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1
Chakraborty, Anish. „Study of physical properties of bent core mesogens having nematic and smectic phases“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2647.
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Bezerra, Carlos Renato Sales. „Fechamento do coto distal do colon sigmoide comparando sutura Manual contÃnua com lacre plÃstico. Estudo experimental em cÃes“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4964.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoEste estudo experimental verificou a eficÃcia do uso de um lacre plÃstico no fechamento do coto distal do cÃlon sigmÃide comparando com sutura manual em plano Ãnico, contÃnuo e extramucoso utilizando fio de polipropileno. Foram utilizados 30 animais (Canis familiaris) fÃmeas, pesando entre 8,0 e 18,0 kg, clinicamente sadios, oriundos do canil da Prefeitura Municipal de Teresina, PiauÃ. Foram distribuÃdos em dois grupos de 15 animais; submetidos a laparotomia com secÃÃo do cÃlon sigmÃide, com fechamento do coto distal com sutura cotÃnua e extramucosa com fio de polipropileno ( Grupo I â Controle) e fechamento do coto distal com lacre plÃstico ( Grupo II- Estudo ). Todos os animais de ambos os grupos foram submetidos à anastomose colo-retal, tÃrmino lateral e avaliados no trans e pÃs-operatÃrio imediato por mÃdico veterinÃrio, sendo a alimentaÃÃo à base de raÃÃo padrÃo e Ãgua, ad libitum, instituÃda quando se observou evacuaÃÃo. Todos os animais foram submetidos à eutanÃsia no 21 DPO apÃs anestesia venosa com Cloridrato de Cetamina e aplicaÃÃo de cloreto de potÃssio 20% via endovenosa ; realizou-se nova laparotomia e avaliaÃÃo da anastomose colo-retal, correspondendo o cÃto distal do sigmÃide ,este segmento foi submetido a teste de rompimento de sutura. Estatisticamente foi realizado teste estatÃstico de VariÃncia aplicando-se o Teste SNK e confirmado com teste Qui-quadrado. Durante realizaÃÃo do teste de tensÃo, ocorreu rompimento do fechamento do coto cÃlico distal em quatro animais de cada grupo, nÃo havendo diferenÃa significativa entre os grupos (p>0.05). O tempo operatÃrio mÃdio foi 27,7 min. E 24,7 min., nos Grupos I e II respectivamente, nÃo havendo diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos (p=0,09). A pressÃo mÃdia de ruptura foi 145,0mmHg e 195,0mmHg nos Grupos I e II respectivamente, nÃo havendo diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre eles (p=0,057). O fechamento do cÃlon distal com lacre apresentou a mesma seguranÃa e eficÃcia do fechamento com fio polipropileno 3-0.
The objective of this experimental study was to compare the efficacy of two techniques of distal sigmoid stump closure: plastic zip-tie versus manual, running extramucosal single-layer suture with polypropylene thread. The study included 30 clinically healthy female dogs (Canis familiaris) weighing 8−18 kg supplied by the local municipal dog pound (Teresina, PiauÃ). The animals were distributed in two groups of 15 animals each and submitted to laparotomy, colon resection and closure of the distal sigmoid stump with either running extramucosal suture using 3-0 propylene thread (Group I) or a plastic zip-tie (Group II). All animals were submitted to latero-terminal colorectal anastomosis and were evaluated transoperatively and immediately after surgery by a veterinarian. Standard chow and water was provided ad libitum once evacuation had been observed. On the 21st postoperative day the animals were anesthetized with Cloridrate Cetamina i.v. and euthanized with 20% potassium chloride i.v. A second laparotomy was performed to evaluate the colorectal anastomosis and submit the sigmoid stump to a wound disruption test. Findings were submitted to variance analysis, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test and the Chi-square test for confirmation. Wound disruption occurred in four animals from each group, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). The average time of surgery was 27.7 min (Group I) and 24.7 min (Group II), with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.09). The average disruption pressure was 145.0 mmHg (Group I) and 195.0 mmHg (Group II), with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.057). Closure of the sigmoid stump may be as safely performed with plastic zip-tie as with conventional continuous suture using 3-0 polypropylene thread.
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Nowbutsing, Baboo. „Testing trade theories : an experimental investigation“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416270.
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Schorvitz, Eric Burton 1971. „Experimental tests of fundamental economic theories“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288813.
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Chapter one of this dissertation provides an experimental test of a joint hypothesis implied by the constant relative risk averse model of first price sealed bid auction theory and standard risk preference theory. This test will be used to determine whether observed risk attitude is solely a characteristic of the individual (as conventional economic theory has it) or jointly a characteristic of the individual and the environment (as some cognitive psychologists maintain). It also presents a simple adjustment to first price auction experiments which causes "throw away" bidding behavior to be dramatically decreased and makes empirical estimation more precise. Standard theoretical search models assume that agents behave as if they search optimally. The second chapter of this dissertation reports the experimental results of a test of whether agents maximize their payouts by optimally searching for the best of n candidates in what has been called the "Secretary Problem." The novelty of this design is that the optimal search rule is invariant to agents' risk attitudes. This is made possible by implementing a binary payout schedule in which stopping at the best candidate pays a positive amount and stopping at any other candidate pays nothing. On average, subjects chose the best candidate slightly less often than an optimal searcher, while the El-Gamal and Grether (1995) estimation procedure suggests that subjects were either using a sub-optimal rule or just randomly guessing.
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Westermann, Claudia. „An experimental research into inhabitable theories“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/882.
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The thesis research is situated within the field of Architecture. Its principle objective is the articulation of arguments for a new theory of architecture as an architectural poetics, and related to this, a new form of discourse as poetry of an architectonic order. The research was initiated through a series of questions that architects confront when asked to create and to speak about what can be understood to be(come) frameworks for (unknown) life. It thus deals with the question of the unknown and, related to this, the question of open form. It develops on the idea that a concept of inhabitation may be feasible exclusively on the basis of a theory that extends the well known two-valued logic that has been dominant in the Western world since the times of classical metaphysics. Rooted in philosophy, the research extends contemporary architectural and critical theory, notions from poets such as Paul Celan, Marguérite Duras and Samuel Beckett, and research in second order cybernetics – the latter with an emphasis on Gotthard Günther’s writings on Non-Aristotelean logic. The text’s focus is on the notion of Architecture as a transcendental concept. It advances the understanding of Architectural Design as a performative process that creates borders rather than borderlines, limits rather than limitations and, is therefore, a discipline of radical communication that always seeks to extend itself towards an Other – the unknown – addressing it without previously quantifying it to render it provable. The research furthers the field of Architecture by contributing to it a new theory in the form of an architectural poetics. It addresses questions of design with a procedural framework in which critical engagement is an intrinsic principle, and offers an alternative to existing discourses through a poetry of architectonic order that is open to the future.
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Lombara, James S. (James Stewart). „An experimental investigation of liquid jet impingement heat transfer theories“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14286.
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Chen, Hwei-yen. „Experimental Evolution of Life-history : Testing the Evolutionary Theories of Ageing“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-231948.
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Ageing reduces fitness, but how ageing evolves is still unclear. Evolutionary theory of ageing hinges on the fundamental principal that the force of natural selection declines with age. This principle has yielded two important predictions: 1) the evolution of faster ageing in populations under high rate of extrinsic mortality; and 2) the evolution of faster ageing in a sex that experiences higher rates of extrinsic mortality. However, an emerging new theory argues that when the extrinsic mortality is not random but instead selects on traits showing positive genetic correlation with lifespan, increased mortality should lead to the evolution of increased lifespan. Such condition-dependent mortality is also expected to increase the robustness in the population, resulting in increased deceleration of mortality in late-life. Similarly, high sex-specific mortality can result in increased sex-specific selection on traits that have positive pleiotropic effects on lifespan in the affected sex. This thesis is based on two experimental evolution studies in Caenorhabditis remanei. The first experiment was designed to disentangle the effects of the rate (high or low) and the source (random or condition-dependent) of mortality on the evolution of lifespan and ageing. Reduced lifespan evolved under high rate of random mortality, whereas high condition-dependent mortality, imposed by heat-shock, led to the evolution of increased lifespan (Paper I). However, while female reproduction increased under condition-dependent mortality, male reproduction suffered, suggesting a role for sexual antagonism in maintaining genetic variation for fitness (Paper II). Besides, long lifespan and high fecundity evolved at a cost of slow juvenile growth rate in females (Paper III). Moreover, high condition-dependent mortality led to the evolution of lower rate of intrinsic mortality in late-life (Paper IV). The second experiment showed that evolution of sexual dimorphism in lifespan is driven by the factors that cause sex-specific mortality and cannot be predicted from differences in mortality rate alone. Specifically, high condition-dependent mortality renders males less prone to ageing than females despite higher rates of male mortality (Paper V). The strength of this thesis is the reconfirmation of the earlier findings combined with support for the new theory. Rather than further complicating the matter, the inclusion of the new ideas should help explain some empirical results that are inconsistent with the classic theory, as well as provide a more comprehensive picture of ageing evolution.
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Gray, Jeremy C. „Testing the Major Theories Concerning the Evolution of Sex using Experimental Evolution“. Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/8311.
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The evolution of sexual reproduction has been dubbed "the queen of problems in evolutionary biology". While there is a large amount of theory about the evolution of sex, there is relatively little well controlled empirical data. This thesis is an attempt to use an experimental evolution based approach in order to provide empirical insights into two different areas in the evolution of sex: the relative effects of beneficial and detrimental mutations on sex, and the effect of migration and gene flow on adaptation to new environments. In order to undertake this, a system comprising [i.e. comprised] of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isogenic except for the ability to undergo sex was used. Theories about the evolution of sex can be broadly grouped into those which provide advantages for accumulating beneficial and clearing detrimental mutations. An empirical determination of their relative effects is useful in determining which theories are likely to be important to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction. The first experiment consisted of propagating the sexual and asexual S. cerevisiae lines, as well as lines with increased mutation rates under both directional and stabilising selection for approximately 300 generations. The sexual lines increased in fitness significantly more quickly than the asexual lines under directional selection, regardless of mutation rate. In contrast, no lines, regardless of sexual status or mutation rate decreased or increased in fitness over the course of the experiment under stabilising selection, indicating that standard asexual selection was adequate to remove the vast majority of detrimental mutations. Thus in this experiment, sex is of much greater importance in accumulating beneficial mutations than in clearing detrimental mutations. The second experiment attempted to understand the effects of sexual reproduction and gene flow on adaptation. Predictions state that sexual organisms will be at a disadvantage to asexuals when adapting to multiple niches with migration between them, as maladapted hybrids are formed when mating occurs outside niches. To test this, sexual and asexual S. cerevisiae were adapted for approximately 350 generations to two differing environments, with varying rates of migration between them. In contrast to predictions, sexual lines showed higher adaptation to the new environments than asexuals irrespective of migration rate. The cause of this was investigated, and found to be caused by a loss of the trade off between the two environments in those treatments with high migration rates. This is interpreted as selection for generalists occurring in those lines which experience both environments. In summary, this thesis uses a powerful S. cerevisiae system in order to gain empirical insights into the evolution of sexual reproduction. The experiments further previous work with the same system into more complex and realistic scenarios, and provide novel empirical insights into the understanding of the evolution and maintenance of sex
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Bowie, Jill. „Compositional versus holistic theories of language evolution : an interdisciplinary and experimental evaluation“. Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446200.
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Oleson, Paul Eugene. „An experimental examination of alternative theories of distributive justice and economic fairness“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290334.
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This dissertation provides evidence from controlled laboratory experiments that, in contrast to Frohlich and Oppenheimer's widely quoted results, supports Rawls' (1971) conjecture about the use of the maximum decision rule or "difference principle" in the original position. In addition, focal points defining alternative levels of poverty are examined to determine whether this additional information affects the selection of rules of distribution in an experimental original position. The basic experimental approach developed by Frohlich and Oppenheimer (1992) is used in this dissertation to examine whether existing theories of distributive justice are consistent with observed decisions on the selection of alternative rules used to distribute income. My experiments are focused on a design where subjects are required to perform tasks to earn income as opposed to the income being exogenously determined. In addition, the instructions are purged of any references to justice or fairness that might influence subject behavior. The baseline experimental design utilized in this study was found to replicate the results obtained by Frohlich and Oppenheimer, who found no support for a Rawlsian rule of distribution. Two experimental treatments were performed to investigate questions on the selection of floor income levels and the role of risk aversion. Both treatments were found to significantly affect the results. The first treatment investigated the impact of giving the subjects information on alternative measures of need or poverty. These focal points were found to significantly narrow the distribution of floor constraints selected by groups of subjects. The second treatment introduced a random chance of excluding subjects from the production tasks, thereby thickening the "veil of ignorance". This "exclusion" treatment manipulated a factor related to the subjects' risk preferences and was found to dramatically shift the distribution of rules selected by the subjects. The exclusion treatment found significant support for both Rawlsian and egalitarian rules of distribution. Finally, to examine the effectiveness of our experimental design in inducing impartial decisions, we performed multinomial logit regressions on both group and individual decisions. The results suggest that our design was effective, since individual characteristics were unable to explain the group decisions.
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Sandri, Serena. „Reflexivity in economics an experimental examination on the self-referentiality of economic theories“. Heidelberg Physica-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991352343/04.
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Sandri, Serena [Verfasser]. „Reflexivity in economics : an experimental examination on the self-referentiality of economic theories / Serena Sandri“. Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992833361/34.
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Percy, Rachel. „Facilitation of participatory agricultural research and extension : an analysis of experimental learning theories and practice“. Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411504.
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Wilkinson, Sean M. „Shear design theories for reinforced concrete : an experimental analysis of the state-of-the-art“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1991.
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Chittleborough, Philip. „An experimental evaluation of two theories of problem solving : the role of perceptual re-structuring and logical processes /“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsc543.pdf.
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Colombo, Anthony Marco. „A comparison of multi-agency and scientific theories towards behaviour defined as psychopathologically and criminally deviant : a survey experimental approach“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627465.
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Rank, Aaron. „A novel experimental approach using a reconfigurable test setup for complex nonlinear dynamic systems“. Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5014.
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Experimental nonlinear dynamics is an important area of study in the modern engineering field, with engineering applications in structural dynamics, structural control, and structural health monitoring. As a result, the discipline has experienced a great influx of research efforts to develop a versatile and reliable experimental methodology. A technical challenge in many experimental studies is the procurement of a device that exhibits the desired nonlinear behavior. As a result, many researchers have longed for a versatile, but accurate, testing methodology that has complete freedom to simulate a wide range of nonlinearities and stochastic behaviors. The objective of this study is to develop a reconfigurable test setup as a tool to be used in a wide range of nonlinear dynamic studies. The main components include a moving mass whose restoring force can accurately be controlled and reprogrammed (with software) based upon measured displacement and velocity readings at each time step. The device offers control over nonlinear characteristics and the equation of dynamic motion. The advantage of having such an experimental setup is the ability to simulate various types of nonlinearities with the same test setup. As a result, the data collected can be used to help validate nonlinear modeling, system identification, and stochastic analysis studies. A physical test apparatus was developed, and various mechanical, electrical, and programming calibrations were performed for reliable experimental studies. To display potential uses for the reconfigurable approach, examples are presented where the device has been used to create physical data for use in change detection and deterioration studies. In addition, a demonstration is presented of the device's ability to physically simulate a large-scale orifice viscous damper, devices commonly used for vibration mitigation in bridges and buildings.; For a large-scale viscous damper, physical testing is required to ensure structural design properties. However, due to the large scale of the dampers, expensive dynamic loading tests can be carried out at a very limited number of facilities. Using the reconfigurable test setup, the dynamic signature of the large-scale viscous damper can accurately be simulated with pre-collected data. The development of a system capable of emulating the restoring force of a nonlinear device with software is a novel approach and requires further calibration for increased reliability and accuracy. A discussion regarding the challenges faced when developing the methodology is presented and possible solutions are recommended. The methodology introduced by this apparatus is very promising. The device is a valuable experimental tool for researchers and designers, allowing for physical data collection, modeling, analysis, and validation of a wide class of nonlinear phenomena that commonly occur in a wide variety of engineering applications.ID: 030423494; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-137).
M.S.
Masters
Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
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Mok, Jue Young. „USING PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES TO UNDERSTAND CITIZEN ATTITUDES TOWARD GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE AND COLLABORATIVE BEHAVIORS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR“. UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/28.
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There have been various approaches to studying the effectiveness of government performance in public administration. While some have focused on broad organizational factors, others have taken an individual level approach by applying concepts and methods from psychology and behavioral economics. This three-essay dissertation continues this latter approach by examining the role of cognitive mechanisms in explaining citizen attitudes toward government performance as well as collaborative behaviors in the public sector.
The first essay explored the role of detailed versus abstract mental construals in understanding the relationship between expectations of public service performance and attitudes toward a government. Type of thinking, when it fit well with the information about either how or why public services were provided, was predicted to produce more positive attitudes toward government than in the absence of fit. However, these predictions were not confirmed.
The second essay induced either an abstract or a detailed mode thinking in participants. Because abstract thinkers are more likely to focus on the desirability of outcomes, and detailed thinkers are more likely to focus on the feasibility of outcomes, it was predicted that abstract thinking, compared to detailed thinking, would create higher expectations of public services and lower perceived government performance. The findings were inconclusive.
The final essay, combining prospect theory and expectancy-disconfirmation concepts, proposed a new model testing the relationship between citizen attitudes and collaborative behavior. Using a cross-sectional data set of US citizens, the results revealed a predicted non-linear relationship between citizen satisfaction with government performance and co-production.
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Raab, Marius [Verfasser], Claus-Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Carbon und Jascha [Akademischer Betreuer] Rüsseler. „Manipulation, Exaggeration and Conspiracy. Experimental Approaches to a Better Understanding of the Belief in Conspiracy Theories. / Marius Raab ; Claus-Christian Carbon, Jascha Rüsseler“. Bamberg : Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120985226/34.
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Flynn, Sydney. „Applying Psychological Theories of Personality, Identity, and Intergroup Conflict to Radical Violence: A Case Study of Extremist Behavior“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1890.
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This paper aims to address possible psychoanalytical explanations for the heinous acts in which terrorists, particularly ISIS, engage. It focuses on Harold D. Lasswell’s principles of the id, ego, and superego as well as Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory. Within the framework of these two theories, relevant psychological and social psychological theories are discussed in order to explore a possible connection between the psyche of violent perpetrators and their actions. By exploring these connections, I find that there may be more nuanced psychological explanations for these violent acts, which could lead to new methods of weakening perceived biases, intergroup conflicts, and extremist behavior.
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Delforge, Alexandre Henrique. „O sítio arqueológico Cerâmica Preta: estudo das técnicas e da cadeia operatória da cerâmica queimada em ambiente redutivo dos povos pré-coloniais praticantes da tradição cerâmica Aratu-Sapucaí“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-19122017-102422/.
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A cerâmica encontrada no sítio arqueológico Cerâmica Preta, localizado entre Camanducaia e Itapeva, Sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, apresenta marcas negras de redução que levaram o autor a formular a hipótese sobre uma técnica específica de queima utilizada por aquele povo que habitou o local preteritamente. O conjunto de fragmentos e as marcas neles encontradas representam os remanescentes de uma técnica morta de cerâmica preta, praticada com maestria e regularidade intencionalmente pelo povo que o produziu. A queima da cerâmica, assim como seu uso ao fogo, deixam marcas de diferentes cores e características nas peças submetidas a estes processos. Relata-se aqui a pesquisa de correlatos entre estas marcas, os processos e comportamentos em que esta coleção de fragmentos cerâmicos arqueológicos participou durante sua produção e uso, sua história de vida. Os parâmetros da arqueologia experimental, com base na teoria comportamental, orientam o desenvolvimento dos experimentos sobre as técnicas da queima redutora em fogueiras. Apresento uma análise do material encontrado no sítio Cerâmica Preta em coletas sistemática e assistemáticas, tendo como foco a marcas de queima, buscou-se reproduzir a morfologia e colorimetria para se entender as condições de sua formação através de experimentações em laboratório e em campo. Obtivemos resultados nas experimentações que foram compatíveis com a amostragem arqueológica tendo sucesso em reproduzir condições de queima, investigando o papel das diversas técnicas possíveis para a situação. Conclui-se, pelos correlatos levantados que as ceramistas que viveram no local do sítio praticavam uma determinada tradição técnica de queima de cerâmica que envolvia o uso de recipientes para conter atmosferas redutoras no sentido de produzir uma cerâmica extremamente reduzida de tamanho pequeno a médio e tendo como produto paralelo uma cerâmica reduzida internamente de maiores proporções que serviu de ferramenta na produção da cerâmica preta. O material arqueológico também indica a utilização de uma segunda técnica de queima que difere da primeira principalmente na forma de colocação das peças na fogueira para a queima. Outras marcas encontradas no material arqueológico sugerem que um tipo de queima seria utilizado especificamente para os vasilhames utilizados como panelas e outro para vasilhas e potes de armazenamento. A ligação encontrada entre as marcas de queima e a utilização posterior dos potes leva a proposição de uma ligação estreita entre a técnica de queima e a cosmologia destes povos. O simbolismo das cores resultantes e das superfícies coloridas remetem ao universo feminino, ao útero que gera a vida, ao pote negro e à inserção desta cultura na ordem do mundo em uma camada entre o telúrico e o celeste.The ceramic artifacts found in Cerâmica Preta archaeological site, situated at Camanducaia and Itapeva county, at southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, show reduction marks that led the author to formulate an hypothesis about a specific technique of reducing firing of ceramics, used by the people who lived in this site preteritally. The black marks on the ceramic fabric and the black sherds, are remains of a forgotten technique of black pottery practiced intentionally and skillfully by the people who lived in this site preteritally. Firing of the ceramic and its use on the bonfire as pans, leaves different color and characteristic marks on the tissue of the pieces submitted to these processes. The search for correlates between these marks, processes and behaviors lead to the inference of activities in which the artifacts took part during its production and use. The Experimental Archaeology parameters, based on the Behavioral Theory, guided the development of the experiments on techniques of reduction firing in bonfires. The analisys of the material found in the ceramic site, by systematic and unsystematic search, focusing on the burning marks of which, through laboratory and field experiments, aim to reproduce the morphology and colorimetry, in the way to understand the conditions of its formation. The results of the experiments were compatible with the archaeological sampling and successfully reproduced burning conditions with similar results. The research investigated the role of various possible conditions for the production of black pottery. The correlates found by the research, lead to the conclusion that the ceramists, who lived in the site preteritally, practiced a certain technical tradition of ceramic firing, wich involved the use of containers to retain reducing atmospheres, in the sense of producing an extremely thin black ceramic of small to medium size. This firing has as parallel product, an internally reduced ceramic of greater proportions that served as a tool in the production of black pottery, a sagar. Archaeological material also indicates the use of a second firing technique which differs from the first one mainly in the way the parts are placed in the bonfire, but also in its production and use. Other marks found in archaeological material suggest that the people who practiced this tradition used the pots of one kind of firing as pans and diferent ones for consuming and for storage pots too. The connection found between the firing marks and other, dued to the later use of the pots over the fire, leads to the proposition of a close connection between the burning technique and the cosmology of these peoples. The symbolism of the resulting colors and colored surfaces refers to the female universe, the life-giving uterus, the black pot, and the insertion of this culture into the order of the world in a layer between the tellurian and the celestial.
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Gretton, Jeremy David. „Perceived Breadth of Bias as a Determinant of Bias Correction“. The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1499097376679535.
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Saidi, H. „Separation of simple gases using a spiral-wound membrane permeator : An experimental study of the effects of operating conditions on permeation rates and selectivities, and their interpretations using 'Dual-sorption' and 'Free volume' theories“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233956.
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Nimon, Kim F. „Comparing outcome measures derived from four research designs incorporating the retrospective pretest“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3931/.
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Over the last 5 decades, the retrospective pretest has been used in behavioral science research to battle key threats to the internal validity of posttest-only control-group and pretest-posttest only designs. The purpose of this study was to compare outcome measures resulting from four research design implementations incorporating the retrospective pretest: (a) pre-post-then, (b) pre-post/then, (c) post-then, and (d) post/then. The study analyzed the interaction effect of pretest sensitization and post-intervention survey order on two subjective measures: (a) a control measure not related to the intervention and (b) an experimental measure consistent with the intervention. Validity of subjective measurement outcomes were assessed by correlating resulting to objective performance measurement outcomes. A Situational Leadership® II (SLII) training workshop served as the intervention. The Work Involvement Scale of the self version of the Survey of Management Practices Survey served as the subjective control measure. The Clarification of Goals and Objectives Scale of the self version of the Survey of Management Practices Survey served as the subjective experimental measure. The Effectiveness Scale of the self version of the Leader Behavior Analysis II® served as the objective performance measure. This study detected differences in measurement outcomes from SLII participant responses to an experimental and a control measure. In the case of the experimental measure, differences were found in the magnitude and direction of the validity coefficients. In the case of the control measure, differences were found in the magnitude of the treatment effect between groups. These differences indicate that, for this study, the pre-post-then design produced the most valid results for the experimental measure. For the control measure in this study, the pre-post/then design produced the most valid results. Across both measures, the post/then design produced the least valid results.
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Schneider, Sebastian Olivier [Verfasser], Marcela [Akademischer Betreuer] Ibanez, Marcela [Gutachter] Ibanez, Martin [Gutachter] Schlather und Stephan [Gutachter] Klasen. „Advances and Applications of Experimental Measures to Test Behavioral Saving Theories and a Method to Increase Efficiency in Binary and Multiple Treatment Assignment / Sebastian Olivier Schneider ; Gutachter: Marcela Ibanez, Martin Schlather, Stephan Klasen ; Betreuer: Marcela Ibanez“. Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149954671/34.
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Schneider, Sebastian O. [Verfasser], Marcela [Akademischer Betreuer] Ibanez, Marcela [Gutachter] Ibanez, Martin [Gutachter] Schlather und Stephan [Gutachter] Klasen. „Advances and Applications of Experimental Measures to Test Behavioral Saving Theories and a Method to Increase Efficiency in Binary and Multiple Treatment Assignment / Sebastian Olivier Schneider ; Gutachter: Marcela Ibanez, Martin Schlather, Stephan Klasen ; Betreuer: Marcela Ibanez“. Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149954671/34.
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Sanchez, Janice Lynn. „Interpersonal affective forecasting“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6946943f-30fb-48e2-9c73-a44ec69bd2d0.
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This thesis investigates individual and interpersonal predictions of future affect and explores their relation to implicit theories of emotion, prediction recall, debiasing, and focalism. Studies 1, 2, and 3 assessed affect predictions to upcoming reasoning tests and academic results, and Studies 4, 5, and 6 concerned predictions for self-identified events. The first study investigated the influence of implicit theories of emotion (ITE; Tamir, John, Srivastava, & Gross, 2007) on impact bias and prediction recall manipulating ITE between participant pairs who predicted and reported their affective reactions to feedback on a test of reasoning skills. Neither impact bias nor recalled predictions were affected by the manipulation. Recalled affect predictions differed from original affect predictions, but were not influenced by experienced affect. Study 2 further investigated the effects of target event timing on impact bias and affect prediction recall. The results showed no differences between individual and interpersonal impact biases across conditions. Again, recalled predictions differed from original predictions, and were not influenced by experienced affect. Study 3 investigated the influence of prior information about impact bias on interpersonal affective forecasting involving real-world exam results. The results demonstrated no differences in predictions due to information, however, significantly less unhappiness was predicted for participants’ friends compared to self-predictions. Study 4 examined the effect of different de-biasing information on affective predictions. The results demonstrated no differences in affective predictions by condition and found that participants’ ITE were not associated to affect predictions. Study 5 examined individual and interpersonal affect predictions using a between-subjects design in place of the within-subjects design. The results demonstrated no differences between the affect predictions made for self and for friends, and ITE were not associated with predictions. Study 6 examined the impact bias in interpersonal affective forecasting and the role of focalism. The results demonstrated distinctions between individual and interpersonal affecting forecasting with individual impact bias for positive reactions for negative events and individual and interpersonal reverse impact bias for calm emotional reactions to positive events. Immune neglect was found not to be associated with predictions. Overall, the studies found evidence for similar individual and interpersonal predictions which are resistant to influence.
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Baghi, Quentin. „Optimisation de l’analyse de données de la mission spatiale MICROSCOPE pour le test du principe d’équivalence et d’autres applications“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEO003/document.
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Le Principe d'Equivalence (PE) est un pilier fondamental de la Relativité Générale. Il est aujourd'hui remis en question par les tentatives d'élaborer une théorie plus exhaustive en physique fondamentale, comme la théorie des cordes. La mission spatiale MICROSCOPE vise à tester ce principe à travers l'universalité de la chute libre, avec un objectif de précision de 10-15, c'est-à-dire un gain de deux ordres de grandeurs par rapport aux expériences actuelles. Le satellite embarque deux accéléromètres électrostatiques, chacun intégrant deux masses-test. Les masses de l'accéléromètre servant au test du PE sont de compositions différentes, alors que celles de l'accéléromètre de référence sont constituées d'un même matériau. L'objectif est de mesurer la chute libre des masses-test dans le champ gravitationnel de la Terre, en mesurant leur accélération différentielle avec une précision attendue de 10-12 ms-2Hz-1/2 dans la bande d'intérêt. Une violation du PE se traduirait par une différence périodique caractéristique entre les deux accélérations. Cependant, diverses perturbations sont également mesurées en raison de la grande sensibilité de l'instrument. Certaines d'entre elles, comme les gradients de gravité et d'inertie, sont bien définies. En revanche d'autres ne sont pas modélisées ou ne le sont qu'imparfaitement, comme le bruit stochastique et les pics d'accélérations dus à l'environnement du satellite, qui peuvent entraîner des saturations de la mesure ou des données lacunaires. Ce contexte expérimental requiert le développement d'outils adaptés pour l'analyse de données, qui s'inscrivent dans le cadre général de l'analyse des séries temporelles par régression linéaire.On étudie en premier lieu la détection et l’estimation de perturbations harmoniques dans le cadre de l'analyse moindres carrés. On montre qu’avec cette technique la projection des perturbations harmoniques sur le signal de violation du PE peut être maintenue à un niveau acceptable. On analyse ensuite l'impact des pertes de données sur la performance du test du PE. On montre qu'avec l'hypothèse pire cas sur la fréquence des interruptions de données (environ 300 interruptions de 0.5 seconde par orbite, chiffre évalué avant le vol), l'incertitude des moindres carrés ordinaires est multipliée par un facteur 35 à 60. Pour compenser cet effet, une méthode de régression linéaire basée sur une estimation autorégressive du bruit est développée, qui permet de décorréler les observations disponibles, sans calcul ni inversion directs de la matrice de covariance. La variance de l'estimateur ainsi construit est proche de la valeur optimale, ce qui permet de réaliser un test du PE au niveau attendu, même en présence de pertes de données fréquentes. On met également en place une méthode pour évaluer plus précisément la DSP du bruit à partir des données disponibles, sans utilisation de modèle a priori. L'approche est fondée sur une modification de l'algorithme espérance-maximisation (EM) avec une hypothèse de régularité de la DSP, en utilisant une imputation statistique des données manquantes. On obtient une estimée de la DSP avec une erreur inférieure à 10-12 ms-2Hz-1/2. En dernier lieu, on étend les applications de l'analyse de données en étudiant la faisabilité de la mesure du gradient de gravité terrestre avec MICROSCOPE. On évalue la capacité de cette observable à déchiffrer la géométrie des grandes échelles du géopotentiel. Par simulation des signaux obtenus à partir de différents modèles du manteau terrestre profond, on montre que leurs particularités peuvent être distinguéesThe Equivalence Principle (EP) is a cornerstone of General Relativity, and is called into question by the attempts to build more comprehensive theories in fundamental physics such as string theories. The MICROSCOPE space mission aims at testing this principle through the universality of free fall, with a target precision of 10-15, two orders of magnitude better than current on-ground experiments. The satellite carries on-board two electrostatic accelerometers, each one including two test-masses. The masses of the test accelerometer are made with different materials, whereas the masses of the reference accelerometer have the same composition. The objective is to monitor the free fall of the test-masses in the gravitational field of the earth by measuring their differential accelerations with an expected precision of 10-12 ms-2Hz-1/2 in the bandwidth of interest. An EP violation would result in a characteristic periodic difference between the two accelerations. However, various perturbations are also measured because of the high sensitivity of the instrument. Some of them are well defined, e.g. gravitational and inertial gradient disturbances, but others are unmodeled, such as random noise and acceleration peaks due to the satellite environment, which can lead to saturations in the measurement or data gaps. This experimental context requires us to develop suited tools for the data analysis, which are applicable in the general framework of linear regression analysis of time series.We first study the statistical detection and estimation of unknown harmonic disturbances in a least squares framework, in the presence of a colored noise of unknown PSD. We show that with this technique the projection of the harmonic disturbances onto the WEP violation signal can be rejected. Secondly we analyze the impact of the data unavailability on the performance of the EP test. We show that with the worst case before-flight hypothesis (almost 300 gaps of 0.5 second per orbit), the uncertainty of the ordinary least squares is increased by a factor 35 to 60. To counterbalance this effect, a linear regression method based on an autoregressive estimation of the noise is developed, which allows a proper decorrelation of the available observations, without direct computation and inversion of the covariance matrix. The variance of the constructed estimator is close to the optimal value, allowing us to perform the EP test at the expected level even in case of very frequent data interruptions. In addition, we implement a method to more accurately characterize the noise PSD when data are missing, with no prior model on the noise. The approach is based on modified expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm with a smooth assumption on the PSD, and use a statistical imputation of the missing data. We obtain a PSD estimate with an error less than 10-12 ms-2Hz-1/2. Finally, we widen the applications of the data analysis by studying the feasibility of the measurement of the earth's gravitational gradient with MICROSCOPE data. We assess the ability of this set-up to decipher the large scale geometry of the geopotential. By simulating the signals obtained from different models of the earth's deep mantle, and comparing them to the expected noise level, we show that their features can be distinguished
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Gamsby, Christopher William. „Heuristics in the Context of Long-Form Short-Story Reading“. Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1543933054511687.
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Batistella, Carmes Ana da Rosa. „Atividades de ótica exploradas no ensino médio através de reflexões epistemológicas com o emprego do V de Gowin“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12717.
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A Física tem uma maneira própria de olhar a natureza e de estudar seus fenômenos. Por essa razão, o ensino-aprendizagem de Física não pode estar centrado na transmissão de informações, mas sim na construção do conhecimento em um contexto amplo que envolva conteúdos, novas metodologias e novos instrumentos adequados à realidade da escola, que venham a contribuir para uma aprendizagem significativa. Dentro dessa concepção, apresenta-se uma proposta de ensino de ótica, com ênfase no estudo através de módulos didáticos. Para tal, foram elaboradas atividades didáticas incluindo simulações de eventos com o uso de novas tecnologias e, também, em laboratório convencional, exploradas em uma visão construtivista fundamentada nas teorias de Vygotsky e de Ausubel. No desenvolvimento dessas atividades procurou-se propiciar o compartilhamento de significados através de diagramas fundamentados no V de Gowin, na busca de uma aprendizagem significativa. A composição dos módulos didáticos apresenta uma motivação inicial através de exposição oral questionada, com o objetivo de despertar no aluno seus conhecimentos prévios. Em cada um dos módulos didáticos são sugeridas uma ou mais atividades a serem trabalhadas em grupos de 3 a 4 alunos, constando de experimento virtual (applets, simulações) ou real, acompanhado de guia simplificado. Essa dinâmica de trabalho gerou uma maior interação social entre os alunos; ao professor, coube o papel de mediador da atividade. Paralelamente a cada atividade, cada grupo de alunos construiu um diagrama V, que era apresentado à turma posteriormente, com o objetivo de promover discussões. A aplicação da proposta foi realizada no quarto bimestre letivo do ano de 2006, em uma turma de terceira série de Ensino Médio, noturna, da Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Dr. Araby Augusto Nácul, em Lagoa Vermelha, RS. O material instrucional elaborado, na forma de página da Web, contém as atividades propostas nos módulos didáticos e também os correspondentes diagramas V a serem construídos pelos alunos. Também são incluídos na página da Web, como links, um material de apoio, com os conteúdos desenvolvidos nos vários módulos, e uma seção contendo exercícios de fixação. Com os alunos trabalhando em um determinado módulo didático, o material era disponibilizado nos computadores da Escola, gradualmente, para evitar que avançassem para os módulos seguintes antes de refletir sobre o conteúdo da atividade em andamento. O produto educacional, contendo o material instrucional e orientações para o seu uso, será divulgado na série Hipermídias de Apoio ao Professor de Física para que outros professores da rede de ensino possam adaptá-lo a sua realidade escolar.Physics has its own way of looking at nature and its phenomena. For this reason the Physics’ teaching must not only be centered in lecturing information, but must also construct the knowledge in a wide context involving new technologies and tools fitted to the schools' reality. This, together with physics concepts, is to build a meaningful learning. To accomplish these goals we propose an approach to Optics teaching, structured in six didactic modules based on the meaningful learning’s theory by D. Ausubel and the social interaction’s theory by L. Vygotsky. Each didactic module starts with an oral exposition presenting the motivation through challenging questions, in order to instigate the students’ previous knowledges. We then suggest one or more activities based on virtual (e.g., simulations, applets) or real experiments, with a schematic activities guide, to be worked out by groups of three or four students, with the teacher mediation, in order to deepen social interaction. Besides each experimental activity, they construct an adapted Gowin V diagram, intended to promote a meaningful learning, and finally they discuss with the rest of the class, encouraging an exchange of views about the proposed issue. This methodological proposal has been applied to 18 third high school year students, of the nightclass at "Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Dr. Araby Augusto Nácul" at Lagoa Vermelha, RS, during the fourth bimester of the school year of 2006. The instructional material was developed as a webpage, including the proposed experimental activities and the related V diagrams. Among the webpage links, we also included additional material with the physics contents of the didactic units and exercises. The whole instructional material has gradually been made available on the School’s computers to prevent the students from going to a forthcoming activity before having made deep reflections on the lectures/subjects that were being worked out at each moment. This work is to be published in the series Hipermídias de Apoio ao Professor de Física, of Instituto de Física of UFRGS, so that other teachers can access this material and use it in their school's context.
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Mirabile, Patricia. „Comment on raisonne sur les explications : philosophie et psychologie du raisonnement explicatif“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL005.
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Cette thèse porte sur le raisonnement explicatif : quel rôle les explications jouent-elles dans nos inférences, comment guident-elles nos stratégies d'exploration, et comment nous amènent-elles parfois à l'adoption de fausses croyances ? Ces questions théoriques sont motivées par la philosophie du raisonnement, de la connaissance et de la logique. Elles sont traitées avec les méthodes empiriques des sciences cognitives, au moyen d'expériences comportementales qui utilisent des matériaux concrets et réalistes. La thèse commence par analyser la portée descriptive de l'inférence à la meilleure explication, qui a été théorisée en philosophie comme permettant de justifier les croyances dans des contextes non déductifs. Elle examine ensuite l'inférentialisme, une récente sémantique des conditionnels selon laquelle le sens d'un énoncé conditionnel dépend de la relation entre antécédent et conséquent, relation qui peut être notamment de nature déductive, inductive ou abductive. Elle étudie aussi comment d'autres attitudes épistémiques, notamment les décisions de recherche, prennent en compte la qualité explicative des hypothèses examinées. Enfin, elle propose d'expliquer l'attrait des théories du complot par deux sources : la prédisposition de certaines personnes à un mode de pensée complotiste et l'impression de qualité explicative que ces théories sont capables de produire. Sa conclusion, que les considérations explicatives jouent un rôle important dans le raisonnement et la cognition, constitue une avancée pour les domaines de la philosophie et de la psychologie. Elle souligne aussi la fertilité d'une alliance de ces deux disciplines pour la recherche en sciences cognitivesThis research investigates how people reason about explanations: what role do they play in people's inferences, how do they guide people's exploration strategies, and how do they sometimes lead them to endorse false beliefs? These theoretical questions are motivated by the philosophy of reasoning, knowledge and logic. They are pursued with the rigorous empirical methods of cognitive science, using behavioral experiments with realistic and concrete materials. The thesis starts with an examination of the empirical adequacy of inference to the best explanation, an explanatory inference rule that philosophers have theorized to provide grounds for warranted belief in non-deductive contexts. Next, it puts inferentialism to the test, a novel semantic of conditionals according to which the interpretation of a conditional depends on the strength of the relationship between antecedent and consequent, which can be deductive, inductive, or abductive in nature. Then, it considers how other epistemic attitudes, and in particular pursuit decisions, take into account the explanatory quality of the hypotheses being investigated. Finally, it develops an account of belief in conspiracy theories that proposes two types of sources for their appeal: people's predisposition to conspiracist ideation and the explanatory virtues that these theories appear to exhibit. The finding that explanatory considerations play an important role in reasoning and cognition contributes both to the philosophical and psychological literatures; it also emphasizes how fruitful an alliance between these two fields can prove for research in cognitive science
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Watt, Diane P. „Juxtaposing Sonare and Videre Midst Curricular Spaces: Negotiating Muslim, Female Identities in the Discursive Spaces of Schooling and Visual Media Cultures“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19973.
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Muslims have the starring role in the mass media’s curriculum on otherness, which circulates in-between local and global contexts to powerfully constitute subjectivities. This study inquires into what it is like to be a female, Muslim student in Ontario, in this post 9/11 discursive context. Seven young Muslim women share stories of their high schooling experiences and their sense of identity in interviews and focus group sessions. They also respond to images of Muslim females in the print media, offering perspectives on the intersections of visual media discourses with their lived experience. This interdisciplinary project draws from cultural studies, postcolonial feminist theory, and post-reconceptualist curriculum theorizing. Working with auto/ethno/graphy, my own subjectivity is also brought into the study to trouble researcher-as-knower and acknowledge that personal histories are implicated in larger social, cultural, and historical processes. Using bricolage, I compose a hybrid text with multiple layers of meaning by juxtapositing theory, image, and narrative, leaving spaces for the reader’s own biography to become entangled with what is emerging in the text. Issues raised include veiling obsession, Islamophobia, absences in the school curriculum, and mass media as curriculum. Muslim females navigate a complex discursive terrain and their identity negotiations are varied. These include creating Muslim spaces in their schools, wearing hijab to assert their Muslim identity, and downplaying their religious identity at school. I argue for the need to engage students and teacher candidates in complicated conversations on difference via auto/ethno/graphy, pedagogies of tension, and epistemologies of doubt. Educators and researchers might also consider the possibilities of linking visual media literacy with social justice issues.
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Chih, Chang Mei, und 張美智. „The theories construction and experimental teaching“. Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84219265424632213900.
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碩士國立新竹教育大學
美勞教育學系碩士班
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The theories construction and experimental teaching studies of the Environmental Art Education The purpose of the research is to discuss the content and curriculums of the Environmental Art Education, and to proceed the teaching and experimental research. The condition is to realize the implementation and the affect on children’s attitudes toward the Environmental Art Education. Through the literature, the research firstly analyzes the trends of Art Education, Environment Art, Environmental Education and Environment Art Education, to be the theories foundation of this research. Then proceed the design of the teaching unit and draw up" an Environment Art attitude quantity form" and" the Environmental Art Education children’s opinions investigation form". This research also emphasizes on the experimental teaching affects children’s attitudes to the Environmental Art Education and investigating children’s satisfaction and difficulty to the running curriculum. To synthesize and to induce the research result, I get the following 4 points after the analysis: （1）The Environmental Art Education curriculum in elementary school art and humanities realms needs to integrate the contents of Art Education, Environment Art, Environmental education, and to be the theories foundation to proceed the Environment Art Education curriculum. （2）Environmental Art Education curriculum programs should match the consistent spirit in Grade 1-9, and consider eight aspects, such as" Art Development Trend"," Environmental Art Education Subject Item"," Environment Subject Curriculum Goals and Environmental Subject Competence Indicators "," Integrated Teaching"," Grade 1-9 Ten Core Competence, Arts and Humanities Competence Indicators"," Topic"," Material" and" Student’s original ability" etc. when programming. （3）Children feel satisfied with the Environmental Art Education curriculum, and think it is challenging. They can affirm their own learning abilities, and are self-confident that they can reach the learning target while in class. （4）To proceed the Environmental Art Education curriculum in the elementary schools can have the positive influence on melting the environment subject into the art and humanities realm. Furthermore, I give some suggestions for the teaching curriculums based on the research results in order to provide the reference for future study. Keyword: Art and humanities，Environmental art，Environmental education，Art Education，Curriculum Integration， Elementary school children
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Park, John Jung. „Theories of Concepts and Ethics“. Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8242.
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There are various theories in the philosophy of mind/cognitive science of what kinds of knowledge, or information carrying mental states, constitute our mental concepts. Such knowledge is used in higher acts of cognition such as in categorization, induction, deduction, and analogical reasoning when we think or reason about the extension of the concept. While most concept theories have primarily focused on concrete concepts such as `chair,' `table,' and `dog,' I take such modern theories and apply them to abstract moral concepts such as `virtue,' `right action,' and `just.' I argue for a new overall pluralistic theory of moral concepts, combining several theories of concepts. This pluralistic view differs from, for example, Ayer's non-cognitivist theory that contends that our moral concepts are constituted by or just are emotions and desires. Finally, I draw further philosophical implications my conclusion may have for applied ethics, normative ethical theory, political philosophy and meta-ethics.
Dissertation
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Fung, E.-Dean. „Three Tales of Two Theories: Experimental Investigations of Inelastic Charge Transport in Nanoscopic Junctions“. Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-5f7z-qd48.
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Since the single-molecule diode was first envisioned by Aviram and Ratner in 1974, researchers have investigated how the electronic properties of molecules might be designed to achieve a variety of device functionality. However, although electron-phonon and electron-photon interactions have been studied in systems where the molecule is poorly electronically coupled to the environment, only a few experimental modalities exist for studying inelastic transport in two-terminal single-molecule junctions. Furthermore, each phenomena typically has a few possible mechanisms which must be distinguished. The objective of this dissertation is to expand the experimental tools available for probing inelastic transport in single-molecule junctions, with special attention to electron-photon interactions.
Throughout the dissertation, we utilize the scanning tunneling microscope break-junction technique to form either tunnel junctions or single-molecule junctions. By repeatedly pushing and pulling a Au STM tip into a Au-coated mica substrate, a variety of junction geometries are sampled to give a distribution of device performances. Transport and optical measurements are made while controlling the electrode displacement and junction bias independently, which permits flexible experimental design.
The body of the dissertation is divided into three chapters, each chapter exploring a different phenomenon. In the first chapter, I study light emission from tunnel junctions driven at high bias. It was shown previously that electroluminescence from tunnel junctions can have photon energies exceeding the classical limit, so-called overbias emission. Multi-electron processes and blackbody radiation have been proposed as possible explanations for this extraordinary result. We demonstrate that the intensity of the overbias emission depends superlinearly on the junction conductance even at room temperature, which strongly supports the theory from multi-electron processes. Additionally, we show that blackbody radiation-like effects can be produced by multi-electron processes.
In the second chapter, I demonstrate experimentally the enhanced conductance of single-molecule junctions under illumination. Again, we consider two mechanisms for enhancement, namely photon-assisted tunneling and hot-electron distributions. By carefully comparing the two theories, we find that their steady-state signatures are nearly identical, but that the contribution from hot-electron distributions is larger in our system. This is confirmed by measuring a conductance enhancement at a polarization where photon-assisted tunneling is negligible.
In the third chapter, I explore both junction rupture and nonlinear transport phenomena in single-molecule junctions around the resonant tunneling regime. Importantly, we develop nonlinear regression curve-fitting to allow straightforward extraction of key transport parameters on individual single-molecule junctions. We observe a strong correlation between the bias at which the junction ruptures and the level alignment of the dominant transport orbital, which suggests that, in the resonant tunneling regime, the tunneling electrons interact strongly with the nuclear degrees of freedom.
However, we also find that not all junctions rupture and those that sustain display negative differential resistance and hysteresis. We hypothesize that this nonlinear behavior is due to a change in the charge state of the molecule. We study the stability of this charge state and find that the dynamics of charging and discharging occur on millsecond timescales. Although the blocking-state and polaron models each predict parts of our data, neither are fully consistent with the experiments in their entirety. This reveals opportunities for further experimental and theoretical investigations into transport in the resonant tunneling regime.
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Glebov, Anastasia. „Using the Experimental Evolution of Long-Lived Yeast Species for Testing Evolutionary Theories of Aging“. Thesis, 2011. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/36204/4/Anastasia_Glebov_MSc_Thesis_2011_Final_New.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
Using the Experimental Evolution of Long-Lived Yeast Species for Testing Evolutionary Theories of Aging
Anastasia Glebov, M.Sc.
Aging of multicellular and unicellular eukaryotic organisms is a highly complex biological phenomenon that has various causes and affects numerous processes within cells. As a model organism for elucidating the basic biology and molecular mechanisms of cellular aging in multicellular eukaryotes, we use the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The employment of this budding yeast as an advantageous model organism in aging research during the past decade has convincingly demonstrated that longevity signaling pathways and mechanisms of their modulation by dietary and pharmacological interventions are conserved across phyla.
Recently, we designed a chemical genetic screen for small molecules that increase the chronological lifespan (CLS) of yeast under caloric restriction (CR) conditions by targeting lipid metabolism and modulating housekeeping longevity pathways that regulate longevity irrespective of the number of available calories. Our high-throughput screen identified a bile acid called lithocholic acid (LCA) as one of such molecules. The results of our pharmacophore modeling of the anti-aging potential of various species of bile acids imply that the maintenance of the minimal polarity of both the hydrophilic (concave) and hydrophobic (convex) sides of the steroid nucleus - by avoiding the presence of polar substituents at the positions 6, 7 and 12 - is mandatory for the extreme life-extending efficacy of LCA under CR conditions. Such stringent structural requirements are consistent with a target specificity of LCA action as an anti-aging small molecule. We found that the life-extending efficacy of LCA under CR exceeds that under non-CR conditions, being inversely proportional to the concentration of glucose in growth medium and thus in correlation with the extent of calorie supply limitation.
Yeast do not synthesize LCA or any other bile acids produced by mammals. Therefore, we propose that bile acids released into the environment by mammals may act as interspecies chemical signals providing longevity benefits to yeast and, perhaps, other species within an ecosystem. We hypothesize that, because bile acids are known to be mildly toxic compounds, they may create selective pressure for the evolution of yeast species that can respond to the bile acids-induced mild cellular damage by developing the most efficient stress protective mechanisms. It is likely that such mechanisms may provide effective protection of yeast against molecular and cellular damage accumulated with age. Thus, we propose that yeast species that have been selected for the most effective mechanisms providing protection against bile acids may evolve the most effective anti-aging mechanisms that are sensitive to regulation by bile acids. We analyzed how small anti-aging molecules other than LCA (including resveratrol, caffeine and rapamycin) synthesized and released into the environment by one species of the organisms composing an ecosystem extend longevity of many other species within this ecosystem. Based on such analysis, we extended our initial hypothesis on how bile acids govern longevity regulation and drive longevity evolution by suggesting a unified hypothesis of the xenohormetic, hormetic and cytostatic selective forces that impel the evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms at the ecosystemic level.
To test the validity of our hypothesis, we carried out the LCA-driven experimental evolution of long-lived yeast species. Our serial-batch-transfer type of selection yielded three laboratory-evolved yeast strains with greatly extended lifespan. All these strains were able to maintain their prolonged lifespan following storage at -80oC and multiple successive passages in medium without LCA. We demonstrated that in the absence of LCA a mutant allele or alleles selected during the LCA-driven multistep selection process of long-lived yeast species extend longevity and alter the age-dependent dynamics of mitochondrial respiration under both CR and non-CR conditions. We therefore concluded that, consistent with its sought-after effect on longevity regulation pathways, our LCA-driven multistep selection process under laboratory conditions yielded long-lived yeast species whose greatly delayed chronological aging was caused by the selection of a mutant allele or alleles that activate housekeeping longevity assurance pathways. As we recently demonstrated, these housekeeping longevity assurance pathways modulate longevity irrespective of the number of available calories and do not overlap with the adaptable longevity pathways that are under the stringent control of calorie availability [167].
We also revealed that under CR conditions in the absence of LCA a mutant allele or alleles selected during the LCA-driven multistep selection process of long-lived yeast species: 1) enhance the resistance of yeast to chronic oxidative, thermal and osmotic stresses; 2) suppress mitochondria-controlled apoptotic cell death triggered by exogenously added hydrogen peroxide; and 3) attenuate lipid-induced necrotic cell death induced by exogenously added palmitoleic acid. All these processes are known to be governed by the housekeeping longevity assurance pathways that modulate longevity irrespective of the number of available calories [167].
Moreover, the experiments described in this Master’s thesis revealed that the addition of LCA to the laboratory-selected long-lived yeast species cultured under CR conditions 1) further extends their CLS, although to a lesser degree than that of wild-type (WT) strain; 2) causes further changes in the age-dependent dynamics of mitochondrial respiration, although not as dramatic as those seen in WT; 3) further enhances the resistance of yeast to chronic oxidative, thermal and osmotic stresses, although to a lesser extent than those observed in WT; 4) further suppresses mitochondria-controlled apoptotic cell death triggered by exogenously added hydrogen peroxide, although to a lesser degree than those seen in WT; and 5) further attenuates lipid-induced necrotic cell death induced by exogenously added palmitoleic acid, although to a lesser extent than those observed in WT. These findings imply that, although a mutant allele or alleles selected during the LCA-driven multistep selection process of long-lived yeast species greatly impact a compendium of the LCA-sensing housekeeping longevity assurance processes, this allele or alleles do not activate such processes sufficiently enough to attain the maximal CLS achievable under life-extending CR conditions in the presence of LCA.
Altogether, these findings provide the comprehensive evidence of our hypothesis in which the evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms within an ecosystem can be driven by the xenohormetic, hormetic and cytostatic selective forces created by a lasting exposure of an organism to an anti-aging natural compound released by other organisms composing this ecosystem.
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ZIVI, PIERPAOLO. „The interplay between automatic and controlled processes: experimental contributions to dual-process theories of cognition“. Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1524642.
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Since its beginnings, psychological science has frequently used dichotomous categories to describe behavior and mental phenomena. The most traditional dual models have impactfully equipped both the scientific and folkloristic psychological vocabularies of such dichotomies (e.g., conscious vs. unconscious, logic vs. creative, rational vs. emotional). However, while offering an affordable account of how the human cognitive system works, these models appear too simplistic. Substantially, they are grounded upon the findings obtained in decades of results in almost all the psychological fields, from perception to social processes, which have been later merged into a broad systemic theory of human cognition. However, this dual-system theory, which proposed to unify all cognitive dualities into System 1 (automatic, unconscious, fast, effortless, intuitive, and so on) and System 2 (controlled, conscious, slow, effortful, rational, and so on) entities, lacks a systematic investigation of its basic assumptions: for instance, that the features are aligned within and complementary between the two systems. These properties are essential for the tenets of the theory since a systemic theory should postulate the interdependence and interrelation of the elements constituting a system. In this view, the central thread linking all the experimental contributions in the present work is that the dual-system theory should resist when investigating cognitive performance either at low- and at high-level of complexity (complexity defined as the variety of mechanisms implicated in the phenomena of interest).
Through seven studies conducted in three research lines, addressing temporal attention, task-switching, and decision-making, the interaction between automatic and controlled features in each process has shown to be the rule rather than the exception. Thus, the results presented in this work support the idea that the dual-system theory current formulation has a weak explanatory power, suggesting that decomposition approaches aimed at disentangling the contribution of qualitatively and quantitatively different mechanisms in each cognitive process are needed to advance or put aside dual-process theories.
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Breedin, Sarah DuBois. „A comparison of discrimination for speech and nonspeech and implications for theories of speech perception“. Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/13273.
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The present paper reviewed the literature supporting and contradicting three theories of categorical perception in speech; the specialized speech processor theory, the cue duration theory, and the acoustic percept theory. Three experiments were then carried out to further investigate these theories. The first experiment compared subjects' perception of speech and three types of nonspeech stimuli (simple nonspeech, complex nonspeech, and reverse speech) and the effect of training on subjects' ability to discriminate these stimuli. The second experiment, dealt with a failure to replicate Pisoni (1977) using complex speech stimuli with the same parameters. The third experiment, compared speech and nonspeech perception in aphasic patients. Results failed to lend support to the specialized speech processing theory. Support for the cue duration theory and acoustic percept theory was mixed.
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„Caught in the Middle: Response Dynamics of Political Partisan Conspiracy Theories and Independent Responders“. Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.44023.
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abstract: Political party identification has an immense influence on shaping individual attitudes and processes of reasoning to the point where otherwise knowledgeable people endorse political conspiracies that support one's political in-group and simultaneously disparage an out-group. Although recent research has explored this tendency among partisans, less is known about how Independents respond in comparison. Previous research fails to identify the Independent as a unique type of voter, but rather categorizes this group as ostensibly partisan, not a separate phenomenon to investigate. However, most Independents purport neutrality and, by recent polls, are becoming a substantial body worthy of concerted focus. Many questions arise about who Independents really are. For example, do all who identify as Independent behave in a similar manner? Are Independents ideologically different than what is represented by a partisan label? Is the Independent category a broad term for something entirely misunderstood? A thorough investigation into the greater dynamics of the political environment in the United States is an enormous undertaking, requiring a robust interdisciplinary approach beyond the focus and intent of this study. Therefore, this study begins the journey toward understanding these phenomena; do Independents, as a whole, uniformly respond to statements about political conspiracy theories? To explore these possibilities, explicit responses are bypassed to evaluate the implicit appeal of political conspiracy theories. An action dynamics (mouse-tracking) approach, a data rich method that records the response process, demonstrates Independents are not in fact a homogeneous group, but rather seem to fall into two groups: non-partisan leaning and partisan leaning. The analysis exposes that relative to the baseline and control stimuli: (1) Non-leaning Independents reveal an increased susceptibility to implicitly endorse bi-partisan directed conspiracy theories when compared to leaners. (2) Republican-leaners demonstrate a stronger susceptibility to endorse right-wing aligned conspiracy theories (against Barack Obama), similar to Republican partisans. (3) Democrat-leaners, unlike Democrat partisans, do not demonstrate any particular susceptibility to implicitly endorse either right/left-wing aligned conspiracy theories (against Barack Obama or George W. Bush). Drawing from major theories from social, political, and cognitive psychology will contribute to an understanding of these phenomena. Concluding remarks include study limitations and future directions.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Psychology 2017
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Schneider, Sebastian Olivier. „Advances and Applications of Experimental Measures to Test Behavioral Saving Theories and a Method to Increase Efficiency in Binary and Multiple Treatment Assignment“. Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E306-0.
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Rostworowski, Wojciech. „Teorie deskrypcji. Rozważania nad semantyką zdań zawierających opisy“. Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2000.
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Descriptions, i.e., phrases such as "a/the man", "a/the table", "the present Queen of England” etc. are one of
the most important issues in contemporary analytical philosophy of language. Two main approaches to
descriptions include the quantificational and the referential account. The first one claims that descriptions
belong to the group of quantificational expressions, that is, the expressions such as "every table", "most
men", "some monarchs”. The second one says that descriptions - at least in some uses - have a referring
function.
My dissertation provides a critical and in-depth analysis of the two aforementioned approaches in the
semantics of descriptions. I have focused on the question how various theories which represent these
approaches describe basic semantic properties (such as logical form and truth-conditions) of selected types of
sentences, more specifically, of subject-predicate sentences, ascriptions of attitudes and statements of
existence or non-existence. In the context of these considerations, I have also dealt with the problem of
empty descriptions.
The quantificational theories - which are discussed in Part I of the dissertation - include original
Russellian account (Chapter 2), Neale’s account (Chapter 3) and the ontologically neutral version of the
quantificational theory (Chapter 4). I argue that the classical account which employs the standard language of
first-order logic does not deliver a natural interpretation of subject-predicate sentences and is deeply
problematic in the case of ascriptions about the so-called "non-doxastic" attitudes and in the case of complex
existential sentences. The improved version of the theory - which uses the language with restricted
quantification - copes better with the first two of the aforementioned types of sentences, but is still
problematic as far as complex existential sentences and fictitious discourses are concerned. In response to
this problem, I propose a version of the quantificational theory developed in the system of existentially
neutral quantifiers. On this approach, a sentence of the form "The F is G" is equivalent to the statement that
there is (but not necessarily exists) exactly one object being F and it is G.
The second part of my dissertation (Part II) is devoted to the referential theories of descriptions.
These theories - set in a formal framework - apply the language of the so-called "free" logics, that is, the
logics which (possibly) contain empty singular terms. Chapter 5 discusses the theories which assume that the
descriptive content of a description determines its referent. In Chapter 6, I present a theory which states that
descriptions are ambiguous and in the case of the referential use, the referent of a description is determined
by the descriptive content together with some causal links to the description use. As I argue, the ambiguity
view provides a more plausible account of incomplete definite descriptions than the quantificational theories.
However, this view is problematic in itself in the light of various linguistic data. In the final Chapter 7, I
present and discuss the results of my experimental study on descriptions, which indicate that the descriptive
content is not the solely important factor for the referential properties of descriptions in the case of the
referential and the attributive use as well. Then I outline a theory of reference based on some ideas presented
by Lewis, according to which, different pragmatic factors - in addition to the descriptive content - may be
important for establishing reference; nonetheless, this account does not introduce semantic ambiguity. The
idea is that a description of the form "the F" refers to an object which has the property F and is the most
salient object at the conversational stage of using "the F". As I attempt to show, this kind of approach may
offer an explanation of the problem of misdescription and capture the intuitions of ordinary users of language
reported in the experimental study. Basically, the considerations of Chapter 7 provide a plan of a future
research program - a theory of descriptions based on the notion of salience needs further developments and
elaboration of a suitable formal setting.Deskrypcje – czyli wyrażenia typu „człowiek”, „stół”, „obecna królowa Anglii” – stanowią jeden z wiodących tematów we współczesnej analitycznej filozofii języka. Dwa główne konkurencyjne ujęcia w teoriach deskrypcji to podejście kwantyfikacyjne i referencyjne. Pierwsze z nich głosi, że deskrypcje należą do grupy wyrażeń kwantyfikujących tj. wyrażeń takich jak „wszystkie stoły”, „większość ludzi”, „niektórzy monarchowie” itp. W ramach drugiego z nich twierdzi się, że deskrypcje – przynajmniej w niektórych użyciach – są wyrażeniami o charakterze nazwowym. Niniejsza praca stanowi krytyczną i pogłębioną analizę dwóch wskazanych podejść w semantyce deskrypcji. W swojej analizie skoncentrowałem się na pytaniu, jak poszczególne teorie reprezentujące te podejścia określają podstawowe własności semantyczne (takie jak forma logiczna i warunki prawdziwości) wybranych typów zdań, w tym zdań podmiotowo-orzecznikowych, zdań przypisujących postawy sądzeniowe i zdań stwierdzających istnienie/nieistnienie. W kontekście tych rozważań zajmowałem się również problemem interpretacji deskrypcji pustych. Koncepcje kwantyfikacyjne – które zostały przedstawione w części I – obejmują teorię pochodzącą od Russella (rozdział 2), kwantyfikacyjną analizę w ujęciu Neale’a (rozdział 3) oraz wersję tej analizy z zachowaniem ontologicznie neutralnej interpretacji kwantyfikatorów (rozdział 4). Argumentuję, że teoria kwantyfikacyjna korzystająca ze standardowego języka logiki I rzędu dostarcza mało naturalnej interpretacji zdań podmiotowo-orzecznikowych, jest problematyczna w przypadku zdań opisujących tzw. postawy o charakterze „niedoksastycznym” oraz złożonych zdań egzystencjalnych. Dalej twierdzę, że teoria kwantyfikacyjna wykorzystująca język z ograniczoną kwantyfikacją radzi sobie z dwoma pierwszymi typami wymienionych konstrukcji, ale – podobnie jak klasyczna koncepcja kwantyfikacyjna – podaje nieadekwatną interpretację złożonych zdań egzystencjalnych i niektórych zdań o przedmiotach fikcyjnych. W odpowiedzi na ten problem proponuję wersję kwantyfikacyjnej teorii deskrypcji osadzoną w systemie neutralnych kwantyfikatorów. Zgodnie z tym podejściem zdanie o postaci „The F is G” jest równoważne stwierdzeniu, że bytuje (lecz niekoniecznie istnieje) dokładnie jeden obiekt o własności F i ten obiekt ma cechę G. W części II przedstawiam referencyjne koncepcje deskrypcji. Koncepcje te – ujęte jako teorie formalne – korzystają z języka tzw. logik „wolnych” tj. logik, które dopuszczają puste terminy nazwowe. Rozdział 5 poświęcony jest teoriom opierającym się na założeniu, że treść opisowa deskrypcji wyznacza jej odniesienie przedmiotowe. W rozdziale 6 omawiam zaś koncepcję, która głosi, że deskrypcje są dwuznaczne i że przy użyciu referencyjnym relacja odniesienia opiera się nie tylko na relacji spełniania, ale również na pewnego rodzaju związkach kauzalnych pomiędzy użyciem deskrypcji a przedmiotem. Jak argumentuję, to ujęcie bardziej przekonująco odpowiada na problem deskrypcji niepełnych niż teorie kwantyfikacyjne. Zasadniczym mankamentem omawianej koncepcji jest jednak samo założenie dwuznaczności, nie do końca dobrze uzasadnione w świetle różnych danych językowych. W końcowym rozdziale 7 przedstawiam oraz omawiam wyniki badania eksperymentalnego nad deskrypcjami, wskazujące, że treść opisowa deskrypcji nie jest jedynym czynnikiem istotnym dla wyznaczenia odniesienia zarówno przy użyciu referencyjnym jak i atrybutywnym. Szkicuję następnie zarys teorii referencyjnej pochodzącej od Davida Lewisa, która uznaje, że – obok treści opisowej – różnorodne czynniki pragmatyczne mogą być istotne dla wyznaczenia odniesienia, lecz nie postuluje wieloznaczności. Koncepcja ta odwołuje się do pojęcia wyróżnienia i głosi, że odniesieniem deskrypcji „the F” jest obiekt, który ma własność F i jest najbardziej wyróżniony na etapie użycia deskrypcji. Argumentuję, że na gruncie zarysowanej koncepcji możemy sformułować odpowiedź na problem związany z użyciem błędnych deskrypcji i wyjaśnić intuicje użytkowników języka uchwycone w badaniu eksperymentalnym. Rozważania z rozdziału 7 kreślą zasadniczo program przyszłych badań – teoria deskrypcji oparta na pojęciu wyróżnienia wymaga rozwinięcia i formalnego opracowania.