Thematische Bibliographien / Essentialité

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Essentialité“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Essentialité"

Deschamps, Bruno, und Bakir Farhi. „Essentialité dans les bases additives“. Journal of Number Theory 123, Nr. 1 (März 2007): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnt.2006.06.002.

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Bailleau, Patrick, und Jean-Luc Boyer. „Le travail sur soi : une essentialité“. Actualités en analyse transactionnelle 180, Nr. 4 (01.10.2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/aatc.180.0001.

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Lewicka, Maria. „Essentialism in Environmental Psychology: Controversies and Evidence“. Roczniki Psychologiczne 24, Nr. 3-4 (13.10.2021): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych21242-2s.

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This paper deals with the issue of psychological essentialism as present in environmental studies. The essentialist belief—that is, the assumption that things have a deep essence that defines their stable identity—has been a recurring theme in environmental psychology. In this paper, I show its relevance for such research areas as environmental perception and the concept of place as a meaningful location. I show that essentialism underlies early phenomenological theories of place and is present in contemporary biophilic theories of environmental perception. I discuss relevant theories and present research findings that justify the claim that people are psychological essentialists when dealing with the physical built environment.

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Fuss, Diana J. „“Essentially Speaking”: Luce Irigaray's Language of Essence“. Hypatia 3, Nr. 3 (1988): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00189.x.

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Luce Irigaray's fearlessness towards speaking the body has earned for her work the dismissive label “essentialist.” But Irigaray's Speculum de l'autre femme and Ce Sexe qui n'en est pas un suggest that essence may not be the unitary, monolithic, in short, essentialist category that anti-essentialists so often presume it to be. Irigaray strategically deploys essentialism for at least two reasons: first, to reverse and to displace Jacques Lacan's phallomorphism; and second, to expose the contradiction at the heart of Aristotelian metaphysics which denies women access to “Essence” while at the same time positing the essence of “Woman” precisely as non-essential (as matter).

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Rocca, Michael Della. „Essentialists and Essentialism“. Journal of Philosophy 93, Nr. 4 (1996): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2940887.

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Narayan, Uma. „Essence of Culture and a Sense of History: A Feminist Critique of Cultural Essentialism“. Hypatia 13, Nr. 2 (1998): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01227.x.

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Drawing parallels between gender essentialism and cultural essentialism, I point to some common features of essentialist pictures of culture. 1 argue that cultural essentialism is detrimental to feminist agendas and suggest strategies for its avoidance, Contending that some forms of cultural relativism buy into essentialist notions of culture, I argue that postcolonial feminists need to be cautious about essentialist contrasts between “Western” and “Third World” cultures.

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Yao, Donna J., Melody M. Chao und Angela K. y. Leung. „When Essentialism Facilitates Intergroup Conflict Resolution: The Positive Role of Perspective-Taking“. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, Nr. 4 (08.03.2019): 483–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119835058.

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Essentialism, a fundamental belief of the fixedness of social group essences, is often associated with negative intergroup outcomes. However, research is yet to explore the role of essentialism in intergroup conflicts, despite their prevalence. To address this gap, we conducted the first direct examination on how essentialism influences conflict management toward out-group members. Moreover, we examined perspective-taking as a positive factor in improving conflict management among essentialist individuals relative to their non-essentialist counterparts in intergroup contexts. Results across three experiments provided little support to the negative effect of essentialism on intergroup (vs. intragroup) conflict management. Yet, we found that perspective-taking promoted the use of problem solving and improved one’s own gain and the dyad’s joint gain among essentialist individuals, but not non-essentialist individuals, in intergroup (vs. intragroup) conflict situations. This research suggests that when coupled with perspective-taking, essentialism can promote constructive conflict resolution in intergroup contexts.

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Zachar, Peter. „The Psychological Construction of Emotion – A Non-Essentialist Philosophy of Science“. Emotion Review 14, Nr. 1 (24.11.2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17540739211058715.

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Advocates for the psychological construction of emotion view themselves as articulating a non-essentialist alternative to basic emotion theory's essentialist notion of affect programs. Psychological constructionists have also argued that holding essentialist assumptions about emotions engenders misconceptions about the psychological constructionist viewpoint. If so, it is important to understand what psychological constructionists mean by “essentialism” and “non-essentialism.” To advance the debate, I take a deeper dive into non-essentialism, comparing the non-essentialist views of the early empiricists with those of the psychological constructionists, focusing on the theories of James Russell and Lisa Barrett. Using Lakatos’ notion of scientific research programs, I also describe how Russell's and Barrett's views have evolved into different and potentially competing research programs under the psychological constructionist banner.

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Mandalaywala, Tara M., David M. Amodio und Marjorie Rhodes. „Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies“. Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, Nr. 4 (19.06.2017): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617707020.

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Why do essentialist beliefs promote prejudice? We proposed that essentialist beliefs increase prejudice toward Black people because they imply that existing social hierarchies reflect a naturally occurring structure. We tested this hypothesis in three studies ( N = 621). Study 1 revealed that racial essentialism was associated with increased prejudice toward Blacks among both White and Black adult participants, suggesting that essentialism relates to prejudice according to social hierarchy rather than only to group membership. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally demonstrated that increasing essentialist beliefs induced stronger endorsement of social hierarchies in both Black and White participants, which in turn mediated the effect of essentialism on negative attitudes toward Black people. Together, these findings suggest that essentialism increases prejudice toward low-status groups by increasing endorsement of social hierarchies and existing inequality.

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Gómez-Torrente, Mario. „Beyond Rigidity? Essentialist Predication and the Rigidity of General Terms“. Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 36, Nr. 108 (04.12.2004): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2004.443.

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I offer a brief formal exploration of a certain natural extension of the notion of rigidity to predicates, the notion of an essentialist predicate. I show that, under reasonable assumptions, true "identification sentences" involving essentialist predicates (such as 'Cats are animals') are necessary, and hence that the notion of essentiality is formally analogous in this respect to the notion of singular term rigidity.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Essentialité"

Durot, Maxime. „Elucidation du métabolisme des microorganismes par la modélisation et l'interprétation des données d'essentialités de gènes : application au métabolisme de la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1“. Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EVRY0017/document.

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Le métabolisme des microorganismes est traditionnellement étudié à deux échelles: d’une part, à l’échelle locale, la description des réactions métaboliques et d’autre part, à l’échelle globale, l’étude de la physiologie de la cellule. Malgré des progrès technologiques récents facilitant les études à ces deux échelles, leur exploitation conjointe demeure complexe car le comportement physiologique de la cellule résulte de l’action coordonnée de nombreuses réactions. Les modèles mathématiques globaux du métabolisme ont toutefois récemment permis de relier ces deux échelles. Dans cette thèse, nous explorerons l’utilisation de ces modèles pour compléter la connaissance des réactions à l’aide d’une catégorie particulière de données d’échelle globale : les essentialités de gènes déterminées à partir des phénotypes de croissance de mutants de délétion. Nous nous appuierons pour cela sur la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. Après avoir présenté les développements effectués pour reconstruire un modèle global du métabolisme d’A. baylyi, nous montrerons que la confrontation entre phénotypes observés et phénotypes prédits permet de mettre en évidence des incohérences entre les deux échelles d’observations. Nous montrerons ensuite qu’une interprétation formelle de ces incohérences permet de corriger le modèle et d’améliorer la connaissance du métabolisme. Nous illustrerons ce propos en présentant les corrections que nous avons réalisées à l’aide de phénotypes de mutants d’A. baylyi. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous proposerons une méthode permettant d’automatiser la correction des incohérences causées par des erreurs d’association entre gènes et réactions
Microbial metabolism has traditionally been investigated at two different scales: the finest involves characterizing individually each reaction occurring in the cell; the largest focuses on global cell physiology. While both scales have recently benefited from technological advances, combining them remains, however, especially complex as the global physiological behavior of a cell results from the coordinated action of a large network of reactions. Mathematical modeling approaches have yet shown recently that genome-scale metabolic models could help in linking both scales. In this thesis, we explore the use of such models to expand the knowledge of reactions with a specific type of high-level data: gene essentiality data, assessed using growth phenotypes of deletion mutants. We will use as model organism the bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1, for which a genome-wide collection of gene deletion mutants has recently been created. Following a presentation of the key steps and developments that have been required to reconstruct a global metabolic model of A. baylyi, we will show that confronting observed and predicted phenotypes highlight inconsistencies between the two scales. We will then show that a formal interpretation of these inconsistencies can guide model corrections and improvements to the knowledge of metabolism. We will illustrate this claim by presenting model corrections triggered by A. baylyi mutant phenotypes. Finally, we will introduce a method that automates the correction of inconsistencies caused by wrong associations between genes and reactions

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Dezobry, Guillaume. „Essentialité et droit communautaire de la concurrence (contribution à l’étude de la théorie des facilités essentielles)“. Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100139.

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L’objectif de l’étude de l’essentialité en droit communautaire de la concurrence est double. Il s’agit d’une part de clarifier la notion de facilité essentielle et d’autre part d’analyser le régime juridique qui l’accompagne. Concernant le premier point, l’étude entreprise tente tout d’abord de définir la notion d’essentialité. Elle se poursuit ensuite par l’analyse du traitement réservé aux éléments factuels afin d’établir le caractère essentiel d’une facilité. Elle envisage enfin l’opportunité de recourir à la délimitation du marché pertinent pour mettre en évidence l’essentialité d’une facilité. Concernant le second point, cette étude commence par analyser l’impact économique d’une décision prononçant l’accès à une facilité essentielle. Cela suppose d’envisager d’une part l’impact d’une telle décision en termes d’efficacité statique et d’autre part en termes d’efficacité dynamique. Ensuite, l’étude se poursuit par l’identification des conditions d’application de la théorie des facilités essentielles et de ses fondements juridiques. Enfin, l’étude envisage les considérations liées à l’organisation de l’accès des tiers à une facilité essentielle qui correspond à une mission de régulation
The study of essentiality in EC competition law has two main objectives. The first one is to shed some light on the essential facility concept and the second is to analyse the judicial regime that goes with it. As far as the first issue is concerned, the study begins with trying to define the concept of essentiality. Then, it presents how to deal with factual elements in order to establish the essentiality of a facility. Finally, the opportunity to use market definition to stress out the essential caracter of the facility concerned is discussed. As far as the second issue is concerned, this study begins with analysing the economic impact of a decision to grant access to an essential facility. Two dimensions must be taken into account : dynamic efficiency and static efficiency. Then, it is possible to identify the conditions under which the access must be granted, and the judicial basis of this theory. Finally, this study tries to point out the issues related to the organization of the access to an essential facility. Those issues are dealt with through the broader concept of regulation

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Cantaloube, Sylvain. „Architecture et essentialité des complexes de biosynthèse des acides mycoliques de la bactérie pathogène Mycobacterium tuberculosis“. Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/808/.

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Les acides mycoliques sont des constituants majeurs de l'enveloppe mycobactérienne. La voie essentielle de biosynthèse des acides mycoliques fait intervenir deux systèmes d'élongation d'acides gras : FAS-II (plusieurs enzymes) et FAS-I (méga-enzyme qui possède tous les domaines catalytiques). Il a été montré que des enzymes de FAS-II interagissent entre elles pour former des complexes d'élongation. Ces travaux complètent l'interactome de la voie de biosynthèse en intégrant dans le réseau d'interaction de nouveaux partenaires par des techniques de double et triple hybride chez la levure et de co-immunoprécipitation. Les alignements des structures des enzymes de FAS-II sur celle de mFAS-I nous ont permis de proposer un modèle original de l'interactome de la voie de biosynthèse des acides mycoliques. Enfin, nous avons étudié les interactions homotypiques des réductases du système (MabA et InhA) et montré que l'homomultimérisation à l'interface a4a5 est essentielle à la survie des mycobactéries, faisant de cette interface une cible dans la recherche d'antituberculeux
Mycolic acids are major constituents of mycobacteria envelope. The essential mycolic acids biosynthesis pathway use two fatty acids elongation systems : FAS-II (several enzymes) and FAS-I (mega-enzyme which has all the catalytic domains). It was shown that FAS-II enzymes interact with themselves to form elongation complexes. This study completes the biosynthesis pathway interactome. New partners were integrated to the interactions network thanks to yeast double and triple hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation. Structural alignments between FAS-II enzymes and mFAS-I allow us to propose an original interactome model of the mycolic acids biosynthesis pathway. Finally, we have studied homotypic interactions of the system reductases (MabA and InhA). We have shown that a4a5 interface homomultimersiation is essential for mycobacteria survival. So, this interface is a new target to find new antituberculous drugs

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Rousset, Francois. „CRISPRi screens in bacterial genomics“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS373.

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La génomique chez les bactéries a connu un véritable essor au cours de la dernière décennie grâce aux progrès des méthodes de séquençage de l'ADN. De nouvelles techniques expérimentales sont nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre la fonction des gènes. La découverte des systèmes immunitaires adaptatifs CRISPR-Cas chez les bactéries a conduit au développement de nombreuses technologies pour cibler un acide nucléique de manière séquence-spécifique. En particulier, l’enzyme dCas9 peut être guidée vers une séquence d’ADN par un court ARN nommé sgRNA afin d'inhiber l'expression d'un gène de manière spécifique, un mécanisme nommé CRISPRi. La présente thèse décrit le développement d'une technique de criblage haut-débit basée sur des collections de sgRNAs synthétisées et clonées en parallèle. Nous avons d'abord montré comment cette technique peut être utilisée pour identifier les gènes essentiels chez E. coli. Nous l’avons également utilisée dans le contexte d’une infection par différents bactériophages afin d'identifier les gènes nécessaires à l’infection. Alors que la majorité des études génomiques sont basées sur des souches modèles qui ne représentent pas la diversité de l'espèce, nous avons ensuite adapté un système CRISPRi compatible avec la majorité des isolats d’E. coli ou d’espèces proches. Une collection de sgRNAs ciblant ~3300 gènes conservés d’E. coli a été créée et utilisée dans une collection d'isolats naturels afin de déterminer l’impact de la diversité génétique sur l’essentialité des gènes conservés de l'espèce. Nous avons ainsi montré comment des gènes transférés horizontalement peuvent moduler l'essentialité de gènes conservés. Ces travaux démontrent le potentiel des criblages CRISPRi haut-débit en génomique bactérienne
Advances in sequencing technologies over the past decade have significantly expanded the field of bacterial genomics. In this context, new experimental methods are still required to better understand gene function. The discovery of CRISPR-Cas systems in bacterial adaptive immunity led to the development of a variety of biotechnological tools to target DNA in a sequence-specific manner. In particular, the dCas9 protein can be guided towards a target DNA sequence by short RNAs called sgRNAs to inhibit gene expression in a mechanism called CRISPRi. The present thesis describes the development of a high-throughput screening method based on the pooled synthesis and cloning of sgRNAs libraries. We first showed that CRISPRi screens can confidently predict essential genes in E. coli. We also exploited this method during infection by different bacteriophages to determine which host genes are required for a successful infection. While most genomics studies rely on model strains which fail to represent the genetic diversity of the species, we next developed a CRISPRi platform that is compatible with most isolates from E. coli and closely-related species. A sgRNA library targeting ~3,300 persistent genes from the E. coli species was designed and implemented in a collection of natural isolates to determine the impact of genetic diversity on the essentiality of core genes. We demonstrated how horizontally-transferred genes can modulate core gene essentiality. Altogether, this work shows the potential of high-throughput CRISPRi screens in bacterial genomics

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Fulfer, Katherine Nicole. „The Concept of "Woman": Feminism after the Essentialism Critique“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/36.

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Although feminists resist accounts that define women as having certain features that are essential to their being women, feminists are also guilty of giving essentialist definitions. Because women are extremely diverse in their experiences, the essentialist critics question whether a universal (non-essentialist) account of women can be given. I argue that it is possible to formulate a valuable category of woman, despite potential essentialist challenges. Even with diversity among women, women are oppressed as women by patriarchal structures such as rape, pornography, and sexual harassment that regulate women’s sexuality and construct women as beings whose main role is to service men’s sexual needs.

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Giorgi, Federico Manuel. „Expression-based reverse engineering of plant transcriptional networks“. Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5676/.

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Regulation of gene transcription plays a major role in mediating cellular responses and physiological behavior in all known organisms. The finding that similar genes are often regulated in a similar manner (co-regulated or "co-expressed") has directed several "guilt-by-association" approaches in order to reverse-engineer the cellular transcriptional networks using gene expression data as a compass. This kind of studies has been considerably assisted in the recent years by the development of high-throughput transcript measurement platforms, specifically gene microarrays and next-generation sequencing. In this thesis, I describe several approaches for improving the extraction and interpretation of the information contained in microarray based gene expression data, through four steps: (1) microarray platform design, (2) microarray data normalization, (3) gene network reverse engineering based on expression data and (4) experimental validation of expression-based guilt-by-association inferences. In the first part test case is shown aimed at the generation of a microarray for Thellungiella salsuginea, a salt and drought resistant close relative to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana; the transcripts of this organism are generated on the combination of publicly available ESTs and newly generated ad-hoc next-generation sequencing data. Since the design of a microarray platform requires the availability of highly reliable and non-redundant transcript models, these issues are addressed consecutively, proposing several different technical solutions. In the second part I describe how inter-array correlation artifacts are generated by the common microarray normalization methods RMA and GCRMA, together with the technical and mathematical characteristics underlying the problem. A solution is proposed in the form of a novel normalization method, called tRMA. The third part of the thesis deals with the field of expression-based gene network reverse engineering. It is shown how different centrality measures in reverse engineered gene networks can be used to distinguish specific classes of genes, in particular essential genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, and how the use of conditional correlation can add a layer of understanding over the information flow processes underlying transcript regulation. Furthermore, several network reverse engineering approaches are compared, with a particular focus on the LASSO, a linear regression derivative rarely applied before in global gene network reconstruction, despite its theoretical advantages in robustness and interpretability over more standard methods. The performance of LASSO is assessed through several in silico analyses dealing with the reliability of the inferred gene networks. In the final part, LASSO and other reverse engineering methods are used to experimentally identify novel genes involved in two independent scenarios: the seed coat mucilage pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana and the hypoxic tuber development in Solanum tuberosum. In both cases an interesting method complementarity is shown, which strongly suggests a general use of hybrid approaches for transcript expression-based inferences. In conclusion, this work has helped to improve our understanding of gene transcription regulation through a better interpretation of high-throughput expression data. Part of the network reverse engineering methods described in this thesis have been included in a tool (CorTo) for gene network reverse engineering and annotated visualization from custom transcription datasets.
Die Regulation der Gentranskription spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Steuerung des physiologischen Verhaltens in allen Organismen. Dass ähnliche Gene oft in gleicher Weise reguliert werden (koreguliert oder koexpimiert), hat zu diversen „guilt-by-association“-Ansätzen zur Rekonstruktion von zellulären Transkriptionsnetzwerken geführt, die Genexpressionsdaten zur Orientierung nutzen. Studien dieser Art wurden in den letzten Jahren durch die Entwicklung von Hochdurchsatzmessungen von Transkriptmengen mittels Mikroarrays und ‚Next Generation‘ Sequenziertechniken stark gefördert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Extraktion und Interpretation von Mikroarray-basierten Genexpressionsdaten in vier Schritten beschrieben: (1) Mikroarray-Sonden-Design, (2) Mikroarray Datennormalisierung, (3) Rekonstruktion von Gennetzwerken unter Verwendung von Expressionsdaten und (4) experimentelle Überprüfung von expressionsbasierten „guilt-by-association“ Schlussfolgerungen. Im ersten Teil wird ein Beispiel zur Erstellung eines Mikroarrays für Thelungiella salsuginea gezeigt, einem salz- und trockenresistenten Verwandten von Arabidopsis thaliana. Zur Rekonstruktion der Transkripte wurden sowohl öffentliche ESTs (‚expressed sequence tags‘) als auch neu erzeugte ‚Next Generation‘ Sequenzierdaten genutzt. Da das Design von Mikroarrays speziesspezifische, nicht-redundante Transkriptmodelle erfordert, werden diese Aufgaben nacheinander abgearbeitet und verschiedene technische Lösungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Im zweiten Teil wird beschrieben, wie übliche Mikroarray-Normalisierungsverfahren wie RMA und GCRMA zu Korrelationsartefakten führen können. Technische sowie mathematische Hintergründe werden erläutert und zur Lösung des Problems wird mit tRMA eine neue Normalisierungsmethode vorgestellt. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich der expressionsbasierten Rekonstruktion von Gennetzwerken. Es wird demonstriert, wie dabei verschiedene „Zentralitäten“ bei zur Unterscheidung von spezifischen Genklassen, hier beispielhaft essentielle Gene von Arabidopsis thaliana, genutzt werden können und wie die Verwendung von konditioneller Korrelation tieferes Verständnis des der Transkriptionsregulation zugrundeliegenden Informationsflusses ermöglicht. Weiterhin werden Ansätze zur Netzwerkrekonstruktion verglichen. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der LASSO Technik, einer Art linearer Regression, die trotz ihren theoretischen Vorteilen in Robustheit und Interpretierbarkeit gegenüber Standardmethoden bisher selten zur Rekonstruktion von globalen Gennetzwerken genutzt wurde. Die Leistungsfähigkeit von LASSO wird durch in silico Analysen der Zuverlässigkeit der erstellten Gennetzwerke gemessen. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurden LASSO und andere Rekonstruktionsmethoden genutzt um experimentell neue Gene der folgenden zwei Szenarien zu identifizieren: im Samenschleim von Arabidopsis thaliana und während der Knollenentwicklung von Solanum tuberosum unter Sauerstoffmangel. In beiden Fällen wird eine interessante Methodenkomplementarität gezeigt, nach welcher eine Mischung mehrerer Ansätze zu empfehlen ist um Schlüsse aufgrund von Transkriptexpression zu ziehen. Zusammenfassend zielt diese Arbeit darauf ab, das Verständnis der Regulation von Gentranskriptionsnetzwerken durch bessere Interpretation von Hochdurchsatzexpressionsdaten zu verbessern. Ein Teil der in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Methoden wurden im Programm CorTo zur Gennetzwerkrekonstruktion und annotierten Visualisierung von benutzerdefinierten Transkriptionsdaten verarbeitet.

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Banks, Jonathan Edward. „Antirealist essentialism“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7264/.

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This project is an investigation into the prospects for an antirealist theory of essence. Essentialism is the claim that at least some things have some of their properties essentially. Essentialist discourse includes claims such as “Socrates is essentially human”, and “Socrates is accidentally bearded”. Historically, there are two ways of interpreting essentialist discourse. I call these positions ‘modal essentialism’ and ‘neo-Aristotelian essentialism’. According to modal essentialism, for Socrates to be essentially human is for it to be necessary that he be a human if he exists, and for Socrates to accidentally have a beard is for it to be contingent that Socrates has a beard if he exists. According to neo-Aristotelian essentialism, objects have definitions in something like the way words do. For Socrates to be essentially human but accidentally bearded is for it to be part of the definition of Socrates that he is human, but not part of that definition that he is bearded. I argue that both are susceptible to antirealist interpretation. This thesis sets about showing that this is the case. In Chapters One and Two I investigate neo-conventionalist theories of modality, in the hope of using such a position to develop an antirealist modal essentialism. In Chapter Three I discuss the debate between modal and neo-Aristotelian essentialism and conclude that it is by no means settled. In Chapter Four I develop an antirealist neo-Aristotelian essentialism based on the mechanism of one of the neo-conventionalist accounts of modality. In Chapter Five I argue that this account is in a better position to give an essentialist theory of necessity than its realist counterparts. I conclude that, regardless of whether one is a modal or neo-Aristotelian essentialist, antirealist essentialism is a viable theory of essence that is worthy of consideration in contemporary debate.

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Durot, Maxime. „Elucidation du métabolisme des microorganismes par la modélisation et l'interprétation des données d'essentialité de gènes. Application au métabolisme de la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1“. Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425212.

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Deux échelles d'observations sont traditionnellement utilisées pour étudier le métabolisme des microorganismes: d'une part, à l'échelle locale, la caractérisation individuelle des réactions ayant lieu dans la cellule et d'autre part, à l'échelle globale, l'étude de la physiologie de la cellule. Ces deux échelles ont bénéficié de progrès technologiques récents : l'analyse des génomes séquencés permet d'identifier une large fraction des enzymes catalysant les réactions ; la physiologie des microorganismes peut être étudiée à haut débit pour de nombreux environnements et perturbations génétiques. Cependant, l'exploitation conjointe de ces deux échelles demeure complexe car le comportement physiologique global de la cellule résulte de l'action coordonnée de nombreuses réactions. Les approches de modélisation mathématique ont toutefois récemment permis de relier ces deux échelles à l'aide de modèles globaux du métabolisme.
Dans cette thèse, nous explorerons l'utilisation de ces modèles pour compléter la connaissance des réactions à l'aide d'une catégorie particulière de données d'échelle globale : les essentialités de gènes déterminées en observant les phénotypes de croissance de mutants de délétion. Nous nous appuierons pour cela sur la bactérie Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 pour laquelle une collection complète de mutants de délétion a été récemment constituée au Genoscope.
Après avoir présenté les étapes clés et les développements que nous avons effectués pour reconstruire un modèle global du métabolisme d'A. baylyi, nous montrerons que la confrontation entre phénotypes observés et phénotypes prédits permet de mettre en évidence des incohérences entre les deux échelles d'observations. Nous montrerons ensuite qu'une interprétation formelle de ces incohérences permet de corriger le modèle et d'améliorer la connaissance du métabolisme. Nous illustrerons ce propos en présentant les corrections que nous avons réalisées à l'aide des phénotypes de mutants d'A. baylyi. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous proposerons une méthode permettant d'automatiser la correction des incohérences causées par des erreurs d'association entre gènes et réactions.

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Djukic, George. „Essentialism : Paradise lost /“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd626.pdf.

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Shields, Mona Roxana. „Peter Lamarque's aesthetic essentialism“. Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75648/.

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This thesis argues that the aesthetic character of some conceptual works of art can be determined by the possession of essential aesthetic properties. By discussing Peter Lamarque’s account of individual aesthetic essentialism one can suggest that conceptual works can be aesthetically investigated. Chapter I introduces the concept of the aesthetic and discusses Frank Sibley’s account of aesthetic concepts. Chapter II analyses in detail Sibley’s two fold relational character of aesthetic properties. Chapter III introduces Lamarque’s concept of aesthetic properties and it also insists on a distinction between artistic and aesthetic properties. Chapter IV introduces a general account of essentialism and then discusses Lamarque’s new object theory. Chapter V investigates Lamarque’s weaker version of individual aesthetic essentialism and analyses the distinction between essential and inessential aesthetic properties. Finally, Chapter VI considers the aesthetics of conceptual art and argues that some conceptual pieces have essential aesthetic properties. The philosophical discussions are supported by appeal to many different works of art, from traditional works to contemporary works. I conclude that all conceptual works have aesthetic properties but mostly there are inessential properties. My suggestion at the end of this thesis is more radical. A close analysis identified essential aesthetic properties in some conceptual works of art and this contribute to the aesthetic character and value of these works.

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Bücher zum Thema "Essentialité"

La théorie des facilités essentielles: Essentialité et droit communautaire de la concurrence. Paris: L.G.D.J., 2009.

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Dezobry, Guillaume. La théorie des facilités essentielles: Essentialité et droit communautaire de la concurrence. Paris: L.G.D.J., 2009.

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Lu, Long Jason, Hrsg. Gene Essentiality. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4.

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Romens, Anne-Iris. Deconstructing Essentialism. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14399-1.

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Real essentialism. New York: Routledge, 2007.

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A, French Peter, Uehling Theodore Edward und Wettstein Howard K, Hrsg. Studies in essentialism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.

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Sigel, Astrid, Helmut Sigel und Roland KO Sigel, Hrsg. Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8.

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Petruzzellis, Luca, und Russell S. Winer, Hrsg. Rediscovering the Essentiality of Marketing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29877-1.

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Laboratories, Ross, und Ross Conference on Medical Research (12th : 1993 : Carefree, Ariz.), Hrsg. Nutritional essentiality: A changing paradigm. Columbus, Ohio (625 Cleveland Ave., Columbus 43216): Ross Laboratories, 1993.

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Thom, Paul. The Logic of Essentialism. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1663-0.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Essentialité"

Stahl, Martin, und Alain Stintzi. „Microarray Transposon Tracking for the Mapping of Conditionally Essential Genes in Campylobacter jejuni“. In Gene Essentiality, 1–14. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_1.

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Deng, Jingyuan. „A Statistical Framework for Improving Genomic Annotations of Transposon Mutagenesis (TM) Assigned Essential Genes“. In Gene Essentiality, 153–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_10.

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Reuter, Mark, Duncan J. H. Gaskin und Aline Metris. „A Proposed Essential Gene Discovery Pipeline: A Campylobacter jejuni Case Study“. In Gene Essentiality, 167–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_11.

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Basler, Georg. „Computational Prediction of Essential Metabolic Genes Using Constraint-Based Approaches“. In Gene Essentiality, 183–204. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_12.

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Guo, Feng-Biao, Yuan-Nong Ye, Lu-Wen Ning und Wen Wei. „Three Computational Tools for Predicting Bacterial Essential Genes“. In Gene Essentiality, 205–17. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_13.

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Gao, Feng, Hao Luo, Chun-Ting Zhang und Ren Zhang. „Gene Essentiality Analysis Based on DEG 10, an Updated Database of Essential Genes“. In Gene Essentiality, 219–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_14.

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Lu, Yulan, Yao Lu, Jingyuan Deng, Hui Lu und Long Jason Lu. „Discovering Essential Domains in Essential Genes“. In Gene Essentiality, 235–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_15.

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Chen, Lei, Xiuchun Ge und Ping Xu. „Identifying Essential Streptococcus sanguinis Genes Using Genome-Wide Deletion Mutation“. In Gene Essentiality, 15–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_2.

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Klein, Brian A., Margaret J. Duncan und Linden T. Hu. „Defining Essential Genes and Identifying Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Massively Parallel Sequencing of Transposon Libraries (Tn-seq)“. In Gene Essentiality, 25–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_3.

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Mori, Hirotada, Tomoya Baba, Katsushi Yokoyama, Rikiya Takeuchi, Wataru Nomura, Kazuichi Makishi, Yuta Otsuka, Hitomi Dose und Barry L. Wanner. „Identification of Essential Genes and Synthetic Lethal Gene Combinations in Escherichia coli K-12“. In Gene Essentiality, 45–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_4.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Essentialité"

Zheng, Yanqing. „An Analysis of Essentialism and Anti-essentialism in Literature“. In 2016 3rd International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-16.2017.81.

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Allauzen, Cyril, Mehryar Mohri und Ameet Talwalkar. „Sequence kernels for predicting protein essentiality“. In the 25th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390158.

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Qian, Xiaoning, Byung-Jun Yoon und Edward R. Dougherty. „Uncertainty-based essentiality in gene regulatory networks“. In 2011 IEEE International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics (GENSIPS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gensips.2011.6169430.

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Madeley, John T. S. „Multiculturalism and the Essentialist Trap“. In Debating Multiculturalism 1. Dialogue Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/rges9538.

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Azizah, Amiril, Ratna Wulaningrum und Ahyar M. Diah. „The Essentiality of Corporate Reputation on Firm Performance“. In International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science 2021 (iCAST-SS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220301.096.

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Oved, Iris, Shaun Nichols und David Barner. „A learning model for essentialist concepts“. In 2015 Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-EpiRob). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/devlrn.2015.7346121.

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Wei Liu, Dewu Ding und Nawen Li. „Robustness perspective on network-based prediction of gene essentiality“. In 2009 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2009.5191705.

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Atkinson, Matthew T., Jatinder Dhiensa und Colin H. C. Machin. „Opening up access to online documents using essentiality tracks“. In the 2006 international cross-disciplinary workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1133219.1133222.

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Nagai, James S., Herio Sousa, Alexandre H. Aono, Ana C. Lorena und Reginaldo M. Kuroshu. „Gene Essentiality Prediction Using Topological Features From Metabolic Networks“. In 2018 7th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bracis.2018.00024.

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Jiang, Peng, und Xiaole Shirley Liu. „Abstract A19: Network analysis of gene essentiality in CRISPR screens“. In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; November 5-9, 2015; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-a19.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Essentialité"

Zamer, J. L. Applying Item Essentiality to Wholesale Levels Setting. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, März 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada154271.

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Waller, Christopher J., und Paola Boel. On the Essentiality of Credit and Banking at the Friedman Rule. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2020.018.

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Boel, Paola, und Christopher J. Waller. On the essentiality of credit and banking at zero interest rates. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202313.

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We investigate the welfare-increasing role of credit and banking at zero interest rates in a microfounded general equilibrium monetary model. Agents differ in their opportunity costs of holding money due to heterogeneous idiosyncratic time-preference shocks. Without banks, the constrained-efficient allocation is never attainable, since impatient agents always face a positive implicit rate in equilibrium. With banks, patient agents pin down the borrowing rate and in turn enable impatient agents to borrow at no cost when the inflation rate approaches the highest discount factor. Banks can therefore improve welfare at zero rates, provided that both types of agents are included in the financial system and that the borrowing limit is sufficiently lax. The result is robust to several extensions.

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Dehart, Brenda M. IMEC (Item Mission Essentiality Code) Implementation in TARSLLS (Tender and Repair Ship Load Lists). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada171776.

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Raju, Nivedita, und Laura Bruun. Integrating Gender Perspectives into International Humanitarian Law. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/qilu7567.

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International humanitarian law (IHL) aims to limit the impacts of armed conflict through rules and protections. However, while IHL seemingly accords protection to ‘all persons’, it may fail to do so, especially on the basis of gender. In turn, failure to include gender perspectives in IHL can result in inaccurate assessments of civilian harm. This paper explores the missing gender perspectives in IHL and proposes that they be integrated with intersectional considerations. The paper first examines inherent gender bias in the wording of certain IHL rules, highlighting several issues including gender essentialism, limited distinction between sex and gender, and the need to overcome a binary approach to gender to ensure adequate protections for the LGBTQIA+ community. The paper also examines key rules of IHL which are particularly sensitive to bias in interpretation and application, including certain rules on weapons, the rules guiding the conduct of hostilities, and obligations to provide legal advice and legal training to the armed forces. Finally, the paper concludes with action points to more effectively integrate intersectional gender perspectives into IHL.

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Thunø, Mette, und Jan Ifversen. Global Leadership Teams and Cultural Diversity: Exploring how perceptions of culture influence the dynamics of global teams. Aarhus University, Oktober 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aul.273.

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In the 21st century, business engagements are becoming increasingly global, and global teams are now an established form of organising work in multinational organisations. As a result, managing cultural diver-sity within a global team has become an essential part of ensuring motivation, creativity, innovation and efficiency in today’s business world.Global teams are typically composed of a diversity of experiences, frames of references, competencies, information and, not least, cultural backgrounds. As such, they hold a unique potential for delivering high performance in terms of innovative and creative approaches to global management tasks; however, in-stead of focusing on the potentials of cultural diversity, practitioners and studies of global teams tend to approach cultural diversity as a barrier to team success. This study explores some of the barriers that cultural diversity poses but also discusses its potential to leverage high performance in a global context.Our study highlights the importance of how team leaders and team members perceive ‘culture’ as both a concept and a social practice. We take issue with a notion of culture as a relatively fixed and homogeneous set of values, norms and attitudes shared by people of national communities; it is such a notion of culture that tends to underlie understandings that highlight the irreconcilability of cultural differences.Applying a more dynamic and context-dependent approach to culture as a meaning system that people negotiate and use to interpret the world, this study explores how global leadership teams can best reap the benefits of cultural diversity in relation to specific challenging areas of intercultural team work, such as leadership style, decision making, relationship building, strategy process, and communication styles. Based on a close textual interpretation of 31 semi-structured interviews with members of global leader-ship teams in eight Danish-owned global companies, our study identified different discourses and per-ceptions of culture and cultural diversity. For leaders of the global leadership teams (Danish/European) and other European team members, three understandings of cultural diversity in their global teams were prominent:1)Cultural diversity was not an issue2)Cultural diversity was acknowledged as mainly a liability. Diversities were expressed through adifference in national cultures and could typically be subsumed under a relatively fixed numberof invariable and distinct characteristics.3)Cultural diversity was an asset and expressions of culture had to be observed in the situationand could not simply be derived from prior understandings of cultural differences.A clear result of our study was that those leaders of global teams who drew on discourses of the Asian ‘Other’ adherred to the first two understandings of cultural diversity and preferred leadership styles that were either patriarchal or self-defined as ‘Scandinavian’. Whereas those leaders who drew on discourses of culture as dynamic and negotiated social practices adhered to the third understanding of cultural di-versity and preferred a differentiated and analytical approach to leading their teams.We also focused on the perceptions of team members with a background in the country in which the global teams were co-located. These ‘local’ team members expressed a nuanced and multifaceted perspective on their own cultural background, the national culture of the company, and their own position within the team, which enabled them to easily navigate between essentialist perceptions of culture while maintain-ing a critical stance on the existing cultural hegemonies. They recognised the value of their local knowledge and language proficiency, but, for those local members in teams with a negative or essentialist view of cultural diversity, it was difficult to obtain recognition of their cultural styles and specific, non-local competences. 3Our study suggeststhat the way global team members perceive culture, based on dominant societal dis-courses of culture, significantly affects the understandings of roles and positions in global leadership teams. We found that discourses on culture were used to explain differences and similarities between team members, which profoundly affected the social practicesand dynamics of the global team. We con-clude that only global teams with team leaders who are highly aware of the multiple perspectives at play in different contexts within the team hold the capacity to be alert to cultural diversity and to demonstrate agility in leveraging differences and similarities into inclusive and dynamic team practices.

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Hillestad, Torgeir Martin. The Metapsychology of Evil: Main Theoretical Perspectives Causes, Consequences and Critique. University of Stavanger, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.224.

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The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.

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Dalglish, Chris, und Sarah Tarlow, Hrsg. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world.  MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world.  PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies.  COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems.  REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.

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