Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ethiopian sugar industry“

This paper presents the recycling of sugar cane bagasse ash from the Omo-Kuraz sugar factory in Ethiopia as a cement replacement in concrete that offers a suitable solution to environmental issues related to waste disposal management and the emission of greenhouse gases. The influence of bagasse ash as a cementing material in concrete was examined by performing several strength and durability experiments. From a strength perspective, compressive and splitting tensile strength were tested. As part of durability properties, carbonation and chloride penetrability of bagasse ash concrete was studied. Bagasse ash-based concrete mixes were produced with different cement replacements (10% - 40%) and were tested at different curing periods. As per the strength and durability test results, bagasse ash can be utilized as a cementing material in concrete with 10% cement replacement as the optimum quantity. The durability test results revealed bagasse ash doesn’t have adverse effects from carbonation and chloride penetrability perspective on concrete. This indicates that the Ethiopian construction industry can consider bagasse ash as nonconventional cementing material. Keywords: Bagasse ash, Compressive strength, Sorptivity, Tensile strength, Workability

Global energy security relies on fossil-based resources that are affiliated with the source of global warming, apart from punches of political and economic instabilities. Biomass is a promising alternative carbonaceous feedstock used for the production of clean energy that could have the potential to substitute for fossil fuels. This study aims to present a conceptual design that considers the criteria to identify the upper theoretical limits of biomass conversion, thus providing the potential approach to the conversion of three biomass (by-products: dry molasses, dry bagasse, and dry filter cake) through gasification, in order to contribute the biomass carbon-capturing by the model assessment of stoichiometric mass conversion and energy efficiency indicators into simple thermodynamic energy vectors, such as alcohols, alkanes, and syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen). Modeling plays up the importance of stoichiometric efficiency of biomass conversion with the supply of oxygen and hydrogen. This realizes that the multi-product diversification of feedstock into syngas, hydrocarbons, and alcohol through integrated process schemes could have the potential to fill the energy gap and help to manage environmental load. In regard to biomass conversion results, the mass conversion and energy conversion efficiencies of dry bagasse have better conversion potential than molasses and F. cake (% mass conversion = 129 in syngas, 54.4 in alkane, and 43.4 in alcohol; % energy conversion = 94.3 in syngas and 93.3 in alkane and alcohol).

While the organization of the Philippine sugar industry evolved to promote and balance the short-term interests of planters, millers and traders, it now undermines the industry and threatens the economic fortunes of those who depend upon it. By perpetuating inefficiency and fostering a frenzy of trading that affords inordinate profits for the least productive sector, this structure has become the major obstacle to restoring the Philippines to its former status as one of the world's most efficient and technologically advanced producers of cane sugar. As efficiency falls further behind that of other sugar producing countries, and as industrial consumers become more disgruntled with paying high prices for sugar, the nation risks the collapse of an industry that has already proven vulnerable to intermittent crises. The last time a crisis occurred — in the mid-1980s — planters faced foreclosure, mills stood idle, and workers and their families suffered malnutrition and dislocation, leading commentators to refer to Negros, the nation's premier sugar-growing island, as “Asia's Ethiopia” and a “social volcano”. While conditions have improved since the EDSA Revolution, the structure that has emerged does little to encourage productivity, efficiency and fairness. Since the industry continues to employ 500,000 workers, with as many as three million dependents, a collapse would lead to mass displacement, hunger, and political upheaval.This paper will outline the history of the Philippine sugar industry, examine its current structure, and describe the political and economic forces that sustain it. My first contention is that the institutional organization, rather than government policy, cultural attitudes, or neo-colonial dependency, is fundamentally responsible for the poor performance of the industry in recent decades and, unless major changes are forthcoming, will be mainly responsible for its ultimate demise.

This review was conducted with the objective of assessing the major potential of non-conventional feed resources in poultry nutrition in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has a vast array of non-conventional feed resources that can be utilized in poultry nutrition. These resources have the potential to significantly contribute This review was conducted with the objective of assessing the major potential of non-conventional feed resources to the growth and development of the poultry industry in the country. Potentially available of non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) include plant materials, such as the leaves and seeds of Moringa, Cassava, Taro leaf, Mango seed kernels, Pigeon pea, potato peel and leaf and agro-industrial by-products like, Rice bran, Filter sugar cake and brewery grain. Most of these feedstuff materials are low in energy, protein and minerals. These feed resource contain high amounts of anti-nutritional component. Appropriate processing methods like soaking, boiling, or fermenting can help reduce these anti-nutritional factors, enhancing the digestibility and utilization of NCFR in poultry diets. There are also several challenges and limitations that need to be addressed in order to fully exploit the potential of these feed resources. Some of the common problems are like limited knowledge and awareness, lack of processing and preservation techniques, limited availability and seasonal variations, lack of infrastructure and storage facilities and limited research and data. To addressing these challenges through research, extension services, and policy support can help unlock the full potential of non-conventional feed resources in poultry nutrition in Ethiopia. This would not only contribute to improved productivity and profitability in the poultry sector but also enhance food security and sustainable agricultural practices in the country.

Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: sar@ccsenet.org   Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 4 Boutheina Zougari, Regional Research Centre of Oasis Agriculture-Degache, Tunisia Darwin Pangaribuan, Lampung University, Indonesia Jiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal Luciano Chi, Sugar Industry Research and Development Institute, Belize Luis F. Pina, Universidad de Chile, Chile Minfeng Tang, Kansas State University, USA Momin Momin, Istanbul University, Bangladesh Nehemie Tchinda Donfagsiteli, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Cameroon Patrice Ngatsi Zemko, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon Tenaw Workayehu, Hawassa Research Center, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia

Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: sar@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 3 Bed Mani Dahal, Kathmandu University, Nepal Boutheina Zougari, Regional Research Centre of Oasis Agriculture-Degache, Tunisia Jiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland Luciano Chi, Sugar Industry Research and Development Institute, Belize Luis F. Pina, Universidad de Chile, Chile Manuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal Minfeng Tang, Kansas State University, USA Patrice Ngatsi Zemko, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon Tenaw Workayehu, Hawassa Research Center, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia Waqar Majeed, University of Agriculture, Pakistan

Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: sar@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 4 Aaron Norris, Texas Tech University, USA Bed Mani Dahal, Kathmandu University, Nepal Darwin Pangaribuan, Lampung University, Indonesia Jiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland Luciano Chi, Sugar Industry Research and Development Institute, Belize Manuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal Patrice Ngatsi Zemko, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon Roberto José Zoppolo, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (Uruguay), Uruguay Tenaw Workayehu, Hawassa Research Center, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia Waqar Majeed, University of Agriculture, Pakistan

La question de l'énergie prend de plus en plus d'importance pour le secteur industriel, qui consomme beaucoup d'énergie. Pour remédier à cette difficulté, l'analyse exergétique et l'analyse exergoéconomique semblent être des techniques très efficaces puisqu'elles permettent aux opérations industrielles d'être plus efficaces tout en réduisant leur impact environnemental et en maximisant les bénéfices économiques. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif principal de l'étude présentée dans cette thèse est d'améliorer l'efficacité énergétique de la centrale de cogénération existante via différentes possibilités d'amélioration de la production d'électricité afin d'alimenter le réseau national à partir de bagasse excédentaire et ainsi de démontrer la valeur de cette approche pour l'analyse de l'efficacité énergétique des processus et des utilités. De plus, promouvoir une technologie intégrée de pointe pour la conversion des sous-produits de la canne à sucre disponibles en indicateurs énergétiques alternatifs bio fuel pour un avantage économique et pour alléger la charge environnementale a été réalisée.Cette thèse présente une méthodologie générique de la gestion énergétique des procédés thermiques couplés avec le simulateur de procédé ProSimPlus® qui est bien adaptée aux études d'efficacité énergétique dans une centrale de cogénération. Cette étude automatise entièrement l'analyse exergétique en présentant l'ensemble du bilan exergétique dans un seul logiciel, en plus d'utiliser des expressions génériques pour le travail et les flux de chaleur.Trois scénarios d'exploitation (cas I - le « réseau » et l'"usine » fonctionnant simultanément, le cas II - le réseau fonctionne et l'usine « OFF », et le cas III - le réseau « OFF » et l'usine « ON ») ont été utilisés pour examiner les analyses exergétiques et exergoéconomiques d'une installation de cogénération.En raison de l'imprévisibilité du marché de l'énergie en termes de disponibilité et de prix, le choix du mode de fonctionnement approprié pour équilibrer la faisabilité et la rentabilité des procédés chimiques est devenu un sujet important dans le domaine industriel. Le choix de la configuration d'exploitation optimale est crucial pour la stabilité d'une installation de traitement, en particulier lorsque l'alimentation du réseau n'est pas constante. Le simulateur de procédé ProSim Plus® a été utilisé pour créer un jumeau numérique de la section de cogénération à turbine à vapeur du côté des services publics de la sucrerie de Wonji-Shoa en Éthiopie, à partir de données réelles.De plus, L'analyse combinée du pincement et de l'exergie (CPEA) analyse initialement la représentation des courbes composites chaudes et froides (HCCC) du cycle de la vapeur et spécifie les besoins en énergie et en exergie. Les courbes composites d'exergie équilibrées générées sont utilisées pour visualiser les pertes d'exergie dans chaque composant des échanges thermiques de procédé et de service. Par conséquent, l'analyse combinée de l'exergie et du pincement révèle que davantage d'économies d'énergie peuvent être réalisées en réduisant la destruction de l'exergie dans la centrale de cogénération (∆Tlm).Enfin, un concept de conception prenant en compte les critères permettant d'identifier les limites supérieures théoriques de l'approche potentielle de conversion de la biomasse des sous-produits de la canne à sucre en indicateurs énergétiques a été présenté. Pour analyser le potentiel de captage du carbone de la biomasse, l'évaluation du modèle de conversion de masse stœchiométrique et des indicateurs d'efficacité énergétique a été formulée. Cela montre que la diversification multiproduit, des matières premières aux biocarburants, dans le cadre de systèmes de processus intégrés, pourrait potentiellement réduire le déficit énergétique et gérer le fardeau environnemental
The energy issue is becoming increasingly important for the industrial sector, which consumes a considerable amount of energy. In spite of the fact that the scientific community should continue to seek alternative energy sources, a short-term option would be to rely on more reasonable energy consumption. To address this difficulty, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis looks to be very effective techniques since it allows industrial operations to be more efficient while also reducing their environmental impact and maximize the economic benefits. In this context, the major objective of the study presented in this dissertation is to improve the energy efficiency of the existing cogeneration plant for further possibilities of electricity generation improvement to supply to the national grid system from surplus bagasse and also to demonstrate the value of this approach for analysis of energy efficiency of processes and utilities. Moreover, promoting advanced integrated technology for the conversion of available sugarcane byproducts (bagasse, molasses, and filter cake) to alternative energy indicators (bioethanol, alkane, and syn-gas or synthesis gases) for economic benefit and to alleviate the environmental load from the depilation of wastes especially in the downstream area.This dissertation presents a generic technique for energy balancing in thermal processes coupling with ProSimPlus® process simulator proved to be well-suited for energy efficiency studies in a cogeneration plant. This study fully automates exergy analysis by presenting the entire exergy balance within a single piece of software in addition to employing general expressions for work and heat streams. Furthermore, three operating scenarios (case I - both the “Grid” and the “Factory” operating simultaneously, Case II – the grid operates and the factory “OFF”, and Case III – the grid “OFF” and the factory “ON” scenarios) have been used to examine the exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of a cogeneration facility.Because of the unpredictability of the energy market in terms of availability and pricing, selecting the appropriate operating mode to balance feasibility and profitability of chemical processes has become a hot subject in the industrial arena. Choosing the optimal operating setup is crucial for the stability of a process plant, especially when the grid supply is not constant. The ProSim Plus® process simulator was used to create a digital twin of the steam turbine cogeneration section on the utility side of the Wonji-Shoa sugar mill in Ethiopia, using actual data. Moreover, a steam power plant was simulated in a ProSimPlus ® simulator, and operating parameters of the steam turbine were analyzed utilizing the exergy concept with a pinch-based technique. The Combined Pinch and Exergy Analysis (CPEA) initially analyses the depiction of the Hot and Cold Composite Curves (HCCCs) of the steam cycle and specifies the energy and exergy requirements. The fundamental assumption of the minimal approach temperature difference (〖∆T〗_lm) necessary for the pinch analysis is represented as a unique exergy loss that raises the heat demand (heat duty) for power generation. On the other hand, the exergy composite curves focus on the potential for fuel saving throughout the cycle having opportunities for heat pumping in the process. Finally, a conceptual design that considers the criteria to identify the upper theoretical limits of biomass conversion to enhance the potential approach to the conversion of sugarcane byproducts into energy indicators forwarded. In order to analyze the biomass carbon-capturing potential, the model assessment of stoichiometric mass conversion and energy efficiency indicators were formulated. Modeling plays up the importance of stoichiometric efficiency of biomass conversion into multi-product diversification of feedstock within integrated process schemes could have the potential to fill the energy gap and to manage environmental load