Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „ETFE membrane“

The tensile test specimens of ETFE (ethylene - tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) membrane have been done at 7 temperatures. It is obtained corresponding stress - strain tensile curve, tensile strength and breaking elongation. Through experiments, it is given the tensile curves at different temperatures to determine turning points on the two rigid method, which has been a turning point corresponding to the yield stress and strain; and it is given ETFE calculation of elastic modulus by tensile curve calculate the tangent modulus, secant modulus, elastic modulus of the second and third; through numerical calculation, it is measured the energy performance of ETFE membranes. The results of the experiments provide a theoretical basis of ETFE membrane to study the architecture.

ETFE is the abbreviation of Ethylen Tetra Fluoro Etylene, a sort of colorless and transparent granules. The advantage ETFE film has daylight transmission and chemical resistance, the aging resistance and lightweight. The thickness of ETFE film is used to from 50μm to 300μm and tensile strength of ETFE film changes from 40MPa to 60MPa and the tensile strain at break can get to about 300-400%. In this paper, ETFE film carried out the tensile proprieties, such as the tensile strain at break, the tensile strength are examined.

Inflated membranes are popularly used in civil and aerospace engineering. They are flexible and their behaviors are featured by the interaction between the inner air pressure and deformation of the enveloping membrane (air–membrane interaction) which has not yet received attention in the literature. This paper aims at studying the air–membrane interaction and its influence on the static and dynamic properties of an inflated membrane by numerically analyzing a square ETFE (ethylene–tetrafluoroethylene) cushion. To account for the air–membrane interaction, the inner air was regarded as a linear potential fluid in developing the governing equations. The finite element model was derived from the discretized equations and verified through comparison with experimental results and those in the literature. Thereafter, the air–membrane interaction and its variation with influencing factors were investigated in the static and dynamic analysis by comparing results from the verified finite element model with the numerical solutions where the inner air was treated as the traction boundary conditions of the enveloping membrane. Results of this study indicate that (1) air–membrane interaction becomes more prominent with increasing external load and is gradually weakened with a rise in the frequency order; (2) air–membrane interaction makes the top membrane joined with the bottom membrane in the deformation and vibration; and (3) air–membrane interaction is strengthened with an increase in the initial inner pressure or geometric dimensions, but weakened when the membrane thickness or rise–span ratio increases. The present research is helpful to the understanding of the role the inner air plays in the behavior of inflated membranes, and may therefore improve the accuracy in analysis and the rationality in the design.

The enclosed air plays a significant role in form-finding and loading analysis of ETFE cushions. A new numerical model of ETFE cushions is proposed in order to consider the interaction effects between outer membrane and internal air. Then the form-finding and loading analysis of a regular hexagon ETFE cushion are performed and compared with experimental study. It is shown that the numerical results are in good agreement with the test results. The interaction FE model can be used in static analysis of ETFE cushions.

Novel anion exchange membranes were synthesized by grafted copolymerization of 1-vinylimidazole onto pre-irradiated ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film, followed by quaternization and alkalization. The structure of the membranes was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the membranes were also characterized. The ionic conductivity of the synthesized membrane is 0.03 S/cm at 30°C. This result indicates that the membrane is suitable polymer electrolyte membrane and so may find potential applications in alkaline membrane fuel cells.

Poly (ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) membranes were irradiated by electron beams and then acrylic acid (AA) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) were grafted onto the membranes, in an attempt to prepare cation exchange membranes containing -COOH and -SO3Na groups. The grafting yield was found to be strongly dependent on the synthesis condition such as irradiation dose, co-monomer composition. Infrared spectroscopy of the grafted membrane confirmed the existence of sulfonate and carboxylic acid groups. The membrane resistance decreases with the increasing of grafting yield

The hospital street is widely utilized in the modern health care facilities as a main traffic streamline to connecting all of the outpatient rooms and treatment departments for easy access. This study investigate the indoor environment quality of a typical hospital street, i.e., a high space atrium with ETFE membrane structure in the top. The investigation combines the on-site measurement and subjective survey. The results indicates that the indoor air temperature in the atrium reaches up to 32.6oC in a summer day causing thermal discomfort according to ASHRAE 55. The CO2, PM2.5, TVOC concentration in the hospital street comply with the Chinese standard for hospitals. The illumination in the corridors around the atrium is below the threshold of Chinese standard, i.e., 100 lux. Due to the vibration of the light ETFE membrane structure, the noise level in rainy days is as high as 79.5 dB which causes acoustic discomfort of occupants. This study is beneficial for the design of the hospital street design with the ETFE membrane structure.

Co-polymer facade materials have recently become a popular option in the building industry as an alternative to glazing. Ethylene Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene (ETFE) foil has been successfully used in many projects as an innovative solution to energy-conscious design challenges. In addition, the use of ETFE membrane has resulted in significant savings in cost and structural support requirements, compared with conventional glazing, due to its low weight. There is a lack of detailed published data reporting its thermal behaviour. This study focuses on the examination of heat transfer through the ETFE membrane, and more specifically heat loss and solar gains. The document examines the impact of the material on the energy use of a building, as well as thermal comfort and interior conditions. Through field-testing and computer simulations the research evaluates the material’s thermal properties to obtain results that will assist in estimating the suitability of ETFE foil use in comparison to glass. Field-testing is used to perform a comparison of the thermal and energy behaviour of a fritted double ETFE cushion to a double glazed cover. The two experimental devices under examination present nearly identical energy consumption due to heating requirements. The experimental findings are implemented in Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) and used to identify the necessary steps to accurately reproduce the thermal and energy behaviour associated with both covering materials. Further simulations were undertaken to provide a comparison of several types of ETFE cushions to various types of double glass. More specifically, the types examined are a clear double ETFE roof cover and a fritted double ETFE roof cover in comparison to a standard double glazed roof and a low-E double glazed roof. The roofs covers are examined in relation to energy requirements for both the heating and cooling of a space. Such an assessment of performance will provide information for further investigation to improve the material’s features and optimise energy performance.

Ce travail porte sur l'amélioration de la sélectivité préférentielle d'une membrane cationique à base d’ETFE pour une utilisation en électrodialyse afin de traiter des effluents industriels contenant un mélange d’acides et de sels métalliques. Pour cela, nous avons fait appel à la méthode de la modification chimique de la surface d’une membrane cationique par la formation d’un film superficiel mince portant des charges positives afin de former une barrière de répulsion électrostatique pour des cations bivalents tout en permettant le passage de cations monovalents tels que les protons.

La synthèse de la membrane cationique de base a été réalisée en passant par différentes étapes à savoir :le greffage du styrène - divinylbenzène (DVB), la chlorosulfonation et l’hydrolyse.

Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis au point un protocole de greffage du styrène-DVB dans le film d’ETFE qui permet l’obtention d’un film ayant un taux de greffage reproductible assurant à la membrane cationique finale une bonne conductivité électrique et une capacité d’échange acceptable pour une membrane d’électrodialyse. Une étude de la réaction de greffage en fonction de la concentration en réticulant a été réalisée.

Nous avons procédé par la suite à la modification de la surface du film d’ETFE greffé styrène-DVB par la formation d’une couche superficielle mince fixée par des liens covalents. Les membranes modifiées ont été obtenues par la réaction d’une seule face du film d’ETFE greffé chlorosulfoné avec la 3-diméthylaminopropylamine. La modification chimique de la surface du film ETFE greffé chlorosulfoné a été suivie par la technique FTIR-ATR. L’effet de la concentration de la diamine sur les propriétés électrochimiques des différentes membranes modifiées a été étudié. La résistance électrique des membranes modifiées équilibrées au contact de solutions de chlorure de sodium et d'acide sulfurique a été mesurée par la technique d’impédance. La détermination du nombre de transport du proton et de l’ion sodium a été réalisée à partir de mesures du potentiel de membrane. La densité de courant limite des membranes a été évaluée sur base des courbes courant-tension. Les mesures de chronopotentiométrie ont été également effectuées sur les différentes membranes synthétisées.

Les résultats de ces caractérisations montrent que la modification de la surface engendre des changements considérables au niveau des propriétés électrochimiques des membranes résultantes. La résistance électrique, la densité de courant limite ainsi que les propriétés de transport de la membrane dépendent d’une part de la concentration de la diamine utilisée et d’autre part de la solution dans laquelle la membrane modifiée est équilibrée.

La sélectivité préférentielle des différentes membranes vis-à-vis des protons par rapport aux ions bivalents a été testée en réalisant des électrodialyses d’un milieu mixte H2SO4-NiSO4. Nos résultats montrent que la modification chimique de la surface de la membrane affecte d’une manière significative le transport des ions nickel tout en respectant le passage des protons. Une meilleure séparation a été obtenue pour une membrane modifiée en utilisant la diamine pure.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'objectiu de la present tesi és desenvolupar un sistema fotovoltaic per a ser integrat arquitectònicament que, basat en membranes polimèriques i cèl·lules orgàniques semitransparents, promogui la consecució d'edificis més eficients mitjançant la generació d'electricitat, el control lumínic i la millora de l'eficiència energètica dels tancaments semitransparents. Els sistemes solars integrats en edificis representen uns elements que compleixen una doble funció. D'una banda actuen com a element constructiu i de l'altra són elements generadors. Aquesta ambivalència els posiciona com a imprescindibles per complir els requisits establerts per la Comissió Europea en matèria d'eficiència energètica en edificis. El sistema objecte de la tesi pot ser inclòs en zones que requereixen un material translúcid o transparent com són finestres, lluernes o qualsevol tancament transparent. Normalment, els elements translúcids que trobem en la construcció d'edificis estan basats en vidre, encara que existeixen altres materials que poden oferir prestacions similars com són els polímers. Un polímer amb unes propietats molt adequades per a aquesta aplicació és l'etilè tetrafluoroetilè (ETFE). La integració de sistemes fotovoltaics en elements translúcids exigeix la necessitat d'una certa semitransparència, aquest fet ha propiciat que en els últims anys sigui una propietat molt estudiada en aquest camp de la física. Per explorar aquests avenços s'ha realitzat una revisió de les tecnologies fotovoltaiques semitransparents. Es va seleccionar la tecnologia fotovoltaica orgànica (OPV) per integrar-la conjuntament amb l'ETFE, ja que els avenços aconseguits en investigacions prèvies mostren que és la tecnologia més avançada i prometedora per a aquest fi. Per dur a terme l'anàlisi del nou sistema ETFE / OPV s'ha realitzat una caracterització dels diferents materials per determinar el seu comportament lumínic i elèctric. La caracterització lumínica de l'ETFE i de les OPV s'ha realitzat mesurant les seves propietats òptiques per a un espectre ample de fins a 50 micres, obtenint les principals característiques òptiques. Pel que fa a les OPV, s'ha realitzat una caracterització elèctrica en condicions reals d'operació, no només per determinar la seva eficiència sinó també la seva estabilitat. A partir d'aquí, s'ha pogut realitzar un model i simulació dinàmica d'un sistema ETFE / OPV pla que permet veure el grau d'aportació energètica, la influència en la demanda tèrmica i l'afectació en el confort lumínic a l'ésser integrat com a tancament translúcid. Finalment, partint de les propietats òptiques, s'ha realitzat un model numèric que permet determinar el comportament tèrmic i elèctric de les OPV incorporades en sistemes coixí multicapa d'ETFE.
El objetivo de la presente tesis es desarrollar un sistema fotovoltaico para ser integrado arquitectónicamente que, basado en membranas poliméricas y células orgánicas semitransparentes, promueva la consecución de edificios más eficientes mediante la generación de electricidad, el control lumínico y la mejora de la eficiencia energética de los cerramientos semitransparentes. Los sistemas solares integrados en edificios representan unos elementos que cumplen una doble función. Por un lado actúan como elemento constructivo y por el otro son elementos generadores. Esta ambivalencia les posición como imprescindibles para cumplir los requisitos establecidos por la comisión Europea en materia de eficiencia energética en edificios. El sistema objeto de la tesis pueden ser incluido en zonas que requieren un material translucido o transparente como son ventanas, tragaluces o cualquier cerramiento transparente. Normalmente, los elementos translucidos que encontramos en la construcción de edificios están basados en vidrio, aunque existen otros materiales que pueden ofrecer prestaciones similares como son los polímeros. Un polímero con unas propiedades muy adecuadas para esta aplicación es el etileno tetrafluoroetileno (ETFE). La integración de sistemas fotovoltaicos en elementos translucidos exige la necesidad de cierta semitrasnparencia, este hecho ha propiciado que en los últimos años sea una propiedad muy estudiada en este campo de la física. Para explorar estos avances se ha realizado una revisión de las tecnologías fotovoltaicas semitransparentes. Se seleccionó la tecnología fotovoltaica orgánica (OPV) para integrarla conjuntamente con el ETFE, ya que los avances logrados en investigaciones previas muestran que es la tecnología más avanzada y prometedora para este fin. Para llevar a cabo el análisis del nuevo sistema ETFE/OPV se ha realizado una caracterización de los diferentes materiales para determinar su comportamiento lumínico y eléctrico. La caracterización lumínica del ETFE y de las OPVs se ha realizado midiendo sus propiedades ópticas para un espectro ancho de hasta 50 μm, obteniéndose las principales características ópticas. Referente a las OPVs, se ha realizado una caracterización eléctrica en condiciones reales de operación, no solo para determinar su eficiencia sino también su estabilidad. A partir de aquí, se ha podido realizar un modelo y simulación dinámica de un sistema ETFE/OPV plano que permite ver el grado de aportación energética, la influencia en la demanda térmica y la afectación en el confort lumínico al ser integrado como cerramiento translucido. Finalmente, partiendo de las propiedades ópticas, se ha realizado un modelo numérico que permite determinar el comportamiento térmico y eléctrico de las OPVs incorporadas en sistemas cojín multicapa de ETFE.
The objective of this thesis is to develop a photovoltaic system to be building integrated that, based on polymeric membranes and semi-transparent organic cells, promotes the achievement of more efficient buildings through the generation of electricity, light control and the improvement of energy efficiency in semitransparent glazing. Solar systems integrated in buildings represent elements that serve a dual function. On the one hand, they act as a constructive element and, on the other hand, they are generating elements. This ambivalence positions them as essential to meet the requirements established by the European Commission regarding energy efficiency in buildings. The system object of the thesis can be included in zones that require a translucent or transparent material such as windows, skylights or any transparent enclosure. Normally, the translucent elements that we find in the construction of buildings are based on glass, albeit other materials that can offer similar benefits such as polymers exist. A polymer with very suitable properties for this application is ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). The integration of photovoltaic systems in translucent elements requires certain semitransparency, this fact has led the transparency to be a property that has been widely studied in this field of physics in recent years. To explore these advances, a review of semitransparent photovoltaic technologies has been carried out. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology was selected to be integrated together with ETFE, since the advances made in previous research did show that it is the most advanced and promising technology to this purpose. In order to perform an analysis of the new ETFE / OPV system, a characterization of the different materials has been conducted to determine their luminous and electrical performance. The luminous characterization of ETFE and OPVs has been carried out by measuring their optical properties for a wide spectrum of up to 50 μm, obtaining the main optical characteristics. Regarding the OPVs, an electrical characterization has been executed under real operating conditions, not only to determine its efficiency but also its stability. From here, it has been possible to build a model for the dynamic simulation of a flat ETFE/OPV system that reveals the degree of energy input, the influence on thermal demand and the effect on light comfort when the system is integrated as a translucent glazing. Finally, based on the optical properties, a numerical model has been implemented that allows determining the thermal and electrical behavior of the OPVs incorporated in ETFE multilayer cushion systems.

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The current global water crisis makes awareness of the problem of its finiteness present in discussion, whether governmental, private, research, ecology or sustainability. The search for better forms of consumption and alternatives of treatment and production of reuse water is increasing importance and intensifying studies in those areas. The objective of this work was to analyze membrane filtration techniques for the treatment of sewage effluents generated by ETE, verifying the technical and economic feasibility of improving the quality of reuse water production in Brazil, specifically in the State of São Paulo, verifying the technical and economic viability. This state was selected because, in the years 2014 and 2015, it experienced an atypical drought that presented low rainfall indices that had not been counted for decades, resulting in a possible rationing of water for the population. An exploratory research was carried out about filter membranes and their applications and an on - site interview with the technical lider of a large sanitation company that produces reuse water from sanitary effluents with a quality 50% higher than required by the standards of potability using this technology. The results of this work indicated positive estimates for the investment in the use of filter membranes for the production of reuse water. Its cost in the plant was estimated at 0.10 R$ / m3 and the average sale price of 1,70 R$ / m3, allowing financial savings for the final consumer, in this case 90.26% / m3, and for the investor, according to those estimates, an attractive return on investment, with a payback of 7.31 years, for a 41-year contract.
A atual crise mundial de água faz com que a conscientização sobre o problema de sua finidade esteja presente em discussões, sejam elas governamentais, da iniciativa privada, de pesquisas, ecologia ou sustentabilidade. A busca por melhores formas de consumo e alternativas de tratamento e produção de água de reuso vem ganhando importância e intensificando os estudos nestas áreas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as técnicas de filtragem por membranas para tratamento dos efluentes de esgoto sanitário gerados por Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), verificando a viabilidade técnica e econômica na melhoria da qualidade da produção de água de reuso no Brasil, especificamente no Estado de São Paulo. Este Estado foi selecionado porque, nos anos de 2014 e 2015, passou por uma estiagem atípica que apresentou reduzidos índices pluviométricos não contabilizados há décadas, resultando em um possível racionamento de água para a população. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória sobre membranas filtrantes e suas aplicações e uma entrevista in loco com o responsável técnico de uma grande empresa de saneamento, que produz água de reuso á partir de efluentes sanitários com uma qualidade 50% superior ao exigido pelos padrões de potabilidade, utilizando esta tecnologia. Os resultados deste trabalho indicaram estimativas favoráveis para o investimento na utilização de membranas filtrantes para a produção de água de reuso. O seu custo na planta foi estimado em 0,10 R$ / m3 e o preço médio de venda de 1,70 R$ / m3, permitindo economia financeira para o consumidor final, neste caso de 90,26 % / m3, e para o investidor, por estas estimativas, um retorno de investimento atrativo, com payback em 7,31 anos, para um contrato de 41 anos.