Bücher: „Equivalence of scale“

1

Kemp, Gordon C. R. Scale equivalence and the Box-Cox transformation. [Colchester]: University of Essex, Dept. of Economics, 1996.

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2

Kemp, Gordon C. R. Scale equivalence and the Box-Cox transformation. Colchester: Essex University, Department of Economics, 1998.

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3

Hamada, Kōji. SNA gainen ni yoru kōreisha no shotoku shisan bunpu: Setai shotoku shisan to tōka shakudo (equivalence scale) ni yoru bunseki. Tokyo, Japan: Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office, 2003.

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4

Schröder, Carsten. Variable Income Equivalence Scales. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2711-8.

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5

Gary, Keogh, und Economic and Social Research Institute., Hrsg. Equivalence scales and costs of children. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1988.

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6

Dagum, Camilo, und Guido Ferrari, Hrsg. Household Behaviour, Equivalence Scales, Welfare and Poverty. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2681-4.

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7

Schroeder, Carsten. Variable income equivalence scales: An empirical approach. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 2004.

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8

1959-, Weiner David, Sammartino Frank, United States. Congressional Budget Office. Macroeconomic Analysis Division und United States. Congressional Budget Office. Tax Analysis Division, Hrsg. Equivalence scales, the income distribution, and federal taxes. Washington, D.C: Congressional Budget Office, Macroeconomic and Tax Analysis Divisions, 1998.

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9

Whiteford, Peter. A family's needs: Equivalence scales, poverty, and social security. [Canberra]: Development Division, Dept. of Social Security, 1985.

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10

Figini, Paolo. Inequality measures, equivalence scales and adjustment for household size and composition. Luxembourg: LIS, 1998.

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11

Scales, Maharashtra (India) Equivalence Committee for Revision of Pay. Report of the Equivalence Committee for Revision of Pay Scales, Maharashtra State. Bombay: The Committee, 1987.

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12

Gronau, Reuben. Consumption technology and the intrafamily distribution of resources adult equivalence scales reexamined. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Dept. of Economics, 1985.

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13

Duclos, Jean-Yves. Household composition and classes of equivalence scales: With application to Spain and the UK. Cambridge: University of Cambridge/ESRC, 1993.

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14

Dudek, Hanna. Skale ekwiwalentności-- estymacja na podstawie kompletnych modeli popytu: Equivalence scales--estimation on the base of complete demand systems. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo SGGW, 2011.

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15

Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen und Keith Chan. Assessing and Testing Cross-Cultural Measurement Equivalence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0004.

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A cross-cultural comparison can be misleading for two reasons: (1) comparison is made using different attributes and (2) comparison is made using different scale units. This chapter illustrates multiple statistical approaches to evaluating the cross-cultural equivalence of the research instruments: data distribution of the items of the research instrument, the patterns of responses of each item, the corrected item–total correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability analysis using the parallel test and tau-equivalence test. Equivalence is the fundamental issue in cross-cultural research and evaluation.

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16

Merchant, Nazarre, und Alan Prince. Mother of All Tableaux: Order, Equivalence, and Geometry in the Large-Scale Structure of Optimality Theory. Equinox Publishing Limited, 2023.

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17

Merchant, Nazarré. Mother of All Tableaux: Order, Equivalence, and Geometry in the Large-Scale Structure of Optimality Theory. Equinox Publishing Limited, 2023.

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18

Schroder, Carsten. Variable Income Equivalence Scales. Island Press, 2004.

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19

Edwards, Lisa M., und Jessica B. McClintock. A Cultural Context Lens of Hope. Herausgegeben von Matthew W. Gallagher und Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.8.

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This chapter explores hope theory, measurement (i.e., Children’s Hope Scale and Adult Dispositional Hope Scale), and research with regard to diverse racial and ethnic groups. Utilizing a cultural context lens, a case study of a Latina adolescent without documentation is used to illustrate how culture influences goals, obstacles, agency, and pathways. Research about the equivalence of hope across groups, including racial and ethnic groups within the United States as well as in other countries, is reviewed. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings regarding hope measurement and hope theory as they apply to various cultural groups and suggestions for future research in the field.

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20

Dagum, Camilo, und Guido Ferrari. Household Behaviour, Equivalence Scales, Welfare and Poverty. Physica-Verlag, 2012.

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21

Schröder, Carsten. Variable Income Equivalence Scales: An Empirical Approach. Physica-Verlag, 2012.

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22

Variable income equivalence scales: An empirical approach. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 2004.

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23

Household Behaviour, Equivalence Scales, Welfare and Poverty. Physica, 2012.

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24

Angoff, William H. Scales, Norms, and Equivalent Scores. Educational Testing Serv, 1988.

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25

(Editor), Camilo Dagum, und Guido Ferrari (Editor), Hrsg. Household Behaviour, Equivalence Scales, Welfare and Poverty (Contributions to Statistics). Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 2003.

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26

Dworkin, Craig. Helicography. punctum books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53288/0352.1.00.

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Part art history essay, part experimental fiction, part theoretical manifesto on the politics of equivalence, Helicography examines questions of scale in relation to Robert Smithson’s iconic 1970 artwork Spiral Jetty. In an essay and film made to accompany the earthwork, Smithson invites us to imagine the stone helix of his structure at various orders of magnitude, from microscopic molecules to entire galaxies. Taking up this invitation with an unrelenting and literal enthusiasm, Helicography pursues the implications of such transformations all the way to the limits of logic. If other spirals, from the natural to the man-made, were expanded or condensed to the size of Spiral Jetty, what are the consequences of their physical metamorphoses? What other equivalences follow in turn, and where do their surprising historical, cultural, and mechanical connections lead? This book considers a number of forms in order to find out: the fluid vortices of whirlpools, hurricanes, and galaxies; the delicate shells of snails and the threatening pose of rattlesnakes; prehistoric ferns and the turns of the inner ear; the monstrous jaws of ancient sharks; a baroque finial scroll on a bass viol; a 19th-century watch spring; phonograph discs and spooled film; the largest open-pit mine on the planet. The result is a narrative laboratory for the “science of imaginary solutions” proposed by Alfred Jarry (whose King Ubu also plays a central role in the story told here), a work of fictocriticism blurring form and content, and the story of a single instant in time lost in the deserts of the intermountain west.

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27

Lassiter, Daniel. Epistemic adjectives: Likely and probable. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the (near-)synonymous relative adjectives likely and probable, starting with the hypothesis that they live on an upper- and lower-bounded ratio scale. If it is correct, then the scale in question is provably equivalent to a representation in terms of finitely additive probability. This would explain the puzzle around disjunction noted in chapter 3, and it is supported by the acceptability of ratio modifiers such as three times as likely and item-by-item consideration of ratio scale axioms (with a caveat involving connectedness). The second part of the chapter turns to a theoretical puzzle: in Kennedy’s (2007) theory, likely and probable could not be relative adjectives if their scale is bounded. However, this theory is falsified on independent grounds: among other empirical problems, relative adjectives routinely occur on bounded scales. Likely and probable provide two more counter-examples to the claim that relative adjectives are restricted to open scales.

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28

Le misure della povertà in Italia: Scale di equivalenza e aspetti demografici. Roma: Presidenza del consiglio dei ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria, 1996.

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29

Newhouse, David, Pablo Suárez Becerra und Martin Evans. New Global Estimates of Child Poverty and their Sensitivity to Alternative Equivalence Scales. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/29138.

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30

Abanokova, Kseniya, Hai-Anh H. Dang und Michael M. Lokshin. The Important Role of Equivalence Scales: Household Size, Composition, and Poverty Dynamics in the Russian Federation. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9270.

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31

Mercati, Flavio. Solutions of Shape Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0013.

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This chapter deals with the most important results in SD, namely, the classical solutions of the theory in which the equivalence with (GR) breaks down. Firstly, I study the case of homogeneous but not isotropic cosmologies, known as ‘Bianchi IX’ universes in detail. In this case, each solution that reaches the big bang singularity can be continued uniquely through it, just by requiring continuity of the conformally- and scale-invariant degrees of freedom. The result is a couple of cosmological solutions with opposite orientation glued at the big bang. This result is more general than the homogeneous case, and can be extended to a large class of solutions if the BKL conjecture is valid. In the case of spherically symmetric solutions one has to couple gravity to some form of matter in order to have dynamically non-trivial degrees of freedom. The simplest case is a series of concentric infinitely thin shells of dust in a universe with the topology of a three-sphere. In this case too a departure from the dynamics of (GR) is seen, that manifests itself in a failure of the CMC slicing when one of the shells collapses (no spacetime corresponding to that solution of SD exists). The conformally invariant degrees of freedom, again, seem to still be regular when this happens. In the last part of the chapter I will discuss the sense in which one can talk about asymptotically flat solutions of SD, and past results in this regime.

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32

Feinberg, Melanie. Everyday Adventures with Unruly Data. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14198.001.0001.

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Paired informal and scholarly essays show how everyday events reveal fundamental concepts of data, including its creation, aggregation, management, and use. Whether questioning numbers on a scale, laughing at a misspelling of one's name, or finding ourselves confused in a foreign supermarket, we are engaging with data. The only way to handle data responsibly, says Melanie Feinberg in this incisive work, is to take into account its human character. Though the data she discusses may seem familiar, close scrutiny shows it to be ambiguous, complicated, and uncertain: unruly. Drawing on the tools of information science, she uses everyday events such as deciding between Blender A and Blender B on Amazon to demonstrate a practical, critical, and generative mode of thinking about data: its creation, management, aggregation, and use. Each chapter pairs a self-contained main essay (an adventure) with a scholarly companion essay (the reflection). The adventure begins with an anecdote—visiting the library, running out of butter, cooking rice on a different stove. Feinberg argues that to understand the power and pitfalls of data science, we must attend to the data itself, not merely the algorithms that manipulate it. As she reflects on the implications of commonplace events, Feinberg explicates fundamental concepts of data that reveal the many tiny design decisions—which may not even seem like design at all—that shape how data comes to be. Through the themes of serendipity, objectivity, equivalence, interoperability, taxonomy, labels, and locality, she illuminates the surprisingly pervasive role of data in our daily thoughts and lives.

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33

Blokland, J. Continuous Consumer Equivalence Scales: Item-specific effects of age and sex of household members in the budget allocation model. Springer, 2011.

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34

Blokland, J. Continuous Consumer Equivalence Scales: Item-Specific Effects of Age and Sex of Household Members in the Budget Allocation Model. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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35

Mercati, Flavio. Best Matching: Technical Details. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0005.

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The best matching procedure described in Chapter 4 is equivalent to the introduction of a principal fibre bundle in configuration space. Essentially one introduces a one-dimensional gauge connection on the time axis, which is a representation of the Euclidean group of rotations and translations (or, possibly, the similarity group which includes dilatations). To accommodate temporal relationalism, the variational principle needs to be invariant under reparametrizations. The simplest way to realize this in point–particle mechanics is to use Jacobi’s reformulation of Mapertuis’ principle. The chapter concludes with the relational reformulation of the Newtonian N-body problem (and its scale-invariant variant).

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36

Rajeev, S. G. The Navier–Stokes Equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0003.

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When different layers of a fluid move at different velocities, there is some friction which results in loss of energy and momentum to molecular degrees of freedom. This dissipation is measured by a property of the fluid called viscosity. The Navier–Stokes (NS) equations are the modification of Euler’s equations that include this effect. In the incompressible limit, the NS equations have a residual scale invariance. The flow depends only on a dimensionless ratio (the Reynolds number). In the limit of small Reynolds number, the NS equations become linear, equivalent to the diffusion equation. Ideal flow is the limit of infinite Reynolds number. In general, the larger the Reynolds number, the more nonlinear (complicated, turbulent) the flow.

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37

Hermans, Greet. Effects of Insulin and Glycaemic Management on Neuromuscular Function. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0042.

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Observational studies have indicated an association between stress-induced hyperglycaemia and neuromuscular complications in critically ill patients. This observation is further supported by electrophysiological findings from two randomized controlled trials which suggested that titrating insulin therapy to achieve a normal blood glucose has a beneficial effect on neuromuscular function, associated with a reduced need for prolonged mechanical ventilation. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms explaining these clinical observations are not well understood. There is no clear evidence that insulin has anabolic effects on muscle nor that it provides mitochondrial protection. It is possible that the effect of insulin therapy reflects a protective action on peripheral nerves; however, this hypothesis awaits confirmation. Overall, the potential benefits on neuromuscular function must be considered in light of large-scale randomized trials which demonstrate equivalent or worse outcome in critically ill patients managed with intensive insulin therapy.

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38

Hamilton, Kirk, John F. Helliwell und Michael Woolcock. Social Capital, Trust, and Well-Being in the Evaluation of Wealth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0012.

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This chapter combines theory with data from different domains to provide an empirical analysis of the scale and variability of social capital as wealth. This is used to argue, given the existing literature on social capital, that the welfare returns to investing in trust could be substantial. Social trust data from 132 nations covered by the Gallup World Poll are used to present a range of estimates of social trust’s wealth-equivalent values. These estimates are very large, with a structure and distribution quite different from those for physical capital. They reflect values above and beyond what social trust contributes to supporting incomes and health. Although social trust is an important component of total wealth in all regions and country groupings, there are nonetheless big variations within and among regions, ranging from as low as 12 per cent of total wealth in Latin America to 28 per cent in the OECD.

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39

Zeitlin, Vladimir. Primitive Equations Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0002.

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The chapter gives the foundations of modelling of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic motions and presents the ‘primitive equations’ (PE) model. After a concise reminder on general fluid mechanics, the main hypotheses leading to the PE model are explained, together with the tangent-plane (so-called f and beta plane) approximations, and ‘traditional’ approximation to the hydrodynamical equations on the rotating sphere. PE are derived in parallel for the ocean and for the atmosphere. It is then shown that, with a judicious choice of the vertical coordinate, the ‘pseudo-height’, in the atmosphere, these two sets of equations are practically equivalent. The main properties of PE are derived and the key concepts of wave–vortex dichotomy, and of slow and fast motions, are explained. The essential notion of potential vorticity is introduced and its conservation by fluid masses is demonstrated. Inertia–gravity waves are explained and their properties presented. Limitations of the hydrostatic hypothesis are demonstrated.

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40

Adler, M. Properties and potential of protein–DNA conjugates for analytic applications. Herausgegeben von A. V. Narlikar und Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.25.

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This article examines the properties of protein-DNA conjugates and their potential for analytic applications. It begins with a discussion of DNA as a rigid construction tool for protein networks, reducing its functionality to the molecular equivalent of a steel bar in 'large-scale' architecture. It then describes DNA functionality in protein-DNA conjugates, like specific recognition of nucleotide sequences or its unique use as an amplification template. It also considers a range of applications for protein-DNA conjugates, including the use of artificial DNA-protein nanostructures as supramolecular building blocks and DNA-antibody conjugates for ultrasensitive antigen detection. Finally, it evaluates DNA-directed immobilization of protein-DNA adaptor molecules for flexible protein arrays. It shows that protein-DNA conjugates can be used as analytical targets for challenging and calibrating the properties of high-resolution atomic force microscopy, as well as analytical reagents for ultrasensitive target detection in immuno-PCR and related techniques.

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41

Zerubavel, Eviatar. Generally Speaking. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519271.001.0001.

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Defying the conventional split between “theory” and “methodology,” this book introduces a yet unarticulated and thus far never systematized method of theorizing designed to reveal abstract social patterns. Insisting that such methodology can actually be taught, it tries to make the mental processes underlying the practice of a “concept-driven sociology” more explicit. Many sociologists tend to study the specific, often at the expense of also studying the generic. To correct this imbalance, the book examines the theoretico-methodological process by which we can “distill” generic social patterns from the culturally, historically, and situationally specific contexts in which we encounter them. It thus champions a “generic sociology” that is pronouncedly transcontextual (transcultural, transhistorical, transsituational, and translevel) in its scope. In order to uncover generic, transcontextual social patterns, data need to be collected in a wide range of social contexts. Such contextual diversity is manifested multi-culturally, multihistorically, multisituationally, as well as at multiple levels of social aggregation. True to its message, the book illustrates generic social patterns by drawing on numerous examples from diverse cultural contexts and historical periods and a wide range of diverse social domains, as well as by disregarding scale. Emphasizing cross-contextual commonality, generic sociology tries to reveal formal “parallels” across seemingly disparate contexts. This book features the four main types of cross-contextual analogies generic sociologists tend to use (cross-cultural, cross-historical, cross-domain, and cross-level), disregarding conventionally noted substantive differences in order to note conventionally disregarded formal equivalences.

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42

Khachatryan, George A. Instruction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910709.001.0001.

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Blended learning, which is instruction that combines online with face-to-face components, is becoming increasingly popular in American schools. However, few first-hand accounts have been provided by program creators concerning the design, use, and experiences of widely used blended learning programs. This book fills this gap. Written by a leading program designer, it describes the creation and implementation of the blended learning programs of Reasoning Mind, a non-profit organization which has served hundreds of thousands of elementary and middle school students. Besides general insights into blended learning design and implementation, the book offers a detailed discussion of instruction modeling, a blended learning design approach used by Reasoning Mind. A wide range of methods can be used in designing instructional technology programs: some rely on research in cognitive psychology, others on gaming, and still others on modern statistical methods such as “big data.” By contrast, instruction modeling relies on the careful analysis of existing instructional traditions. The idea of instruction modeling is to study high-quality offline instruction and use blended learning to recreate it on a larger scale. The aim is to give students equivalent educational experiences to those of children in the world’s best classrooms. This book describes the instruction modeling technique in detail and makes the case for its broader use. The book will be relevant to anyone interested in the practical design and evolution of blended learning, including researchers, instructional designers, teachers, and students of education.

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43

Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.

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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.

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Bücher zum Thema „Equivalence of scale“

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