with a total of 43 students consisting of an experimental group of 22 and a control group of 21 students studying at the Department of Science Education at a State University Faculty of Education in the fall term of 2014-15 academic years. Sequential explanatory design was used as a mixed method strategy in this research. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test non-equivalent control group design was used in the quantitative part of the study. A case study research design was used in the qualitative part of the study. California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory was used as data collection tool. In addition, an open-ended interview questions form was used to define opinions of science teacher candidates about the method applied in the course. Independent samples t-test and paired samples t-test were used in the analysis of quantitative data. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. At the end of the research, while a statistically significant difference in critical thinking dispositions of teacher candidates was observed in favour of post-test results of the experimental group, no statistically significant difference was observed in the control group. When the opinions of teacher candidates on the subject were investigated, it was found that the teacher candidates strongly supported the elimination of internet connection problems to improve the course.
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Mejia, Valia Luz Venegas, Jadira Del Rocio Jara Nunayalle, ocio Jimenez Camana und Javier Benigno Jaramillo Zavala. „Body Paint and its Impact on the Argumentation of the Integrity of Systems and Apparatus of the Human Body“. NeuroQuantology 20, Nr. 5 (18.05.2022): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22213.
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The objective of this research is to explain how Body Paint favors the argumentation of the anatomical structures of the human body in the students of the Morphology and Function course of the Obstetrics career at a Private University of Lima, period 2020-I. the participants that constituted the sample of the present study were 15 students of the 2nd cycle of the Morphology and Function I course. The methodology used developed a qualitative approach, descriptive - explanatory scope and phenomenological design. For the collection of information, interviews and an observation guide were applied to the students applying Body Paint. The results reveal that students easily apply the Body Paint technique, they find it very practical, it does not take much time, but above all it helps to understand anatomy and physiology in a playful, colorful and simple way. By having the experience of representing the anatomical pieces, the process is more significant and experiential learning consolidates knowledge, allowing students to argue the integration of systems and devices of the human body. The study concludes that the Body Paint technique is a simple to apply and functional learning resource, which favors the argumentation of the integration of systems and devices of the human body as a learning achievement through the understanding and explanation of the anatomy, the study of form, physiology and the study of function.
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AKÉRÉKORO, Houessou Séverin. „Critique des paralogismes et éloge de la raison dans Dictionnaire philosophique de Voltaire“. ALTRALANG Journal 3, Nr. 03 (31.12.2021): 12–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v3i03.132.
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ABSTRACT: The fighting literature of century of Enlightments has had as ways lot of productions, such as encyclopedic dictionaries which often permit to represent ideas conflicts. What is noticed in Dictionnaire philosophique of Voltaire who widely exceeds the explanatory principle and proceeds at an argumentation which questions all kind of untrue reasonments. The study considers to demonstrate the mechanism of this writing ethics in this work, using Discourse Analysis. After theoretical framework, we are interested to this text scenography before stressing the fallacies that denounces the philosopher to finish by the weight of his utterance authority.
RÉSUMÉ : La littérature de combat du siècle des Lumières a eu pour canaux bien des productions, telles les dictionnaires encyclopédiques qui permettent souvent de représenter les conflits d’idées. Ce qui s’observe dans Dictionnaire philosophique de Voltaire qui y excède largement le principe explicatif et procède à une argumentation qui remet en cause les raisonnements fallacieux de tout genre. L’étude entend démontrer le mécanisme de cette éthique de l’écriture dans cette oeuvre, en se servant de l’Analyse du Discours. Après le cadrage théorique, nous nous intéressons à la scénographie de ce texte avant de mettre en relief les paralogismes que dénonce le philosophe pour finir par le poids de son autorité énonciative.
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Gyürüsi, Izabella. „Thinking about Systems and Institutions – Engaging with János Kornai’s Scholarship“. Köz-gazdaság 15, Nr. 3 (2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2020.03.07.
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In this paper I would like to provide an insight into the multiple usages of institutional economic theories for assessing economic phenomena and economic processes such as the functioning of different subsystems of the economy and economic structures. I will base my argumentation on János Kornai’s lifework trying to emphasize the broad vision of systemic approach, the wide range of analysing tools provided by his theoretical thinking, and the high explanatory power of his theories. This paper is influenced and motivated by the launch of the book: Systems, institutions and Values in East and West, which is a rather thought-provoking and influential book, based on the application and reconsideration of Kornai’s theories with regard to the actual economic processes.
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Hanrieder, Tine. „The false promise of the better argument“. International Theory 3, Nr. 3 (20.09.2011): 390–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971911000182.
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Effective argumentation in international politics is widely conceived as a matter of persuasion. In particular, the ‘logic of arguing’ ascribes explanatory power to the ‘better argument’ and promises to illuminate the conditions of legitimate normative change. This article exposes the self-defeating implications of the Habermasian symbiosis between the normative and the empirical force of arguments. Since genuine persuasion is neither observable nor knowable, its analysis critically depends on what scholars consider to be the better argument. Seemingly, objective criteria such as universality only camouflage such moral reification. The paradoxical consequence of an explanatory concept of arguing is that moral discourse is no longer conceptualized as an open-ended process of contestation and normative change, but has recently been recast as a governance mechanism ensuring the compliance of international actors with pre-defined norms. This dilemma can be avoided through a positivist reification of valid norms, as in socialization research, or by adopting a critical and emancipatory focus on the obstacles to true persuasion. Still, both solutions remain dependent on the ‘persuasion vs. coercion’ problem that forestalls an insight into successful justificatory practices other than rational communication. The conclusion therefore pleas for a pragmatic abstention from better arguments and points to the insights to be gained from pragmatist norms research in sociology.
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Vuletic, Milos. „What is modern in Locke's account of substance“. Theoria, Beograd 47, Nr. 1-2 (2004): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo0402035v.
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In this paper Locke's account of substance is interpreted. Locke analyzes different meanings of the notion of substance, the origin of the ideas of substances and problems concerning their justification and function within our knowledge. Two meanings of the notion of substance appear to be most important and at the same time confronted with each other: the complex idea of substance and the idea of substratum. Bennett's claim that Locke didn't decide whether to keep or discard the idea of substratum is refuted. Locke discards only the scholastic concept of substratum as an indeterminate support in which accidents inhere, due to its inutility as an explanatory model. The idea of substratum is kept because it is indispensable for explanation of the necessary coexistence of simple ideas in complex idea of substance. This feature differentiates ideas of substances from ideas of mixed modes. The importance of this distinction in Locke's epistemology validates the use of the idea of substratum. Ayers' claim that Locke identifies ontologically substratum and real essence is confirmed. But, it is claimed that this identification cannot be applied to the issues of origin and justification of these ideas. In the course of the interpretation it is shown that Locke's account of substance is modern insofar as it contains anticipations of Berkeley's, Hume's and Kant's arguments and claims, as well as contemporary philosophical topics such as multiple realizability explanatory gap and logico-linguistic argumentation.
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de Berg, Kevin Charles. „The significance of the origin of physical chemistry for physical chemistry education: the case of electrolyte solution chemistry“. Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. 15, Nr. 3 (2014): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4rp00010b.
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Physical Chemistry's birth was fraught with controversy, a controversy about electrolyte solution chemistry which has much to say about how scientific knowledge originates, matures, and responds to challenges. This has direct implications for the way our students are educated in physical chemistry in particular and science in general. The incursion of physical measurement and mathematics into a discipline which had been largely defined within a laboratory of smells, bangs, and colours was equivalent to the admission into chemistry of the worship of false gods according to one chemist. The controversy can be classified as a battle betweendissociationistson the one hand andassociationistson the other; between theEuropeanson the one hand and theBritishon the other; between theionistson the one hand and thehydrationistson the other. Such strong contrasts set the ideal atmosphere for the development of argumentation skills. The fact that a compromise position, first elaborated in the late 19th century, has recently enhanced the explanatory capacity for electrolyte solution chemistry is challenging but one in which students can participate to their benefit.
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Vitria, Aida. „PENGARUH PERSEPSI DUKUNGAN ORGANISASI DAN PEMBERDAYAAN KERJA TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASIONAL (Studi Pada Karyawan Bagian Produksi PDAM Bandarmasih Banjarmasin)“. Al-KALAM JURNAL KOMUNIKASI, BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN 4, Nr. 2 (27.11.2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/al-kalam.v4i2.964.
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The aims of this research were to: 1) describe perception organizational support of employees’, 2) describe organizational commitment, 3) find out the perception organizational support and empowerment variable’s could be increasing to employees’ organizational commitment at PDAM Bandarmasih Banjarmasin city. This research was done by using the explanatory approach which is a research approach to explain the causality or contribution of independent variable toward dependent variable through the argumentation of hypothesis way. The descriptive result of the research showed that the PDAM Banjarmasin city still can be categorized in good condition. While the inferential result of this research showed that perception organizational support and empowerment are influence to organizational commitment at PDAM Banjarmasin city. For suggestion, the results of this research are expected not only to give academic contribution for the improvement of human resource, especially as a comprehension toward employees’ behavior in organization, but also to be an input for the users especially for the management section at PDAM Banjarmasin city , so they can manage the employees’ job behavior for the better organizational commitment.
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TE VELDE, RUDI A. „‘The first thing to know about God’: Kretzmann and Aquinas on the meaning and necessity of arguments for the existence of God“. Religious Studies 39, Nr. 3 (05.08.2003): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412503006528.
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This paper examines critically Kretzmann's reconstruction of the project of natural theology as exemplified by Aquinas's Summa Contra Gentiles. It is argued that the notion of natural theology, as understood and advocated by Kretzmann, is particularly indebted to the epistemologically biased natural theology of modernity with its focus on rational justification of theistic belief. As a consequence, Kretzmann's view of the arguments for the existence of God and their place within Aquinas's theological project is insufficiently sensitive to the ontological conception of truth and intelligibility which underlies the argumentation. From his epistemological point of view Kretzmann differs from Aquinas in two aspects. First, he contends that it is not necessary to establish the existence of God with absolute certainty at the outset; one may begin with the hypothesis that there is a God. Second, the arguments do not yet conclude to the existence of God in the specific theistic sense; they show at most the existence of a primary explanatory entity, which may be identified with God later on. Both claims are criticized in the light of a discussion of Aquinas's theological method.
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Payasan, Lalu Guntur, Arthur Josias S. Runturambi und Iqrak Sulhin. „Medical Malpractice Transformation in the Internet of Medical Things Era“. Technium Social Sciences Journal 38 (09.12.2022): 204–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v38i1.7880.
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The Internet of medical things brought changes to the practice of medicine. The change is due to the inclusion of elements of devices and networks in medical services. The device and network elements in medical devices have many vulnerabilities that can lead to losses experienced by patients when they receive medical services. Therefore, this study will examine how these changes then have an impact on losses that in criminology are considered medical malpractice. A qualitative explanatory approach to both primary and secondary data is then used by researchers to support the argumentation. The results showed that the argument for the possibility of other perpetrators besides doctors who could then be interpreted as committing crimes that cause harm to patients was proven to be good from the responsibility of other human beings (electromedicine) as guarantors of device safety and reliability; manufacture and distributor of devices both from the prototype process, to use in health care facilities; and providers and hackers in the network used by healthcare devices. The impact can be seen in the discussion
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Darmaji, Darmaji, Astalini Astalini, Dwi Agus Kurniawan und Nirmala Prameswari*. „Analysis Science Process Skills, Arnguing Ability and Digital Literacy of MAN 5 Batanghari Students Based on Gender Differences“. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia 11, Nr. 2 (28.04.2023): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v11i2.27678.
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Science process skills are skills that students must have in processing the scientific knowledge they have acquired. Both knowledge gained from the environment and digital media with literacy skills. So the ability to argue scientifically is needed to be able to convey information obtained scientifically so that it can solve problems in everyday life. Therefore, this study aims to analyze students' science process skills, argumentation skills, and digital literacy. The method used in this study is the explanatory mix method. The population in this study were students of MAN 5 Batanghari, while the sampling technique in this study used purposive sampling, namely students of class X IPA with a total of 35 students. The data collection instruments in this study were in the form of interview sheets, digital literacy questionnaires, and essay questions. Data analysis in this study used descriptive statistical methods. Gender-based SPS for students with dominant results (always good) is female. Then the ability to argue is also more in the female gender. Meanwhile, digital literacy that has the maximum value is male students
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Purnawati, Andi, Irmawaty Irmawaty, Syamsul Haling und Moh Ikbal. „Urgency of Law Enforcement in the Field of Conservation of Living Natural Resources and Ecosystems“. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 21, Nr. 3 (28.09.2021): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2021.21.3.3510.
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Environmental law as a branch of legal science today plays an important role. Why not, human life and survival naturally and naturally will be largely determined by the upholding of laws in the field of the environment. One of the impacts of human selfishness and greed for the environment is the depletion of living natural resources and their ecosystems without regard to environmental balance and ecological principles. The method used in this study is a normative research type using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The nature of explanatory research with a dogmatic and theoretical approach. Analysis of legal issues material uses deductive-inductive analysis techniques on legal issues that are the target of analysis through legal reasoning and argumentation. Researchers found that to support the implementation and enforcement of laws in the field of conservation of living natural resources and their ecosystems, cross-sectoral coordinative mechanisms in an integrated and stimulating manner are more activated. The frequency between related sectoral agencies is increased to reduce law violations in the field of conservation of living natural resources and their ecosystems.Keywords: Law Enforcement, Natural Resources, Conservation
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Shabalina, Anastasia O. „Еnactivist Criticism of the Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness“. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Nr. 464 (2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/464/9.
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The article considers the main arguments against the neurobiological theory of consciousness from the point of view of the enactivist approach within the philosophy of mind. The neurobiological theory of consciousness, which reduces consciousness to neural activity, is currently the dominant approach to the mind-body problem. The neurobiological theory emerged as a result of advances in research on the phenomena of consciousness and through the development of technologies for visualizing the internal processes of mind. However, at the very heart of this theory, there is a number of logical contradictions. The non-reductive enactivist approach to consciousness, introduced in this article, contributes to the existing argumentation against the reduction of consciousness to neural processes with remonstrations that take into account the modern neuroscientific data. The article analyzes the argumentation of the sensorimotor enactivism developed by A. Noe and offers the account of the teleosemantic approach to the concept of information provided by R. Cao. The key problems of the neurobiological theory of consciousness are highlighted, and the objections emerging within the framework of the enactivist approach are analyzed. Since the main concepts on which the neural theory is based are the concepts of neural substrate, cognition as representation, and information as a unit of cognition, the author of the article presents three key enactivist ideas that oppose them. First, the enactivist concept of cognition as action allows us to consider the first-person experience as a mode of action, and not as a state of the brain substrate. Second, the article deals with the “explanatory externalism” argument proposed by Noe, who refutes the image of cognition as a representation in the brain. Finally, in order to critically revise the concept of information as a unit of cognition, the author analyzes Cao’s idea, which represents a teleosemantic approach, but is in line with the general enactivist argumentation. Cao shows that the application of the concept “information” to neural processes is problematic: no naturalized information is found in the brain as a physical substrate. A critical revision of beliefs associated with the neural theory of consciousness leads us to recognize that there are not enough grounds for reducing consciousness to processes that take place in the brain. That is why Noe calls expectations that the visualization of processes taking place in the brain with the help of the modern equipment will be able to depict the experience of consciousness the “new phrenology”, thus indicating the naive character of neural reduction. The article concludes that natural science methods are insufficient for the study of consciousness.
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Berkowicz, Aleksandra. „Implementation of Autonomy in Non-public Schools after 1989. The Perspective of Founders and Directors“. Horyzonty Wychowania 21, Nr. 60 (27.12.2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/hw.2022.2160.07.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aims of the article are of three types: exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. The exploratory aim includes striving to identify the basic facts related to the implementation of autonomy in non-public schools after 1989; the descriptive purpose includes an attempt to document the process of autonomy in non-public schools, and the explanatory objective includes developing and enriching theoretical explanations.
RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: In relation to the subject matter, the research question is: how did the process of implementing autonomy in non-public schools develop? The research used a qualitative strategy, and the tool used during the research was an interview with the founders and principals of Polish non-public schools.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Non-public schools were being established in Poland after 1989 as a result of the political transformation. They were perceived as modern grassroots forms of education based on humanistic, democratic values. Autonomy was to be a tool and help in the fulfilment of those values and ideas.
RESEARCH RESULTS: In non-public schools, autonomy was a gradual process. To a large extent, the scope of autonomy and participation in decision-making processes first of all depended on the management units, such as the principal and the governing authority.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: For the founders and principals of schools, autonomy in Polish non-public schools was an important element in building the school community, although it was carried out by trial and error because there were no available models for implementing autonomy. In future, it would be worthwhile to undertake empirical research of Polish public schools in the field of exercising autonomy, and then to carry out comparative research in this area.
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Evelyn G de Oliveira, Thaissa, und Ihgor Jean Rego. „ANÁLISE DO FORO POR PRERROGATIVA DE FUNÇÃO“. Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica 10, Nr. 222 (25.05.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35265/2236-6717-222-12084.
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The forum by prerogative of function is a constitutional guarantee that establishes numerous debates about its legal transitability, either because some interpret it as a mechanism of impunity, or because they understand it as an impediment to the activity of the courts. The main objective of the study was to explore and analyze the presence of privileges in the forum by prerogative of function. The type of methodology applied in this research has an exploratory-descriptive and explanatory characteristic, which is, encompassing with great experience the problem, through a bibliographical survey, documents, scientific articles and published materials, making use of the descriptive methodology. It is understood, before what was seen that it is accessible to exist a modification in the model of private forum in force, taking into consideration solutions that do not fall on the elementary defense of full extinction of the institute, given the relevance of its presence for some authorities, according, for example, with the considered proposals for amendment to the Constitution. Effectively, it is observed a broad argumentation about the forum by prerogative of function in the Brazilian legal system, concerning, especially, the jurists to participate in this process of institutional change, pondering and leading to the interest of citizens on the subject.
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Brijová, Eva, Veronika Mlynárová, Peter Mlynár, Zuzana Birknerová und Ivan Uher. „Classification of Determinants of Burnout Syndrome in Terms of Personality Traits of Public Administration Managers“. Social Sciences 11, Nr. 9 (08.09.2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090413.
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Burnout syndrome is considered a disease of modern societies. Research has shown that burnout is related to reduced performance in the workplace. Many times, burnout syndrome occurs in helping professions, such as healthcare or social services. The aim of this explanatory research is to determine the relationship between the degree of burnout syndrome, personality traits, and determinants of burnout syndrome of managers in public administration. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) has been used to measure burnout syndrome. Personality traits, i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, five-factor inverters (NEO FFI), and assessing the determinants of burnout syndrome (PDSV) have been considered. The research sample consisted of (n = 226) managers in public administration. Based on the determined three hypotheses, we brought together sufficient evidence to provide more than a tentative conclusion that there is a positive association between NEO FFI and PDSV, MBI and PDSV, as well as MBI and NEO FFI. It can be inferred that a high workload and a lack of resources are some of the most compelling aspects that can instigate burnout. In addition to what has been assumed, there is argumentation among professionals about what is burnout, its symptoms, diagnostic criteria, environment of its occurrence, which demands further investigation to waive the vagueness and ambiguity of the concept of burnout syndrome.
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Frenck-Mestre, Cheryl. „Commentary on Clahsen and Felser“. Applied Psycholinguistics 27, Nr. 1 (Januar 2006): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716406060097.
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Clahsen and Felser (CF) have written a fairly comprehensive review of the current literature on on-line second language (L2) processing, presenting data from eye movement, self-paced reading, and event-related potential (ERP) studies with the aim of evidencing possible differences between native language (L1) and L2 processing. The thrust of the article, in regard to adult L2 processing, is apparently an attempt to gather evidence to bolster their argument about “shallow processing” in adult L2 learners. Although the authors provide the reader with a generally good overview of the current literature, their argumentation seems to be flawed at times. Consider, first, the authors' presentation of recent ERP evidence. The authors claim that L2 adult learners may lack automaticity in comparison to native speakers in regard to syntactic processing. This is based upon a delayed N400 response, often found in L2 learners compared to native speakers, as well as by the pattern of anterior negativities to morphosyntactic violations. Later, however, this line of argumentation is seemingly undermined. First, as CF rightly underline, the range of variability in anterior negativities found in L2 learners falls within the range of variation observed in native speakers. As such, variability in this response cannot be taken as a marker of differential processing specific to (shallow) syntactic processing in the second language (see also Frenck-Mestre, 2005; Osterhout et al., 2004). Second, as CF later note, the N400 (as well as P600) is systematically observed in adult L2 learners, and is often highly similar to that found for native speakers. Consider, next, the behavioral evidence cited by CF on adult L2 syntactic processing. The authors cite work on various structures, notably relative clause attachment (which has received a great deal of attention in both monolingual and L2 studies). Concerning this structure, although CF cite studies, which show both clear L1 influence on L2 processing and differential effects as a result of experience with the L1, they favor studies that fail to show such effects and reject Mitchell et al.'s (2000) tuning hypothesis as an explanatory model. (Note Mitchell and colleagues have indeed produced evidence of their own showing limitations of their model.) It is also noteworthy that CF's argumentation about the sensitivity of the measure they used to test for immediate preferences for this structure is not as strong as it could be. Indeed, where they report L2 preferences (for low attachment following thematic prepositions), the literature shows the same systematic preference independent of the language tested (cf. Mitchell et al., 2000). As such, the sensitivity of their measure may not be adequately demonstrated. In sum, although CF provide the reader with an impressive collection of current L2 studies, the viewpoint that they espouse does not seem to be as substantiated as they wish to claim.
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Ilyinova, Elena, und Larisa Kochetova. „Mediatization of Artificial Intelligence Concept in the Russian Language Media Discourse: Corpus-Based Approach“. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije 23, Nr. 5 (27.12.2024): 108–23. https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2024.5.9.
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Based on corpus-assisted discourse analysis, the paper studies the mediatization of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the Russian-language media discourse as a construe technique that shapes AI perception and evaluation as a concept of new social reality. The paper reveals linguistic portraying of the AI concept in Russian digital media corpus, construed by business-oriented outlets Kommersant, Vedomosti, RBC, and popular media resources, such as Lenta.ru, Argumenty i Fakty, Komsomolskaya Pravda. Corpus-assisted discourse analysis comprises aims to extract the quantitative parameters of texts and establish their correlations with content parameters; define the themes of narratives about AI, which determine its discursive interpretation, and describe their distribution across the Russian-language news digital corpus; define discursive strategies used for designing the image of AI. The quantitative characteristics of the texts construing AI imagery in the corpus under study point to the prevalence of small and moderate size texts, which is explained by the pragmatics of informing a broad lay audience on advancement and development of AI without initiating any public discussions. The thematic distribution analysis showed domination of “Positive AI capabilities” and “AI development and Investments”, whereas “Impending danger” and “Negative AI capabilities” are covered infrequently. Argumentation in the explanatory and prognostic strategies introduces the topoi of inevitability, necessity, and rivalry in AI development. The explanatory strategy expands on the nature of AI, its functions and potential. The prognostic strategy delivers information on the development and advancement of AI technology, portraying efficiency scenarios, but only a tiny fraction of the texts warn about the negative consequences of AI. The novelty of the results lies in the establishment of contradictory mediatization of the AI concept, which, on the one hand, is aimed at depicting its positive portrayal and capability of bringing social and economic benefits. On the other hand, it contains a warning about its potential dangers and risks if the spheres of its application expand.
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Salcedo Gómez, M., und C. García Aguilar. „Limitations of Mechanistic Model of Explanation in Biological Psychiatry“. European Psychiatry 65, S1 (Juni 2022): S670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1724.
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Introduction The National Institute for Mental Illness (NIMH) launched in 2008 a project based on ‘precision medicine,’ called Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). This precision medicine approach, novel in the context of psychiatry, proposes to identify the “fundamental components of behavior,” determining their range of variations from normality to abnormality and identifying their instantiations at different levels of the biological mechanism. To achieve its goal, an essential task of the RDoC initiative has been to identify and classify psychological constructs associated with psychopathology and to cut them off at a finer degree of granularity, presumably in order to have a greater chance of finding the biological mechanisms which implement every resultant part. Objectives Our work aims to show the limitations that psychiatry faces when assuming the mechanistic model of explanations. We will show how, if we accept the phenomenon of multiple realization, it is not plausible to expect that the RDoC initiative will be successful in their enterprise to track single or precise causal mechanisms for every construct identified at the cognitive level. Methods Philosophical argumentation Results No results. Conclusions We conclude that an approach that aims to identify single functional units and to dig down at a “fundamental level” to find their neural or genetic implementation should not only be reconsidered in terms of the phenomenon of multiple realization, but also leaves a gap in our understanding of the complex structures that are found at the cognitive-functional level and whose dysfunctions would be of great explanatory relevance concerning mental disorders. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Razumovskaya, Veronika, Elmira Idrisova und Zhanargul Azkenova. „Questions of Cultural, National and Rhetorical Identity in the Poetry of Zhyrau as an Object of Ethnopoetics Translation“. Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science and Education 195, Nr. 3 (2024): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/ejph.2024.v195.i3.ph019.
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The songs of zhyrau form a rhetorical ideal, defining cultural, national, and rhetorical identity. Kazakh rhetoric, with its unique nature, demands examination through contemporary methodology, presenting a complex subject for ethnopoetics. This article describes cultural and national identity in zhyrau’s poetry and its impact on rhetorical identity. Research and translation approaches are based on interpreting the worldview through reflection and pan-determinism, classifying rhetorical statuses and modalities, analyzing symbolism and allegory, and generating new meanings. The study identifies varieties of symbols in Asan Kaigy’s poetry and the system of culturonyms in Kaztugan and Dospam-bet’s poetry.The scientific significance lies in describing the worldview in zhyrau’s poetry from hermeneutic and phenomenological perspectives, substantiating “rhetorical identity,” and identifying their roles in creating accurate translations. Practically, the results can be used to create new translations of zhyrau’s poetry. The implementation of the discourse approach made it possible to develop a methodology of rhetorical identity and make recommendations for translators of zhyrau poetry.Describing the worldview in Asan, Kaztugan, and Dospambet’s poetry has outlined the role of symbols and allegory. The connection between rhetorical statuses and worldviews is established, sub-stantiating the role of allegory in rhetorical argumentation and translation. The role of culturonyms as a rhetorical tool influencing the addressee, providing explanatory effects, and forming translation strate-gies is demonstrated.The research value lies in the introduction of the concept of ‘rhetorical identity’ in domestic science. Practical significance of the paper’s outcomes is to make recommendations for translators by interpreting the identity and conveying the ways in which zhyrau affects the listener as communication effectiveness.
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Joseph, John E. „Typology, Diachrony, and Explanatory Order“. Diachronica 6, Nr. 1 (01.01.1989): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.6.1.04jos.
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SUMMARY The paper examines Bybee's (1988) opinion that language universals cannot be used to explain language change. Placed in its historical context, Bybee's view appears to signal a further weakening in the bond between typology and diachrony that has been so fruitful in the 1970s and 1980s. However, when her methodological and argumentative procedures are submitted to close scrutiny, doubts emerge as to the validity of her skepticism, at least in the strong form in which she has expressed it. Data regarding the development of adpositions and affixation in Latin are brought to bear in determining the proper explanatory order of typology and diachrony. RÉSUMÉ Selon Bybee (1988), on n'a pas à recourier aux universaux pour expliquer l'évolution linguistique. Pris dans son contexte historique, l'avis de Bybee semble signaler un nouvel affaiblissement du lien entre la typologie et la dia-chronie, lien qui a été si productif pendant les années 70 et 80. Cependant, lorsqu'on examine soigneusement ses méthodes d'analyse et d'argumentation, on en arrive à douter de la validité de son scepticisme, en tout cas sous la forme particulièrement accusée de son expression récente. Le présent article se fonde sur des données concernant le développement des adpositions et de l'af-fixation en latin, qui permettraient de déterminer si la typologie doit précéder la diachronie ou le contraire, quand on cherche à expliquer les relations établies entre l'une et l'autre. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Einem Aufsatz von Bybee (1988) zufolge können Sprachuniversalien nicht dazu herangezogen werden, Sprachwandel zu erklären. Auf seinen histori-schen Hintergrund bezogen, scheint der Aufsatz eine zunehmende Schwä-chung der Verbindung zwischen Typologie und Sprachgeschichte zu signali-sieren, die wâhrend der siebziger und achtziger Jahre so fruchtbar gewesen ist. Wenn man jedoch die methodologischen und argumentativen Vorgehenswei-sen der Autorin unter die Lupe nimmt, tun sich Zweifel auf bezûglich der Gül-tigkeit ihrer Skepsis, zumindest in der hier vorgetragenen Form. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wir anhand der Entwicklung der Adpositionen und der Affixation im Lateinischen der Versuch unternommen, den angemessenen Ort der Typologie im Verhältnis zur Diachronie zu bestimmen.
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Haczewski, Mikołaj, und Małgorzata Gawrycka. „Rethinking non-governmental organizations – at the crossroad of economics and civil society“. Horyzonty Polityki 14, Nr. 49 (31.12.2023): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/hp.2512.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article aims to close the existing knowledge gaps, show why non-governmental organizations are founded and maintained, and elaborate and systematize the existing knowledge through an analysis of the existing subdisciplines within economics, laying the groundwork for the economics of non-governmental organizations.
RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article was written based on a structured literature review with an approach similar to the grounded theory method. The research question is: Why are NGOs founded and what is their modus operandi?
PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After determining the research question, literature evidence was collected from a variety of sources, which led to the creation of a theoretical explanatory model. Nevertheless, a deductive, top-down approach has been taken to present the final model in a more comprehensible and transparent way.
RESEARCH RESULTS: Based on the institutional hierarchy of O.E. Williamson and drawing from the theoretical framework of the economics of the public sector and the motives behind the sharing economy, a model was built that explains why NGOs are founded and maintained, thus elucidating the route from social theory (in particular, institutional environments) all the way to undertaking actions to solve a given issue.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article influences and enhances the current state of knowledge regarding non-governmental institutions, including the placement of NGOs in particular disciplines within economics. It also significantly supports researchers doing subsequent studies regarding this area of social science. After further research in the proposed direction, more practical implications may arise in the future, including improvements in the management of NGOs that will facilitate their more efficient operation.
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Oliveira, Pedro Miguel, und Maria Manuela Natário. „Territorial innovation systems and strategies of collective efficiency“. European Journal of Innovation Management 19, Nr. 3 (08.08.2016): 362–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-07-2014-0072.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show the relevance of territorial innovation systems approach for non-central regions’ development strategies. The research made allowed to identify actions of collective efficiency to strengthen endogenous capacity for regional innovation, and also to detect some institutional weaknesses that inhibit the innovation dynamics in a particular rural region (Tagus Valley). Design/methodology/approach – The research followed an interpretive case study, of explanatory type. Data collecting method comprised semi-structured face-to-face interviews with business agents and local government members, direct observation of innovation activities and documentary analysis. Statistical methods to analyse the firms’ innovation behaviour, as well as owners and managers’ perceptions, were also used in order to improve the trustworthiness of the research. Findings – The results show that innovation is positively associated to a diverse set of institutional factors that shape a territorially embedded innovation system, in which the firms’ innovation activity is chiefly based on localized learning processes. Moreover, a path of smart and creative diversification area is detected, but there are substantial differences between firms belonging to agro-food supply chain. While food industries and wineries show very interesting levels of investment in innovation activities and external knowledge synergies, farmers/producers depend greatly from producers’ organizations. Research limitations/implications – Given the absence of generalizability and some speculative argumentation, further research needs to be done, especially about the critical role of higher education institutions to promote innovation. Practical implications – The paper provides empirical insights about the role of actors belonging to the governance layer inherent to the territorial innovation system in discussion. Originality/value – The paper fulfils an identified need to systematize institutional factors able to affect non-central regions innovation.
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Palagnyuk, Yuliana. „Media freedom in Ukraine in the context of constitutional reform“. Horyzonty Polityki 14, Nr. 47 (14.01.2023): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/hp.2409.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This paper discusses whether there have been changes to ensure media freedom in Ukraine in the context of constitutional reform.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This is comparative explanatory research. The author uses a process-tracing method and an observation method to analyze media freedom under the presidential-parliamentary republic during the second term of Kuchma’s presidency and under a parliamentary-presidential republic during Yushchenko’s presidency. I summarize descriptive statistics on such indicators of media freedom as political, economic, and legal environment according to the Freedom House data. I also use the analysis of scholars and other non-governmental organizations.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The analysis of the political situation in Ukraine explains the reasons for the constitutional reform and the democratization of the media system. I systematize data from the Freedom House reports on the indicators, present the results in a graphic form, and make conclusions from the comparisons.
RESEARCH RESULTS: The study shows that changing the political system to a parliamentary-presidential due to the Orange Revolution intensified reforms guaranteeing media freedom in Ukraine. However, the reforms were not at the level expected by the supporters of the Orange Revolution.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The introduction of the parliamentary-presidential model intensified the competition and conflicts between the presidential and parliamentary-government centers of power. It created polarized and chaotic conditions in journalists’ work. The legal environment for the media has not improved significantly. There was a reduction of political influence on the media. The improvement in the economic environment did not occur because the pressure exerted by the ruling elites on the mass media went from the political to the economic dimension.
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Al Mahmud, Fawaz, und Mohammad Afzal ur Rahmanu. „Academic Writing of Saudi Graduate Students: Issues and Improvements“. Arab World English Journal 14, Nr. 1 (24.03.2023): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol14no1.26.
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This study investigates research writing difficulties encountered by Saudi graduate students at a Saudi university and seeks to offer interventional guidelines accordingly. A fuller understanding of these difficulties will contribute to the development of instruction aimed at improving students’ research writing skills. The main question this study addresses is this: What are the major academic writing problems facing Saudi graduate students? The investigation used an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach involving 87 participants at the University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data were collected through a 20-item Likert scale questionnaire completed online by 85 Saudi graduate students (37 males, 48 females; 69 majoring in English, 16 majoring in other subjects) and semi-structured interviews conducted with two faculty members. The quantitative data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and the qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results revealed that most students experienced difficulties related to language, argumentation, and research-article genre when composing research reports in English. Both the participating students and teachers thought the most serious academic writing challenges for Saudi graduate students were presenting complex information in clear sentences and building strong arguments. In contrast, the least problematic task was finding and documenting sources. Regarding evaluating sources, writing Literature reviews, and using technical vocabulary, most students were unsure of their abilities. Besides, English majors and other majors had similar perceptions of difficulties in three out of four significant aspects of research writing. As far as documenting sources is concerned, the perception varied significantly between the English-major and other-major students. The findings of the present study can assist stakeholders in identifying instructional needs in research writing in the Saudi Arabian context, and our guidelines will make research writing less difficult for Saudi students.
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Makukh, Yuriy. „The Evolutionary Approach of Stephen Toulmin and Revision of Modern Rationality in the Philosophy of Science“. NaUKMA Research Papers in Philosophy and Religious Studies, Nr. 11-12 (15.11.2023): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-1678.2023.11-12.46-53.
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Many philosophers of the 20th century guided their efforts into development of explanatory models to describe scientific change, and also tried to offer their methodologies as normative theories for scientific research. As a result, several different approaches emerged, some of which put greater emphasis on the theoretical content of science, others on the historical facts that accompanied these theoretical changes or caused them. Consequently, positions of philosophers differed on the issues of rationality, its continuity or gaps both in temporal and cultural-civilizational terms. One of those, who tried to work out a “middle” way and combine the advantages of the “relativistic” and “dogmatic” poles, was the British thinker Stephen Toulmin (1922–2009), whose famous books are “The Application of Argumentation” and “Human Understanding”. This article analyzes the main ideas and arguments of the author’s evolutionary model (most fully and densely presented in the second work), demonstrates the legitimacy of application of the evolutionary metaphor from biology to the field of history of science, the productive aspects of such approach, and the key points of critical remarks by other researchers. An attempt was made to find out why S. Toulmin abandoned the development of the project of his research program and further shifted his intellectual discoveries into issues of the genesis and revision of modern rationality. Based on this, the article summarizes those aspects of the criticism of the philosopher’s ideas, which could lead to a “negative selection” of his proposals, while similar like the works of other authors found more recognition and generated more active public discussions and further research. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the philosopher’s contribution to the development of methodologies, in particular Karl Popper’s and Imre Lakatos’ was rather non-linear and largely underestimated in the philosophical literature for a long time.
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Oliveira, Daniela Kênia B. S., Rosária Justi und Paula Cristina Cardoso Mendonça. „The Use of Representations and Argumentative and Explanatory Situations“. International Journal of Science Education 37, Nr. 9 (13.05.2015): 1402–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1039095.
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Arioua, Abdallah, Patrice Buche und Madalina Croitoru. „Explanatory dialogues with argumentative faculties over inconsistent knowledge bases“. Expert Systems with Applications 80 (September 2017): 244–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.03.009.
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Bugge, K. E. „En upåagtet dimension i Grundtvigs tanker om “Anskuelsen”“. Grundtvig-Studier 57, Nr. 1 (01.01.2006): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v57i1.16492.
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En upåagtet dimension i Grundtvigs tanker om “Anskuelsen ”[An unnoted dimension in Grundtvig’s deliberations on “lifephilosophy”]By K. E. BuggeIn the introduction to his Northern Mythology (1832) Grundtvig outlines an ideological platform as a basis for rapport and cooperation with his contemporaries. Grundtvig suggests that a broad agreement should be possible on those elements of a life-philosophy, which in theological language are usually termed creation and fall. As far as the ideas of salvation are concerned, however, no unanimity is possible.The following study focuses on the basic assumptions of Grundtvig's argumentation. How could he be absolutely certain that his readers would readily accept his contention that every one of them, believers and non-believers alike, would agree that the ideas of the divine creation and the fall of man are basic realities of human existence? Such a presumption would certainly not be valid in the secularized cultural context of the following century. In order to answer this question attention is here directed towards the teaching aids used in Danish schools in the subject of Christian Education, especially those, which we know have been used in Grundtvig's own schooling, and which he later comments upon.The first of these books was published by Grundtvig's father, Johan Grundtvig under the title Catechismi Forklaring (1779), i.e. a thorough elucidation of Luther's catechism. Quite a number of such explanatory teaching aids were published during the centuries of Lutheran orthodoxy. Usually they were much too voluminous to be directly used by children. On this background Grundtvig's uncle, the prominent bishop N. E. Balle in 1791 published a new Lærebog i den evangelisk-christelige Religion, i.e. A textbook of evangelicalchristian religion, a booklet of 104 pages. As this book was officially authorized, it was widely distributed. By 1830 it had been reprinted ten times.In order to make the ideas of God's creation of the world evident to the children, both these books present the same argument: That just as a house is unable to build itself, in the same manner the world as such must have been built by a creator. Noteworthy is here that the argument in both cases is not rooted in holy scripture but in common sense and everyday experience.Also the argument in support of the idea of the fall of man is notable. Johan Grundtvig in his book combines biblical narrative with common sense. He raises the question, whether the sinfulness of Adam and Eve was inherited by their descendants. His answer is affirmative.Because they were unable to procreate children that were better than themselves, then, of course, their sinfulness was also inherited by their present day descendants. Balle goes directly into an argumentation based on experience and common sense: “Experience makes it clear that men are not as good, as they ought to be. All have some error.”Because of the authorization of the book, Balle's formulation gained a wide influence during the first half of the century. In the grammar schools preparing the young for university studies the dominating teaching aids in the subject were compendia of two extensive dogmatic expositions published by Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. A compendium by Mathias Galthen (1784, 2nd ed., 1793) was used at the grammar school in Aarhus, which Grundtvig attended during the years 1798-1800. Concerning creation Galthen underscores that the world cannot have created itself, and that “sound reason” convinces us that the world cannot have emerged by coincidence. On the theme of the fall of man he first reiterates the argument forwarded by Johan Grundtvig: That Adam and Eve could not have procreated children that were less sinful than themselves. He then continues: “Experience and Holy Scripture confirms that all men are imperfect”. Notable are here not only the smooth continuation from reason to scripture, but also the order of priority. Everyday experience and “sound reason” provide the intellectual basis necessary for understanding the biblical message.Arguments such as these were inculcated by merciless rote and were, therefore, firmly lodged in the minds of Grundtvig's readers. On this background he could safely assume that the ideas of creation and fall were readily at hand as preconditions for an understanding of what he had to say. The ideas were imprinted in the minds of his readers as self-evident truths based on experience and common sense and were, therefore, independent of any particular religious conviction. In this way a study of the books used in the Christian Education of his time provide a useful and hitherto unheeded tool for understanding Grundtvig's argumentation.
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Aull, Laura. „Corpus Analysis of Argumentative Versus Explanatory Discourse in Writing Task Genres“. Journal of Writing Analytics 1, Nr. 1 (2017): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37514/jwa-j.2017.1.1.03.
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Bova, Antonio, und Francesco Arcidiacono. „Investigating children’s Why-questions: A study comparing argumentative and explanatory function“. Discourse Studies 15, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2013): 713–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445613490013.
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Hahn, Jonas, Jens Hirsch und Sven Bienert. „Does “clean” pay off? Housing markets and their perception of heating technology“. Property Management 36, Nr. 5 (15.10.2018): 575–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-08-2017-0051.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of distinct types of heating technology and their price impact in German residential real estate markets, considering a wide range of other housing market determinants. The authors aim to test and to verify specifically, whether the obsolescence of heating technology leads to a significant price discount and whether higher technological standards (and environmental friendliness) come with a price premium on the market.Design/methodology/approachThe authors create housing market models for rental and sales segments by constructing generalized additive models with explicit multi-layered spatial components. To elaborate a profound and contemporary answer using these models, the authors perform large-sample regression analyses based on more than 400,000 observations covering German residential properties in 2015.FindingsFirst and foremost, the heating system indeed shows significant explanatory importance for measuring housing rents and purchasing price. Second, the authors find that it makes a difference whether clean “green” technologies are implemented or whether “brown” systems with obsolete technology or fossil energy sources is on hand. Ultimately, the authors conclude that while low energy consumption indeed comes with a price premium, this needs to be interpreted together with the property’s heating type, as housing markets seem to outweigh the “green premium” by “brown discounts” if low energy consumption figures are powered by a certain type of heating technology system.Research limitations/implicationsAside of a possible omitted variable bias, the main research limitation is constituted by the integration of asking prices in the analysis, as actual transaction prices are not systematically transparent on national level in Germany. Limitations are discussed at the end of the paper.Practical implicationsThis work supports investors who face the challenge of making environmental- and energy-related decisions as well as appraisers who deliver financial fundamentals for such. Third, the paper supports both asset managers as well as investment strategists in argumentation pro-environmental investments beyond all ecological necessity.Social implicationsThis paper contributes to the current discussion on climate change and the eclectic role of real estate in this context. The authors deliver evidence on pricing effects as a measure of socioeconomic acceptance of progressive heating technology and environmental friendliness as an imperative of twenty-first century societies.Originality/valueThis is the first study on “green premiums” or “brown discounts” that includes heating technology as a potential and distinct driver of value and rents. It is a contemporary contribution and delivers original information on the quantitative impact of contemporary and anachronistic technology in heating to researchers as well as investors and appraisers.