Zeitschriftenartikel: „Essentialité“

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Deschamps, Bruno, and Bakir Farhi. "Essentialité dans les bases additives." Journal of Number Theory 123, no. 1 (2007): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnt.2006.06.002.

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Bailleau, Patrick, and Jean-Luc Boyer. "Le travail sur soi : une essentialité." Actualités en analyse transactionnelle 180, no. 4 (2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/aatc.180.0001.

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Lewicka, Maria. "Essentialism in Environmental Psychology: Controversies and Evidence." Roczniki Psychologiczne 24, no. 3-4 (2021): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych21242-2s.

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This paper deals with the issue of psychological essentialism as present in environmental studies. The essentialist belief—that is, the assumption that things have a deep essence that defines their stable identity—has been a recurring theme in environmental psychology. In this paper, I show its relevance for such research areas as environmental perception and the concept of place as a meaningful location. I show that essentialism underlies early phenomenological theories of place and is present in contemporary biophilic theories of environmental perception. I discuss relevant theories and present research findings that justify the claim that people are psychological essentialists when dealing with the physical built environment.

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Fuss, Diana J. "“Essentially Speaking”: Luce Irigaray's Language of Essence." Hypatia 3, no. 3 (1988): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00189.x.

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Luce Irigaray's fearlessness towards speaking the body has earned for her work the dismissive label “essentialist.” But Irigaray's Speculum de l'autre femme and Ce Sexe qui n'en est pas un suggest that essence may not be the unitary, monolithic, in short, essentialist category that anti-essentialists so often presume it to be. Irigaray strategically deploys essentialism for at least two reasons: first, to reverse and to displace Jacques Lacan's phallomorphism; and second, to expose the contradiction at the heart of Aristotelian metaphysics which denies women access to “Essence” while at the same time positing the essence of “Woman” precisely as non-essential (as matter).

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Rocca, Michael Della. "Essentialists and Essentialism." Journal of Philosophy 93, no. 4 (1996): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2940887.

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Narayan, Uma. "Essence of Culture and a Sense of History: A Feminist Critique of Cultural Essentialism." Hypatia 13, no. 2 (1998): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01227.x.

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Drawing parallels between gender essentialism and cultural essentialism, I point to some common features of essentialist pictures of culture. 1 argue that cultural essentialism is detrimental to feminist agendas and suggest strategies for its avoidance, Contending that some forms of cultural relativism buy into essentialist notions of culture, I argue that postcolonial feminists need to be cautious about essentialist contrasts between “Western” and “Third World” cultures.

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Yao, Donna J., Melody M. Chao, and Angela K. y. Leung. "When Essentialism Facilitates Intergroup Conflict Resolution: The Positive Role of Perspective-Taking." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 4 (2019): 483–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119835058.

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Essentialism, a fundamental belief of the fixedness of social group essences, is often associated with negative intergroup outcomes. However, research is yet to explore the role of essentialism in intergroup conflicts, despite their prevalence. To address this gap, we conducted the first direct examination on how essentialism influences conflict management toward out-group members. Moreover, we examined perspective-taking as a positive factor in improving conflict management among essentialist individuals relative to their non-essentialist counterparts in intergroup contexts. Results across three experiments provided little support to the negative effect of essentialism on intergroup (vs. intragroup) conflict management. Yet, we found that perspective-taking promoted the use of problem solving and improved one’s own gain and the dyad’s joint gain among essentialist individuals, but not non-essentialist individuals, in intergroup (vs. intragroup) conflict situations. This research suggests that when coupled with perspective-taking, essentialism can promote constructive conflict resolution in intergroup contexts.

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Zachar, Peter. "The Psychological Construction of Emotion – A Non-Essentialist Philosophy of Science." Emotion Review 14, no. 1 (2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17540739211058715.

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Advocates for the psychological construction of emotion view themselves as articulating a non-essentialist alternative to basic emotion theory's essentialist notion of affect programs. Psychological constructionists have also argued that holding essentialist assumptions about emotions engenders misconceptions about the psychological constructionist viewpoint. If so, it is important to understand what psychological constructionists mean by “essentialism” and “non-essentialism.” To advance the debate, I take a deeper dive into non-essentialism, comparing the non-essentialist views of the early empiricists with those of the psychological constructionists, focusing on the theories of James Russell and Lisa Barrett. Using Lakatos’ notion of scientific research programs, I also describe how Russell's and Barrett's views have evolved into different and potentially competing research programs under the psychological constructionist banner.

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Mandalaywala, Tara M., David M. Amodio, and Marjorie Rhodes. "Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 4 (2017): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617707020.

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Why do essentialist beliefs promote prejudice? We proposed that essentialist beliefs increase prejudice toward Black people because they imply that existing social hierarchies reflect a naturally occurring structure. We tested this hypothesis in three studies ( N = 621). Study 1 revealed that racial essentialism was associated with increased prejudice toward Blacks among both White and Black adult participants, suggesting that essentialism relates to prejudice according to social hierarchy rather than only to group membership. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally demonstrated that increasing essentialist beliefs induced stronger endorsement of social hierarchies in both Black and White participants, which in turn mediated the effect of essentialism on negative attitudes toward Black people. Together, these findings suggest that essentialism increases prejudice toward low-status groups by increasing endorsement of social hierarchies and existing inequality.

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Gómez-Torrente, Mario. "Beyond Rigidity? Essentialist Predication and the Rigidity of General Terms." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 36, no. 108 (2004): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2004.443.

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I offer a brief formal exploration of a certain natural extension of the notion of rigidity to predicates, the notion of an essentialist predicate. I show that, under reasonable assumptions, true "identification sentences" involving essentialist predicates (such as 'Cats are animals') are necessary, and hence that the notion of essentiality is formally analogous in this respect to the notion of singular term rigidity.

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Haslam, Nick. "The essence of essentialism?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003750.

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AbstractAs an account of the cognitive processes that support psychological essentialism, the inherence heuristic clarifies the basis of individual differences in essentialist thinking, and how they are associated with prejudice. It also illuminates the contextual variability of social essentialism, and where its conceptual boundaries should be drawn.

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O'Connor, Cliodhna, and Helene Joffe. "The social aetiology of essentialist beliefs." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1300383x.

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AbstractThis commentary highlights the importance of attending to the sociocultural contexts that foster essentialist ideas. It contends that Cimpian & Salomon's (C&S's) model undervalues the extent to which the development of essentialist beliefs is contingent on social experience. The result is a restriction of the model's applicability to real-world instances of essentialism-fuelled prejudice and discrimination.

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Buhagiar, Luke J., Gordon Sammut, Alessia Rochira, and Sergio Salvatore. "There’s no such thing as a good Arab: Cultural essentialism and its functions concerning the integration of Arabs in Europe." Culture & Psychology 24, no. 4 (2018): 560–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x18763795.

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Concerns about immigration are salient in the European Union and in Malta in particular. Previous research has demonstrated deep antipathy towards the Arab community in Malta, and social representations of Arabs are mired in a conflation of ethnic and religious categories with negative connotations. This paper presents evidence of the potency, within the public sphere, of negative arguments from cultural essentialism, concerning the integration of Arabs in Europe. The data were obtained abductively from a data corpus containing positive, mixed and negative arguments about Arabs and their integration. Results pointed towards the almost total exclusivity of arguments from cultural essentialism. These posited Arabic culture as an underlying essence that makes integration difficult or impossible. Different forms of culturally essentialist views varied in their emphasis of different aspects of cultural essentialism. Reductionist, determinist, delineatory and temporal aspects of cultural essentialism were all emphasised by respondents. The essentialist exceptions to negative arguments from cultural essentialism were rare and were posed tentatively by participants. Their paucity and manner of delivery substantiate the claim that it is strictly an Arabic cultural essence that is deemed to make integration impossible. Findings are discussed in light of the communicative functions that these dominant argumentative strategies fulfil.

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Dennehy, Tara C. "Inherence is an aspect of psychological essentialism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003695.

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AbstractInherence is not a distinct construct from psychological essentialism; it is one of several underlying beliefs. I propose that inherence is only one entry point to the perception of an essence and posit that context may influence which aspects of essentialist reasoning precede inferring an essence. I also discuss how psychological essentialism can uniquely account for violations of category-based expectancies.

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Olivola, Christopher Y., and Edouard Machery. "Is psychological essentialism an inherent feature of human cognition?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003841.

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AbstractRecent evidence shows that psychological essentialism is neither a universal nor stable feature of human cognition. The extent to which people report essentialist intuitions varies enormously across cultures and education levels, and is also influenced by subtle, normatively irrelevant contextual manipulations. These results challenge the notion that the human mind is “fitted” with a built-in inherence heuristic that produces essentialist intuitions.

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Noyes, Alexander, and Frank C. Keil. "Generics designate kinds but not always essences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (2019): 20354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900105116.

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People believe that some categories are kinds with reliable causal structure and high inductive potential (e.g., tigers). Widely endorsed theories propose that people are biased to assume kinds are essential, and so naturally determined by internal causal properties. Generic language (e.g., “men like sports”) is 1 mechanism thought to evoke this bias. We propose instead that generics principally designate that categories are kinds. Participants can entertain diverse causal structures in the presence of generics: Hearing that biological properties generalize to a category (e.g., “men grow beards”) prompts participants to infer essential structure, but hearing neutral or social properties (“women are underpaid”) generalized prompts other causal beliefs. Thus, generics induce essentialism only in interaction with cues that reasonably prompt essentialist explanation. We tested our model with adult participants (n = 739 total), using measures that disentangle essentialist beliefs from kind beliefs. In study 1, we replicate prior methods with our new measures, and find that generics influence kind beliefs more than essentialism. In study 2, we vary property content (biological vs. cultural properties), and show that generics only increase essentialism when paired with biological properties. In study 3, we show that generics designate kinds but not essentialism when neutral properties are used across animals, tools, and people. In study 4, we show that believing a category is a kind increases the spontaneous production of generic statements, regardless of whether the kind is essential or socially constructed. Generics do not necessitate essentialist beliefs. Participants were flexible in their reasoning about kinds.

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Strevens, Michael. "The causes of characteristic properties: Insides versus categories." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003889.

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AbstractCimpian & Salomon (C&S) propose that the inherence heuristic, a tendency to explain the behavior and other properties of things in terms of their intrinsic characteristics, precedes and explains “essentialist thinking” about natural kinds. This commentary reviews evidence that it is rather essentialism (or something like it) that precedes the assumption of inherence, and suggests that essentialism can do without the inherence heuristic altogether.

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Wheeler, Samuel C. "Quine, Davidson, Relative Essentialism and the Question of Being." Open Philosophy 1, no. 1 (2018): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2018-0009.

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AbstractRelative essentialism, the view that multiple objects about which there are distinct de re modal truths can occupy the same space at the same time, is a metaphysical view that dissolves a number of metaphysical issues. The present essay constructs and defends relative essentialism and argues that it is implicit in some of the ideas of W. V. Quine and Donald Davidson. Davidson’s published views about individuation and sameness can accommodate the common-sense insights about change and persistence of Aristotle and Kripke. Aristotle and Kripke have to give up unmediated direct reference resting on a unique correct articulation of reality into entities. Davidson has to acknowledge a distinction between descriptions giving accidental and those giving essential features of an object. Quine and Davidson were in a position to be a relative essentialist, but were over-impressed by supervenience. The relative essentialist view of beings developed from Quine and Davidson strongly suggests the Heideggerian distinction between beings and Being, and is the perspective from which analytic philosophy can engage that topic. Relative essentialism also connects analytic philosophy to Derrida’s thinking about differance.

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Wallner, Michael, and Anand Vaidya. "Essence, Explanation, and Modality." Philosophy 95, no. 4 (2020): 419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819120000200.

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AbstractRecently, Kit Fine's (1994) view that modal truths are true in virtue of, grounded in, or explained by essentialist truths has been under attack. In what follows we offer two responses to the wave of criticism against his view. While the first response is pretty straightforward, the second is based on the distinction between, what we call, Reductive Finean Essentialism and Non-Reductive Finean Essentialism. Engaging the work of Bob Hale on Non-Reductive Finean Essentialism, we aim to show that the arguments against Fine's view are unconvincing, while we acknowledge the presence of a deep standoff between the two views.

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Xu, Ping. "Irigaray's Mimicry and the Problem of Essentialism." Hypatia 10, no. 4 (1995): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb00999.x.

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This essay deals with the essentialism controversy concerning Luce Irigaray through looking into her strategic use of mimicry, which has not been fully addressed by her critics. The author argues that what appear to be essentialist elements in Irigaray's writings are in fact the “sites” where she is mimicking the phallogocentric discourse in order to uncover its essentialist and “sexed” nature and at the same time to resist being reabsorbed into its reductive order.

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Dobrynin, Din Kh. "On the Theoretical-methodological Consequences of Essentialism in Definition of Religion and Ethnic Community." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 9 (2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-9-163-172.

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The article reveals the theoretical-methodological problems of combining essentialist attitudes in the definitions of religion and ethnic community. Essentialism assumes that an ethnic community has an essence that should be reflected in the theoretical constructions of scientists. At the same time, one of the essential features of an ethnic community is supposed to be the presence of a unique culture, including religion. The essentialist understanding of religion is based either on overly narrow or overly broad definitions of it. The author comes to the conclusion that the simultaneous appeal to essentialism in relation to ethnic community and to narrow essentialist definitions of religion (which, for example, does not include Buddhism) leads to the fact that an ethnic community can be spoken of only when its culture includes a pronounced religious component. In essentialism, an ethnic community is defined through a number of essential features, including religion. However, the latter is defined so broadly that it becomes indistinguishable from morality and, consequently, loses its essence. This leads to a methodological impasse – the essence of the phenomenon is revealed through an appeal to the non-essential theoretical construct.

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Sepetyi, Dmytro. "Anti-kripkean intuitions: conceptualism versus essentialism." Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 1 (2022): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2022.01.098.

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The article discusses Saul Kripke’s criticisms of the account of the reference of general names he called “descriptivism” and the considerations he advanced in favour of his own essentialist causal-historical account of the reference of natural kind terms. The alternative of conceptualism versus essentialism about the reference of general terms is explained in details. The case is made that most of the intuitions on which Kripke based his arguments are highly controversial, and the main examples he used to explain and support his views (such as examples of whales and fish, water and H20, gold, tigers, and unicorns) do not constitute a clear case for the preference of essentialism over conceptualism. Moreover, these examples can be modified in such ways that in the perspective of these modifications, Kripke’s essentialist construal turns out to be far-fetched and implausible, whereas a form of conceptualism (the cluster theory of reference) is tenable.

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Μίχος, Ιωάννης, та Λία Φίγγου. "Ομοφυλοφιλία, ουσιοποίηση και ταυτότητα στο λόγο ομοφυλόφιλων και ετεροφυλόφιλων ανδρών". Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 22, № 2 (2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23256.

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Essentialism of social categories and its consequences on intergroup relations constitute one of the most popular research topics in social psychology. Drawing upon the relevant literature, the present study explores essentialist and de-essentialist representations about homosexual men and their identity functions in discourse. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight men who identified themselves as homosexual and eight men who identified themselves as heterosexual. Interviews were analyzed by the use of the principles of discursive psychology and rhetoric. Analysis indicated the coexistence of essentialist and de-essentialist representations of homosexuality in the discourse of both groups as a result of the negotiation and reconceptualization of naturalness, historical stability and normality of social categories. However, similar essentialist representations –suchas the historical stability of homosexuality– perform different intergroup functions, whereas different entitative representations perform common intergroup functions in the discourse of homosexual and heterosexual participants.

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Berent, Iris, and Melanie Platt. "Public misconceptions about dyslexia: The role of intuitive psychology." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0259019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259019.

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Despite advances in its scientific understanding, dyslexia is still associated with rampant public misconceptions. Here, we trace these misconceptions to the interaction between two intuitive psychological principles: Dualism and Essentialism. We hypothesize that people essentialize dyslexia symptoms that they anchor in the body. Experiment 1 shows that, when dyslexia is associated with visual confusions (b/d reversals)—symptoms that are naturally viewed as embodied (in the eyes), laypeople consider dyslexia as more severe, immutable, biological, and heritable, compared to when dyslexia is linked to difficulties with phonological decoding (a symptom seen as less strongly embodied). Experiments 2–3 show that the embodiment of symptoms plays a causal role in promoting essentialist thinking. Experiment 2 shows that, when participants are provided evidence that the symptoms of dyslexia are embodied (i.e., they “show up” in a brain scan), people are more likely to consider dyslexia as heritable compared to when the same symptoms are diagnosed behaviorally (without any explicit evidence for the body). Finally, Experiment 3 shows that reasoning about the severity of dyslexia symptoms can be modulated by manipulating people’s attitudes about the mind/body links, generally. These results show how public attitudes towards psychological disorders arise from the very principles that make the mind tick.

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Rakoczy, Hannes, and Trix Cacchione. "The developmental and evolutionary origins of psychological essentialism lie in sortal object individuation." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 5 (2014): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003865.

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AbstractCimpian & Salomon (C&S) present promising steps towards understanding the cognitive underpinnings of adult essentialism. However, their approach is less convincing regarding ontogenetic and evolutionary aspects. In contrast to C&S's claim, the so-called inherence heuristic, though perhaps vital in adult reasoning, seems an implausible candidate for the developmental and evolutionary foundations of psychological essentialism. A more plausible candidate is kind-based object individuation that already embodies essentialist modes of thinking and that is present in infants and nonhuman primates.

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Khodadadi, Hossein. "On Aristotelian Essence." Controvérsia (UNISINOS) - ISSN 1808-5253 19, no. 3 (2023): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/con.2023.193.04.

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The concept of essence holds a pivotal role in unraveling Aristotle’s metaphysical framework. In his exploration of Metaphysics, Aristotle delves into the quest for fundamental being, positing that the primary substance is essentially synonymous with essence. This paper examines the criteria for essence, drawing from both the Categories and Metaphysics Z. Two distinct perspectives on essentialism, namely individual essentialism, aligned with the contemporary modal account of essence, and kind essentialism, are scrutinized. Through a critical analysis, this paper contends that both these essentialist accounts fall short in adequately elucidating the Aristotelian concept of essence. Consequently, this pivotal notion, governed by Aristotelian criteria, remains a perplexing enigma, challenging contemporary attempts to fully grasp its intricacies.

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Havrda, Matyáš. "Five Views of definienda in Alexander’s Quaestiones 1.3 and 2.14." Elenchos 42, no. 2 (2021): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/elen-2021-0018.

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Abstract In Quaestiones 1.3 and 2.14, Alexander presents a distinctly realist or essentialist view of the objects of definition, distinguished, on the one hand, from two types of realism rejected by Aristotle (definienda as separate forms and as particulars), and, on the other, from two types of conceptualism (non-essentialist and essentialist abstractivism) that probably belong within the Peripatetic tradition. The difference between Alexander’s view and essentialist abstractivism lies in his understanding of definienda not as the common concepts of things existing in the particulars, but as the common things conceived of as existing in the particulars. This paper offers a close reading of Quaest. 1.3, whose aim is to flesh out Alexander’s position vis-à-vis the objects of definition against the backdrop of the four rejected alternatives. The distinction between Alexander’s essentialism and the essentialist abstractivist notion of definienda is further explained in light of Quaest. 2.14. The amended Greek text of Quaest. 1.3 is appended with an English translation.

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Wilton, Leigh S., Ariana N. Bell, Colleen M. Carpinella, Danielle M. Young, Chanel Meyers, and Rebekah Clapham. "Lay Theories of Gender Influence Support for Women and Transgender People’s Legal Rights." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 7 (2018): 883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618803608.

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Essentialism—the belief that differences between groups of people are biologically based and unchangeable—is strongly associated with prejudice toward a variety of social groups. The present work examines how gender essentialism shapes support for the rights of two marginalized gender groups: women and transgender people. Study 1 provides correlational evidence that endorsement of gender essentialism is a robust predictor of people’s opposition to both women’s and transgender people’s rights, over and above other individual difference measures. Studies 2 and 3 provide evidence that exposure to anti-essentialist messages about gender indirectly increases the support for women’s and transgender people’s rights. Study 4 examines the underlying psychological process, showing that gender essentialism reduction indirectly increases the support for women’s and transgender people’s rights through prejudice. Implications for research on lay theories and transgender people are discussed.

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Kanovsky, Martin. "Essentialism and Folksociology: Ethnicity Again." Journal of Cognition and Culture 7, no. 3-4 (2007): 241–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853707x208503.

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AbstractThe aim of this article is to show that empirical evidence suggests that no particular causal process of essence acquisition is constitutive for essentialism in folksociology. Innate potential and biological inheritance, however powerful they may be for the human cognitive mind in the domain of folkbiology, are far from necessary in essentialist folksociological classifications. Essentialism in folksociology is not defined by any particular causal process of essence acquisition. Even when we are able to detect the innateness in a particular folksociology, we should always look for other features of essentialism (inherence, sharp boundaries, immutability of identity, etc.). The article reviews some influential cognitive proposals concerning folksociology (Astuti, Gil-White, Hirschfeld), and provides arguments and empirical evidence collected in Western Ukraine in favour of the claim that the innateness is not the constitutive part of sociology, let alone of psychological essentialism.

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Bartulović, Marija, and Barbara Kušević. "Is It Time (Yet) to Shelve LGBTIQ Topics? The Contextual Adequacy of (De-)Essentialism as an Educational Strategy." Acta Iadertina 19, no. 2 (2023): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ai.3971.

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The debate on the relationship between queer theory and identity politics, the hitherto dominant research framework with strong application potential, was expanded by establishing queer theory as a starting point for studies examining sexual and gender diversity in education. The point of contention became the question of the purposefulness of strategic essentialism, with a strong emphasis on the many pitfalls of insufficient intersectional understanding of identity, where sexual and gender diversity is but one dimension. Various pitfalls of de essentialism also became the subject of analysis. With such polarities in mind, in this article we present a part of the data collected within a research project aimed at LGBTIQ inclusiveness of educational institutions. The aim of this article is to analyse potential advantages and disadvantages of using a theoretically progressive strategy of de-essentialism in a heteronormative educational context. Data collected in four focus groups conducted with teachers in a number of Zagreb secondary schools show that, in their attitudes and daily educational practices concerning LGBTIQ topics, research participants are positioned at different points of the spectrum, varying from essentialist to de-essentialist, while the exact positioning is strongly determined by context. The concluding part of the article provides guidelines for future research.

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Prentice, Deborah A., and Dale T. Miller. "Psychological Essentialism of Human Categories." Current Directions in Psychological Science 16, no. 4 (2007): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00504.x.

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Psychological essentialism is an ordinary mode of category representation that has powerful social-psychological consequences. This article reviews those consequences, with a focus on the distinctive ways people perceive, evaluate, and interact with members of human categories they essentialize. Why and when people engage in this mode of thinking remain open questions. Variability in essentialism across cultures, categories, and contexts suggests that this mode of representing human categories is rooted in a naturalistic theory of category origins, combined with a need to explain differences that cross category boundaries.

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Grubba, Leilane Serratine, and Valter Moura do Carmo. "ESSENTIALISM AS THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF AMERICAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1969)." Revista da Faculdade Mineira de Direito 26, no. 51 (2023): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-7999.2023v26n51p138-151.

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The article focuses on the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), known as the San José Pact of Costa Rica, because of its political and legal importance for protecting and promoting the Americas' rights. The objective is to analyze the consistency of the theoretical foundation of that human rights document. Therefore, we will first analyze the Convention's text and point out essentialism as the philosophical foundation. Then, we will discuss the essentialist assumption philosophically. Finally, the theoretical problem of essentialism as the foundation of the Convention will be analyzed in light of Sartre's existentialism. From the considerations presented, the philosophical foundation of the rights in the 1969 Convention, essentialism, is not theoretically consistent, despite being an indispensable rhetorical argument.

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Fong, Lawrence Hoc Nang, Hongwei He, Melody Manchi Chao, Galli Leandro, and David King. "Cultural essentialism and tailored hotel service for Chinese: the moderating role of satisfaction." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31, no. 9 (2019): 3610–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-11-2018-0910.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand Chinese consumers’ responses to ethnically tailored hotel services from the theoretical perspective of cultural essentialism. Design/methodology/approach Data collection was conducted through an online survey with Chinese respondents. Hierarchical moderated regression was performed to analyze the data. Findings The results show a positive relationship between cultural essentialism and consumer responses to hotel services that are tailored to their culture. Furthermore, the findings show that prior service satisfaction does not only positively influence the consumer responses, but also amplifies the link between cultural essentialism and the consumer responses. Practical implications Hoteliers are recommended to consider the cultural essentialism of Chinese consumers when adaptive services are introduced. Hotel services that are tailored to Chinese culture is a viable strategy if most Chinese customers are cultural essentialists. Originality/value This study adds knowledge to the hospitality scholarship by introducing cultural essentialism and demonstrating its role in influencing consumer preferences for familiarity as opposed to exotic hotel services. Furthermore, the moderating role of service satisfaction extends the consumer behavior literature.

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Pigalev, Alexander I. "Contextualizing Rosenzweig’s and Levinas’ Notions of the Other by Derrida’s Construal of Difference." RUDN Journal of Philosophy 24, no. 3 (2020): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2020-24-3-379-397.

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The article focuses on juxtaposing the stances of Franz Rosenzweig and Emmanuel Levinas on the notion of the Other based on the metaphysical principles of modernity so as to expose the prerequisites for their attitude to metaphysics in whole. The peculiarity of the proposed approach is the analysis of the notions of the Other in Rosenzweig and Levinas from the perspective of Jacques Derrida’s philosophy. The scrutiny proceeds from the assumption that the national philosophies, having been considered as the specific response to the effects of the encounter of societies to be modernized with the spreading modernity, for that very reason attach great importance to the construal of the Other. It is emphasized that the similarities between the national schools of philosophy indicate correlating the particular with the general as the paradigm for the comprehension of the Other, whereas the Jewish philosophy has previously conceptualized that paradigm by way of the opposition of “Athens and Jerusalem”. In an effort to assess the capabilities of the above-mentioned paradigm the analysis of the relevant range of problems is set into the wider context and they are considered in connection with the transition from essentialism to anti-essentialism that characterizes already the late modernity. It is disclosed that Rosenzweig’s stance was still essentialist, while Levinas tried to abandon the essentialist understanding of the Other, albeit he did not complete the transition to anti-essentialism. Levinas’ break with metaphysics was brought to a close by Derrida whose anti-essentialist stance on identity and difference radically diverges from the thinking that adheres to the “metaphysics of presence”. In the issue, Derrida who does not formally belong to the Jewish philosophy could afford to summarize Rozenzweig’s and Levinas’ approaches to the problem of the Other, and in so doing he makes a contribution to both general and Jewish philosophy.

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Hussein, Jeylan Wolyie. "Examining the nature of defensively situated politics of difference, identity and essentialism in Ethiopia: A critical engagement." International Area Studies Review 19, no. 4 (2016): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865916666763.

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The paper presents an analysis of and challenges to various dimensions of defensively situated essentialisms about nation, people and identities in Ethiopia, examining the political, social and ideological underpinnings of essentialist perceptions and assessing their limitations. The author’s central argument is that limitations in essentialist positions and perspectives held about the meaning of nation, state and ethnic identity can be improved if a more context-sensitive and critical approach is adopted. The paper concludes with suggestions on what can and should be done to prevent essentialism and other totalizing logics from extending into the matrix of intellectual analyses of identities.

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O'Sullivan, Helen. "The essentiality of essentialism and the symbolic violence of critical discourse analysis." Journal of Multicultural Discourses 8, no. 2 (2013): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2013.799674.

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Rein, Nathan. "When Is a Religion Like a Weed?" Bulletin for the Study of Religion 44, no. 4 (2016): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.v44i4.27760.

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Caroline Schaffalitzky de Muckadell's 2014 article, "On Essentialism and Real Definitions of Religion," offers a comprehensive rationale for the use of real, essentialist definitions of religion in the field of religious studies. In this article, I examine her arguments and the proposed definition she supplies. I argue that a close reading of Schaffalitzky's piece, concentrating especially on the way she uses examples, helps to demonstrate that she and her anti-essentialist opponents view the field of religious studies in incommensurable ways. While Schaffalitzky views definitions as serving the analytical study of religion as an object, her opponents view definitions primarily rhetorically and seek to focus attention on the process of defining.

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Lipourli, Eleni, and Antonis Gardikiotis. "Representations of refugees: Linguistic abstractness and social perceptions." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 28, no. 2 (2023): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.31922.

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The paper examines the relationship among stereotype content, essentialism, and preferred language abstraction in refugee media representations. In two studies, participants were asked to choose captions of differential degree of language abstraction (according to the linguistic category model, from descriptive action verbs to adjectives) thought appropriate for an image of refugees, after they first completed a survey on stereotype content (perceived competence and warmth) and essentialist beliefs (Study 2 only) about refugees. In both studies, perceived competence predicted increased language abstraction. In Study 2, competence was also found to mediate the effects of essentialism on language abstraction. These results underline the importance of stereotype content to biased language preference.

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Pereira, Marcos Emanoel, José Luis Álvaro Estramiana, and Inge Schweiger Gallo. "Essentialism and the Expression of Social Stereotypes: A Comparative Study of Spain, Brasil and England." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 2 (2010): 808–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002468.

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Over the past few years, one of the most productive directions in the study of the activation and application of stereotypes has been provided by the essentialist concept of categorization. The research presented here studied the impact of two dimensions of essentialist beliefs - naturalism and entitativity-by using data collected from Brazil, Spain and England. The aim was to test whether there was a greater degree of essentialization among the naturalizable categories (sex, age and race) than among the entitative categories (economic condition, religion, political orientation, nationality and social condition). The results not only showed that participants hold more essentialist beliefs with regard to naturalistic categories but also showed the differences in the degree of essentialization across the three cultures. A discussion is conducted on the implications of the present findings, and on the heuristic value of the theoretical model (of the bidimensional nature of essentialism) adopted by this research.

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Bauer, William A. "Dispositional Essentialism and the Nature of Powerful Properties." Disputatio 5, no. 35 (2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2013-0001.

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Abstract Dispositional essentialism maintains that all sparse properties are essentially powerful. Two conceptions of sparse properties appear compatible with dispositional essentialism: sparse properties as pure powers or as powerful qualities. This paper compares the two views, criticizes the powerful qualities view, and then develops a new theory of pure powers, termed Point Theory. This theory neutralizes the main advantage powerful qualities appear to possess over pure powers—explaining the existence of powers during latency periods. The paper discusses the relation between powers and space-time points, whether pure powers need to occupy space, and how to account for the movement of pure powers through space-time. Given Point Theory, dispositional essentialists should maintain that sparse properties are pure powers.

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Dallavalle, Nancy A. "Neither Idolatry nor Iconoclasm: A Critical Essentialism for Catholic Feminist Theology." Horizons 25, no. 1 (1998): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900030711.

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AbstractFollowing the work of gender theorists who find the terms “male” and “female” to be socially constructed, feminist theology has tended to repudiate essentialism. The position that results is one of agnosticism about biological sexuality, a position that is only reinforced by the essentialist excesses that ground the discussion of the “psycho-physical structure” of women found in official Catholic teaching. This article suggests that the polarity of feminist theology and official Catholic teaching on questions of sex and gender can be overcome by using the framework of a “critical essentialism,” a position that retrieves the Catholic theological tradition of reflection on “male” and “female” while allowing its claims to be appropriately winnowed by the insights of gender theorists.

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Tabachnick, David Edward. "Heidegger's Essentialist Responses to the Challenge of Technology." Canadian Journal of Political Science 40, no. 2 (2007): 487–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423907070151.

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Abstract.This paper is an effort to defend Heidegger's essentialist philosophy of technology against the charge of determinism. Rather than merely accepting its all-encompassing power, Heidegger provides three responses to the challenge of technology: 1) “aggressive essentialism” or the elimination of technology; 2) “moderate essentialism” or the reform of political, social and cultural institutions to better reflect the changes that technology brings; and 3) “passive essentialism” or the acceptance that we cannot act against or direct technology.Résumé.Dans cet article, l'auteur s'efforce de défendre la philosophie d'essentialisme de technologie proposée par Heidegger contre l'accusation de déterminisme. Plutôt que simplement accepter le pouvoir omniprésent de la technologie, Heidegger fournit trois réponses au défi qu'elle présente: 1) “ l'essentialisme agressif ”, ou l'élimination de la technologie; 2) “ l'essentialisme modéré ”, ou la réforme des institutions politiques, sociales et culturelles pour mieux refléter les changements apportés par la technologie; et 3) “l'essentialisme passif ”, ou l'acceptation du fait que nous ne pouvons ni agir contre la technologie ni la diriger.

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Maiden, Brett. "Psychological Essentialism in Serek ha-Yaḥad and the Two Spirits Treatise". Dead Sea Discoveries 25, № 1 (2018): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-12341450.

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Abstract This paper investigates the psychological mechanisms that underpin Qumran sectarian dualism and its construction of in-group/out-group boundaries. Specifically, evidence from experimental and developmental psychology and cognitive anthropology is used to argue that Serek ha-Yaḥad and the Two Spirits Treatise (1QS 3:13–4:26) reflect a deeply-engrained psychological essentialism wherein non-group members are conceptualized as having inherently different biological essences. This essentialist tendency is easily extended to the social domain in what scholars call the “naturalization” of social groups. After reviewing this literature, the paper examines the Serek and Treatise’s use of kinship terms, the word “spirit,” and language denoting human nature and living species, in order to demonstrate that essentialist intuitions about outsiders provide a foundation for the sect’s dualistic worldview. Importantly, the essentialist thinking in these texts is also firmly grounded in and channeled through the intertextual interpretation of scripture, drawing heavily on the rich creation vocabulary in Genesis 1–3.

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Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, Ellen Rooney, and Soledad Tuñón. "En una palabra. <i>Entrevista</i>. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak con Ellen Rooney." Revista de Estudios Sociales, no. 88 (April 8, 2024): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/res88.2024.06.

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In this interview, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak revisits the debate between essentialism and anti-essentialism by reconsidering various theoretical frameworks she has engaged with over her intellectual journey. These frameworks include deconstruction, Marxism, and feminisms, alongside reflections on the role of philosophy. One key focus of her reflection is the concept of strategic essentialism in understanding social movements, diverging from her previous stances. Spivak suggests viewing it as an ongoing critique of essentialist approaches, emphasizing the importance of maintaining critical, strategic, and indispensable elements within a minimalizable essence. She also stresses the significance of authorial positioning and autobiographical narratives, drawing on childhood lessons. She explores teaching as a practice that can convey the impossibility of fixed essences rather than engaging in theoretical debates. She examines her own place within the Subaltern Studies Group and the political connotations of the “Third World.” Towards the end, she delves into the practical perspective on essences concerning empirical realities and the dynamic between researchers and their audiences.

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Lindquist, Kristen A., Maria Gendron, Suzanne Oosterwijk, and Lisa Feldman Barrett. "Do people essentialize emotions? Individual differences in emotion essentialism and emotional experience." Emotion 13, no. 4 (2013): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032283.

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Park, Bernadette, Sarah Banchefsky, and Elizabeth B. Reynolds. "Psychological essentialism, gender, and parenthood: Physical transformation leads to heightened essentialist conceptions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109, no. 6 (2015): 949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000040.

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Cacchione, Trix, Christine Hrubesch, Josep Call, and Hannes Rakoczy. "Are apes essentialists? Scope and limits of psychological essentialism in great apes." Animal Cognition 19, no. 5 (2016): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-0991-4.

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Wu, Megan. "In Defense of Platonic Essentialism About Numbers." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 14, no. 1 (2021): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.14.1.103-113.

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In defense of anti-essentialism, pragmatist Richard Rorty holds that we may think of all objects as if they were numbers. I find that Rorty’s metaphysics hinges on two rather weak arguments against the essences of numbers. In contrast, Plato’s metaphysics offers a plausible definition of essentiality by which numbers do have essential properties. Further, I argue that Rorty’s argumentative mistake is mischaracterizing Plato’s definition. I conclude that Plato’s definition of “essential” is a robust one which implies that many properties, beyond those we might intuitively think of, can count as essential properties of objects.

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Wu, Megan. "In Defense of Platonic Essentialism about Numbers." Stance: An International Undergraduate Philosophy Journal 14 (2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/stance2021148.

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In defense of anti-essentialism, pragmatist Richard Rorty holds that we may think of all objects as if they were numbers. I find that Rorty’s metaphysics hinges on two rather weak arguments against the essences of numbers. In contrast, Plato’s metaphysics offers a plausible definition of essentiality by which numbers do have essential properties. Further, I argue that Rorty’s argumentative mistake is mischaracterizing Plato’s definition. I conclude that Plato’s definition of “essential” is a robust one which implies that many properties, beyond those we might intuitively think of, can count as essential properties of objects.

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Prikhidko, Alena, and Jacqueline M. Swank. "Examining Parent Anger and Emotion Regulation in the Context of Intensive Parenting." Family Journal 27, no. 4 (2019): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480719855371.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intensive parenting attitudes (IPAs), emotion regulation (ER), and parent anger among mothers of young children ( N = 227). The researchers found that IPAs correlated with ER and parent anger. Moreover, essentialist and challenging parenting attitudes predicted anger experience, and cognitive reappraisal moderated the relationship between essentialism and anger experience. The authors discuss the limitations of the study and implications for research and practice.

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