Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „EuroAmerican settlement“

A two-year mapping project at Fort Clark State Historic Site produced a 15-cm contour map of the Native American (Mandan and Arikara) earthlodge village and a planimetric map of that part of the historic district that lies above the Missouri River flood plain. Aerial photography and ground-level transit mapping detected more than 2,200 surface features at the site, including 86 earthlodges, 2 fur-trading posts, hundreds of storage and grave pits, and Euroamerican and Native American roads and trails. More than 80 percent of the site as mapped lies outside the fortification ditch of the Mandan/Arikara village. When we are trying to determine the potential impact on sites such as this one of such activities as nearby road construction, our recommendations must consider the broader context of the site, not simply the narrow spectrum provided by the settlement core area. A buffer zone as presently exists at Fort Clark is not only necessary to preserve its visual integrity but also to preserve the record of the activities that took place in its immediate vicinity.

Sediment magnetic properties of a short core from Sharkey Lake, MN, record the effects of Euroamerican settlement and climate change over the last 150 yr. The onset of European-style farming led to increased erosion, reflected in high values of concentration-dependent parameters such as magnetic susceptibility (ĸ), Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM), and Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization (ARM). These high values are only partially due to increased supply of terrigenous material to the lake, and recent sediment contains an additional component of authigenic fine (single-domain) magnetite, most likely magnetosomes from magnetotactic bacteria. High organic productivity in the lake during the 1920s to 1940s drought increased this authigenic component resulting in highly magnetic fine-grained sediment. A comparison with older Holocene sediment from the same lake shows that, over time, most of the fine magnetic signal is lost after deposition, leading to decreases in magnetization and a bimodal grain size distribution of ultrafine, superparamagnetic grains and coarser multidomain particles, evident from measurements of ARM/IRM ratios, hysteresis measurements, and low-temperature analyses. The effects of dissolution and the superposition of climate and land-use signals complicate the use of recent sediments as modern analogs for sediment magnetic analyses.

AbstractTwo pollen records from the northern Great Plains of Montana portray vegetational and climatic changes during the last 12,200 yr in a region where few other data are available. A 6.4-m core from Guardipee Lake, east of the Rocky Mountains in the area formerly covered by the Two Medicine glacial lobe, contains the Glacier Peak G and Mt. St. Helens Jy volcanic ashes. Pollen percentage data are dominated byPinus, Poaceae,Artemisia, and Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae. High nonarboreal percentages and small amounts ofJuniperus, Alnus, Salix, andPopuluspollen in sediments deposited between ca. 12,200 and ca. 9300 yr B.P. suggest a temperate grassland with shrubs growing locally in mesic settings. After ca. 9300 yr B.P. an increase in Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae pollen and a concomitant decline inArtemisiaindicate the development of more xerophytic grassland and the beginning of the altithermal period. The lake probably was intermittently dry thoughout the Holocene. A high sedimentation rate and the presence of cereal taxa characterize the last ca. 100 yr of Euroamerican settlement. Lost Lake at the northern margin of the Highwood Mountains yielded a 16.94-m core with no volcanic ashes that spans the last 9400 yr. High amounts of Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae,Artemisia, and Poaceae pollen, from ca. 9400 to ca. 6000 yr B.P., suggest the presence of xeric grassland and a climate drier than at present. After ca. 6000 yr B.P. Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae values declined andArtemisia, Poaceae,Pinus, Picea, Salix, Alnus, andBetulaincreased. The inferred spread of shrubs in wet habitats at this time and the expansion of forest in nearby mountain ranges indicate the end of the altithermal period and the onset of cooler/moister conditions.

Minnesota boasts over 12,000 lakes, most of glacial origin, three major continental drainage systems (Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, Lake Superior via the other Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Red River of the North via the Nelson River, to Hudson Bay), and a diversity of landforms comprising seven major ecological regions. Such landscape and aquatic variability hosts a high diversity of diatoms, which have been studied for over 150 years. Diatom communities range from saline and eutrophic in the southwest agricultural lands, to oligotrophic and endemic forms in the cold waters of Lake Superior. Early diatom collections were distributed to reknowned diatomists such as C.G. Ehrenberg and H.L. Smith. Other botanists and phycologists, including Tilden, Eddy, and Drouet, were active in Minnesota but only rarely included diatoms in their studies. Interest in Minnesota diatoms increased in the latter half of the 20th century with taxonomic and floristic surveys (e.g., Czarnecki, Koppen, and Kingston) and the inclusion of diatoms in applied research efforts that set the groundwork for understanding post-glacial ecology, effects of Euroamerican settlement, impacts of climate, and the effects of acid precipitation. Important to these latter developments were the efforts of Dr. Herb Wright Jr., who invited several European diatomists (e.g., Florin, Battarbee, and Haworth) to work on paleoecological projects in and near Minnesota. Although not a diatomist per se, Wright's subsequent efforts to promote diatom research included the appointment of Platt Bradbury as a research associate and later John Kingston, Dick Brugam, and Brian Cumming. Students Sheri Fritz, Kate Laird, and Virginia Card completed diatom research for their doctoral degrees. These workers and others have left a legacy that continues to fuel several active labs in Minnesota that have used diatoms to develop water quality standards, assess and restore impaired waters, and understand the impacts of climate, management, and landuse change across the state.

Abstract The naturalism/anti-naturalism problematic has remained a stubbornly persistent feature of Euro-American debates about the nature and range of (social) science. Politics and International Relations (PIR) research has not been immune to the resulting “paradigm wars”—in fact, the problematic has been central to the question of methodology in these fields. As a result of this, and as a result of the bifurcating logic that inheres in the problematic as it is most commonly conceived, claims about (global) politics have, at best, varied, and, at worst, been wildly contradictory. This has not, of course, stopped naturalists and anti-naturalists from claiming the epistemic authority (and associated perks/privileges) that each believes they are due, and the ensuing war of position has proven to be so intractable that it has inspired in some a desire for the two parties to just go their separate ways, citing irreconcilable differences. It is worth asking, therefore, whether it is time to officially “untie the knot,” reach some mutually acceptable intellectual/institutional settlement, and resign ourselves to a solitary existence? Some PIR research seems to suggest that this is becoming the preferred outcome. Contrary to such assessments, this article argues that the critical naturalist position which critical realist philosophy develops/defends provides a promising alternative to the “either/or” logic that characterizes much of the existing debate. Indeed, it claims that this critical naturalism provides an answer to the question of methodology that is more inclusive/encompassing (“neither/both/and” rather than “either/or”) and scientifically plausible than the two positions that are typically held—incorrectly—to exhaust our options within the problematic. La problemática del naturalismo/antinaturalismo siguió siendo un rasgo obstinadamente persistente de los debates euroamericanos sobre la naturaleza y el alcance de la ciencia (social). La investigación en Política y Relaciones Internacionales (Politics and International Relations, PIR) no ha sido inmune a las subsiguientes «guerras de paradigmas»; de hecho, la problemática ha sido el foco de la cuestión de la metodología en estos campos. Como resultado de esto y de la lógica dividida que hereda la problemática tal como se concibe más comúnmente, las reclamaciones sobre la política (global) han sido, en el mejor de los casos, variadas y, en el peor, salvajemente contradictorias. Sin dudas, esto no ha impedido que los naturalistas y antinaturalistas reclamen la autoridad epistémica (y las ventajas y los privilegios relacionados) que cada uno cree que les corresponde, y la guerra posterior de posturas ha demostrado ser tan intratable que ha inspirado en algunos el deseo de que las dos partes tomen caminos separados al mencionar diferencias irreconciliables. Por lo tanto, ¿vale la pena preguntarse si es hora de «desatar el nudo» de manera formal, llegar a algún acuerdo intelectual o institucional mutuamente aceptable y resignarnos a una existencia solitaria? Algunas investigaciones en PIR parecen sugerir que esto se está convirtiendo en el resultado preferido. Contrario a dichas valoraciones, este artículo sostiene que la postura naturalista crítica que desarrolla o defiende la filosofía realista crítica brinda una alternativa prometedora a la lógica del «uno/el otro» que caracteriza gran parte del debate existente. De hecho, afirma que este naturalismo crítico proporciona una respuesta a la cuestión de la metodología que es más inclusiva o integral («ninguno/ambos/y» en lugar de «uno/el otro») y científicamente viable que las dos posturas que se suelen mantener de manera incorrecta para agotar nuestras opciones dentro de la problemática. La problématique Naturalisme/anti-naturalisme est restée une caractéristique obstinément persistante des débats euro-américains sur la nature et le champ des sciences (sociales). Les recherches en politique et en relations internationales n'ont pas échappé aux « conflits de paradigme » qui en résultent ; en réalité, cette problématique est demeurée centrale à la question de méthodologie dans ces domaines. De ce fait, et du fait de la bifurcation de la logique inhérente à la problématique telle qu'elle est le plus communément pensée, les déclarations concernant la politique (mondiale) dans ce domaine ont, au mieux, été diverses et, au pire, très contradictoires. Cela n'a bien évidemment pas empêché les naturalistes et les anti-naturistes de revendiquer l'autorité épistémique (et les avantages/privilèges associés) qui, selon eux, leur est due, et le conflit de positions qui s'en est suivi s'est avéré si insoluble qu'il a même inspiré à certains le désir de tout simplement voir les deux parties suivre leurs propres chemins totalement distincts, en invoquant des différences inconciliables. Il convient donc de se demander s'il est temps de « trancher officiellement le nœud gordien », de parvenir à un règlement intellectuel/institutionnel mutuellement acceptable du conflit et de se résigner à une existence solitaire. Certaines recherches en politique et relations internationales semblent suggérer que cela deviendrait l'issue privilégiée. Contrairement à de telles estimations, cet article soutient que la position des naturalistes critiques, qui est développée/défendue par la philosophie du réalisme critique, offre une alternative prometteuse à la logique du « soit, soit » qui caractérise la plupart des débats actuels. En effet, il affirme que ce naturalisme critique offre une réponse à la question de méthodologie qui est plus inclusive/englobante (« ni, ni/les deux/et » plutôt que « soit, soit ») et scientifiquement plausible que les deux positions qui sont généralement tenues (à tort) pour évacuer nos options dans cette problématique.

Thesis advisor: Noah Snyder
The purpose of this study is to quantify land use change in two coastal New England watersheds using lake core analysis, orthorectified historic aerial imagery, and data from the National Land Cover Database (NCLD). The study covers Sennebec and Medomak ponds in coastal Maine, which lie between the Penobscot Bay and the southern stretch of the Kennebec River. With lake cores recording >800 years (Sennebec) and >1600 years (Medomak), the timeframe of this study spans from the era of Indigenous populations, through the period of EuroAmerican settlement, and into the modern day, to provide insight into the interactions between humans and watershed dynamics through time
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2021
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences

The sub-discipline of documentary archaeology is explored in Chapter 4. Layers of information about the Magunkaquog site and its inhabitants—and the story of Isaac Nehemiah, in particular—are revealed through analysis and interpretation of centuries-old primary documents connected to this site. This chapter unfolds around details surrounding the loss of Magunkaquog land through a controversial sale in 1715, granting it to Harvard College. Diverging interpretations of how this sale was perceived by the Native and Euroamerican peoples involved are explored. The documents reveal satisfaction among the Euroamerican men responsible for the sale and a clear sense of loss among the Native inhabitants (culminating in the death of a central figure at this settlement). The praying town period and effects of King Philip’s War are also discussed. Documents can reveal many details about the past, but must also be “read” in a deeper way to be better understood, and to help tell the more complex history of interactions between Native and European peoples of the past.