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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Eucalyptus oil Western Australia"
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Wayne, A. F., A. Cowling, C. G. Ward, J. F. Rooney, C. V. Vellios, D. B. Lindenmayer und C. F. Donnelly. „A comparison of survey methods for arboreal possums in jarrah forest, Western Australia“. Wildlife Research 32, Nr. 8 (2005): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04094.
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Comparative trials of different survey methods were conducted in the southern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest to determine the most efficient means of detecting koomal (common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus) and ngwayir (western ringtail possum, Pseudocheirus occidentalis). In particular, we examined different trapping and spotlighting methods and compared these with scat surveys. Six different trapping methods (derived by combining three bait types and two trap positions) were compared at six sites. Significantly fewer koomal were caught on ‘universal’ bait (i.e. peanut butter, rolled oats and sardines) than on flour-based baits using rose oil or Eucalyptus oil as lures. Significantly more individuals of both possum species were caught in arboreal traps than in ground traps (P < 0.001 in both cases). Recapture rates of koomal were high, whereas ngwayir were rarely retrapped. There were no detection differences between six different spotlighting methods (derived by combining three spotlight intensities with two filter colours) for koomal. Significantly more ngwayir were detected using 50-W or 100-W lights than 20-W lights (P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in the detection rates for ngwayir using red or white light. There were, however, significant observer differences in the number of possums of both species detected (koomal, P = 0.025; ngwayir, P = 0.004). Spotlighting detected, on average, only 4.9% of the koomal ‘known to be alive’ by trapping. However, spotlighting with a 50-W or 100-W spotlight detected more ngwayir than did trapping. Koomal abundance measures derived from scat surveys were not related to trapping or spotlight abundance estimates. For ngwayir, however, scat counts were strongly related to spotlight counts and there were no significant observer differences for the former. We conclude that koomal are more effectively surveyed using arboreal trapping with rose or Eucalyptus lures. Ngwayir are best surveyed using scat surveys or 50-W spotlights.
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Aldoghaim, Fahad, Gavin Flematti und Katherine Hammer. „Antimicrobial Activity of Several Cineole-Rich Western Australian Eucalyptus Essential Oils“. Microorganisms 6, Nr. 4 (03.12.2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6040122.
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Essential oils from the Western Australian (WA) Eucalyptus mallee species Eucalyptus loxophleba, Eucalyptus polybractea, and Eucalyptus kochii subsp. plenissima and subsp. borealis were hydrodistilled from the leaves and then analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in addition to a commercial Eucalyptus globulus oil and 1,8-cineole. The main component of all oils was 1,8-cineole at 97.32% for E. kochii subsp. borealis, 96.55% for E. kochii subsp. plenissima, 82.95% for E. polybractea, 78.78% for E. loxophleba 2, 77.02% for E. globulus, and 66.93% for E. loxophleba 1. The Eucalyptus oils exhibited variable antimicrobial activity determined by broth microdilution, with E. globulus and E. polybractea oils showing the highest activities. The majority of microorganisms were inhibited or killed at concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 8.0% (v/v). Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were the least susceptible organisms, whilst Acinetobacter baumannii was the most sensitive. In conclusion, all oils from WA Eucalyptus species showed microorganism inhibitory activity, although this varied according to both the Eucalyptus species and the microorganism tested. These data demonstrate that WA Eucalyptus oils show activity against a range of medically important pathogens and therefore have potential as antimicrobial agents.
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Brooker, MIH, AFM Barton, BA Rockel und J. Tjandra. „The Cineole Content and Taxonomy of Eucalyptus kochii Maiden & Blakely and E. plenissima (Gardner) Brooker, With an Appendix Establishing These Two Taxa as Subspecies“. Australian Journal of Botany 36, Nr. 2 (1988): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880119.
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The nomenclatural history and comparative morphology of Eucalyptus kochii Maiden & Blakely and E. plenissima (Gardner) Brooker are discussed. Studies on the oils of Western Australian eucalypts are surnmarised. Populations from various locations within the distributions of both taxa were subjected to rnorphornetric analyses and studied for the components and seasonality of oil production. The two taxa established herein as subspecies, viz. E. kochii subsp. kochii and E. kochii subsp. plenissima, differ in operculum shape and cineole production, and have separate distributions.
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Grayling, PM, und MIH Brooker. „Evidence for the Identity of the Hybrid, Eucalyptus 'brachyphylla' (Myrtaceae) From Morphology and Essential-Oil Composition“. Australian Journal of Botany 44, Nr. 1 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960001.
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The putative interspecific hybrid known as Eucalyptus brachyphylla C. Gardner, which is known to occur at two sites near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, contains the non-terpenoid ester 4-methyl-2-pentyl acetate and the related alcohol 4-methylpentan-2-ol in its leaves. These compounds are otherwise known to occur in the leaves of only four Eucalyptus species and several putative interspecific hybrids. This, with the results of multivariate analyses of morphometric and oil composition data, adds considerable weight to;earlier suggestions that E. 'brachyphylla' is an hybrid of E. loxophleba Benth. and E. kruseana F. Muell. The presence at one site of two distinct chemotypes common to both parental species and to the hybrid plants is demonstrated and discussed.
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Byrne, M., und B. Macdonald. „Phylogeography and conservation of three oil mallee taxa, Eucalyptus kochii ssp. kochii, ssp. plenissima and E. horistes“. Australian Journal of Botany 48, Nr. 3 (2000): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99017.
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Eucalyptus kochii ssp. kochii, ssp. plenissima and E. horistes are planted for eucalypt oil production and land rehabilitation in Western Australia. Variation in cpDNA was investigated by RFLP analysis of 10 populations across the distribution of the three taxa. Diversity in the chloroplast genome was high, with most of the diversity distributed between populations. The three taxa formed a cohesive group that was clearly differentiated from E. oleosa, which was used as an outgroup. There was some differentiation of E. kochii ssp. kochii from E. kochii ssp. plenissima and E. horistes. Several mutations specific to the E. kochii ssp. kochii, ssp. plenissima and E. horistes haplotypes were present in a variant of E. oleosa, suggesting that introgression has occurred. Congruence between cp gene genealogy and geographic distribution was consistent with limited maternal gene flow between populations. There was little structuring of haplotype diversity and the pattern of variation in the cp genome was congruent with that previously detected in the nuclear genome.
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Sani, Abubakar, und Muhammad Sulaiman Rahama. „Synthesis of Piperitone Epoxide and P-Menthane-8-Thiol-3-One from Essential Oils“. Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, Nr. 8 (06.09.2020): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug405.
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Buchu (Barosma betulina) is a small flowering plant found in the family Rutaceae in Western Cape of South Africa, Namibia and Australia, capable of growing up to 2 meters with a simple rounded leaf that produced essential oil of strong peppermint and sweetish smell. The Buchu oil as an essential oil consist of many chemical constituents, the main components includes piperitone, pulegone, piperitone epoxide, iso-menthone, P-menthane-8-thiol3-one, 4-diosphenol. The piperitone epoxide and Pmenthane-8-thiol-3-one constituents in Buchu oil have high commercial values, which extensively used as fragrances in perform, flavor, food additives, tonic and medicinal stimulant in modern medicine in the manufacture of insecticides, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant in cosmetic products. The extinction threat of the plant and chemistry benefit of these chemical constituents initiate scientist with synthetic route for synthesizing the compounds from Eucalyptus dives oil and pennyroyal oil, which are also an essential oils and abundant in nature. In the synthesis, purified piperitone and pulegone from the Eucalyptus dives oil and pennyroyal oil produced two enatiotiomers of piperitone epoxide and P-menthane-8- thiol-3-one respectively. The analytical analysis such infrared and GC-Mc conducted for the starting materials, synthesis processes and synthesize products showed results of significant value in terms chemical reactions and structural re-arrangement.
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Wann, J. M., R. Orifici, Z. E. Spadek und J. A. Plummer. „Effects of photon flux density on photosynthesis, growth, flowering, and oil content in Boronia“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, Nr. 5 (1998): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97144.
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Boronia heterophylla is cultivated for cut flowers and B. megastigma for volatile oil production. Both species are endemic to south-western Western Australia and their natural habitat is often shaded by a canopy of Melaleuca parviflora or Eucalyptus marginata. Shade tents were used to examine the influence of reduced photon flux density (PFD) on photosynthesis, growth, and flower production in B. heterophylla and B. megastigma. Volatile oil content was also examined in B. megastigma. Photosynthesis in field-grown B. heterophylla was saturated at 16·2 µmol CO2/m 2·s under a PFD of 1022 µmol/m 2·s (75% full sunlight). Flower number was highest under 75% full sunlight but the number of harvestable stems was the same under 75% and full sunlight. More flowers were produced by B. megastigma plants grown under 75% full sunlight. Content of α-pinene and limonene decreased with decreasing light intensity, whereas β-ionone and docecyl acetate increased with decreasing light intensity
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Nicolle, D., M. Byrne und M. Whalen. „A taxonomic revision and morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Oleaginae (Myrtaceae), including the oil mallee complex, of south-western Australia“. Australian Systematic Botany 18, Nr. 6 (2005): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb04038.
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Morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Oleaginae, a group of mallee taxa distributed in south-western Australia, was assessed by adult and seedling characteristics. A total of 36 adult morphological characters and 20 seedling characters was included in phenetic analyses of 82 individuals representing 29 populations covering all the taxa and the broad geographical distribution of the series. The phenetic analyses indicate relatively weak separation of all previously recognised taxa within E. subser. Oleaginae, except for E. longissima (previously referred to as E. grasbyi), which is distinctive in its seedling morphology, and to a lesser degree, E. ultima, which is also most easily distinguished by seedling morphology. E. eremicola, E. peeneri and E. sublucida are not well differentiated from one another, differing significantly only in adult leaf colour and gloss. The three previously recognised species of the oil mallee complex (E. kochii, E. plenissima and E. ‘horistes’) are also only weakly differentiated from one another. Two variants within E. kochii were observed to differ from each other in several adult vegetative and floral characteristics and are recognised at the subspecific level. A new taxonomy for E. subser. Oleaginae is presented, based on phenetic analyses combined with extensive field, glasshouse and herbarium examination of all taxa in the subseries. A new species is described (E. longissima Nicolle sp. nov.) to accommodate populations of mallees previously erroneously referred to E. grasbyi. New combinations are made for E. peeneri [E. eremicola subsp. peeneri (Blakely) Nicolle comb. nov.] and E. oleosa var. borealis [E. kochii subsp. borealis (C. Gardner) Nicolle comb. nov.] and two new subspecies of E. kochii are described (subspp. amaryssia Nicolle and yellowdinensis Nicolle). Eucalyptus sublucida is considered to be synonymous with E. eremicola subsp. peeneri. Keys to the taxa within the subseries are presented.
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WILDY, D. T. „Quantifying Above- and Below-ground Growth Responses of the Western Australian Oil Mallee, Eucalyptus kochii subsp. plenissima, to Contrasting Decapitation Regimes“. Annals of Botany 90, Nr. 2 (01.08.2002): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf166.
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Wildy, Dan T., John S. Pate und John R. Bartle. „Variations in composition and yield of leaf oils from alley-farmed oil mallees (Eucalyptus spp.) at a range of contrasting sites in the Western Australian wheatbelt“. Forest Ecology and Management 134, Nr. 1-3 (September 2000): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(99)00258-3.
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Bell, Sarah Jayne. „Researching sustainability : material semiotics and the Oil Mallee Project“. Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlibmurdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040302.153647.
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Wildy, Daniel Thomas. „Growing mallee eucalypts as short-rotation tree crops in the semi-arid wheatbelt of Western Australia“. University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0031.
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[Truncated abstract] Insufficient water use by annual crop and pasture species leading to costly rises in saline watertables has prompted research into potentially profitable deep-rooted perennial species in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Native mallee eucalypts are currently being developed as a short-rotation coppice crop for production of leaf oils, activated carbon and bio-electricity for low rainfall areas (300—450 mm) too dry for many of the traditional timber and forage species. The research in this study was aimed at developing a knowledge base necessary to grow and manage coppiced mallee eucalypts for both high productivity and salinity control. This firstly necessitated identification of suitable species, climatic and site requirements favourable to rapid growth, and understanding of factors likely to affect yield of the desirable leaf oil constituent, 1,8-cineole. This was undertaken using nine mallee taxa at twelve sites with two harvest regimes. E. kochii subsp. plenissima emerged as showing promise in the central and northern wheatbelt, particularly at a deep acid sand site (Gn 2.61; Northcote, 1979), so further studies focussed on physiology of its resprouting, water use and water-use efficiency at a similar site near Kalannie. Young E. kochii trees were well equipped with large numbers of meristematic foci and adequate root starch reserves to endure repeated shoot removal. The cutting season and interval between cuts were then demonstrated to have a strong influence on productivity, since first-year coppice growth was slow and root systems appeared to cease in secondary growth during the first 1.5—2.5 years after cutting. After decapitation, trees altered their physiology to promote rapid replacement of shoots. Compared to uncut trees, leaves of coppices were formed with a low carbon content per unit area, and showed high stomatal conductance accompanied by high leaf photosynthetic rates. Whole-plant water use efficiency of coppiced trees was unusually high due to their fast relative growth rates associated with preferential investments of photosynthates into regenerating canopies rather than roots. Despite relatively small leaf areas on coppice shoots over the two years following decapitation, high leaf transpiration rates resulted in coppices using water at rates far in excess of that falling as rain on the tree belt area. Water budgets showed that 20 % of the study paddock would have been needed as 0—2 year coppices in 5 m wide twin-row belts in order to maintain hydrological balance over the study period. Maximum water use occurred where uncut trees were accessing a fresh perched aquifer, but where this was not present water budgets still showed transpiration of uncut trees occurring at rates equivalent to 3—4 times rainfall incident on the tree belt canopy. In this scenario, only 10 % of the paddock surface would have been required under 5 m wide tree belts to restore hydrological balance, but competition losses in adjacent pasture would have been greater
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Swarts, Derek Juan. „Soil community structure and litter decomposition under irrigated Eucalyptus Globulus in South Western Australia“. Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0051.html.
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Florentine, Singarayer K. „Ecology of Eucalyptus victrix in grassland in the floodplain of the Fortescue River“. Curtin University of Technology, School of Environmental Biology, 1999. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=10260.
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The WA coolibah tree, Eucalyptus victrix L. Johnson & K. Hill forms an unique and pristine woodland in the Fortescue Valley, in the Pilbara district of Western Australia. Until recently, no research had been done on E. victrix ecology and concern had been expressed by pastoral managers and others about the condition of the woodland occupied by this species. This research was an attempt to understand the ecology of coolibah using a multi-disciplinary approach.A population demographic study of stands in E. victrix woodland reveals that the present tree populations occupy larger areas than saplings and seedlings. Soil moisture and warm summer temperatures are believed to be stimulating factors for seedling recruitment of E. victrix. Different size classes (height/diameter) reflect different recruitment events and these reflect past availability of seeds and adequate soil moisture in that particular area of the woodland. Occasional grasshopper outbreaks and drought cause canopy shrinkage. Presence of hollow boles, restrict dendrochronological examination of tree ages.An important population study was of a post-seedling cohort at Roy Hill, where height distribution reflected a typical single recruitment event. In subsequent years (1995 - 1998) height measurement showed several peaks, suggesting that seedlings were now growing at different rates. Uniform and steady height growth was observed on saplings found at the edges of gilgai. During May 1998 several saplings flowered, it was assumed that E. victrix attained its reproductive maturity at mean height of 2.50 m and with a stem diameter of 50 mm.Seedling recruitment and subsequent growth mainly depend on heavy rainfall flooding events. Seedling recruitment occurs only from current seed rain. Seed longevity reduces after 54 days of burial at 50 mm depth. Mortality (4 - 6 leaf stage) of newly recruited seedlings during ++subsequent dry months is very high. Furthermore, allelopathic effects (root competition from established grass and insect herbivory) are additional causes of seedling mortality in the years of recruitment.Seedlings recruited at a burnt (disturbed) site, grew faster compared with undisturbed sites with less mortality. This suggested that fire created a suitable condition by reducing root competition, increasing soil nutrients and also creating a gap which providing sufficient solar radiation for seedlings to establish and develop into a healthy population. It is suggested that once newly recruited seedlings overcome the first summer, mortality rates during subsequent years are drastically reduced.Long-term waterlogging of E. victrix seedlings significantly increases seedling stem diameter. Large numbers of adventitious roots are developed and lenticels proliferate on the submerged portion of the stem. Flooding reduces each photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. Flooding does not increase shoot fresh or dry weight on 4-, 8- or 17- week old seedlings. Leaf emergence may be stimulated on flooded seedlings compared with unflooded seedlings. While root dry weight is greater in 17-week old flooded plants than 13 - week seedlings, this difference is not significant. It is suggested that maintenance of a high root/shoot ratio is a drought adaptation. Furthermore, comparative study of flood tolerance in semi-arid eucalypt species suggests that those species intolerant of flooding seldom express morphological adaptations and fail to recover from physiological damage.The annual grass Setaria dielsii occurs under the canopy of mature E.victrix trees of the coolibah woodland. This species has probably displaced more palatable perennial grasses. Soil moisture under trees is slightly higher and soil temperatures are less extreme than away from the canopy. Growth of ++
S. dielsii appears to be more associated with soil nutrient status. Levels of total N, Mg, K, and of electrical conductivity (EC) under trees are significantly higher than those away from the tree. Levels of Ca, Na, Fe, and organic carbon do not differ. The under story sub-shrub Malvastrum americanum is an important competitor with S. dielsii. Light availability may determine relative biomass contributions of the two species.The effect of the density of grass species, growing space and time of establishment on E. victrix seedlings (inter-specific competition), and the effect of density and growing space within E. victrix seedling populations (intra-specific competition) were studied under controlled conditions. Results indicate resources necessary for growth of individual E. victrix seedlings were more limiting under increase density of neighbouring grass species than under intra-specific competition. In particular photosynthetic area was drastically reduced in mixed culture.Lack of ground cover beneath the canopy of isolated E. victrix trees was ascribed to toxic or phenolic substances present in leaf, bark and leaf litter of E. victrix. Lactuca sativa seed germination subjected to extracts and leachate demonstrate that the fresh leaf of E. victrix possesses toxic substances which cause deleterious effects on both germination and radicle development. Similarly, increasing concentrations of leaf and bark leachate show reduced germination percentage of L. sativa seeds. Shoot and root biomass of grass and eucalyptus treated with leaf leachate were reduced. E. victrix leaf leachate significantly reduced shoot and root biomass of its own seedlings. High Performance Liquid Chromatogram (HPLC) analysis separated 11 and 8 possible toxic substances from leaf and bark extract respectively.
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Maxwell, Aaron. „The taxonomy, phylogeny and impact of Mycosphaerella species on eucalypts in South-Western Australia“. Maxwell, Aaron (2004) The taxonomy, phylogeny and impact of Mycosphaerella species on eucalypts in South-Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/187/.
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Plantation eucalypts are a recent and rapidly growing industry in Australia, and will eventually replace the logging of old-growth forests. Over 40% of these plantations have been established in south-western Australia, where more than 160 000 ha of Eucalyptus globulus plantations now occur. In the early 1900s, this species was widely planted as an exotic in South Africa, but succumbed to severe pest (Gonipterus sp.) and disease (Mycosphaerella sp.) problems. Similarly, in south-western Australia E. globulus is an exotic species, but with the additional threat that it is planted adjacent to indigenous eucalypts, which increases the possibility of pests and pathogens switching between closely related eucalypt hosts. Over the past ten years, there have been anecdotal reports of increasing levels of Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) in E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. This increase in disease level is of concern to the industry. To date there have been no comprehensive studies into the taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics of MLD in south-western Australia. This thesis investigated the impact of MLD in south-western Australia with a focus on its impact, taxonomy, biogeography and population genetics. It is the first study worldwide to quantify the relative impact of different Mycosphaerella species in a regional plantation estate.
A survey of pest, disease and nutritional disorders (Chapter 2) found that MLD was the most severe and frequently occurring, single taxonomic health threat to 1 and 2-year-old E. globulus plantations in south-western Australia. For the first time, this survey identified and quantified the impact of pest and disease damage to E. globulus plantations in the region. There were differences in the disease levels between plantations and this was due to initial Mycosphaerella species composition and inoculum level, and local climatic conditions favourable for disease, rather than to the provenance planted or the nutritional status of the individual plantations.
The survey for Mycosphaerella pathogens of eucalypts (Chapter 3) identified two new species of Mycosphaerella (M. ambiphylla and M. aurantia) and extended the known geographic range of eight other species (M. cryptica, M. gregaria, M. lateralis, M. marksii, M. mexicana , M. nubilosa, M. parva and M. suberosa). Of these: M. lateralis and M. mexicana were new records for Australia; and M. gregaria, M. nubilosa and M. parva were new records for Western Australia. A new anamorph, Phaeophloeospora ambiphylla was described and linked to M. ambiphylla. The occurrence of these new species and disease records in south-western Australia is significant for the plantation-eucalypt industry worldwide. The finding of two new species highlighted the need to quantify the disease impact of these on eucalypt plantations; and the extension of the range the remaining species raised important quarantine issues, concerned with the movement of plant material between regions and countries.
The biogeographical investigation of Mycosphaerella (Chapter 4) identified that the most widespread and serious cause of MLD in south-western Australia is M. cryptica. In addition to occurring on the exotic E. globulus, it also occurs on two of the three important indigenous forestry eucalyptus species in this region. That is, on E. diversicolor, and E. marginata, but not on Corymbia calophylla. In terms of the plantation estate of E. globulus, however, M. nubilosa is the most widespread pathogen. The current study found that MLD on E. globulus is a complex of several different species, whereas, on E. diversicolor and E. marginata it is caused by only M. cryptica. Two species, M. cryptica and M. marksii were found commonly on adult E. globulus leaves. Although M. cryptica was the most frequent and serious cause of disease on adult leaves, M. marksii levels appear to be increasing and the future epidemiology of this pathogen should be closely monitored. There is some concern that these two MLD species could become an economically important problem on adult leaves of E. globulus. At present severe levels of MLD is significantly more common on juvenile than on adult foliage.
The phylogenetic analysis (Chapter 5), based on ITS rDNA sequences from the present study and those obtained from GenBank accessions, found that Mycosphaerella is an assemblage of largely polyphyletic anamorph genera. Ten distinct clades emerged from the analysis. With the exception of the Dissoconium and the M. recutita clade, which comprised of two and one species respectively, none were comprised entirely of one anamorph genus alone. The anamorph genera represented were often dispersed across more than one clade, indicating that these anamorphs have arisen separately in different phylogenetic lineages. Cercospora, Stenella and Uwebraunia anamorphs each occurred in more than one separate clade. Although on the basis of rDNA sequence data Mycosphaerella appeared mostly monophyletic there was some evidence that the Mycosphaerella genus may be polyphyletic. This was particularly evident from the Dissoconium clade which grouped as closely to the outgroup Botryosphaeria taxon as it did with the remaining Mycosphaerella species. It was argued that a multi-gene phylogeny, which includes sequencing many species in other genera aligned with Mycosphaerella, is required in order to satisfactorily answer the question of whether Mycosphaerella is truly monophyletic.
The phylogenetic analysis also showed that the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella based on ITS sequence data needs further clarification. Some species that are morphologically distinct, such as M. vespa and M. molleriana, shared identical ITS sequences. Other morphologically distinct species differed by as little as one or two nucleotides. Yet in other cases, the sequence variation amongst isolates from the same species differed substantially. Much of this variation in M. cryptica and other species was attributed to poorly edited sequences that had been lodged with GenBank. It was postulated that although a part of the remaining variation reflected the existence of cryptic species, some was likely to be genuine intra-species differences. It was concluded that further genes need to be sequenced, and more standardised cultural studies conducted in order to define species boundaries within Mycosphaerella.
Based on the ITS rDNA sequence data, two different molecular methods for the identification of Mycosphaerella species from eucalypts were developed (Chapter 6). The first of these was a PCR-RFLP method that enabled the identification of Mycosphaerella species present on eucalypts in south-western Australia. A key is provided, which enabled the identification of species on a combination of PCR-RFLP DNA fragment migration patterns and a small number of morphological features. This key enables the identification of Mycosphaerella species more easily than keys that rely on morphological features alone. Therefore, this has made it easier for non-Mycosphaerella specialists to identify species from this genus. The second molecular method developed for the identification of Mycosphaerella species was that of primers that selectively amplify the DNA of M. cryptica and M. nubilosa, the two most important causes of MLD (Chapter 6). This will allow the rapid identification of these two species by non-specialists in Mycosphaerella taxonomy. The primers from the current study will also enable early diagnosis of the possible causal organism of MLD in a plantation. Once the use of these primers for amplifying DNA from leaf tissue has been optimised, they will also facilitate studies into the early infection process of M cryptica and M. nubilosa. For example, the presence of the pathogen may be detected prior to the appearance of symptoms. Studies may be conducted to determine the length of a hemi-biotrophic phase, and the extent of tissue colonisation both spatially and temporally, beyond the necrotic lesion in these two Mycosphaerella species. Previously, such studies have been hampered by the slow growth rate of these fungi in culture and the lack of media that would allow their selective isolation and detection by directly plating diseased and non-diseased host tissue.
This study has clearly indicated that Mycosphaerella species are the major disease threat to E. globulus plantations in Western Australia. It has also shown that over the relatively short period of time of less than ten years the number of species recorded has increased from three to ten, and that disease severity has increased in plantations. It is therefore critical to continue the research on this genus in order to understand the biology, epidemiology and population genetics of this pathogen. This is necessary in order to inform tree selection and silvicultural practise that will minimise the future impact of MLD. This is particularly important if the industry moves towards clonal and hybrid forestry as has occurred elsewhere in the world. This study has laid the foundations for future research on this disease through the elucidation of the taxonomy of Mycosphaerella in south-western Australia and by providing some important molecular tools for its diagnosis and further study.
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Smith, Amanda Jessica. „Campsite impact monitoring in the temperate eucalypt forests of Western Australia : an integrated approach /“. Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040504.151201.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2003.Thesis submitted to the Division of Science and Engineering. "Supported by CRC for Sustainable Tourism and Dept of Conservation and Land Management (Western Australia)". Bibliography: leaves 334-355.
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Noorduijn, Saskia L. „Temporal and spatial effects of a long term large scale alley farming experiment on water table dynamics : implications for effective agroforestry design“. University of Western Australia. School of Environmental Systems Engineering, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0102.
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[Truncated abstract] Removal of native vegetation to facilitate traditional agriculture practices has been shown to reduce ecosystem health, and restricts the native habitat. The subsequent change in the predominant vegetation water use patterns has altered the catchment water balance, and hydrology which results in land degradation through such processes of salinisation and water logging. More recently, moves toward more sustainable farming practices have been taken to help re-establish catchment hydrological equilibrium and improve catchment ecosystem services. Agroforestry is one such vehicle for this reestablishment. Perennial native vegetation has been shown to have a significant effect on catchment processes, mitigating any further degradation of the land. The effect of alternating native perennial tree belts with traditional broad acre agriculture in the alleys, referred to as alley farming, is investigated in this thesis due to the potential environmental and economic benefits that can result. This thesis investigates the impact of tree belts upon the water table and aims to gauge the ability of alley farming at controlling recharge within the low-medium rainfall zone on the valley floor. The basis of this research is the analysis of data collected from the Toolibin Alley Faring Trial. This experiment was established in 1995 to assess the viability of alley farming and incorporates different combinations of belt width, alley width and revegetation density. Transects of piezometers within each design have been monitored from October 1995 to January 2008. The piezometers were sporadically monitored over this period on a total of 39 dates. ... To further understand the response observed in the water table data, in depth hydrograph analysis of the control piezometer water levels was conducted. The statistical analysis demonstrates that the belts are having a very limited impact on the water table morphology, this is associated with the restricted use of groundwater by the perennial tree belts due to the poor quality, has been applied. This explains why there is limited signature of increased water table depth in the statistical analysis; there is evidence that alley farming as a means of reducing recharge may work however the overriding control on the trial are the rainfall trends rather than perennial growth. The low perennial biomass production at the site is an effect of limited water resources; however a significant distinction can be made between the water table depth and variability beneath high and low biomass belts. There are three main controls at the site; climate, development of perennial biomass and development of perennial root systems (both vertically and laterally). The regional climatic trends will influence water table levels creating a greater soil water storage capacity; therefore the contribution of soil water to transpiration rates will enable the tree belts to have some impact on recharge. Of the alley farming designs tested, the optimal planting density and belt/alley design, from an economic perspective, is identified as having a 4m belt width which generated the greatest biomass. As a means of controlling recharge at the site the effectiveness of alley farming is limited due the shallow saline water table limiting perennial growth.
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au, t. paap@murdoch edu, und Trudy Paap. „The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia“. Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070423.152657.
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The impact of a canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia (WA) has increased substantially since it was first observed causing decline and death of this species in the 1970s. By the early 1990s there were expressions of concern and calls to determine the cause and management options. Despite this, there has been very little research into the incidence, severity and possible causes of the disease. There are,
however, historical reports dating back to the 1920s of a canker disease of amenity planted C. ficifolia caused by Sporotrichum destructor, though the diagnosis and Latin description were never published. It has been suggested that there may be links between this species and the genus Quambalaria, a group containing leaf and shoot pathogens of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia.
This study examined the incidence and symptomology of the disease, the range of fungal species associated with healthy and diseased C. calophylla, and the pathogenicity of
isolates obtained from these surveys. Also investigated was the identity of the pathogen, S. destructor, historically attributed to canker disease of C. ficifolia, to determine whether this pathogen is responsible for the current epidemic of C. calophylla canker and if it is synonymous with Quambalaria.
Cankers were present on trees across the range of surveyed sites, with lesions occurring on trunks, branches or twigs of 25.7 % of the C. calophylla surveyed. Canker incidence was significantly greater on trees present at remnant sites, such as roadsides and in paddocks, than forest trees being 38 % and 13.3 %, respectively. Tree height, trunk diameter at breast height and crown position, size and health ratings were significant predictors of canker
presence, with cankers more common on larger, older trees and trees with poor crown condition. Bark cracks exuding kino were present on 48 % of the surveyed trees, and when
dissected, lesions were observed on 40 %, suggesting that these cracks could be the initial stages of canker disease. This was confirmed by the observation of a number of cracks that developed into perennial cankers during the three year study. Monitoring of canker development and the examination of transverse sections showed the circumvention of host
defenses by the pathogen and the subsequential walling off response of the host (which typifies perennial cankers) was not necessarily an annual event, with no change observed in
some cankers over the three year period, while others progressed rapidly in that time, occasionally to the point of girdling and killing the host.
Initial surveys isolated 44 fungal species from healthy and diseased C. calophylla, with opportunistic pathogens including Endothiella eucalypti and Cytospora eucalypticola
common. Subsequent surveys foccussed more on a potential pathogen in the genus Quambalaria, which was rarely isolated from active lesions, presumably because of its
slow growth rate, but which sporulated consistently on the surface of older sections of the cankers.
DNA sequences confirmed that Q. cyanescens and Q. pitereka are present in southwest WA, with the latter associated with leaf and shoot disease. A third and new species of
Quambalaria was isolated from cankers. Comparisons of disease symptoms and conidiogenesis indicate this species is synonymous with S. destructor. The species is
formally described here as Q. coyrecup T. Paap sp. nov.
A pathogenicity trial was unsuccessful in causing disease symptoms in trees inoculated with core plugs taken from canker lesion margins of diseased trees, though the time frame and environmental factors may not have been adequate for disease development. The core plug inoculation method may also have failed because opportunistic pathogens which were frequently isolated from lesions out-competed Q. coyrecup (paralleling the results achieved by culturing from lesions). Quambalaria coyrecup caused symptoms matching those observed in natural infections when suitable hosts were inoculated, confirming it is the fungus responsible for the current canker disease of C. calophylla and C. ficifolia. Endothiella eucalypti also caused
significant lesions, though these were not typical of natural infections, which together with its frequent isolation from both healthy and diseased trees suggests it is an opportunistic pathogen, potentially contributing to disease development in trees already infected with Q.
coyrecup.
Isolates of Q. pitereka from WA and eastern Australia both caused typical shoot blight symptoms in the WA hosts C. calophylla and C. ficifolia, and the eastern Australian host
C. maculata, though a larger path trial is required to examine the possibility of host specificity. Quambalaria cyanescens was non-pathogenic in all inoculation trials.
The current cause of cankers in C. calophylla is now known to be the same as the fungus historically implicated in the canker disease of C. ficifolia, when at the time it was
described as an endophyte doing little or no damage in C. calophylla. Thus, it is of immediate importance to determine the factors driving this decline, and develop control and management options.
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Lucas, Anne. „Water stress and disease development in Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi“. Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040820.13290.
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Farrell, Claire. „Leaf-litter and microsite on seedling recruitment in an alley-planted E. sargentii and Atriplex spp. saline agricultural system“. University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0110.
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[Truncated abstract] In order to assess the sustainability of mixed plantings on saline land, this thesis examined the importance of leaf-litter trapping and microsites on recruitment in a salt affected alley-belted (tree/shrub) agricultural system in Western Australia. Located in the low rainfall region (MAR <330 mm) of the wheatbelt, the 60 ha site consists of concentric rows of Eucalyptus sargentii trees with mounded (6 - 11 cm high) 10 -15 m inter-rows of Atriplex spp. Sustainability of this system and fulfilment of productive and ameliorative functions is dependant on successful recruitment (perennials). Although the present study site was conducted on farmland in a Mediterranean-type climate, low annual rainfall and spatial arrangement of perennial shrubs and trees, allow useful comparisons to be made with naturally occurring banded semi-arid systems and vice-versa. Of key interest were leaf-litter redistribution and trapping by tree and shrub rows and whether litter-cover/microsites facilitated/interfered with seedling recruitment (establishment, growth and survival). Litter from the tree row, redistributed by prevailing winds and rain, accumulated adjacent to saltbush seeding mounds, creating a mosaic of bare and littered areas across the site (total litter 10 t/ha over 22 months). Accumulated litter was hypothesized to differentially influence seasonal soil abiotic parameters (depending on litter-cover density) including; salinity, water availability, infiltration rates, water repellency and temperature. These abiotic conditions were also hypothesized to vary between tree and shrub microsites. Biotically, recruitment at this site was also hypothesized to be determined by interactions (positive and negative) between perennial components and understorey annuals/perennial seedlings. Accumulation of litter and resultant heterogeneity was influenced by shrub morphology, microtopography, wind direction and distance from litter source, with increased litter on the leeward sides of hemispherical Atriplex undulata shrubs and shrubs closest to tree rows. ... The importance of tree/shrub microsites varied seasonally, with no influence in winter due to moderate temperatures and increased water availability. In warmer months saltbush mid-row microsites were most favourable for seedling recruitment due to moderate litter-cover; reducing salinity, temperatures and increasing infiltration; and reduced root-competition/shading by the tree row. Tree microsites also directly inhibited seedling recruitment through increased salinities and water repellency. However, trees also indirectly facilitated recruitment in adjacent areas through provision of leaf-litter. As litter-trapping and recruitment patterns at this site mirror those found in semi-arid natural and artificial systems, the results of this study provide useful insights into creating appropriate mimics of low rainfall natural banded woodland and chenopod shrublands. Saltbush seeding mounds, shrub morphology and litter were key components for litter trapping and recruitment heterogeneity at this site. In this tree/shrub alley planting, where litter quantities directly influence vegetation cover densities, future saline plantings need to consider appropriate tree/shrub row spacings and orientation for efficient resource (seeds, litter and water) capture.
Bücher zum Thema "Eucalyptus oil Western Australia"
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Napier, Anna. Survey of rare and poorly known eucalypts of Western Australia. Wanneroo, W.A: Western Australian Wildlife Research Centre, 1988.
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Abbott, Ian. Ecology of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia. Perth, W.A: Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, 1986.
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Geological Survey of Western Australia. Western Australia atlas of mineral deposits and petroleum fields, 1999. Herausgegeben von Eddison F, Loan G und Collopy S. Perth, W.A: Dept. of Industry and Resources, 2003.
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Geological Survey of Western Australia. Western Australia atlas of mineral deposits and petroleum fields, 2001. Herausgegeben von Eddison F, Loan G, Collopy S, Prause M und Williams B. Perth, W.A: Dept. of Minerals and Energy, 2001.
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Shearer, B. L. Jarrah dieback: The dynamics and management of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of south-western Australia. Como, W.A: Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, 1989.
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Oil exploration permit EP 325, Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, Minora Resources NL: Report and recommendations of the Environmental Protection Authority. Perth, W.A: The Authority, 1988.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Eucalyptus oil Western Australia"
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„Korean War – South Korean Objections to Peace Plans; Western Plans for PoW Settlement; Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute; McCarthy Attacks UK“. In Letters to Australia, Volume 4, 199–201. Sydney University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx8b7c5.88.
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„Parliament and the Judiciary in South Africa’s Racial Turmoil; Notes on Soviet Satellite Treaty; Persian Rejection of Western Oil Proposals“. In Letters to Australia, Volume 4, 85–87. Sydney University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx8b7c5.38.
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Kost, Fiona. „Burning the Bush: The Development of Australia’s Southwest Botanical Province“. In Humans and the Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199590292.003.0015.
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Though early historical records frequently mention Aboriginal, or Noongar, firing in south-western Australia, little is known about how the Noongar people managed the vegetation with fire, or the impact this has had on the environment. This study uses interdisciplinary archaeology, with information from ethnographic data, historical records, and pollen records from the last 6,000 years to determine the actions of the Noongar people and demonstrate how the Southwest Botanical Province can be viewed as an artefact of Noongar land management. It is widely accepted that Aboriginal people have had an effect on some of Australia’s vegetation types through fire (Bowman 1998; Hallam 1975; Kershaw et al. 2002) although the extent of the influence of Aboriginal firing is debated (Mooney et al. 2007). However, pollen data and the study of fire indicators in Xanthorrhoea and Eucalyptus trunks have been used to demonstrate that the frequency of fire events in the south-west has decreased since European colonization (Atahan et al. 2004; Ward et al. 2001), resulting in the loss of fire-dependent vegetation species and changes in vegetation distribution patterns. This disruption of the vegetation communities has been compounded by the extensive clearing of land for farming and the displacement of the Noongar people (Dodson 2001). The impact that European colonization had on vegetation becomes more apparent as an understanding of the Noongar fire management practices is gained. There is increasing acknowledgement by researchers of the need to understand the influence of the past fire regime on vegetation patterns and to acknowledge traditional land management practices (Hopper and Gioia 2004), as well as the changes caused by European attempts to create a ‘natural’ regime, so that land management groups can take them into account when determining modern-day prescribed burning timetables. Archaeological studies such as this one can provide a unique insight into the past actions of people such as the Noongar, allowing us to determine how they shaped the landscape prior to European colonization (see Balée, Chapter 3 this volume for a more direct discussion of the ‘indigenous’ nature of pre-colonial landscapes; see Stump, Chapter 10 this volume for similar discussions of colonial and postcolonial environmental narratives).
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Eucalyptus oil Western Australia"
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Hill, Robin Andrew, Gerry O'Halloran, Ralf Napalowski, Bimal Wanigaratne, Alison Anne Elliott und Mark Alan Jackson. „Development of the Stybarrow Field, Western Australia“. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/115373-ms.
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Mantecon, J. C. „Gas-Lift Optimisation on Barrow Island, Western Australia“. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/25344-ms.
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Hurren, Chris Andrew, Carrie Broad, Guy Duncan, Robin Andrew Hill und David E. Lumley. „Successful Application Of 4D Seismic In The Stybarrow Field, Western Australia“. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/158753-ms.
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Hamp, Roland, Inyau Anak Bada, Benjamin Mee und Tim Dunggan. „Early Reservoir Management Insights from the Enfield Oil Development, Offshore Western Australia“. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/116915-ms.
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Davis, O. „Improved Reservoir Management Using 4D Seismic at Enfield Oil Development, Western Australia“. In EAGE/SPE Joint Workshop - Closing the Loop: Reservoir Simulation and Geophysical Measurements. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201410335.
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Sankoff, Roumen Dimitrov, Gianluca Di Martino, Shona MacDonald, Craig Scott Marshall und Anthony Smith. „The Coniston and Novara Development in Western Australia - Offshore Challenges Met With Solutions“. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171536-ms.
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Coghlan, P. W. „The Impact of the Safety Case Regime in Offshore Western Australia“. In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27099-ms.
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Marshall, John K. „Water Economy of Macrozamia riedlei in the Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) Forest of Southwestern Western Australia“. In CYCAD 2005. The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21135/893274900.014.
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Lee, Wilson, und J. C. Mantecon. „Sucker-Rod Pumping Wells Optimisation Using a Spreadsheet Database on Barrow Island, Western Australia“. In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/28766-ms.
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Cobby, G. L. „Reaching Agreement Between Oil Explorers And Rock Lobster Fishermen Offshore Dongara, Western Australia“. In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/86638-ms.
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