Thematische Bibliographien / Eutherian mammals

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Eutherian mammals“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 20. Februar 2023

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Eutherian mammals"

V.R. Prasad, Guntupalli, Omkar Verma, Ashok Sahni und Ashu Khosla. „Cretaceous mammals of India–Stratigraphic distribution, diversity and intercontinental affinities“. Journal of Palaeosciences 70, Nr. (1-2) (10.09.2021): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.14.

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Extensive research carried out on the Cretaceous deposits of Laurasia has revealed an overwhelming presence of eutherian, metatherian and multituberculate groups of mammals in the Cretaceous ecosystems of Northern Hemisphere continents. In contrast, the relatively poorly documented fossil record of Cretaceous mammals from Gondwanan continents is represented by gondwanatherians, dryolestoids, and a few multituberculates and haramiyidans. Until now, no undoubted eutherian mammals have been reported from the Cretaceous strata of the southern continents except for India. In this context, Indian Cretaceous mammals assume great significance for understanding the origin and evolution of these mammals in Gondwana. Currently, the Cretaceous mammals of India include three groups, viz., eutherians, gondwanatherians, and haramiyidans. These three mammalian groups were recovered primarily from the Upper Cretaceous Deccan infra–and inter–trappean beds of peninsular India exposed near Bacharam, Naskal and Rangapur (Telengana), Upparhatti (Karnataka) and Kisalpuri (Madhya Pradesh) villages. Eutheria is by far the most diverse clade comprising three named genera (Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Kharmerungulatum) and one unnamed taxon (Eutheria incertae sedis). The gondwanatherians are known by Bharattherium bonapartei and Sudamericidae gen. et sp. indet. The third mammalian group, a possible haramiyidan, is represented by a solitary species Avashishta bacharamensis. Overall, the Cretaceous mammal fauna of India presents a complex biogeographic history with eutherians of Laurasian affinity, pan–Gondwanan gondwanatherians and a possible late surviving haramiyidan. Numerically abundant and speciose Deccanolestes, identified as an adapisoriculid, has been interpreted to have had originated in northward drifting Indian Plate in the Late Cretaceous and dispersed out of India into Africa and Europe over island arc systems (Oman–Kohistan–Dras) and the Ladakh magmatic arc at or near the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. A similar dispersal mode has also been visualized for Kharmerungulatum and Eutheria incertae sedis of Laurasian affinities.

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Edwards, Carol A., Nozomi Takahashi, Jennifer A. Corish und Anne C. Ferguson-Smith. „The origins of genomic imprinting in mammals“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, Nr. 7 (2019): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18176.

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Genomic imprinting is a process that causes genes to be expressed according to their parental origin. Imprinting appears to have evolved gradually in two of the three mammalian subclasses, with no imprinted genes yet identified in prototheria and only six found to be imprinted in marsupials to date. By interrogating the genomes of eutherian suborders, we determine that imprinting evolved at the majority of eutherian specific genes before the eutherian radiation. Theories considering the evolution of imprinting often relate to resource allocation and recently consider maternal–offspring interactions more generally, which, in marsupials, places a greater emphasis on lactation. In eutherians, the imprint memory is retained at least in part by zinc finger protein 57 (ZFP57), a Kruppel associated box (KRAB) zinc finger protein that binds specifically to methylated imprinting control regions. Some imprints are less dependent on ZFP57invivo and it may be no coincidence that these are the imprints that are found in marsupials. Because marsupials lack ZFP57, this suggests another more ancestral protein evolved to regulate imprints in non-eutherian subclasses, and contributes to imprinting control in eutherians. Hence, understanding the mechanisms acting at imprinting control regions across mammals has the potential to provide valuable insights into our understanding of the origins and evolution of genomic imprinting.

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Gerkema, Menno P., Wayne I. L. Davies, Russell G. Foster, Michael Menaker und Roelof A. Hut. „The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, Nr. 1765 (22.08.2013): 20130508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0508.

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In 1942, Walls described the concept of a ‘nocturnal bottleneck’ in placental mammals, where these species could survive only by avoiding daytime activity during times in which dinosaurs were the dominant taxon. Walls based this concept of a longer episode of nocturnality in early eutherian mammals by comparing the visual systems of reptiles, birds and all three extant taxa of the mammalian lineage, namely the monotremes, marsupials (now included in the metatherians) and placentals (included in the eutherians). This review describes the status of what has become known as the nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis, giving an overview of the chronobiological patterns of activity. We review the ecological plausibility that the activity patterns of (early) eutherian mammals were restricted to the night, based on arguments relating to endothermia, energy balance, foraging and predation, taking into account recent palaeontological information. We also assess genes, relating to light detection (visual and non-visual systems) and the photolyase DNA protection system that were lost in the eutherian mammalian lineage. Our conclusion presently is that arguments in favour of the nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis in eutherians prevail.

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Griffith, Oliver W., Arun R. Chavan, Stella Protopapas, Jamie Maziarz, Roberto Romero und Gunter P. Wagner. „Embryo implantation evolved from an ancestral inflammatory attachment reaction“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, Nr. 32 (26.07.2017): E6566—E6575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701129114.

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The molecular changes that support implantation in eutherian mammals are necessary to establish pregnancy. In marsupials, pregnancy is relatively short, and although a placenta does form, it is present for only a few days before parturition. However, morphological changes in the uterus of marsupials at term mimic those that occur during implantation in humans and mice. We investigated the molecular similarity between term pregnancy in the marsupials and implantation in eutherian mammals using the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) as a model. Transcriptomic analysis shows that term pregnancy in the opossum is characterized by an inflammatory response consistent with implantation in humans and mice. This immune response is temporally correlated with the loss of the eggshell, and we used immunohistochemistry to report that this reaction occurs at the materno–fetal interface. We demonstrate that key markers of implantation, including Heparin binding EGF-like growth factor and Mucin 1, exhibit expression and localization profiles consistent with the pattern observed during implantation in eutherian mammals. Finally, we show that there are transcriptome-wide similarities between the opossum attachment reaction and implantation in rabbits and humans. Our data suggest that the implantation reaction that occurs in eutherians is derived from an attachment reaction in the ancestral therian mammal which, in the opossum, leads directly to parturition. Finally, we argue that the ability to shift from an inflammatory attachment reaction to a noninflammatory period of pregnancy was a key innovation in eutherian mammals that allowed an extended period of intimate placentation.

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Royall, Amy H., Stephen Frankenberg, Andrew J. Pask und Peter W. H. Holland. „Of eyes and embryos: subfunctionalization of the CRX homeobox gene in mammalian evolution“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, Nr. 1907 (24.07.2019): 20190830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0830.

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ETCHbox genes are fast-evolving homeobox genes present only in eutherian (placental) mammals which originated by duplication and divergence from a conserved homeobox gene, Cone-rod homeobox ( CRX ). While expression and function of CRX are restricted to the retina in eutherian mammals, ETCHbox gene expression is specific to preimplantation embryos. This dramatic difference could reflect the acquisition of new functions by duplicated genes or subfunctionalization of pleiotropic roles between CRX and ETCHbox genes. To resolve between these hypotheses, we compared expression, sequence and inferred function between CRX of metatherian (marsupial) mammals and ETCHbox genes of eutherians. We find the metatherian CRX homeobox gene is expressed in early embryos and in eyes, unlike eutherian CRX , and distinct amino acid substitutions were fixed in the metatherian and eutherian evolutionary lineages consistent with altered transcription factor specificity. We find that metatherian CRX is capable of regulating embryonically expressed genes in cultured cells in a comparable way to eutherian ETCHbox. The data are consistent with CRX having a dual role in eyes and embryos of metatherians, providing an early embryonic function comparable to that of eutherian ETCHbox genes; we propose that subfunctionalization of pleiotropic functions occurred after gene duplication along the placental lineage, followed by functional elaboration.

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Renfree, Marilyn B., Shunsuke Suzuki und Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino. „The origin and evolution of genomic imprinting and viviparity in mammals“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, Nr. 1609 (05.01.2013): 20120151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0151.

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Genomic imprinting is widespread in eutherian mammals. Marsupial mammals also have genomic imprinting, but in fewer loci. It has long been thought that genomic imprinting is somehow related to placentation and/or viviparity in mammals, although neither is restricted to mammals. Most imprinted genes are expressed in the placenta. There is no evidence for genomic imprinting in the egg-laying monotreme mammals, despite their short-lived placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to embryo. Post natal genomic imprinting also occurs, especially in the brain. However, little attention has been paid to the primary source of nutrition in the neonate in all mammals, the mammary gland. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) play an important role as imprinting control centres in each imprinted region which usually comprises both paternally and maternally expressed genes ( PEG s and MEG s). The DMR is established in the male or female germline (the gDMR). Comprehensive comparative genome studies demonstrated that two imprinted regions, PEG10 and IGF2-H19 , are conserved in both marsupials and eutherians and that PEG10 and H19 DMRs emerged in the therian ancestor at least 160 Ma, indicating the ancestral origin of genomic imprinting during therian mammal evolution. Importantly, these regions are known to be deeply involved in placental and embryonic growth. It appears that most maternal gDMRs are always associated with imprinting in eutherian mammals, but emerged at differing times during mammalian evolution. Thus, genomic imprinting could evolve from a defence mechanism against transposable elements that depended on DNA methylation established in germ cells.

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Zhang, Xuzhe, Mihaela Pavlicev, Helen N. Jones und Louis J. Muglia. „Eutherian-Specific Gene TRIML2 Attenuates Inflammation in the Evolution of Placentation“. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, Nr. 2 (09.10.2019): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz238.

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Abstract Evolution of highly invasive placentation in the stem lineage of eutherians and subsequent extension of pregnancy set eutherians apart from other mammals, that is, marsupials with short-lived placentas, and oviparous monotremes. Recent studies suggest that eutherian implantation evolved from marsupial attachment reaction, an inflammatory process induced by the direct contact of fetal placenta with maternal endometrium after the breakdown of the shell coat, and shortly before the onset of parturition. Unique to eutherians, a dramatic downregulation of inflammation after implantation prevents the onset of premature parturition, and is critical for the maintenance of gestation. This downregulation likely involved evolutionary changes on maternal as well as fetal/placental side. Tripartite-motif family-like2 (TRIML2) only exists in eutherian genomes and shows preferential expression in preimplantation embryos, and trophoblast-derived structures, such as chorion and placental disc. Comparative genomic evidence supports that TRIML2 originated from a gene duplication event in the stem lineage of Eutheria that also gave rise to eutherian TRIML1. Compared with TRIML1, TRIML2 lost the catalytic RING domain of E3 ligase. However, only TRIML2 is induced in human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG3 with poly(I:C) treatment to simulate inflammation during viral infection. Its knockdown increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduces trophoblast survival during poly(I:C) stimulation, while its overexpression reduces proinflammatory cytokine production, supporting TRIML2’s role as a regulatory inhibitor of the inflammatory pathways in trophoblasts. TRIML2’s potential virus-interacting PRY/SPRY domain shows significant signature of selection, suggesting its contribution to the evolution of eutherian-specific inflammation regulation during placentation.

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Fernando, Prithiviraj, und Don J. Melnick. „Molecular sexing eutherian mammals“. Molecular Ecology Notes 1, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2001): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8278.2001.00112.x.

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Bedford, JM. „What marsupial gametes disclose about gamete function in eutherian mammals“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, Nr. 4 (1996): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960569.

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The gametes of eutherian mammals present some fundamental enigmas in regard to their structure and behaviour that have not been solved by a focus on the Eutheria alone. Although the evidence is limited still, some clues are suggested in comparison with representative American and Australian marsupials, whose gametes have undergone parallel, although sometimes quite different, evolutionary changes to those of eutherian mammals. The contrasts between them illuminate basic questions about the functions of the epididymis and sperm capacitation, about sperm numbers and sperm production, about the function of the cumulus oophorus and the configuration of the Fallopian tube and, not least, about gamete design and its bearing on the mechanisms by which spermatozoa penetrate the egg coat.

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Goswami, Anjali, Nick Milne und Stephen Wroe. „Biting through constraints: cranial morphology, disparity and convergence across living and fossil carnivorous mammals“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, Nr. 1713 (24.11.2010): 1831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2031.

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Carnivory has evolved independently several times in eutherian (including placental) and metatherian (including marsupial) mammals. We used geometric morphometrics to assess convergences associated with the evolution of carnivory across a broad suite of mammals, including the eutherian clades Carnivora and Creodonta and the metatherian clades Thylacoleonidae, Dasyuromorphia, Didelphidae and Borhyaenoidea. We further quantified cranial disparity across eutherians and metatherians to test the hypothesis that the marsupial mode of reproduction has constrained their morphological evolution. This study, to our knowledge the first to extensively sample pre-Pleistocene taxa, analysed 30 three-dimensional landmarks, focused mainly on the facial region, which were digitized on 130 specimens, including 36 fossil taxa. Data were analysed with principal components (PC) analysis, and three measures of disparity were compared between eutherians and metatherians. PC1 showed a shift from short to long faces and seemed to represent diet and ecology. PC2 was dominated by the unique features of sabre-toothed forms: dramatic expansion of the maxilla at the expense of the frontal bones. PC3, in combination with PC1, distinguished metatherians and eutherians. Metatherians, despite common comparisons with felids, were more similar to caniforms, which was unexpected for taxa such as the sabre-toothed marsupial Thylacosmilus . Contrary to previous studies, metatherian carnivores consistently exhibited disparity which exceeded that of the much more speciose eutherian carnivore radiations, refuting the hypothesis that developmental constraints have limited the morphological evolution of the marsupial cranium.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Eutherian mammals"

Cox, P. G. „Functional morphology of the orbital region of eutherian mammals“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598097.

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After an initial chapter introducing the orbital region and surveying the literature, Chapter Two addresses the scope of the variation in orbital construction with a comprehensive description of the orbits of placental mammals, order by order. This information is used to score 23 morphological characters from the orbital region in representatives from as many eutherian families as possible. These character states are then plotted on to existing phylogenies of the Eutheria in order to study the evolution of orbital characters throughout the group. This elucidates which characters are more plastic than others, which orbital features are characteristic of particular placental groups, and which species are anomalous within their family or order with regard to the orbit. Chapter Three focuses on the muscles of mastication and the variation in their relative proportions throughout the Eutheria. The nature of the stresses and strains generated by these muscles across the skull, and particularly in the orbital region, is considered using dissection and the split-line technique. Drawing on this information, Chapter Four seeks to characterise the variation in orbital structure in a quantitative fashion. The surface areas of orbital bones along with various cranial dimensions in a wide sample of eutherians are measured using a 3-D digitiser. These data are then subjected to a number of statistical techniques such as principal components analysis, analysis of variance and cluster analysis, in order to assess whether orbital structure can be correlated with arrangement of the jaw closing musculature. Finally, all the evidence is drawn together to see if the construction of the orbit can be used as a predictor of masticatory musculature.

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Weinstein, Deborah Lynn. „Phylogeny and Relationships of Taeniodonta, an Enigmatic Order of Eutherian Mammals (Paleogene, North America)“. The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1248301491.

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Klutzny, Simone. „Phylogenetic implications of the regio orbito-temporalis in embryonic mammals“. Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324355.

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Hore, Timothy Alexander, und timothy hore@anu edu au. „THE EVOLUTION OF GENOMIC IMPRINTING AND X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION IN MAMMALS“. The Australian National University. Research School of Biological Sciences, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20081216.152553.

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Genomic imprinting is responsible for monoallelic gene expression that depends on the sex of the parent from which the alleles (one active, one silent) were inherited. X-chromosome inactivation is also a form of monoallelic gene expression. One of the two X chromosomes is transcriptionally silenced in the somatic cells of females, effectively equalising gene dosage with males who have only one X chromosome that is not complemented by a gene poor Y chromosome. X chromosome inactivation is random in eutherian mammals, but imprinted in marsupials, and in the extraembryonic membranes of some placentals. Imprinting and X inactivation have been studied in great detail in placental mammals (particularly humans and mice), and appear to occur also in marsupial mammals. However, both phenomena appear to have evolved specifically in mammals, since there is no evidence of imprinting or X inactivation in non-mammalian vertebrates, which do not show parent of origin effects and possess different sex chromosomes and dosage compensation mechanisms to mammals.¶ In order to understand how imprinting and X inactivation evolved, I have focused on the mammals most distantly related to human and mouse. I compared the sequence, location and expression of genes from major imprinted domains, and genes that regulate genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation in the three extant mammalian groups and other vertebrates. Specifically, I studied the evolution of an autosomal region that is imprinted in humans and mouse, the evolution of the X-linked region thought to control X inactivation, and the evolution of the genes thought to establish and control differential expression of various imprinted loci. This thesis is presented as a collection of research papers that examines each of these topics, and a review and discussion that synthesizes my findings.¶ The first paper reports a study of the imprinted locus responsible for the human Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes (PWS and AS). A search for kangaroo and platypus orthologues of PWS-AS genes identified only the putative AS gene UBE3A, and showed it was in a completely different genomic context to that of humans and mice. The only PWS gene found in marsupials (SNRPN) was located in tandem with its ancient paralogue SNRPB, on a different chromosome to UBE3A. Monotremes apparently have no orthologue of SNRPN. The several intronless genes of the PWS-AS domain also have no orthologues in marsupials or monotremes or non-mammal vertebrates, but all have close paralogues scattered about the genome from which they evidently retrotransposed. UBE3A in marsupials and monotremes, and SNRPN in marsupials were found to be expressed from both alleles, so are not imprinted. Thus, the PWA-AS imprinted domain was assembled from many non-imprinted components relatively recently, demonstrating that the evolution of imprinting has been an ongoing process during mammalian radiation.¶ In the second paper, I examine the evolution of the X-inactivation centre, the key regulatory region responsible for X-chromosome inactivation in humans and mice, which is imprinted in mouse extraembryonic membranes. By sequencing and aligning flanking regions across the three mammal groups and non-mammal vertebrates, I discovered that the region homologous to the X-inactivation centre, though intact in birds and frogs, was disrupted independently in marsupial and monotreme mammals. I showed that the key regulatory RNA of this locus (X-inactive specific transcript or XIST) is absent, explaining why a decade-long search for marsupial XIST was unsuccessful. Thus, XIST is eutherian-specific and is therefore not a basic requirement for X-chromosome inactivation in all mammals.¶ The broader significance of the findings reported in these two papers is explored with respect to other current work regarding the evolution and construction of imprinted loci in mammals in the form of a review. This comparison enabled me to conclude that like the PWS-AS domain and the X-inactivation centre, many domains show unexpected construction from disparate genomic elements that correlate with their acquisition of imprinting.¶ The fourth and last paper examines the evolution of CCCTC-binding Factor (CTCF) and its parologue Brother Of Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS) which contribute to the establishment and interpretation of genomic imprinting at the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2/H19 locus. In this paper I show that the duplication of CTCF giving rise to BORIS occurred much earlier than previously recognised, and demonstrate that a major change in BORIS expression (restriction to the germline) occurred in concert with the evolution of genomic imprinting. The papers that form the bulk of this thesis show that the evolution of epigenetic traits such as genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation is labile and has apparently responded rapidly to different selective pressures during the independent evolution of the three mammal groups. I have introduced these papers, and discussed them generally in terms of current theories of how and why these forms of monoallelic expression have evolved in mammals.

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Ekdale, Eric Gregory. „Variation within the bony labyrinth of mammals“. 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/7862.

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The morphological diversity of the external and internal surfaces of the petrosal bone, which contains the structures of the inner ear, across a broad range of therian mammals is documented, and patterns of variation across taxa are identified. One pattern of variation is the result of ontogenetic changes in the ear region, as described for the external surface morphology of a sample of isolated petrosal bones referred to Proboscidea from Pleistocene deposits in central Texas. The morphology of the aquaeductus Fallopii for passage of the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve supports an ontogenetic explanation for some variation within the proboscidean sample, and a sequence of ossification surrounding the aquaeductus Fallopii is hypothesized. Further ontogenetic patterns are investigated using digital endocasts of the bony labyrinth (preserved on the internal surfaces of the petrosal) constructed from CT data across a growth series of the opossum Monodelphis domestica. Strong correlation between skull length and age is found, but from 27 days after birth onward, there is no correlation with age among most dimensions of the inner ear. Adult dimensions of several of the inner ear structures are achieved before the inner ear is functional in M. domestica. Morphological variation within the inner ear of several eutherian mammals from the Cretaceous of Asia, including zhelestids from the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan, is described. The variation within the fossil sample is compared to that observed within extant species of placental mammals, and it is determined that the amount of variation within the Bissekty zhelestid population is within the range of that measured for extant species. Additional evolutionary and physiological patterns preserved within the walls of the bony labyrinth are identified through a high level anatomical comparison of the inner ear cavities across Placentalia as a whole. In particular, features of the inner ear support monophyly of Cetacea, Carnivora, Primatomorpha, and caviomorph Rodentia. The volumetric percentage of the vestibular apparatus (vestibule plus semicircular canals) of aquatic mammals is smaller than that calculated for terrestrial relatives of comparable body size. Thus, aspects of the bony labyrinth are both phylogenetically and physiologically informative.
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Young, Lauren Jill, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College und of Science Food and Horticulture School. „Cellular immune responses of marsupials : family Macropodidae“. 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/12869.

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This thesis describes a comprehensive study of the cellular responses of a number of endangered marsupial species with a principal focus on the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) as a model macropod species. The development of in vitro experimental assays for the assessment of immune responses in this model species are described, which provided a set of benchmarks for comparisons with other members of the Macropodidae and with eutherian mammals. Once this data was collected and protocols were established, the study was extended to include investigations of the immune responses in opportunistic samples obtained from the Rufous Hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus), the Long-footed potoroo ( Potorous longipes) and the more common, but nonetheless still vulnerable, Long-nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) with a view to investigating their apparent susceptibility to infection with intracellular pathogens, particularly mycobacterial species. The findings from the application of these assays suggest that the cellular immune responses of these species are relatively complex and involve a level of sophistication that rivals their eutherian counterparts. Specifically peripheral blood and tissue leukocytes were morphologically similar to those of other mammals, with the exception of tammar wallaby monocytes that appeared to contain few lysosomal granules, and the basophils of the Rufous Hare-wallaby that contained very large atypical granules. The overall findings of this study suggest that the immune systems of macropod species possess most of the sophistication associated with that of eutherian mammals. Whilst some differences were apparent in cells and their products in the test species, no single factor common to all macropods was identified as a cause for immune dysfunction. It appears likely that as yet undefined factors related to their confinement rather than an inherent defect in their immunocapacity is responsible for the apparent disease susceptibility of these animals.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Young, Lauren J. „Cellular immune responses of marsupials : family Macropodidae“. Thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/12869.

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Hore, Tim. „The Evolution of Genomic Imprinting and X Chromosome Inactivation in Mammals“. Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49309.

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Schraven, Andrea L. „Transcriptomic analysis of the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) B-cell genes“. Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:56732.

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Marsupials and eutherians are mammals that differ in their physiological traits, predominately their reproductive and developmental strategies; eutherians give birth to well-developed young, while marsupials are born highly altricial after a much shorter gestation. These developmental traits result in differences in the development of the immune system of eutherian and marsupial species. B-cells are key to humoral immunity, are found in multiple lymphoid organs, and have the unique ability to mediate the production of antigen-specific antibodies in the presence of pathogens. Marsupial B-cell investigations have become increasingly important in understanding an adaptive immune system that develops primarily ex utero. In comparison to eutherians and monotremes, marsupial B-cells have four Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain isotypes (IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE) and two light (L) chain isotypes; lambda (Igλ) and kappa (Igκ). The gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) is a well-established model marsupial species, with a well annotated genome. The B-cell transcriptome of an individual opossum was investigated by Next Generation RNA-Seq techniques at the single-cell level. A total of 273 single-cells and 575,721 contigs were generated, annotation of the transcriptome identified 14,654 unique genes. The first study of this thesis analysed the IgH and IgL usage in the opossum B-cell repertoire. Not surprisingly, IgM had the highest expression in the repertoire, followed by IgA, IgG, and very few cells expressing IgE. Despite Igκ being the most complex IgL isotype, the ratio of Igκ to Igλ was 35:65. IgL isotypes have been identified to have a greater contribution to antibody diversification than IgH isotypes, due to the complexity and abundance of IgL variable (V) gene segments. The second study of this thesis examined the whole opossum B-cell transcriptome and analysed the most highly expressed genes. The most abundant gene transcripts were Sydnecan-4, making up 0.66% of the entire transcriptome. IgM and IgG cells produced significantly more transcripts of the golgi glycoprotein 1 and ELMO domain-containing protein genes in comparison to IgA. Since IgE expressing cells were very low in number, a definitive comparison could not be made between all IgH cells. Highly expressed genes associated with the marsupial immune system included MHC class II DRα chain and MHC class II DAβ chain. The diverse array of genes identified in the opossum single-cell transcriptome reveals the importance of marsupial B-cells in producing endogenous antibody responses, and has allowed for a comparative analysis with other mammalian lineages.

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Montgomery, Janet, J. A. Evans und T. Neighbour. „Sr Isotope Evidence for Population Movement Within the Hebridean Norse Community of NW Scotland“. 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2790.

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The excavation at Cnip, Isle of Lewis, Scotland of the largest, and only known family cemetery from the early Norse period in the Hehrides, provided a unique opportunity to use Sr isotope analysis to examine the origins of people who may have been Norwegian Vikings. Sr isotope analysis permits direct investigation of a person's place of origin rather than indirectly through acquired cultural and artefactual affiliations. Sr isotope data suggest that the Norse group at Cnip was of mixed origins. The majority were consistent with indigenous origins but two individuals, of middle-age and different sex. were immigrants. They were, however, not from Norway but were raised separately, most probably on Tertiary volcanic rocks (e.g. the Inner Hebrides or NE Ireland) or, for the female, on marine carbonate rocks.

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Bücher zum Thema "Eutherian mammals"

Novacek, Michael J. The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of eutherian mammals. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1986.

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MacPhee, R. D. E. Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Plesiorycteropus and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian mammals. New York, N.Y: American Museum of Natural History, 1994.

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Wible, John R. New data on the skull and dentition in the Mongolian late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Zalambdalestes. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History, 2004.

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Kosco, Mark. Reproduction in Eutherian Mammals. Kosco Press, 2004.

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Skull of Leptictid Insectivorans and the Higher Level Classification of Eutherian Mammals (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Hist, V 183, Ar). Amer Museum of Natural History, 1986.

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Ashwell, Ken, Hrsg. Neurobiology of Monotremes. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103153.

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Neurobiology of Monotremes brings together current information on the development, structure, function and behavioural ecology of the monotremes. The monotremes are an unusual and evolutionarily important group of mammals showing striking behavioural and physiological adaptations to their niches. They are the only mammals exhibiting electroreception (in the trigeminal sensory pathways) and the echidna shows distinctive olfactory specialisations. The authors aim to close the current gap in knowledge between the genes and developmental biology of monotremes on the one hand, and the adult structure, function and ecology of monotremes on the other. They explore how the sequence 'embryonic structure › adult structure › behaviour' is achieved in monotremes and how this differs from other mammals. The work also combines a detailed review of the neurobiology of monotremes with photographic and diagrammatic atlases of the sectioned adult brains and peripheral nervous system of the short-beaked echidna and platypus. Pairing of a detailed review of the field with the first published brain atlases of two of the three living monotremes will allow the reader to immediately relate key points in the text to features in the atlases and will extend a universal system of brain nomenclature developed in eutherian brain atlases by G Paxinos and colleagues to monotremes.

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Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas, und Willy Kükenthal. Comparative Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Eutheria II: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Food. Laurasiatheria. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2017.

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Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas, und Willy Kükenthal. Comparative Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Eutheria II: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Food. Laurasiatheria. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2017.

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Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas, und Willy Kükenthal. Comparative Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Eutheria II: Taxonomy, Biogeography and Food. Laurasiatheria. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2017.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Eutherian mammals"

Holliday, Robin. „Longevity and fecundity in eutherian mammals“. In Genetics and Evolution of Aging, 217–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1671-0_18.

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Mate, K. E., M. S. Harris und J. C. Rodger. „Fertilization in Monotreme, Marsupial and Eutherian Mammals“. In Fertilization in Protozoa and Metazoan Animals, 223–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58301-8_6.

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Cifelli, Richard L. „Theria of Metatherian-Eutherian Grade and the Origin of Marsupials“. In Mammal Phylogeny, 205–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9249-1_14.

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Bazer, Fuller W., und Thomas E. Spencer. „Hormones and Pregnancy in Eutherian Mammals“. In Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, 73–94. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374928-4.10005-7.

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Frankenberg, Stephen. „Pre-gastrula Development of Non-eutherian Mammals“. In Cell Fate in Mammalian Development, 237–66. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.10.013.

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van Noordwijk, Maria A., und Carel P. van Schaik. „Reproductive patterns in eutherian mammals: adaptations against infanticide?“ In Infanticide by Males and its Implications, 322–60. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511542312.016.

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Ohno, Susumu. „Conservation of the X-Linkage Group in Toto by All Eutherian Mammals“. In Molecular Genetics of Sex Determination, 107–21. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-728960-1.50010-0.

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Zeller, Ulrich, Kirsten Ferner, Thomas Göttert und Nicole Starik. „Eutherians: Placental Mammals“. In Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 617–24. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20608-0.

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„13. Eutherians“. In Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs, 463–516. Columbia University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/kiel11918-013.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Eutherian mammals"

Silviria, Jason. „Biogeography and Biostratigraphy of North American Eutherian Mammals During the Puercan Faunal Stage (paleocene, Earliest Danian)“. In 2018 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Geological Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2018.757.

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Chu, Zhuyin, Jahandar Ramezani, Huaiyu He und Samuel A. Bowring. „HIGH-PRECISION AGE CONSTRAINTS ON THE JURASSIC RISE OF FEATHERED DINOSAURS AND EUTHERIAN MAMMALS: U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE YANLIAO BIOTA FROM JIANCHANG (WESTERN LIAONING PROVINCE, CHINA)“. In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287253.

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