Thematische Bibliographien / EU trade agreements

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „EU trade agreements“

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Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "EU trade agreements"

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García, María J. „Implementation of EU Trade Agreements Under an Assertive, Open, and Sustainable Trade Policy“. Politics and Governance 11, Nr. 4 (29.11.2023): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i4.7224.

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Since the 2010s the EU has expanded its preferential trade agreements, responding to challenges at the World Trade Organization and preferential trade agreements of key geoeconomic competitors. However, preferential trade agreements are only as good as their implementation. The EU 2021 Trade Policy Review for a more assertive trade policy includes a greater focus on preferential trade agreement implementation. An analysis of preferential trade agreement implementation reports identifies challenges in operationalising these. It shows that since 2019 there has been an increase in EU recourse to formal dispute settlement mechanisms under preferential trade agreements demonstrating the shift to greater assertiveness. Interestingly, most of the cases are of limited economic significance to the EU but serve to reinforce the message of enforcement of trade rules.
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Kováčiková, Hana, und Kristína Považanová. „EU's trade agreements“. Bratislava Law Review 1, Nr. 1 (01.10.2017): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2017.1.1.70.

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Conclusion of the Trade agreements between the European Union and the third countries is one of the displays of the EU´'s sovereignty. At the same time, it is an effective tool for enhancement of the EU´'s position within a globalised world of trade. The aim of the trade agreements is to create an easier business environment for (European) entrepreneurs, in particular by removing the customs, opening the public procurement, establishing the common technical standards, setting the rules of solving the disputes. At the same time, the trade agreements guarantee the achieved level of rights and interests protected by law of the European subjects. This leads to exterritorial application of the European law. This article is focused on brief analysis of concluded EU´'s trade agreements and their application.
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Leblond, Patrick, und Crina Viju-Miljusevic. „Article 8 - CETA as the EU’s First Third-Generation Trade Agreement: Does It Act Like One?“ Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science 27 (21.12.2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.4496.

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The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union (EU) has been hailed as the trend-setter for third-generation trade agreements, which focus predominantly on beyond-the-border impediments to international trade (e.g., rules and regulations) than at-the-border barriers (e.g., tariffs). CETA formed the basis for subsequent EU trade agreements, which are a key element of the EU’s trade policy. It also provided inspiration for third-generation trade agreements outside the EU. The big question for trade policy, in the EU and beyond, is whether third-generation trade agreements achieve their intended objectives with respect to beyond-the-border obstacles to trade. In other words, are they effective instruments in liberalizing international trade? After all, facilitating trade through regulatory and administrative cooperation is much more difficult than eliminating or lowering tariffs on imported goods. Having been in force (provisionally) for five years, CETA offers the best case to study the effectiveness of third-generation trade agreements.
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Bajzíková, Lubica, Daniela Nováčková und Lucia Paškrtová. „New Generation EU Agreements – The Basis for Future World Trade“. Juridical Tribune - Review of Comparative and International Law 14, Nr. 1 (25.03.2024): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.62768/tbj/2024/14/1/07.

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International trade agreements contribute to the development of international trade and services. The European Union is currently modernizing the system and structure of international agreements related to international trade, investment and services. The aim of the scientific study is to clarify and identify the characteristic features of the agreements of new generation that are concluded between the European Union and non-EU member states. Based on the facts, we can confirm that trade policy supports, among others, values such as the protection of human rights, the protection of labor rights, the environment and the fight against climate change. Such an approach of the European Union to the liberalization of world trade through comprehensive trade agreements is also supported by the strategy of the European Commission „Trade for All”.
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Neuwahl, Nanette. „Brexit and Canada: Stopgap Solutions for the EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) or a New Beginning?“ International Studies 58, Nr. 2 (April 2021): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00208817211005625.

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This article investigates how Canada’s trade with the EU-27 and the UK might be affected by Brexit. As the transition period foreseen in the 2019 UK Withdrawal Agreement has ended, the EU and the UK are no longer one customs area. The EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), like other EU agreements, has ceased to apply to the UK. Henceforth, the policies and legislation of the UK and the EU-27 will invariably diverge. Taking into account both the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement as well as the Canada UK Trade Continuity Agreement concluded in late-2020, the article shows that the agreements reached, while providing immediate stopgaps for some of the fallout of Brexit, also represent potential for a new departure.
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Puccio, Laura, Paola Conconi und Cristina Herghelegiu. „EU Trade Agreements: To Mix or Not to Mix, That Is the Question“. Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 2 (01.04.2021): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021009.

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The European Union (EU) can only act internationally on competences that have been transferred to it by its Member States. Trade agreements negotiated by the EU that include provisions outside its exclusive competences should be concluded as ‘mixed’. Mixed trade agreements must be ratified following not only the procedures set out in the EU treaties, but also the national ratification procedures of the Member States. As a result, national or even regional parliaments may block trade deals agreed between the EU and its trading partners after years of negotiations. Should the EU then avoid negotiating mixed trade agreements? We argue that the answer to this question depends crucially on the objectives of the EU when negotiating with its trading partners. If the EU is mostly driven by market-access motives, it should restrict the agreement to policy areas under its exclusive competence, thus insulating the trade deal from the legal and political risks of mixity. When instead its motives are mostly political, mixity is a ‘necessary evil’ to achieve non-trade objectives. Trade Agreements, European Unity, Competences, Ratification Procedures
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White, Eric. „The Obstacles to Concluding the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and Lessons for the Future“. Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 5 (01.05.2017): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017024.

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This article examines three issues arising out of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and puts forward suggestions as to how they may be avoided in future EU agreements. The three issues are the participation of EU Member States as parties to such agreements (‘mixity’), the goal of regulatory convergence and the provision of an investor-state dispute resolution mechanism. The article argues that in future EU Member States should not be included as parties to trade agreements and that issues which the EU Member States do not want to allow the Union to include in such an agreement be placed in a separate mixed agreement. On regulatory convergence, it is suggested that such a goal can only realistically be pursued in multilateral agreements and that including such provisions in bilateral agreements is unrealistic and leads to unnecessary complication and opposition. Finally, the article argues that the whole issue of private enforcement of trade agreements needs to be re-thought and that the provision of favourable treatment to foreign investors only is legally problematic.
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Chornyi, Vasyl. „Rules of Origin in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Conceptual and Practical Challenges“. Legal Issues of Economic Integration 49, Issue 3 (01.07.2022): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2022014.

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In the context of preferential trade agreements, Rules of Origin have attracted negative attention for their propensity to serve protectionist objectives. Against this background, the author seeks to shed light on several conceptual and practical challenges in connection with the Rules of Origin negotiated in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. The discussion proceeds from two basic propositions: first, the Rules of Origin included in this agreement resemble, in essential terms, those included in other modern EU trade agreements with advanced-economy partners; and second, preferential Rules of Origin, such as those agreed between the EU and the UK, embody the outcome of reconciling the divergent interests of import-competing and export industries by the negotiating partners. The author has identified and analysed the following specific challenges posed by the Rules of Origin in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: (1) limited possibilities for origin cumulation; (2) protectionist potential of transitional origin requirements and origin quotas; (3) trade-hindering effect with respect to Northern Ireland; and (4) chilling effect of the potential review of inward processing schemes on trade. Based on the analysis conducted, the author concludes that these challenges negatively affect trade because they operate to foreclose the expansion of legitimate trade opportunities under the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Origin, Rules of Origin, Preferential Origin, Free Trade Agreements, EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, Brexit, Inward Processing, Returned Goods, Diagonal Cumulation, Origin Quotas
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Ortino, Federico, und Emily Lydgate. „Addressing Domestic Regulation Affecting Trade in Services in CETA, CPTPP, and USMCA: Revolution or Timid Steps?“ Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, Nr. 5 (28.10.2019): 680–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340152.

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Abstract The number of international agreements purporting to liberalise trade, mainly focused on reducing protectionist measures through the imposition of general principles, has increased greatly over the last 25 years. More recently, the United States and the European Union (EU) concluded comprehensive agreements covering trade in goods, trade in services, and foreign investment. This article inquires whether, and the extent to which, such agreements represent a departure from previous practice. It focuses on (a) the instruments employed to address domestic regulation affecting trade in services and (b) three specific agreements concluded between 2016 and 2018: the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. While these recent Preferential Trade Agreements put forward novel approaches to regulatory diversity affecting trade in services, it is too early to ascertain whether these will have any ground-breaking impact in terms of services trade liberalisation.
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Hannonen, Marjut. „Implementation of EU Free Trade Agreements“. Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 11/12 (01.12.2017): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017056.

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The EU has a very active trade negotiating agenda, with new negotiations starting every year and being in preparation. Increasing number of free trade agreements (FTAs) are also being concluded. Against this background, and the fact that trade policy is attracting much more attention from the public that used to be the case still a few years back, effective implementation of EU trade agreements has become an important priority for the EU Trade policy. The EU needs to demonstrate that its trade agreements work in practice and deliver the negotiated benefits to EU operators. The EU FTAs currently in force are not identical in their scope and objectives, and this has to be taken into account also when looking into their implementation. EU FTAs can be divided in different groups on the basis of their scope and objectives. Since 2006 the Commission has been negotiating comprehensive FTAs which cover a wide range of areas including also inter alia services, investment, procurement, intellectual property rights, competition and trade and sustainable development. When speaking about FTAs, normally the main point of interest is to know whether the FTAs have led to an increase of trade flows between the partners in the areas of trade in goods, services and investment. In general it can be said that in large majority of cases, the trade in goods has increased during the period than the FTAs have been in force. In terms of services and investment, it is more difficult to see the link with the FTAs in developments in these areas. Preference utilization rates (PURs) of the EU FTAs have attracted a lot of attention since the Commission started producing them after the EU–Korea FTA started to be applied. In general, the PURs for EU operators are lower than those of our trading partners. New generation FTAs have a comprehensive structure of implementation bodies. A number of subcommittees and working groups covering different areas covered by the chapters of the FTA meet annually to address problematic issues. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, restrictions in trade of agricultural products, enforcement of geographical indicators and public procurement have been areas most often discussed in these fora. Lack of awareness of the FTAs by EU companies and difficulties in understanding them is still a real issue preventing FTAs reaching their full potential. This has led the Commission to intensify its efforts to address better the awareness gap. In addition to the Commission, Member States and their business organizations have also a crucial role in disseminating information on FTAs to their stakeholders, in particular small and medium sized enterprise (SMEs), who often require information in a local language and locally in different regions. Close cooperation between Member States’ embassies and the EU delegations in the FTA partner countries has also been identified as a key factor to ensure effective implementation of the FTAs.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "EU trade agreements"

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Serrano, Katharina Anna. „EU-South Pacific : trade-developments nexus in Economic Partnership Agreements“. Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2009. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20210/.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of the trade-development nexus in economic relations between the European Union and Pacific island states. Two interrelated but competing International Relations theories are utilised as tools for analysis: the dependency theory and realist theory. The research consists of analysis of the approaches, assumptions and applicability of both theories in the wider context of North-South relations, with a focus on recent changes in the relationship between the European Union and Pacific island states. The thesis revealed that the lack of success in reaching policy objectives throughout a long-lasting relationship was a key driving force for several policy shifts; these resulted in the implementation of the trade-development nexus into new foreign policy instruments, the Economic Partnership Agreements. Research demonstrated that new dependency theory forecasts more emphasis on the internal development dimension and a development-friendly trade-development nexus. Realist theory however estimates that, depending on power projections and self-interests involved, the trade-development nexus may lead to either more co-operation or more conflict in relations between the European Union and Pacific island states. In order to test the theoretical propositions, the thesis turned to the analysis of two case studies. It looked at the sugar sector in Fiji and the fisheries sector in the South Pacific. Both case studies demonstrated how the trade-development nexus selfadjusts to a given situation or changes through a set of conditions present at any given point in time— a phenomenon that is a defining feature, and possibly the actual essence of the nexus. This flexibility may positively contribute to the European Union's aspirations of becoming an influential global actor through trade and development policies. However, flexibility renders the trade-development nexus unpredictable as policy instrument and therefore less desirable from the perspective of Pacific island countries than it would appear in light of the case-studies.
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Nyambe, Jacob Mulele. „Evaluating two international agreements for consistency with GATT/WTO rules a methodological study with regard to EU/RSA trade, development and cooperation agreement and southern African development community agreements /“. Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02272006-114743.

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Rothe, Holly M. „Preferential Trade Agreements and Globalization: The Impact of a Common Foundation“. Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/471.

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Thesis advisor: Robert Murphy
Given the increasing proliferation of preferential trade agreements, this work seeks to investigate the economic, political, and cultural relationships that may be built from the common foundation of a trade agreement. It evaluates the experiences of the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement and makes predictions and suggestions for future preferential trading partners, as well as analyzing the potential impact that PTAs will have on globalization and international relations
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: International Studies
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Ojiambo, Colbert. „EU-ACP economic agreements and WTO/GATT compatibility : options for ACP countries under Cotonou Agreement“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28400.

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The member states of European Union (EU) and a group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states are currently negotiating for new trading agreements compatible with World Trade Organization‘s (WTO) rules. Whereas both the EU and the ACP states are in agreement that the new trading arrangements must be WTO compatible, there is no consensus on the format of the new trading agreements. The EU has insisted that the new trading arrangements should be in the form of free trade agreements, established under Article XXIV of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Unlike the previous EU – ACP trade agreements which were non – reciprocal, Article XXIV requires that the new trading agreements should be reciprocal. Consequently the EU has gone ahead to negotiate for reciprocal Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with some of the ACP states. Some ACP countries which are opposed to reciprocity have proposed that the new trading arrangements should be established under the provisions of Enabling Clause. Others have suggested that EU should attempt to apply for a WTO waiver. The Cotonou Agreement, under which the new trading agreements are being negotiated, provides that in case of those countries which are not ready to negotiate for EPAs, the EU should examine alternative possibilities, in order to provide these countries with a new framework for trade which is equivalent to their existing situation and in conformity with WTO rules. So far no alternative trading arrangements have been proposed. Although some ACP countries have agreed to negotiate for Economic Partnership Agreements under article XXIV of GAAT, there is no consensus on the interpretation of key provisions of Article XXIV. Under Article XXIV, the parties are required to remove substantially all trade barriers between themselves within reasonable time. The meaning of the phrases 'substantially all' and 'reasonable time‘ has remained controversial with each party giving an interpretation that favours its interests. Lack of consensus on the meaning of these phrases has hindered the conclusion of negotiations for EPAs. In a nutshell, the question of WTO compatibility presents the biggest hurdle to the conclusion of the new trading arrangements between the EU and the ACP group. This paper is an evaluation of the options available to the ACP countries to conclude WTO compatible trading arrangements with the EU. Chapter one of this paper is an introductory chapter which offers an overview of the entire paper. Chapter two sets out in details the historical background of the economic relationship between the EU and the ACP states. This chapter illustrates the historical background from which the new trading agreements have evolved to help the reader understand certain key features of the current economic partnership agreements. Chapter three looks at the GATT/WTO provisions relevant to the establishment of WTO compatible trading arrangements between EU and ACP countries. Particular emphasis is placed on Article XXIV, the Enabling Clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter four is the main chapter in which the paper explores the possibilities of concluding WTO compatible trading agreements under Article XXIV, Enabling clause and the WTO waiver. Chapter five draws the conclusions of this paper.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Edwall, Caroline. „The Legalisation of International Labour Standards in Trade Agreements : A Case Study of the Labour Provisions in the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418536.

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International Labour Standards (ILS) has a prominent place in the current debate of globalisation. There has been an increased usage of ILS in different contexts, as references in domestic courts and international courts, as provisions in companies’ code of conducts and as provisions in trade agreements. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the usage of ILS as provisions in trade agreements and whether ILS provisions in trade agreements can lead to increased legal enforceability. The EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement was brought up to illustrate how ILS can be used as provisions in a trade agreement. The thesis was conducted by focusing on four different areas, firstly the legal enforcement of ILS within the ILO framework, the ILO Declaration and through International Public Law. Secondly, by examining the linkage between the ILS and trade and the EU’s trade strategy. Thirdly by studying the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement by using three dimensions, obligation, precision and delegation. Lastly, by a discussion of the legal enforcement of ILS through trade agreements. In short, the conclusions of this thesis are that there are several limitations in order to foster compliance with ILS, within the ILO as well as through trade agreements. Especially the lack of a legal body within the ILO and the fact that labour provisions are not subject to the regular dispute mechanism in trade agreements nor subject to the dispute mechanism of World Trade Organisation has been pointed out as problematic. Due to the lack of empirical research on the post ratification effects, de facto and de juro, it is difficult at this initial stage of ‘the experiment of labour provisions in trade agreements’ to draw conclusions. However, the need to foster a universal floor of fundamental labour rights are equally as urgent as it was a hundred years ago when ILO was founded and when the debate on labour provisions and trade was initiated.
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Hoeffken, Jana Ulrike. „Competition provisions in EU regional trade agreements : consequences for domestic reform in developing countries“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3588/.

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Political economy research has long argued that regional trade agreements (RTAs) can contribute to domestic reform in developing countries. With the increase in scope and depth of regional trade agreements and the increasingly common practice of including new policy areas like competition policy in RTAs, this argument has gained new traction. However, despite the increased scholarly interest, there is still little knowledge about whether and how provisions in RTAs affect domestic change. This thesis contributes to this line of research by analysing how competition provisions in regional trade agreements between the European Union and Southern countries impact on the development of the Southern competition regimes. By combining different theories and research approaches on how regional trade agreements impact domestic reform, the analytical framework provides a detailed account on the type of change that takes place, the mechanisms through which change occurs, and the different types of actors that participate in this process. The research relies on two case studies: the EU-Morocco Association Agreement on the one hand, and the EU-Cariforum Economic Partnership Agreement on the other. The thesis finds that competition provisions in regional trade agreements were relevant in both cases for the development of competition regimes. However, the findings also suggest that the influence of the competition provisions is contingent on two other factors: the surrounding environment in which the regional trade agreement is embedded, and the presence of domestic actors that are willing to promote reform. The fact that the competition provisions in the EU-Morocco trade agreement were embedded in the European Neighbourhood Policy and, importantly, that a follow-up regional trade agreement with the European Union was envisaged for the future, implied that the EU had a stronger leverage to demand change from the Moroccan government. Moreover, in both Morocco and Cariforum, the interest of governments in advancing competition policy reform was limited. Therefore, domestic actors other than the government played a key role in ensuring that the competition provisions had an impact on the development of the respective competition regimes. In sum, the thesis makes an important theoretical and empirical contribution to the literature. First, it empirically adds to the literature that looks at the consequences of competition provisions in regional trade agreements by making in-depths analyses of two trade agreements. Second, it develops the literature on the impact of regional trade agreements on domestic reform by explaining how competition provisions can have an impact on domestic reform, even in situations when the government is not interested. Finally, it also contributes to the literature by showing the importance of serial trade agreements for domestic reform, an aspect that has previously been overlooked.
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Herr, Jochen. „Neue EU-Wettbewerbsregeln für Technologietransfer-Vereinbarungen /“. Frankfurt am Main ; New York : Lang, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014836152&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Han, Tianzhu. „Trade in culture under WTO law : case studies of the US, EU and China“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/trade-in-culture-under-wto-lawcase-studies-of-the-us-eu-and-china(a68c6eee-a2a3-43ce-8fbb-a3b45e5a8652).html.

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Since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, traditional trade barriers like tariffs and quotas were no longer at the heart of trade disputes under the multilateral trade framework. The economic interdependence trend has brought a number of social issues to the forefront of the international scene, and the conflict between trade values and social values have soon become the new theme of trade conflicts at the current stage. Hence, international trade rules were urged to address issues other than economic concerns, such as environmental protection, cultural value preservation and human rights. Clashes between trade liberalization and social values are harshly criticized for their alleged negative impacts on issues like equality, freedom, social justice, environment and culture. The World Trade Organization (WTO), as the only multilateral trade regime, is arguably extending its competence in dealing with conflicts other than trade issues. However, the conflicts are made more incomprehensible due to the absence of a clear and reconciled order in both substantive and procedure senses. This research is based on the aforementioned concerns, and focuses on the relationship between trade liberalization and a specific spot among the enormous range of social values: Trade in Culture. Departing from domestic regime, the research is going to critically evaluate domestic state of law and policies under the realm of WTO rules, in order to carry out their interactions with WTO regime. By analyzing to what extent they collide with each other, and the possible alternatives to develop cultural trade, the research considers the development of cultural trade in the way that is more responsive to the real problems of current restraints presented at the domestic level, so that implications to the WTO legal framework can be drawn.
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Rydén, Linda. „The EU common agricultural policy and its effects on trade“. Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21403.

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The common agricultural policy (CAP) is a much discussed policy in the European Union (EU). It allocates great sums to the European agricultural sector every year and has been accused of being trade distorting and outdated. This thesis takes a closer look at what protectionist measures the CAP has used. The policy’s effects on trade will be assessed employing the sugar industry as a reference case. Sugar is heavily protected and is one of the most distorted sectors in agriculture. The CAP effects on trade in the sugar industry for ten countries in and outside the EU from 1991 to 2011 are estimated using a gravity model. This particular type of estimation has, to the author’s knowledge, not been performed for the sugar industry before, which makes the study unique. The results of the empirical testing indicates that trade diversion occurs if one country is a member of the CAP and its trading partner is not. When both trading partners are outside the CAP cooperation, they are estimated to have a higher trade volume. This result indicates that the CAP decreases trade. Current economic theory, in particular the North-South model of trade developed by Krugman (1979), suggests that protectionism of non-competitive sectors should be abolished and funds should instead be directed to innovation and new technology. The CAP is in this sense not adapted to modern economic thought.
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Villegas, Méndez Sheila, und Lundgren Joanna Rocco. „Entering newly liberalized service markets : opportunities derived from the EU bilateral trade agreements with Mexico and Chile“. Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1645.

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Background: The service sector accounts for more than 60 percent of global output. The EU has signed bilateral trade agreements with several countries and economic blocks in order to achieve reciprocal service liberalizations. The extensive trade agreements recently signed with Mexico and Chile, are expected to pave the way for new opportunities for Swedish service companies looking to entering the Latin-American market.

Purpose: To examine which entry mode will provide service companies with the best competitive advantages when entering the Mexican or Chilean market.

Results: Strong liberalizations have been made in sectors important to Swedish service companies. This will open up new opportunities for the companies when it comes to obtaining a stronger form of control over the foreign establishment. For some sectors sole venture or joint venture could be seen as realistic alternatives, while for others trade barriers still stand in the way for a more far-reaching establishment mode.

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Bücher zum Thema "EU trade agreements"

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Rabinovych, Maryna. EU Regional Trade Agreements. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505.

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Hakura, Fadi S. EU-Mediterranean and gulf trade agreements. Isle of Wight: Palladian Law Publishing, 1999.

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Pedreschi, Luigi F. Public Services in EU Trade and Investment Agreements. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-383-2.

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Horizontal agreements and EU competition law. Richmond, U.K: Richmond Law & Tax Ltd., 2005.

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Drexl, Josef, Henning Grosse Ruse - Khan und Souheir Nadde-Phlix, Hrsg. EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and Intellectual Property: For Better or Worse? Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39097-5.

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Herr, Jochen. Neue EU-Wettbewerbsregeln für Technologietransfer-Vereinbarungen. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2006.

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Assessing prospective trade policy: Methods applied to EU-ACP economic partnership agreements. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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François, Lévêque, und Shelanski Howard A, Hrsg. Antitrust, patents, and copyright: EU and US perspectives. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 2005.

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1957-, Lévêque François, und Shelanski Howard A, Hrsg. Antitrust, patents, and copyright: EU and US perspectives. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2005.

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Karingi, Stephen N. Economic and welfare impacts of the EU-Africa economic partnership agreements. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Trade and Regional Integration Division, 2005.

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Buchteile zum Thema "EU trade agreements"

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „EU external economic policy“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 28–43. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-3.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „Coherence between the rule of law promotion through RTAs and EU broader rule of law promotion activities (external coherence)“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 168–89. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-8.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „The interplay between trade liberalization and the rule of law in the development context“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 44–67. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-4.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „EU rule of law promotion through RTAs in third states“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 106–43. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-6.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „EU rule of law promotion through RTAs in third states“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 68–105. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-5.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „Coherence between the “regulation” and “action” dimensions of rule of law promotion through RTAs (internal coherence)“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 144–67. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-7.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „The concept of the rule of law in the EU external action“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 11–27. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-2.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „The EU-Ukraine DCFTA as an instrument of promoting the rule of law“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 190–215. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-9.

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Rabinovych, Maryna. „Introduction“. In EU Regional Trade Agreements, 1–10. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in european foreign policy: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031505-1.

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Asche, Helmut. „The EU-Africa Trade Agreements“. In Regional Integration, Trade and Industry in Africa, 201–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75366-5_11.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "EU trade agreements"

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Kovács, Eszter. „Transoceanic trade triangle of the US-EU-China“. In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.5.

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As part of global trade, the emergence of free trade agreements has resulted in the removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers over the past seventy years. The major trade actors (European Union, United States, and China) have become economic rivals, which make them compete in confrontational or cooperative ways for greater benefits and welfare. This paper discusses three free trade agreements between the US‒EU‒China: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI), and the Economic And Trade Agreement Between The Government Of The United States Of America And The Government Of The People’s Republic Of China (ETA). The author’s contribution is the creation of alternative scenarios to analyse the effects of these treaties on profit from a game theoretical approach. The results of this model suggest that cooperation generates greater economic benefits in each situation compared to competitive strategy. At the same time, players’ welfare cannot be identified with profit in all cases.
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BERTOLOZZI CAREDIO, Daniele, und Asta RAUPELIENE. „CETA AND ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS: AN ANALYSIS ON COMPARED ADVANTAGES OF THE MAIN ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD SECTORS“. In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.116.

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At the age of second-generation agreements, the European Union is going to achieve a number of new trade deals, as well as others country, first of all the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement treated with Canada. A significant part of the debating about CETA is focused on the real need or not to reach new deal and add more liberalization, in particular regarding the Agri-food goods. EU, and above all Italy, can boast a number of excellent export Agri-food processed product, such as wine, cheese and pasta; at the same time, Italy has a need of primary goods, like wheat. Revealed Competitive Advantage is an indicator of the importance of a specific product and, specifically, it’s used to identify the advantage or disadvantage of a trade flow. Some of the main Italian products exported in Canada have been analysed, just like the main imported product from Canada, the wheat; as opposed to EU-28 import of Durum wheat, the other trades have showed a comparative advantage in trade. Finally, in three cases, Italy proves greater advantages in respect with the EU.
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Koç, Neslihan. „Analyzing the Foreing Trade Relations of Turkey and Macedonia within the Framework of Free Trade Agreement“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00965.

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Turkey, because of its responsibilities derived from Custom Union with European Union, makes limited Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with those states which have already signed such agreements with EU. As yet Turkey has signed FTAs with 19 countries including Macedonia. It's expected from FTA's that raise awareness of partner countries about each other’s economic and commercial potentials. In this study a general overview will be made to emphasize the relationship between FTAs which Turkey has signed with other countries and increase in Turkey’s trade volume in the same period. Subsequently, with regarding the FTA and commercial relations with Macedonia, an assessment will be made by using the lists of countries imports and exports, based on Republic of Turkey Ministry of Economy statistics for the period of 2001-2012.
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Ay, Ahmet, Fatih Ayhan und Mustafa Gerçeker. „Analyzing the Free Movement of Goods Principle in European Union“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01419.

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In this paper, it will be analyzed the free movement of goods principle’s progress in European Union. This principle have special importance for all countries not only EU members. Because of globalisation’s effects, all countries have to open their boundaries to all over the World. Thus the free movement of goods affects almost all countries. Free movement of goods principle is achieved a successful progress in EU case. In this paper, we will try to show this principle’s success in EU agreements, regulations, settlements and peaks. Not only in EU, but also all open economies are getting extra benefit from trade. Free movement of goods is a part of international trade and also first step of EU integration process. Followings steps are consisting of free movement of capitals, services and human. In this paper, we’ll show the meaning and importance of this principle and its historical progress in EU. And also it will be analyzed to basic drawback, preventions, and exceptions of this principle.
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Belova, Gabriela, Gergana Georgieva und Anna Hristova. „THE FOREIGN INVESTORS AND NATIONALITY CONCEPT UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW“. In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.193.

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Although in the last years the international community has adopted a broad approach, the definition of foreign investors and foreign investments is still very important for the development of international investment law. The nationality of the foreign investor, whether a natural person or legal entity, sometimes is decisive, especially in front of the international jurisdictions. The paper tries to follow the examples from bilateral investment agreements as well as from multilateral instrument such as the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention. An important case concerning Bulgaria in past decades is also briefly discussed. The authors pay attention to some new moments re-developing the area of investment dispute settlement within the context of EU Mixed Agreements, especially after the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement.
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Marin, Nikolay, und Mariya Paskaleva. „AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU’S INVESTMENT POLICY AFTER CETA: EFFECTS ON THE BULGARIAN ECONOMY“. In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.55.

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In this paper we analyze the changes of the EU’s investment policy provoked by the mixed trade agreements. The EU’s investment policy has turned towards attaining bilateral trade agreements. One of these “new-generation” agreements is the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). It is in a process of being ratified by the national parliaments of the EU members. This study is focused on the general characteristics of CETA and the eventual problems posed by its regulatory and wide-ranging nature. We prove that the significance of this agreement pertains not only to the economic influence, that it will have on the European and Canadian economies, but CETA is also the first trade agreement to have been negotiated with a focus on investment protection and a change in the EU’s investment policy. The current study reveals the influence arising from the conclusion of CETA on the Bulgarian economy with an emphasis on electronic industry, machinery industry and manufacturing. We estimate both – the direct and indirect effects on Bulgaria’s exports, imports, value added and employment. In order to estimate the influence, we apply the multi-regional input-output model. It is proved that CETA will have a low but positive impact on the Bulgarian economy. After constructing different scenarios of development, we prove that the influence of CETA on the Bulgarian economy will amount to 0.010% GDP. The average total employment will be increased by more than 172 jobs in Bulgaria, which in turn, relative to the labor market, represents less than 0.01% of the total employment.
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Kennis, Anke. „EU-Japan cooperation EPA: Wine and Motor vehicles: more than just tariff reduction: Deep Regulatory Cooperation through Free Trade Agreements“. In The Twelfth International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS 12). Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789048557820/icas.2022.031.

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Artekin, Ayşe Özge, und Mahmut Sami Duran. „DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TURKEY: TRENDS AND CHANGES“. In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.713.

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Turkey, which is the connection point between Asia and Europe and is in a strategically important position, needs new markets where it can implement an effective commercial policy. According to the data of the Asian Devel-opment Bank, Asian countries, which are expected to meet more than half of the world production in 2050 with their rapid growth, and African countries, which are seen as a virgin market and advantageous in terms of cheap raw mate-rial import, offer Turkey a good market opportunity as an alternative to European region trade. On the other hand, it is expected that the agreements made by Turkey will increase the commercial potential of the country. The aim of this study is to show the cooperation with different international economic integrations, that is, the change in Turkey’s direction in trade, by reducing the risks and disadvantages of being tied to a certain region in terms of trade. The study deals with the Turkish foreign trade policy, competitiveness and trade data from the period of open-ing up after 1980 to the present, in certain periods. At the same time, it is stated in the study that with the change of Turkey’s trade policy, the share of EU countries in total foreign trade has decreased in the last twenty years, and the di-rection of Turkey’s European-intensive foreign trade has expanded to the whole world, especially to Asia. It is predicted that Turkey’s economic and political efficiency will increase with its new policies and strong commercial connections.
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Tudor, Florin, und Andreea Elena Matic. „THE RISK OF CUSTOMS VALUE FRAUD ON IMPORTS OF GOODS PURCHASED FROM AFFILIATED COMPANIES“. In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s02.016.

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The role of multinational enterprises as an important actor in the sphere of international economic relations is well known. It is essential that the governments of the member states take care so that transfer pricing does not affect the rules of commercial competition, the international consensus at the level of trade agreements, but at the same time does not constitute a major risk of customs fraud that could affect financial interests of the EU. The OECD recommendations highlighted the fact that business transactions between related companies must be carefully managed, and the customs value verification for this type of operations must be done more carefully in the future. It should not be overlooked that such analyzes should also be corroborated with other provisions, close to the sphere of transnational organized crime, a fact of such a nature that thorough checks should also be made in the sphere of knowing the clientele and the beneficial owner. Through this article, we aim to identify the risks of a customs nature, the correct legal interpretation, and the establishment with greater precision of the rules of interpretation and strict application of the customs value in relation to transfer prices.
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Yıldız, Murat. „Ethical Value Issues in Corporate Sustainability Reports“. In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.55.

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This study aims to reveal the current ethical issues raised by corporate sustainability reports. Many texts such as the Paris Agreement, the European Green Deal, carbon regulations at the border, which have started to play a very important role in the economic and social pattern of the world, have been affecting daily lives of individuals across the countries. Beyond migrations, droughts and natural disasters, the armless war of the new millennium is a struggle for the civilization forced by these agreements. In addition to the European Union, which is gradually increasing its pressure on both member countries and suppliers within the framework of climate scenarios with the directives it has issued on impact value and due diligence, the USA is also making its own regulations binding for everyone. In addition to the scenarios of combating climate change, these two main economic powers also need different fictions that can sustain the social and economic comfort within their borders. In particular, the exponential growth of migration will be accompanied by the danger of disrupting the structure of the global economy, production, and the distribution of labor. While the EU considers the reporting of the companies in the member states to be inadequate in terms of quality and quantity, the companies that make a significant part of their trade to the member countries need a much more long-term and patient endeavor. Although the translations of the regulations consisting of numerous articles are often not easily comprehended in different cultures, it is a fact that ethics-based efforts will make this process permanent and understandable. In this context, sustainability studies and reporting of corporate firms, which are the core structures, have been analyzed in a way to include the supply chain. Many of the reports examined reveal the existence of knowledge and experience gaps that will lead to social and ecological problems as well as low impact value. The study brings an applied ethical suggestion to the ethical value analyses of the existing approaches and tries to reveal to what extent all these global efforts, the core subject of which is ethics, can overlap with ethical behavior.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "EU trade agreements"

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Walmsley, Terrie, und Scott McDonald. Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions: The Impact of the EU Republic of South Africa Free Trade Agreement on Botswana. GTAP Working Paper, Dezember 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp29.

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The EU has indicated that after 2008 its trade relationships with developing countries will be dominated by the development of preferential trade agreements. Although not a consequence of the Cotonou Agreement, the free trade agreement between the EU and the Republic of South Africa (EU RSA FTA) is clearly one of the first fruits of this approach to trade relationships. However, there is no evidence that the design of the EU RSA FTA incorporated a comprehensive general equilibrium evaluation of the agreement for either the signatories or the other southern African nations. The analyses reported here indicate that while the EU RSA FTA may substantially benefit the signatories, there are appreciable negative impacts for other states, especially the RSA’s immediate neighbours. Moreover, the reluctance of the EU to fully liberalise trade in food and agriculture commodities results in a major reduction in the benefits for the RSA without ameliorating substantively the adverse implications for other nations.
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Page, Sheila. How to Deepen the Dialogue between the Andean Community and the EU. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011123.

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This paper discusses the European Union trade policy making process and implications for the Andean community. The European Union (EU) divides its agreements with other countries into three types: neighbourhood, trade and development, and is currently classifying the negotiations with the Andean Community as development. The Andean Community must examine how the EU has approached its agreements in the past and what the Andean countries need from an agreement, and decide whether it wants to negotiate on the trade or development models. In the light of this choice, it must then identify the negotiating approaches, the non-governmental allies, and the economic and social information which will be most effective in convincing the EC and the EU member countries to sign a favourable agreement. This document was presented by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Andean Subregional Meeting held on April 23rd and 24th, 2007 in Lima, Peru.
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Estevadeordal, Antoni, Ekaterina Krivonos und Robert Devlin. The Trade and Cooperation Nexus: How Does the MERCOSUR-EU Process Measure Up? Inter-American Development Bank, März 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008691.

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The objective of this study is to analyze the interaction between trade and non-trade cooperation in some of the today's major regional initiatives, particularly those between developing and industrialized countries. The study suggests a framework to explore what the paper calls a "trade and cooperation nexus". The modalities of this nexus can take different forms. For instance, non-trade cooperation may be an integral part of a formal trade or integration agreement, or may take place independently of such an agreement, as an ex-ante, ex-post or parallel agreement. This paper analyzes the EU approach, which proposes an unusually tight trade and cooperation nexus based on a three-pillar approach uniting political, economic and trade cooperation under a single umbrella agreement. Theoretically this approach should be attractive, especially in North-South agreements, because the promise of linking free trade with cooperation programs could enhance the benefits of the former for both parties. However, while innovative, the nexus is challenging in its construction and delivery. The paper will explore EU efforts in this area in the broader context of what is happening in other North-South initiatives.
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Campling, Liam. Fisheries Aspects of ACP-EU Interim Economic Partnership Agreements: Trade and Sustainable Development Implications. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/nr_ip_20081013.

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Vodusek, Ziga, und Robert Devlin. Trade Related Capacity Building: An Overview in the Context of Latin American Trade Policy and the MERCOSUR-EU Association Agreement. Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008695.

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Trade has become an increasingly important strategic objective for developing countries. This is a relatively new phenomenon for many of them. Hence the demand to intensify an insertion into the world economy often advances faster than their institutional capacities to formulate effective strategies, trade policies and institutions. This is further complicated by the fact that the insertion is increasingly being undertaken through negotiation of ever more complex trade agreements with important asymmetries between the parties and large repercussions from market opening. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that trade-related capacity building (TRCB) has increasingly gained the attention of developing countries and donors alike. By practicing the art of the possible many advances have been achieved. But many shortcomings are still hindering the delivery of effective TRCB; ironically, some of them being outgrowths of attempts to perfect TRCB.
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Anania, Giovanni. The implications for bananas of the recent trade agreements between the EU and Andean and Central American countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/re_pb_20100917.

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Lodge, Junior, und Jan Yves. The Promise of a Recalibrated Caribbean-European Union Partnership. Fundación Carolina, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff03en.

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The Caribbean and the European Union (EU) have been enjoined in a formal bi-regional relationship since the signing of the Lomé Convention in 1975, and are firm proponents of multilateralism, strong advocates of regional integration, democracy and rule of law, and reflect vibrant multi-ethnic and multilingual polities. The bi-regional relationship has evolved considerably over the intervening 45 years, and is reflected in formal agreements between the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) States and the EU, and in the sphere of economic cooperation, has been strengthened with the signing of the Cariforum-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2008. The EU also remains a significant source of development cooperation for the Caribbean, complemented by a sui generis project management regime that includes multi-annual programming. Beyond this, the bi-regional ties have expanded into new areas of joint multilateral endeavour such as the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Despite the long and formal engagement, the Cariforum-EU partnership has not engendered either deep understanding of, or universal support in, each other’s conduct of multilateral negotiations. To the contrary, the partnership displays regular flashes of unease and arguably low-level tension. This paper seeks to assess the Caribbean-EU partnership in terms of its contribution of bi-regional trade and economic cooperation to Caribbean development, and possibilities for a renewed partnership considering new impulses shaping the Cariforum-EU relationship, including the post-Cotonou Agreement, Brexit, EU-LAC Political Dialogue and COVID-19 responses. A Cariforum-EU development agenda to fuel post-pandemic Caribbean recovery is mooted with the additional value of harnessing the promise of the revised partnership.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands und Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Suominen, Kati, und Antoni Estevadeordal. Rules of Origin in FTAs in Europe and in the Americas: Issues and Implications for the EU-Mercosur Inter-Regional Association Agreement. Inter-American Development Bank, Januar 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011087.

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Rules of origin (RoO) are a central topic both in the Inter-Regional Association Agreement negotiations between the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), and in the 34-country negotiations of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed mapping of the different rules of origin regimes in FTAs in Europe and the Americas, and to draw lessons from these regimes to the EU-Mercosur RoO negotiations, in particular. The paper offers four recommendations. First, the EU¿s standardized RoO regime will play a central role in the EU-Mercosur RoO negotiations. However, there is plenty of room for mutual tariff concessions. At the minimum, the EU¿s tariff preferences for Mercosur should approximate those provided to Chile in order to foster Mercosur¿s chances to augment its industrial exports to the European market. Second, the EU-Mercosur FTA RoO regime should incorporate general and sector-specific adjustment mechanisms in order to enable Mercosur to better utilize the preferential treatment provided by the EU. Third, Mercosur will need to further consolidate its common market in order to take full advantage of the RoO regime¿s likely provision of diagonal cumulation. Fourth, Mercosur should make the most of its strategy of simultaneous trade negotiations in the Americas and with the EU by ensuring a high degree of compatibility between its two major future agreements.
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Bergsen, Pepijn, Carolina Caeiro, Harriet Moynihan, Marianne Schneider-Petsinger und Isabella Wilkinson. Digital trade and digital technical standards. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Januar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135133.

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There is increasing impetus for stronger cooperation between the US, EU and UK on digital technology governance. Drivers of this trend include the economic incentives arising from opportunities for digital trade; the ambition for digital technology governance to be underpinned by shared values, including support for a democratic, open and global internet; and the need to respond to geopolitical competition, especially from China. Two specific areas of governance in which there is concrete potential to collaborate, and in which policymakers have indicated significant ambitions to do so, are digital trade and digital technical standards. - To leverage strategic opportunities for digital trade, the US, EU and UK need to continue identifying and promoting principles based on shared values and agendas, and demonstrate joint leadership at the global level, including in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on e-commerce. - Policy actors in the US, EU and UK should work individually and collectively to build on the latest generation of digital trade agreements. This will help to promote closer alignment on digital rules and standards, and support the establishment of more up-to-date models for innovation and governance. - Collaborating on digital technical standards, particularly those underlying internet governance and emerging technologies, offers the US, EU and UK strategic opportunities to build a vision of digital technology governance rooted in multi-stakeholder participation and democratic values. This can provide a strong alternative to standards proposals such as China’s ‘New IP’ system. - Policy actors should seek to expand strategic cooperation on standards development among the US, EU and UK, among like-minded countries, and among states that are undecided on the direction of their technology governance, including in the Global South. They should also take practical steps to incorporate the views and expertise of the technology industry, the broader private sector, academia and civil society. By promoting best-practice governance models that are anticipatory, dynamic and flexible, transatlantic efforts for cooperation on digital regulation can better account for the rapid pace of technological change. Early evidence of this more forward-looking approach is emerging through the EU’s proposed regulation of digital services and artificial intelligence (AI), and in the UK’s proposed legislation to tackle online harms. The recently launched EU-US Trade and Technology Council is a particularly valuable platform for strengthening cooperation in this arena. But transatlantic efforts to promote a model of digital governance predicated on democratic values would stand an even greater chance of success if the council’s work were more connected to efforts by the UK and other leading democracies
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