Dissertationen zum Thema „Évolution des chromosomes“
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Hayes, Hélène. „Analyse caryotypique et cartographie génique comparées chez les trois principaux bovidés domestiques : le buf (Bos Taurus l.), le mouton (Ovis aries l.) et la chèvre (Capra hircus L.)“. Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077265.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarpentier, Fantin. „Evolution des régions non-recombinantes sur les chromosomes de types sexuels chez les champignons du genre Microbotryum“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS428/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn sexual organisms, recombination suppression can evolve in specific genomic regions to protect beneficial allelic combinations, resulting in the transmission of multiple genes as a single locus, which is called a supergene. Supergenes determine complex phenotypes, such as gender in organisms with sex chromosomes. Some sex chromosomes display successive steps of recombination suppression known as “evolutionary strata”, which are commonly thought to result from the successive linkage of sexually antagonistic genes (i.e. alleles beneficial to one sex but detrimental to the other) to the sex-determining region. There has however been little empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. Fungi constitute interesting models for studying the evolutionary causes of recombination suppression in sex-related chromosomes, as they can display non-recombining mating-type chromosomes not associated with male/female functions. Here, we studied the evolution of recombination suppression on mating-type chromosomes in the Microbotryum plant-castrating fungi using comparative genomic approaches. In Microbotryum fungi, mating occurs between gametes with distinct alleles at the two mating-type loci, as is typical of basidiomycete fungi. We showed that recombination suppression evolved multiple times independently to link the two mating-type loci from an ancestral state with mating-type loci on two distinct chromosomes. Recombination suppression either linked the mating-type genes to their respective centromere or linked mating-type loci after they were brought onto the same chromosome through genomic rearrangements that differed between species. Both types of linkage are beneficial under the intra-tetrad mating system of Microbotryum fungi as they increase the odds of gamete compatibility. Recombination suppression thus evolved multiple times through distinct evolutionary pathways and distinct genomic changes, which give insights about the repeatability and predictability of evolution. We also reported the existence of independent evolutionary strata on the mating-type chromosomes of several Microbotryum species, which questions the role of sexual antagonism in the stepwise extension of non-recombining regions because mating-types are not associated with male/female functions. Previous studies reported little phenotypic differences associated to mating-types, rending unlikely any antagonistic selection between mating types (i.e. “mating-type antagonism”, with genes having alleles beneficial to one mating-type but detrimental to the other). The genes located in non-recombining regions on the mating-type chromosomes can be differentially expressed between mating types, but our analyses indicated that such differential expression was more likely to result from genomic degeneration than from mating-type antagonism. Deleterious mutations are indeed known to accumulate in non-recombining regions resulting in modifications of gene expression or of protein sequence. We concluded that antagonistic selection cannot explain the formation of evolutionary strata in Microbotryum fungi. Alternative mechanisms must be therefore be considered to explain the stepwise expansion of non-recombining regions, and they could also be important on sex chromosomes. This work thus prompts for future studies to identify further evolutionary strata not associated with male/female functions as well as to elucidate their evolutionary causes and consequences in terms of genomic degeneration
Fleiss, Aubin. „Impact phénotypique des réarrangements chromosomiques et évolution des génomes de levures“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS491.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work was to assess the impact of chromosomal rearrangements on the evolution of yeast genomes with two approaches. The first approach consisted in retracing past rearrangements during the evolution of Saccharomycotina yeast genomes. We have built a phylogenetic tree of 66 genomes gathered from public databases, then reconstructed the structure of all ancestral genomes of these species. By comparing the structure of reconstructed ancestral genomes, we have inferred 5150 past rearrangements. We showed that depending on the clades, genomes tend to evolve mostly by inversion or by translocation. In addition, we showed that chromosomal rearrangements and non-synonymous mutations tend to accumulate at a coordinated pace during evolution. The second approach aimed at quantifying the phenotypic impact of structural variations of chromosomes (SVs) in terms of vegetative growth and meiotic viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We developed a technique to induce easily targeted SVs in the genome of S. cerevisiae by inducing two chromosomal breaks with CRISPR/Cas9 and providing the cells with chimerical donor oligonucleotides to repair the split chromosomes by homologous recombination. We have then adapted this technique to induce multiple random SVs in a single step. The phenotypic impact of obtained variants on vegetative growth and on spore viability was quantified. These results show that even balanced chromosomal rearrangements that do not affect coding sequence generate a wide phenotypic diversity that contributes to the adaptation of organisms to their environment
Pessia, Eugénie. „Comment le X vient-il à la rescousse du Y ? : évolution de la compensation de dosage des XY humains et autres questions sur l'évolution des chromosomes sexuels eucaryotes“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10261/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first part of my thesis concerns two different mechanisms of the Y being rescued by the X. Firstly, I contributed to a controversy on mammalian dosage compensation. During the 60s Susumo Ohno hypothesized a two-step dosage compensation mechanism. In males, the high loss of Y-linked genes led to a dosage imbalance: these genes were previously present in two allelic copies and became unicopy, meaning that their expression has been halved. According to Ohno’s hypothesis, in response to this imbalance the mammalian X would have doubled its expression in the two sexes, resulting in a to high expression in females. This second dosage imbalance would have been resolved by the random inactivation of one of the two Xs in females. Whereas the second part of Ohno’s hypothesis, the X-chromosome inactivation, has been well studied, the first part remained speculative until the 2000s. I studied human X-linked expression data and was able to show, concomitantly with other authors, that the first part of Ohno’s hypothesis is not totally true as only some of the X-linked genes are hyperexpressed. I later participated in the writing of a review aiming to give an alternative hypothesis for the evolution of X-chromosome inactivation in mammalian females than dosage compensation. Secondly, I studied signatures of X-Y gene conversion in several genes within numerous primate species. Myresults led me to discuss if these events were indeed selected for. I hypothesize that these gene conversion events occurred in a neutral manner. These two different studies suggest that the X chromosome may not be as much a help for the Y as has been suggested. Lastly, moving away from model species, I studied the peculiar sex chromosomes of a brown alga: Ectocarpus siliculosus. This work allowed me to test if the current hypotheses on sex chromosome evolution still hold in a eukaryotic group that diverged from animals more than one billion years ago
Courret, Cécile. „Bases génétiques et évolution du conflit génétique induit par la distorsion de ségrégation des chromosomes sexuels chez Drosophila simulans“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS495/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMeiotic drive is an infringement of the law of allele segregation into the gametes. In heterozygote individuals, the causal genes or genetic elements (meiotic drivers), prevent the production of gamete which does not contain it. Thus, they can spread through populations even if they are deleterious for the carriers.Because they induce sex-ratio bias, sex-linked drivers that are expressed in the heterogametic sex, are an important source of genetic conflict, characterized by the evolution of suppressor which tends to restore a balanced sex ratio. This process can lead to the emergence of new species, evolution of reproductive behavior or sex determination.In Drosophila simulans, X-linked meiotic drivers disturb the segregation of the Y chromosome during male meiosis. The progeny of carrier male is mainly composed of females. One of the drivers is the HP1D2 gene, which encodes a protein that binds to the heterochromatic Y chromosome. The distortion is due to dysfunctional alleles of HP1D2 (low level of expression and/or a deletion of its protein-protein interaction domain). In natural populations where the drivers have spread, they are neutralized by autosomal suppressors and resistant Y chromosomes.The first part of my thesis was focus on the genetic determinism of autosomal suppression. I performed a QTL mapping using recombinant inbreed lines which highlighted the complexity of the genetic determinism of suppression: 5 QTLs and multiple epistatic interaction.The second part is about the Y chromosome, which show important phenotypic variation in the resistance of Y chromosomes to the driver. We studied its molecular and structural variation and the dynamic of resistant Y chromosomes in natural population. The sequencing of different Y chromosomes, sensitive and resistant, allowed us to retrace the evolutionary history of the Y chromosome related to the one of the driver.The last part is a cytological study to compare the localization of the functional and the driver form of HP1D2 in spermatogonia.Generally, results presented here give a better insight regarding the genetic bases and the evolution of the multiple actors of the Paris sex ratio system
Spataro, Bruno. „GeMME, une interface modélisant la cartographie comparée des mammifères : application à l'étude de la régionalisation des génomes de l'homme et de la souris“. Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10056.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMuyle, Aline. „Évolution des chromosomes sexuels chez les plantes : développements méthodologiques et analyses de données NGS de Silènes“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10109/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn many organisms, sexes are determined by sex chromosomes. However, studies have been greatly limited by the paucity of sex chromosome sequences. Indeed, sequencing and assembling sex chromosomes are very challenging due to the large quantity of repetitive DNA that these chromosomes comprise. In this PhD, a probabilistic method was developed to infer sex-linked genes from RNA-seq data of a family (parents and progeny of each sex). The method, called SEX-DETector, was tested on simulated and real data and should performwell on a wide variety of sex chomosome systems. This new method was applied to Silene latifolia, a dioecious plant with XY system, for which partial sequence data on sex chromosomes are available (some of which obtained during this PhD by BAC sequencing), SEX-DETector returned ∼1300 sex-linked genes. In S. latifolia, Y genes are less expressed than their X counterparts. Dosage compensation (a mechanism that corrects for reduced dosage due to Y degeneration in males) was previously tested in S. latifolia, but different studies returned conflicting results. The analysis of the new set of sex-linked genes confirmed the existence of dosage compensation in S. latifolia, which seems to be achieved by the hyperexpression of the maternal X chromosome in males. An imprinting mechanism might underlie dosage compensation in that species. The RNAseq datawere also used to study the evolution of differential expression among sexes in S. latifolia, and revealed that in this species most changes have affected the female sex. The implications of our results for the evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes in plants are discussed
Achaz, Guillaume. „Étude de la dynamique des génomes : les répétitions intrachromosomiques“. Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066382.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuminil, Jérôme. „Etudes comparatives de la structure génétique des plantes“. Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe level and the organisation of species genetic diversity are controlled for by mutation, selection, migration and drift. The respective role of these forces is influenced by ecological species traits, inheritance of their genome as well as by historical factors. Understanding the contribution of each of these factors on genetic structure necessitate a comparative framework that control for phylogenetic relatedness of the species. Dealing with phylogenetic controlled comparative method we had first study the evolution of organelle genomes, and its relationships with molecular and biological characteristics of the studied species. Many relationships were demonstrated and interpreted in the light of two different models of molecular evolution: (i) a nearly-neutral model, and (ii) a model of deletional bias. We had, in a second part, compiled plant genetic structure studies based on uniparental (chloroplast and mitochondria) and on biparental (nuclear) markers. The resulting database was then used to (i) study the influence of genome inheritance on the precision of the measure of the genetic structure, (ii) study the relationships between life history traits of the species and the way they partition genetic diversity. Finally, we had studied the repartition of genetic structure in a complex of tropical tree species: Carapa procera/guianensis. Difficulties in morphological recognition of these species were overlapped using genetic identification and a contrasted genetic structure between both species was demonstrated indicating differences in their seed migration abilities
Veyrunes, Frédéric. „Radiation évolutive des souris naines Africaines, Nannomys (Rodentia, Muridae, Mus) : rôle des remaniements chromosomiques dans la spéciation et évolution des systèmes de déterminisme du sexe : approches phylogénétiques, cytogénétiques et cytogénomiques“. Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20225.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmadou, Claire. „Structure et évolution du bras court du chromosome 6 humain : la région de classe I du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité et sa partie distale“. Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGanem, Guila. „Commensalisme, fonction corticosurrénalienne et évolution chromosomique chez la souris domestique“. Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20053.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHitte, Christophe. „Construction et exploitation des cartes d'hybrides d'irradiation de génome canin“. Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S127.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHelleu, Quentin. „Nature, fonction et évolution d’un élément génétique égoïste chez Drosophila simulans“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS134.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSegregation distorters are selfish genetic elements that promote their own transmission by subverting the meiotic process to their advantage. The spread of an X-linked distorter (Sex-Ratio) in populations results in an excess of females, which triggers a genetic conflict between the X chromosome and the rest of the genome. Such conflicts are important drivers of genome evolution, but little is known about the molecular nature and the function of the Sex Ratio selfish elements. The first chapter of this manuscript is a review of the current knowledge about X-linked segregation distorters. Then, I present my work on the « Paris » Sex Ratio system of Drosophila simulans, in which two distorter elements on the X chromosome co-operate to prevent Y chromosome sister chromatids segregation during meiosis II. I mapped a gene in one of the distorter loci and achieved the functional validation of its involvement in sex-ratio distortion. It is a young and rapidly evolving gene that belongs to a well-known gene family involved in chromatin state regulation. It emerged through duplication about 15-22 Myrs ago and has experienced multiple independant cis-duplications, loss or pseudogenization throughout its evolutionary history. This suggests that this gene could have been involved in multiple genetic conflicts. Finally, the last chapter is about an opening study of the strucural diversity of Y chromosomes in relation to « Paris » segregation distorter. These findings should help understanding the molecular basis of genetic conflicts and the evolutionary impact of heterochromatin regulation during meiosis
Rigaud, Thierry. „Déterminisme extrachromosomique du sexe chez Armadillidium vulgare Latr. (Crustacé, Isopode : modification du sex ratio par une bactérie endocytobiotique et conséquences sur l'évolution des génotypes sexuels dans les populations“. Tours, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOUR4006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLu, Wenqing. „Phenotypic impact of inversions in yeast genome“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS514.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenomes are highly dynamic structures and large-scale Structural Variations (SVs) of chromosomes such as inversions contribute to genome evolution and species adaptation. Understanding the functional impact of inversion on phenotypic diversity is essential because there are growing evidence that inversions play an important role in phenotypic variation. For the purpose of explaining the phenotypic impact of inversions, we choose yeast as single cell eukaryotic model in our work. Based on a catalogue of 104 inversion events characterized among a panel of 142 complete genome assemblies, we focused on a special 32kb inversion on chromosome XIV that is recurrently found in various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus. CRISPR/Cas9 methodology of genome editing is applied to generate strain libraries in S. cerevisiae containing this region in both orientations through the introduction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the inversion boundaries. We constructed such inversion models in 3 different host strains with different genetic background, S288C, YPS128 and Y12. In order to test the relationships between this type of genetic variation and phenotypic traits, we investigated the functional impact of the inversions during both sexual and asexual cell cycles, including growth ratio in different culture conditions, sporulation efficiency, mating efficiency and spore viability. This work allows us to determine the contribution of inversions to phenotypic variations and their adaptive role during evolution
Murat, Florent. „Etude de la plasticité évolutive et structurale des génomes de plantes“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22721.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAngiosperms (or flowering plants) consist in approximatively 350 000 species that have diverged 150 to 200 million years ago in two main families, monocots (orchids, palm trees, banana, bulrushes, grasses...) and dicots (Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, legumes...) representing respectively 20% and 75% of flowering plants. Angiosperms are the subject of intense researches, in particular in genomics since 2000 with the sequence release of the first plant genome (Arabidopsis thaliana) preceding a large number of genomes of plant models and/or species of agronomical interest (around 100 today). Increasing access to plant genome sequences has allowed the identification of their structural diversity, in terms of genome size, number of chromosomes and genes as well as transposable element content. The evolutionary forces that have shaped such structural genomic divergence are at the center of this thesis. Our paleogenomics approach will investigate, through ancestral genome reconstructions, how modern species have diverged from common ancestors and which mechanisms have contributed to such present-day genome plasticity. In this thesis, we have developed methods based on comparative genomics to study plant genome evolution and reconstruct ancestral genomes, extinct progenitors of the modern angiosperm species. An ancestral angiosperm genome has been reconstructed made of 5 chromosomes and 6707 ordered genes allowing the integration in the same model of monocots and eudicots and finally elucidating evolutionary trajectories for species of major agricultural interest such as cereals, rosids and Brassicaceae. The reconstructed paleohistory of modern flowering plants enabled the identification as well as the investigation of the impact of polyploidy events (WGD, whole genome duplications), ubiquitous in plants, as a major driver of the observed structural plasticity of angiosperms. We established that genomes tend to return to a diploid status following a polyploidy event. This structural diploidization is performed at the karyotypic level through chromosomal rearrangements (involving ancestral centromeres and telomeres losses) as well as the gene level (through ancestral duplicates loss). It has been shown that this diploidization is preferentially done on one of the post-polyploidy subgenome, leading to the "sub-genome dominance" phenomenon. This structural plasticity bias (also referenced as plasticity partitioning) is acting differentially between species, chromosomes, chromosomal compartments, gene types, resulting in the structural diversity observed between the present-day plant genomes. This thesis is clearly within the scope of fundamental researches but also has a strong applied objective through translational research in creating bridges between species of major relevance for agriculture. The comparison of one species to another through the reconstructed ancestral genomes allows transferring knowledge gained on genes or any region of interest from model species to crops. Paleogenomics, in reconstructing ancestral genome and unveiling the forces driving modern plant genome plasticity, is therefore of fundamental (toward understanding species evolution) but also applied (toward improving orphan species from knowledge gained in models) objectives
Pessia, Eugenie. „Comment le X vient-il à la rescousse du Y ? : évolution de la compensation de dosage des XY humains et autres questions sur l'évolution des chromosomes sexuels eucaryotes“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067259.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePan, Qiaowei. „Utiliser ou ne pas utiliser un gène de détermination du sexe : évolution des systèmes de détermination du sexe chez les Esociformes“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARB305/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTeleost fishes, the most species-rich clade among vertebrates, employs an astonishing diversity of sex-determining (SD) mechanisms, including environmental and genetic systems. Recent studies identified many new genetic regulators in fish sexual development that lead to the notion of an 'evolutionary playground'.This thesis project aims to provide a complete picture of the evolutionary dynamic of SD systems within a small order of teleost, Esociformes. In our focal species Esox lucius, we idenWhile the gene is lost in another population of the same species rapidly possibly during post-glacial recolonization process, it is well conserved among different species. Meanwhile, additional transition of SD system have also been identified in a sister Esox species. Moreover, in the most distant genera Dallia and Umbra, the Esox master SD gene is not present and we found different SD mechanisms with novel SD genes that adds additional layers of complexity to this group, which mirrors the observed high genetic plasticity in teleost SD
Monfouilloux, Sylvaine. „Etude de la structure et de l'évolution d'une région de translocations sous télomériques chez l'homme“. Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES065.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDouadi, Mélanie. „Variabilités des marqueurs à transmission uniparentale et mise en évidence de différences de comportements de dispersion et de reproduction entre males et femelles chez le gorille de plaine de l'Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)“. Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe have explored differences between male and female dispersal and reproductive behaviors in western lowland gorilla. At maturity, both sexes disperse from their natal group. In order to detect divergences between sexes, we used sex-specific non recombining markers which trace female (mtDNA) and male lineages (NRY), and slightly recombining marker that are 2/3 of time present in females (X chromosome). Results confirm a high genetic diversity in gorilla. The analysis of uniparentally inherited polymorphisms highlight a dispersal distance difference between sexes in this species. This result matches the observations that females transfer between groups and that males, during their solitary phase, can disperse longer distances and leave their subpopulation. Although male gorillas present features that are strongly indicative of sexual selection pressure, our results do not show any difference in reproductive success between males and females
Pont, Caroline. „La recherche translationnelle chez le blé tendre : comprendre l'évolution de son génome pour améliorer ses caractères agronomiques“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22732/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWheat plays a key role in Human food due to its nutritional value. Wheat production needs to be increased by more than 20% by 2050 to guarantee current human consumption standards. Taking into account climatic changes with high level of environmental constraints, yield improvement without quality loss became a big challenge. This consists in the economical and societal context of the current doctoral thesis.The integrative translational genomic approach consists in transferring fundamental knowledge gained from model species to applied practices for breeding in crops. This strategy was used here to study the evolutionary history, the organization and the regulation of the modern bread wheat genome. Modern wheat is a polypoid species deriving from two hybridization events between diploid progenitors 500 000 and 10 000 years ago, as well as a more ancient that dated back to more than 90 million years ago. The current research consisted in using cereal species closely related to wheat to study the impact of these duplications on the structural and expression plasticity of duplicated genes in wheat.My results established that the diploidization process is in progress in wheat after the successive rounds of polyploidization events. This diploidization consists in the accumulation of mutations, gene loss or expression modification between duplicated genes. This diploidization is nonrandom at the genome level; generating dominant chromosomic regions with high stability in contrast to others regions more sensitive with high plasticity. Based on such wheat genome evolutionary analysis, polyploidy appears as a major evolutionary force driving plant adaptation through structural and expressional specialization of duplicated genes.Such post-polyploidy genomic asymmetry drives finally the phenotype diploidization as illustrated in the current research with the study of genetic basis of the tiller inhibition Trait. This trait seems to be driven by a 109 pb insertion coding for a microRNA located solely on the chromosome 1A, known as a sensitive genomic fraction.The current research established that the modern bread wheat has been quasi-entirely diploidized at the structural, expressional and phenotypic levels, now requiring a new definition of the polypoid concept in line with current genomic investigations, as illustrated in the current thesis
Hutinet, Geoffrey. „Homologous recombination in Bacteriophages, less fidelity for more exchanges“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112290/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe diversity of the viruses infecting bacteria (bacteriophages, or phages for short) is so important that it is difficult to classify them in a pertinent way, and the species notion itself is a matter of debate among specialists. At the root of this diversity, one of the key factors is DNA recombination, which occurs at high levels among phages, and permits gene exchanges among entities that are sometimes very distant. My research has focused on homologous recombination in phages, and in particular on the protein that is key to the process, the recombinase. I have shown, for two different types of recombinases, Rad52-like and Sak4-like, that their fidelity was relaxed, compared to the bacterial recombinase, RecA. Moreover, for Sak4, a protein that had not been studied before, I showed that recombination occurs by single strand annealing, and that it is strictly dependent in vivo on the co-expression of its cognate SSB protein, whose gene is often encoded nearby in phage genomes encoding sak4. Genetic exchanges are therefore greatly facilitated for phages encoding these types of recombinases. Nevertheless, exchanges are not anarchical: recombination is seen up to 22% diverged substrates, but 50% diverged DNA sequences will not recombine. It may be that the species notion should be enlarged for phages, so as to include into a same group all phages exhibiting traces of recent exchanges of genetic material (the so-called mosaicism)
Cazaux, Benoite. „Approche cytogénomique de l'évolution des séquences répétées : cas des satellites et des gènes ribosomiques au sein du genre Mus“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20099/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleComparative analyses of the architecture of mammalian genomes have highlighted the association between repetitive sequences and rearrangements. This thesis focuses on the evolutionary dynamics of two repeat sequences (ribosomal clusters and satellites) and explores their role in chromosomal change. These sequences are analyzed by a cytogenomic approach (FISH, CO-FISH) in the genus Mus that is known for its chromosomal diversity and for which molecular and chromosomal phylogenies are available.1) The chromosomal distribution of ribosomal clusters, established in 19 species, allowed us to reconstruct the ancestral states of clusters. This analysis demonstrated that 24% of clusters were associated with breakpoints, whereas others showed high lability in the absence of rearrangements. Moreover, a strong association between clusters and centromeres was retrieved.2) The subgenus Mus is characterized by a highly conserved karyotype except for one subspecies of the house mouse (M. musculus domesticus), that displays an extraordinary chromosomal radiation involving centromeric satellite sequences. To determine the genomic traits related to this difference in rate, the evolutionary dynamics of satellite sequences was analyzed in 11 taxa. From the qualitative differences evidenced between taxa, an evolutionary scenario of these sequences is proposed. None of the studied features (composition, orientation) of these sequences was found to be specific to M. m. domesticus, and could explain its chromosomal plasticity. Similarly, in the latter, no relationship between satellite sequence quantity and the rearrangement frequency of chromosomes was found.This study confirms that although repeated sequences are involved in chromosomal evolution, they aren't in themselves the key element of the latter
Cortés, Silva Nuria. „CenH3-independent kinetochore assembly in Lepidoptera requires CCAN, including CENP-T“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS083.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe kinetochore is a multiprotein complex that assembles on centromeric DNA and enables chromosome segregation during cell division. Essential for kinetochore assembly in most species is the histone variant CenH3 that initiates complex formation. Unexpected to this essential role, it was previously shown that CenH3 was lost in multiple insect orders including the Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths). Despite this loss, recent studies from my host lab revealed that other kinetochore homologs are present in Lepidoptera and must therefore be recruited in a different way. For my PhD I aimed to characterize the assembly of these CenH3-deficientt kinetochores in Bombyx mori cells. In order to address my aim, during the 1st and 2nd year of my PhD, I established tools and protocols in these cells with sparse experimental history. Those include the optimization of RNAI-mediated depletion, characterization of mitotic phenotypes, verification of antibodies and the generation of cell lines containing lacO arrays to able to study kinetochore assembly at ectopic sites. My studies focused on one particular kinetochore component, CENP-T that in other organisms makes important contributions to connect the kinetochore to DNA and to the spindle microtubules. Using the tools that I have generated, I could show that the B. mori CENP-T is essential for mitotic progression and both necessary and sufficient to recruit components to interact with the spindle
Rustenholz, Camille. „Impact de la structure du génome sur l'organisation, la régulation et la fonction des gènes sur le chromosome 3B du blé hexaploïde (Triticum aestivum L.)“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22091.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBecause of its size (17 Gb), allohexaploid nature and high repeat content (>80%), the bread wheat genome has always been perceived as too complex for efficient molecular studies. As a consequence, our knowledge of the wheat genome structure is still limited. Following a chromosome-specific approach, the physical map of wheat chromosome 3B has recently been constructed and allowed the development of unique genomic resources. During my PhD the use of transcriptomic approaches based on these resources allowed me analysing the relationships between the structure of the genome, the evolution, the function and the regulation of the genes along wheat chromosome 3B. First macroarrays carrying the BACs of the chromosome 3B “Minimal Tiling Path” (MTP) were hybridised with 15 mRNA samples to identify the BACs carrying genes. Then barley Agilent 15K expression microarrays were hybridised with the MTP of chromosome 3B pooled in three-dimension (3D) to precisely locate the genes on the physical map. To build the first transcription map of a wheat chromosome, the 3D pools as well as the 15 mRNA samples were hybridised onto wheat NimbleGen 40K expression microarrays. The results from these experiments allowed drawing some conclusions about gene space organisation on chromosome 3B. Thus the genes are spread all along chromosome 3B with a gradient of the gene density from the centromere to the telomeres with a higher proportion of genes organised in islands at the telomeres. An evolutionary analysis demonstrated that the islands would essentially be composed of genes that have undergone rearrangements in the wheat genome. Furthermore the transcription map also showed that a significant fraction of the genes organised in islands display similar expression profiles and / or share the same function and / or play a role in the same biological process. Moreover, at the scale of the whole chromosome 3B, mechanisms of long distance regulation between gene islands were suspected. In conclusion this study allowed for the first time to find relationships between the genome structure, the evolution, the function and the regulation of the genes at a wheat chromosome scale. The sequencing and the annotation of chromosome 3B as well as the use of technologies like RNAseq will enable to analyse these relationships in an even more precise and exhaustive way
Badouin, Hélène. „Génomique évolutive chez les champignons Microbotryum : adaptation et chromosomes de types sexuels“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnderstanding how species adapt to their environment is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Scientists aim to identity the genes underlying key adaptive traits, but also to understand more broadly adaptive processes and phenomena that allow or prevent optimal adaptation. Non-recombining regions are particular for these aspects. They can indeed protect adaptive combinations of alleles from recombination, and conversely, suppressed recombination can lead to degeneration, such as accumulation of deleterious mutations or genes losses. Even sexually-reproducing organisms often possess large non-recombining regions associated with sex ou mating-type determination. In this thesis, I therefore studied signatures of adaptation and degeneration in genomes of plant pathogenic fungi. Fungi of the species complex Microbotryum violaceum, with dozens of host-specific sibling species causing anther-smut disease in the Caryophyllaceae family, are particularly good models for addressing the question of the genomic processes involved in host adaptation. Moreover, they possess size-dimorphic, partly non-recombining mating-type chromosomes. To study the evolution of mating-type chromosomes, degeneration and host-adaptation in the M. violaceum species complex, we used a genomic approach. Using PacBio sequencing, we obtained a complete assembly of the mating-type chromosomes of the species M. lychnidis-dioicae. We showed that the non-recombining regions span 90 % of the mating-type chromosomes, exhibit an exceptional level of rearrangements between the two mating-types, and that hundreds of genes are in a hemizygous state and were therefore probably lost in one of the two mating-type chromosomes. Moreover, comparing a dozen of species of the M. violaceum complex revealed an accumulation of non-synonymous substitutions and of transposable elements in mating-type chromosomes. We also studied degeneration in the context of ionizing radiations, by analysing populations of M. lychnidis-dioicae exposed to different radiation levels in the Chernobyl area. We did not detect any increase in the rate of non-synonymous mutations compared to the control group or with radiation, which suggests that the fungi is radio-resistant or that selection is higher in the Chernobyl area. Lastly, we resequenced dozens of genomes of two sibling species of M. violaceum in order to study host adaptation. Analysing polymorphism patterns, we found several selective sweeps along the genome, at different locations in the two species. We identified candidate genes for host-adaptation in the regions of selective sweeps, based on their expression pattern and on their putative functions. In addition, genes up-regulated in planta exhibited a higher rate of non-synonymous substitutions than other genes, suggesting that many of them are likely involved in host adaptation. This work paves the way to a larger comparison of genomes of different species of the M. violaceum species complex, in order to reconstruct the history of recombination suppression on the mating-type chromosomes on the one hand, and to study the genetic bases of adaptation to different hosts in a complex of phylogenetically close species on the other hand
Lemaitre, Claire. „Réarrangements chromosomiques dans les génomes de mammifères : caractérisation des points de cassure“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00364265.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGallois, Alexandre. „Dynamique des extrémités du chromosome linéaire de Streptomyces ambofaciens“. Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10108/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Streptomyces are soil bacteria with a large linear chromosome, typically 8 to 10 Mb, high part of G-C bases (72.1% for S. coelicolor) and are subject to a high degree of genetic instability, correlated with the formation of large rearrangement occurring in the terminal chromosomal regions. The analysis of the terminal regions sequences and partial sequence central region of S. ambofaciens ATCC23877 shows that the size of the terminal species-specific regions increases as the phylogenetic distance between compared species increases. The synteny observed between central regions degenerates progressively over several hundreds of kilobases before reaching the terminal species-specific regions. This synteny appears as gradually parceled out by multiple insertions/deletions (indels) of genes. The comparison of the sequences of the Terminal Inverted Repeat (TIR) of two S. ambofaciens strains shows the two strains share the same ancestral boundaries of TIRs. On the other hand, the terminals regions are strain-specific suggesting that exchanges of replicon extremities, potentially plasmidic, have occurred, contributing to the terminal variability observed at the intraspecific level. The mechanisms of double breaks repair or the frequency of these double breaks could be the reasons of this variability. Sometimes, the chromosome becomes dicentric and enters in a break-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle. This cycle is the consequence of a end-to-end fusion of two deleted chromosomes. The analysis of S. ambofaciens DSM40697 strains with a second locus involved in the partitioning narrows the implication of this one in the chromosomic instability and the Streptomyces’ evolution
Cormier, Alexandre. „Le modèle algue brune pour l'analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive du déterminisme sexuel“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066646/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenetically determined sex determination mechanisms, which are controlled by non-recombinant chromosome regions or sex chromosomes, have emerged independently and repeatedly across several eukaryotic lineages. Most of the knowledge acquired in this area has been obtained for a limited number of eukaryotic groups. The availability of a model organism for the brown algae, Ectocarpus, whose genome has been sequenced, allows the development of tools to study these mechanisms in a lineage that is phylogenetically distant from classically studied models. One of the first challenges was to identify the sex chromosomes in Ectocarpus and to carry out a comparative analysis of these genomic structures. Analysis of gene expression in males and females at different stages of the life cycle then allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes. The functions and molecular evolution of these sex-biased genes was then studied. The large amount of data generated during the course of these analyses allowed the establishment of a new version of the genome assembly and refined structural and functional annotation of both coding and non-coding genes in Ectocarpus. This work helped made a significant contribution to knowledge in the field of functional and evolutionary analysis of sex determination in brown algae and a significantly updated the genomic resources available for the model organism Ectocarpus
Tendeng, Christian. „Structure-fonction-évolution des protéines H-NS chez les bactéries à coloration de Gram négatif“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS0028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe H-NS protein of Escherichia coli controls the expression of various genes involved in adaptation to environmental challenges. But the function of H-NS in bacterial metabolism remains elusive. Taking advantage of serine susceptibility, we have characterized more than ten H-NS related proteins in other bacteria like Vibrio cholerae. Among them, the characterization of the Psychrobacter H-NS protein from a psychrophilic bacteria reveals the crucial role of the N-terminal domain for the thermal stability of H-NS protein. Currently, more than forty H-NS-like proteins have been identified exclusively from proteobacteria. The importance of RNAs and one carbon metabolism in H-NS functions have been suggested
Cormier, Alexandre. „Le modèle algue brune pour l'analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive du déterminisme sexuel“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066646.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenetically determined sex determination mechanisms, which are controlled by non-recombinant chromosome regions or sex chromosomes, have emerged independently and repeatedly across several eukaryotic lineages. Most of the knowledge acquired in this area has been obtained for a limited number of eukaryotic groups. The availability of a model organism for the brown algae, Ectocarpus, whose genome has been sequenced, allows the development of tools to study these mechanisms in a lineage that is phylogenetically distant from classically studied models. One of the first challenges was to identify the sex chromosomes in Ectocarpus and to carry out a comparative analysis of these genomic structures. Analysis of gene expression in males and females at different stages of the life cycle then allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes. The functions and molecular evolution of these sex-biased genes was then studied. The large amount of data generated during the course of these analyses allowed the establishment of a new version of the genome assembly and refined structural and functional annotation of both coding and non-coding genes in Ectocarpus. This work helped made a significant contribution to knowledge in the field of functional and evolutionary analysis of sex determination in brown algae and a significantly updated the genomic resources available for the model organism Ectocarpus
Abdel, Samad Farah. „Caractérisation écogéographique et génétique du genre Astragalus du Liban : approches de conservation biogéographique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4320.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is one of the genera with the largest number of representatives among the angiosperms. Its center of origin and diversity is located in the arid mountains of Central and Southwest Asia. In Lebanon, this genus is also one of the most represented genera in the flora, with 62 species and subspecies and 22 endemic species identified. The different taxa of this genus are difficult to identify based only on morphological characters and their current status of distribution must be evaluated. Phylogenetic relationships, changes in genome size and the role of polyploidy in the evolution of Astragalus genus in the Lebanese mountains range were studied. Our data confirm that a significant interspecific chromosomal polymorphism exists in the genus Astragalus of Lebanon and polyploidy and the subsequent evolution of the genome may be important drivers of the evolution of this genus. The diversification process of Astragalus genus that took place in Lebanon was analyzed using phylogenetic and molecular dating methods and analysis of ancestral areas. Our results confirm that Lebanon is the third center of diversity and should be considered as a "cradle" of biodiversity. Therefore, this study is a contribution to a better understanding of evolutionary and biogeographic processes behind the development of biodiversity in Lebanon, with an applied purpose of biogeographic conservation
Auvinet, Juliette. „Histoire évolutive des remaniements chromosomiques en liaison avec la mobilisation d'éléments transposables chez les téléostéens antarctiques Nototheniidae : la radiation adaptative du groupe " Trematomus "“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS371.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the last 20 My, multiple glacial-interglacial cycles led to strong and repeated environmental changes on the Antarctic continental shelf. In this changing environment, nototheniid fishes diversified through several rounds of species radiation (one of which within Trematominae), and now constitute the dominant group in Antarctic teleosts. Among Nototheniidae, the group « Trematomus » (genera Cryothenia, Pagothenia, Trematomus and Indonotothenia) exhibits the highest chromosomal diversity, with diploid chromosome numbers ranging between 24 and 58, involving many rearrangements probably linked to speciation. We characterized the nature of these chromosomal repatternings. With an inferred ancestral state of 2n = 48 acrocentric chromosomes, a conserved number of chromosomal structural units, and a constancy of the genomes sizes we measured; the hypothesis of structural modifications is favored rather than a whole genome duplication associated to drastic reductions. In order to reconstruct an evolutionary scenario of such chromosomal rearrangements accompanying the trematomine diversification, we identified interspecific chromosomal homologies. This allowed us to reconstruct the rearrangements events (mostly centric and tandem fusions). We plotted them on a phylogeny we reconstructed based on our own ddRAD-seq data. Contrary to what was reported for the Notothenia, our results are in favor of independent acquisitions. Transposable elements (TEs) can lead to chromosomal rearrangements through ectopic recombination events, hinting at a role as drivers of specific-lineage diversification. Moreover, due to their epigenetic regulation, TEs can be mobilized when thermic changes occur. We focused on three retrotransposon superfamilies (DIRS, Gypsy and Copia) in nototheniid genomes. The DIRS1 showed unexpected accumulation patterns of insertion in the centromeric and pericentromeric regions. Given the mechanism of DIRS1 transposition and their tendency to sometimes insert on pre-existing copies (homing), we suggest a role of DIRS1 elements as facilitators of the fusions that occurred during the trematomine radiation
Bastide, Héloïse. „Contribution à la connaissance de l'histoire évolutive de la distorsion de ségrégation sex-ratio chez Drosophila simulans“. Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112247.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSex-ratio meiotic segregation distorters in Drosophilids are a kind of selfish genetic element. Carried on the X chromosome, they prevent the formation of Y-bearing spermatozoids in males. The invasion of a population by sex-ratio X chromosomes (X SR) induces selective pressure in favor of any autosomal or Y-linked suppressor element which restores equal segregation. In the species Drosophila simulans, we have been following the evolution of X SR chromosomes for roughly 15 years in three East-African locations. Ln these populations, complete suppression of the distorter has evolved, halting the expression/invasion of the sex-ratio phenotype. We observed that, as a result of losing their advantage during the gametic phase, the X SR chromosomes rapidly declined in frequency. The high rate of loss of X SR shows that the driving chromosomes are certainly deleterious for the carrier and could disappear in a few decades. To understand the XSR chromosomes history in those populations, we analyzed the polymorphism around the two elements responsible for the drive. We found the region harbored a signature of a selective sweep, revealing that chromosome had rapidly increased in frequency in the recent past. Using simulations, we modeled the invasion of X SR, chromosomes, including modelling the effect of the interactions between the two known distorter loci. The results of these simulations show that the observed polymorphism is inconsistent with simple scenarios, suggesting that XSR has a complex history, e. G. Has experienced recurrent invasions or a single invasion occurring in stages. We then focused on a large-scale survey of polymorphism at one of the distorter éléments, which is a tandem duplication. This study showed evidence of local selective sweeps and revealed that the origin of the duplication was probably south-east tropical Africa. Finally, we started experimental populations which reproduce the conditions of evolution of the tandem duplication! X SR chromosome in a background where sex-ratio drive is completely suprressed. Currently, its frequency shows a general tendency to decline, as was observed in nature. Ln conclusion, this work shows that X SR chromosomes in D. Simulans can show rapid cycles of invasion/regression. The X SR system provides a unique opportunity to witness different phases in the turnover of sex-ratio systems
Zedane, Loubab. „Phylogenetic hypothesis of the Oleeae tribe (Oleaceae) : diversification and molecular evolution patterns in plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Oleeae tribe (Oleaceae) is a very interesting biological model to investigate plant diversification and molecular evolution patterns. However, a comprehensive phylogeny is missing to accurately describe the evolutionary and biogeographic history of this tribe. Reconstructions the Oleeae evolutionary history and the phylogenetic relationships between its species were the core of this thesis. This work has led to significant progress in resolving the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe at different taxonomic levels. We demonstrated that the use of a shotgun approach is a highly suitable method to generate complete plastomes (ptDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), even on herbarium sample. We showed the usefulness of ptDNA to reconstruct highly resolved phylogeny of Oleeae and provided new insights into the biogeographic history and the evolution of some traits. We also showed that the evolution of nrDNA base-composition seems to be influenced by environmental factors
Badel, Catherine. „Eléments génétiques mobiles et évolution génomique chez les Archées Thermococcales“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS168.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenomes rapidly evolve through rearrangements that can generate new genome organizations or lead to the acquisition of foreign coding sequences or the loss of non-essential functions. Several mechanisms of rearrangement were uncovered for Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes that involve mobile genetic elements (MGE). Species from the archaeal genera Thermococcus present numerous genomic inversions but none of the previously known inversion drivers. To better understand the genomic evolution of Thermococcales, I investigated two of their MGE families: the pTN3 and pT26-2 plasmid families. Specifically, I focused on the tyrosine recombinases (or integrase) that these plasmids encode and that catalyze their site-specific integration in the host chromosome. I demonstrated that the plasmidic integrase Intᵖᵀᴺ³ is responsible for chromosomal inversions in the host Thermococcus nautili through an unprecedented homologous recombination catalytic activity. I also characterized two other related Thermococcus integrases and only one catalyzes homologous recombination. The structure resolution of Intᵖᵀᴺ³ and primary sequence comparisons will now provide clues about the genetic determinants of site specificity and of the homologous recombination activity. The three integrases all belong to an archaeal-specific class of integrases that catalyzes a suicidal integration. The integrase gene is partitioned and presumably inactivated upon integration. The integrated MGE is then trapped into the chromosome. The evolutionary benefits of this suicide activity are puzzling. I identified 62 related suicidal hyperthermophilic integrases and reconstructed their evolutionary history. They are highly prevalent and recruited by diverse MGE. I also showed that one of these integrases can catalyze in vitro site-specific recombination at near boiling water temperature, representing an advantage in hyperthermophilic environments
Auvinet, Juliette. „Histoire évolutive des remaniements chromosomiques en liaison avec la mobilisation d'éléments transposables chez les téléostéens antarctiques Nototheniidae : la radiation adaptative du groupe " Trematomus "“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS371/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the last 20 My, multiple glacial-interglacial cycles led to strong and repeated environmental changes on the Antarctic continental shelf. In this changing environment, nototheniid fishes diversified through several rounds of species radiation (one of which within Trematominae), and now constitute the dominant group in Antarctic teleosts. Among Nototheniidae, the group « Trematomus » (genera Cryothenia, Pagothenia, Trematomus and Indonotothenia) exhibits the highest chromosomal diversity, with diploid chromosome numbers ranging between 24 and 58, involving many rearrangements probably linked to speciation. We characterized the nature of these chromosomal repatternings. With an inferred ancestral state of 2n = 48 acrocentric chromosomes, a conserved number of chromosomal structural units, and a constancy of the genomes sizes we measured; the hypothesis of structural modifications is favored rather than a whole genome duplication associated to drastic reductions. In order to reconstruct an evolutionary scenario of such chromosomal rearrangements accompanying the trematomine diversification, we identified interspecific chromosomal homologies. This allowed us to reconstruct the rearrangements events (mostly centric and tandem fusions). We plotted them on a phylogeny we reconstructed based on our own ddRAD-seq data. Contrary to what was reported for the Notothenia, our results are in favor of independent acquisitions. Transposable elements (TEs) can lead to chromosomal rearrangements through ectopic recombination events, hinting at a role as drivers of specific-lineage diversification. Moreover, due to their epigenetic regulation, TEs can be mobilized when thermic changes occur. We focused on three retrotransposon superfamilies (DIRS, Gypsy and Copia) in nototheniid genomes. The DIRS1 showed unexpected accumulation patterns of insertion in the centromeric and pericentromeric regions. Given the mechanism of DIRS1 transposition and their tendency to sometimes insert on pre-existing copies (homing), we suggest a role of DIRS1 elements as facilitators of the fusions that occurred during the trematomine radiation
Oudjehih, Bachir. „Étude de la variabilité caryologique dans le genre eucalyptus l'Hérit. (Myrtaceae) : Analyse statistique de la morphologie chromosomique des génomes et comparaison des caryotypes par la technique de "Hy-bands"“. Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOttolenghi, Chris. „Délétions du bras court du chromosome 9 et détermination du sexe chez l'homme : gènes de la famille doublesex-mab-3 et leur évolution“. Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077227.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVanlerberghe, Flavie. „Histoire évolutive de la zone d'hybridation naturelle entre les deux sous-espèces de souris européennes Mus musculus domesticus et Mus musculus musculus : dynamique de l'introgression de gènes autosomaux, de l'ADN mitochondrial et du chromosome Y“. Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFischer, Gilles. „Variabilité des régions terminales de l'ADN chromosomique linéaire de streptomyces ambofaciens : implications évolutives de l'instabilité génétique“. Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10240.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDesprés, Laurence. „Histoire évolutive des schistosomes : Phylogénies moléculaires : coévolution et capture d'hôtes : modèle de fixation de la gonochorie“. Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20275.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIbnsouda, Saad. „Structure, expression et évolution du gène serendipity-alpha de la drosophile : un gène requis pour la cellularisation de l'embryon“. Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30110.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThépot, Stéphanie. „Utilisation d'une population multi-parentale et hautement recombinante de blé tendre pour l'étude de l'architecture génétique de la précocité de floraison“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112043/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowadays, with the dramatically increase of available molecular markers, there is a deep need for new populations allowing to exploit all of this information to better understand the genetic architecture of complex traits. MAGIC populations as they are built to bring together bi-parental populations and association panel advantages, provide such powerful detection and fine mapping capacities. The aim of these PhD was to study the MAGIC INRA population usefulness for the study of genetic architecture of earliness. This population is derived from 12 cycles of random crosses between 60 founders, turning wheat from selfing to outcrossing thanks to the use of a nuclear male sterility gene (ms1b, Probus donor). This population is composed of 56 parents still available and 380 SSD lines. Parents and SSD lines were genotyped using the 9K iSelect SNPs array, providing around 5 000 SNPs on the whole genome, as well as 14 addition markers located in candidate genes. They were also finely phenotyped for earliness traits. With the 12 panmictic generations, the population LD decreased strongly, especially at long and medium distance (<10cM). This allowed us to develop an algorithm mapping markers on the sole pairwise LD information, ordering markers in a way to have the LD decreasing along the distance. When considering long distances, overall the results were consistent with the order found on genetic maps while at short distance LD was poorly linked to genetic distance. These differences between long and short distances were linked to the balance between recombination and drift effects on LD. The usefulness of the MAGIC INRA population for QTL detection was analyzed with two approaches: an evolutionary approach and an association genetics approach. The first one detects loci under selection by identifying high shift in allelic frequency with a new method. The initial population was composed of founders weighted by a contribution estimated with a new Bayesian method. 26 genomic areas under selection were detected. An association genetics analysis with the markers detected as under selection showed respectively five and three genomic regions associated with earliness and growth habit. Actually the G12 population was found phenotypically earlier than the G0 and with more spring individuals. A broader association genetics analysis was performed on G12 population, studying 12 traits x environments i.e. heading date and grain filling time, both observed in six environmental conditions. Two additional integrated traits from either PCA or ecophysiological model were also analyzed. In all, these different analyses detected six QTLs, three of them corresponding to candidate genes. Among these six QTLs, two were specific to autumn sowing and two specific to spring sowing
Simonaitis, Pijus. „Weighted Genome Rearrangements“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecent advances in sequencing technologies revealed the ubiquity of genome rearrangements between each and every one of us. These large scale mutationsrearrange segments of chromosomes and have a profound impact on genetic variation, disease, and evolution. The study of the consequences of rearrangements along with their molecular mechanisms, however, is still in its infancy.Given extant genomes, we are interested in tracing back the evolutionary rearrangement scenarios that transformed their least common ancestor into the genomes that we observe today. This helps not only to reveal evolutionary relationships between organisms, but also provides a window for the study of genome rearrangements themselves.The central computational problem in this subfield of comparative genomicsis that of finding optimal rearrangement scenarios transforming one genome into another. Historically all rearrangements were treated as being equally possible, and optimal scenarios were those that contained the minimum number of rearrangements. Recent advances in biology, however, allow us to devise much more sophisticated models. We present a short survey of the existingwork on using biological constraints for genome rearrangements, and argue that a much more flexible approach is necessary to accompany the influx of newly available biological data.In this work we propose an extremely general framework for genome rearrangements with biological constraints. Our main contribution is a polynomial time algorithm that, for an arbitrary cost function, finds a minimum cost scenario among those of minimum length. Along the way we establish a number of novel links between sorting genomes with double cut and join rearrangements, sorting graphs with 2-breaks or edge swaps, sorting permutations with mathematical transpositions, sorting strings with interchanges, and token swapping on graphs
Schmeltzer, Olivier. „Modélisation de cartes génomiques : une formalisation et un algorithme de construction fondé sur le raisonnement temporel“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005062.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFischer, Stephan. „Modélisation de l'évolution de la taille des génomes et de leur densité en gènes par mutations locales et grands réarrangements chromosomiques“. Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00924831.
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