Bücher: „Epidural“

1

Chrubasik, Joachim. Postoperative epidural opioids. Berlin: Springer, 1993.

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2

Chrubasik, Joachim, Sigrun Chrubasik und Laurence Mather. Postoperative Epidural Opioids. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78320-3.

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3

Capogna, Giorgio, Hrsg. Epidural Labor Analgesia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13890-9.

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4

Wong, Cynthia A. Spinal and epidural anesthesia. New York: McGraw Hill Medical, 2007.

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5

Shah, Janti L. Factors affecting the epidural pressure. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1996.

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6

Capogna, Giorgio. Epidural Technique In Obstetric Anesthesia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45332-9.

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7

Middleton, Carolyn. Epidural Analgesia in Acute Pain Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.

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8

Covino, Benjamin G. Handbook of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia. Orlando: Grune and Stratton, 1985.

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9

Covino, Benjamin G. Handbook of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia. Orlando: Grune & Stratton, 1985.

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10

Shin, Jin Woo. Spinal Epidural Balloon Decompression and Adhesiolysis. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7265-4.

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11

Carolyn, Middleton, Hrsg. Epidural analgesia in acute pain management. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

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12

May, Anne. Epidurals for childbirth. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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13

May, Anne. Epidurals for childbirth: A guide for all delivery-suite staff. 2. Aufl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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14

May, Anne. Epidurals for childbirth: A guide for all delivery-suite staff. 2. Aufl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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15

May, Anne. Epidurals for childbirth: A guide for all delivery-suite staff. 2. Aufl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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16

Siegenfeld, Richard. The epidural book: A woman's guide to anesthesia for childbirth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.

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17

McKenna, Nancy Durrell. Birth: A unique visual record--14 different births in hospital, at home, caesarian, epidural, breech, twins. Bloomsbury: Bloomsbury Pub., 1988.

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18

Gill, Renu. Combined spinal epidural vs standard epidural. 1995.

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19

Mabey, David. Epidural Abscess. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0009.

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Annotation:

An epidural abscess is a collection of pus that has accumulated between the dura and the calvarium or spine. It is rare but can lead to severe neurologic dysfunction or death. There are two main subsets of epidural abscess: spinal epidural abscess (SEA) and intracranial epidural abscess (ICEA). Early diagnosis is key to minimizing complications. Back pain is the most common presentation of SEA, along with spinal tenderness. Treatment requires prolonged hospitalization, surgical drainage in most cases, and long-term antibiotics. Except in rare cases, patients with SEA and ICEA will require hospital admission. In the stable patient, antibiotics should be withheld until culture data can be obtained. If surgical treatment is not readily available, biopsy is often performed to obtain samples for culture before starting antibiotics.

20

Moore, David L., und Kenneth R. Goldschneider. Neonatal Epidural. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0058.

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Over the past couple of decades there has been increased awareness that opioid use for postoperative pain in neonates may not result in the best outcomes for these patients. Concurrently, there has been an increased use of regional techniques for postoperative pain in the neonate, in particular epidural anesthesia. The most common technique has been an epidural block via a caudal catheter. Caudal catheters can be used for lumbar and thoracic epidural blocks. The caudal catheter technique allows for a theoretically safer means of placement than the classic, at-level, loss-of-resistance technique.

21

Moore, David L., und Kenneth R. Goldschneider. Neonatal Epidural. Herausgegeben von Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel und Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0054.

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Pain stemming from major surgery in neonates can be treated with epidural analgesia. The size of the infants strongly suggests alterations in technique from approaches used in adults. Furthermore, advances in technology have prompted use of ultrasound as a means of confirming catheter placement, though stimulation and fluoroscopic means can also be used. The three main approaches to placement of epidurals are at-level insertion, caudal catheter, and low lumbar (modified Taylor technique) placement. Each approach has pros and cons, which are reviewed below. Risks and technical aspects particular to neonates and young infants are presented as well as the use of various imaging techniques to assure ideal placement and maximal benefit.

22

Mather, Laurence, Sigrun Chrubasik und Joachim Chrubasik. Postoperative Epidural Opioids. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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23

Shah, Minal A., und Rabih O. Darouiche. Spinal Epidural Abscess. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0152.

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Spinal epidural abscess is a rare and debilitating illness that requires prompt recognition to prevent unfavorable outcomes. Despite increased awareness of the disease and improved imaging methods, spinal epidural abscess sometimes remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge; as a result, morbidity and mortality can be high. Optimal management of spinal epidural abscess requires early intervention and coordination with a multidisciplinary team, including emergency medicine physicians, infectious disease specialists, radiologists, neurosurgeons, orthopedists, internists, and hospitalists. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of spinal epidural abscess.

24

Candido, Kenneth D., Teresa M. Kusper, Bora Dinc und Nebojsa Nick Knezevic. Epidural Blood Patch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0036.

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Post-dural-puncture headache (PDPH) is a consequence of neuraxial anesthesia, diagnostic lumbar puncture, intrathecal drug delivery systems, or any other technique involving dural trespass. The spinal headache results from a dural puncture that leads to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage from the subarachnoid space to the epidural space, culminating in intracranial hypotension and development of a low-pressure headache. A key element of PDPH is an increase in pain severity upon a change in position from supine to upright, which corresponds to a gravity-induced influence on CSF pressure dynamics. Age, sex, and design of the needle used correlate with the risk of headache. Sometimes, the headache resolves spontaneously. At other times, conservative treatment or aggressive measures are required to terminate the pain. An autologous epidural blood patch is an established way preventing or treating PDPH. A careful history must be obtained to identify other causes of headache before the blood patch is attempted.

25

van, Aken Hugo, und Rolf Norbert, Hrsg. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia. London: Baillière Tindall, 1999.

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26

Intracranial Epidural Bleeding. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2016-0-03543-x.

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27

Wong, Cynthia. Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006.

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28

Souzdalnitski, Dmitri, Pavan Tankha und Imanuel R. Lerman. Lumbar Epidural Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0021.

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Lumbar epidural injection is most often performed for patients experiencing low back pain with radicular symptoms. The radicular symptoms can be precipitated by disc herniation or foraminal stenosis. In addition, spinal stenosis with associated neurogenic claudication is another common indication for this injection. These procedures may be effective in treatment of other syndromes that are associated with radiculopathic low back pain, including intervertebral disc degeneration without disc herniation, central spinal stenosis, spondylothesis, and failed lumbar back surgery syndrome. Lumbar epidural steroid injection (LESI) is the most commonly performed intervention. Fluoroscopically guided lumbar epidural injections led to a lower rate of complications than that reported for all lumbar epidural injections.

29

Lazar, Alina. Perioperative Epidural Pain Management in Children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0040.

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In adults, the postoperative benefits of epidural analgesia are well established, but in children the literature is sparse and controversy exists about the benefits, risks, ideal placement technique, and dosage of medication infused epidurally. Little is known about the neurotoxicity of various medications currently administered in the epidural space or the long-term consequences of epidural analgesia. The management of epidural analgesia in children is complicated by the narrow therapeutic window of epidural drugs, especially in neonates and young infants, and the difficulties of evaluating patients with developmental or cognitive limitations. When its indications are carefully chosen, and with meticulous care provided by all perioperative team members (anesthesiologists, surgeons, intensivists, and nurses), epidural analgesia remains a gold standard of postoperative pain management in children.

30

Volume 1.: Abdomen - Anaesthesia, epidural. [Place of publication not identified]: Dorling Kindersley, 2005.

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31

Epidural pain relief during labour. [U.K.]: Midirs, 1999.

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32

(Birmingham), Selly Oak Hospital, Hrsg. An introduction to epidural analgesia. Birmingham: South Birmingham Health Authority, 1985.

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33

Souzdalnitski, Dmitri, und Samer N. Narouze. Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Injections: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0010.

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Interlaminar cervical epidural steroid injections (CEI) have been considered an effective treatment for neck pain accompanied by radicular pain or radiculopathy secondary to the herniated cervical disc. Also, CEI may be useful in the treatment of intracranial hypotension secondary to a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Computer tomography (CT) uses significantly higher doses of radiation for patients. Fluoroscopy uses less radiation than CT, and helps to correctly identify the site of injection and guide the procedure with, likely, less trauma to ligaments, periosteum, epidural vessels, cervical spinal cord, nerve roots, and other important structures. It may help to avoid technical difficulties and complications associated with CEI in patients with postsurgical conditions, congenital deformities, and others. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) fluoroscopy can help to identify intravascular injection during CEI; it advisable to use it for all CEI if there are no contraindications.

34

Lerman, Imanuel R., David Hiller und Joseph Walker. Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0024.

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The caudal epidural steroid injection can be a routine procedure. However, the underlying anatomy of the sacral hiatus is highly variable and can be difficult to visualize under fluoroscopy. The “blind” palpation technique has repeatedly been shown to be inferior, resulting in significantly more complications, when compared to employing contrast-enhanced fluoroscopic guidance. Ultrasound image guidance can accurately localize the sacral hiatus more consistently than the palpation technique. However, ultrasound guidance does not improve the accuracy of proper needle placement, as ultrasound cannot visualize the needle or injectate after the needle has passed under the apex of the sacral hiatus. Fluoroscopic guidance is necessary to visualize the needle and to confirm that the needle tip is extradural, extravascular, and in the epidural space, and it is likely to remain the gold standard imaging modality when carrying out caudal epidural steroid injection.

35

Lerman, Imanuel R. Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0025.

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Ultrasound guidance can facilitate caudal epidural steroid injection by providing a clear view of the sacrum, the sacral hiatus, and the needle as it is advanced through the sacrococcygeal ligament into the sacral hiatus. Using ultrasound guidance for the initial needle insertion can eliminate the exposure of the physician and patient to ionizing radiation. However, the use of ultrasound guidance as a sole imaging technique for caudal epidural steroid injection does have disadvantages. Contrast fluoroscopic guidance is necessary to visualize the needle once it passes under the apex of the sacral hiatus to confirm that the needle tip is extradural and indeed extravascular. The use of ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance takes advantage of each imaging modality to enhance the safety and accuracy of the caudal epidural steroid injection.

36

Peralta, Feyce. High or Total Spinal/Epidural. Herausgegeben von Matthew D. McEvoy und Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0044.

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High or total spinal/epidural blockade occurs due to excess spread of local anesthetic within the neuraxial space. While this is an infrequent complication, it can cause respiratory and hemodynamic instability in obstetric patients. If high/total spinal/epidural occurs prior to delivery, such derangements may lead to fetal intolerance and need for emergency delivery. Clinicians should suspect risk for high block when patients lose upper extremity motor function and complain of dysphonia or dyspnea. Intubation and respiratory and hemodynamic support along with adequate sedation should be given until the block recedes. Preventative measures include strict epidural catheter aspiration practice and incremental epidural dosing strategies.

37

Capogna, Giorgio. Epidural Technique in Obstetric Anesthesia. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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38

Capogna, Giorgio. Epidural Technique In Obstetric Anesthesia. Springer, 2020.

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39

Middleton, Carolyn. Epidural Analgesia in Acute Pain Management. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2007.

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40

Middleton, Carolyn. Epidural Analgesia in Acute Pain Management. Wiley, 2006.

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41

Shin, Jin Woo. Spinal Epidural Balloon Decompression and Adhesiolysis. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2022.

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42

Capogna, Giorgio. Epidural Labor Analgesia: Childbirth Without Pain. Springer, 2015.

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43

Shin, Jin Woo. Spinal Epidural Balloon Decompression and Adhesiolysis. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021.

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44

Middleton, Carolyn, und C. Middleton. Epidural Analgesia in Acute Pain Management. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2006.

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45

Capogna, Giorgio. Epidural Labor Analgesia: Childbirth Without Pain. Springer, 2015.

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46

Schug, Stephan. Epidural block and phantom limb pain. Herausgegeben von Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu und Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0053.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter, published by Bach et al. in 1988 is a Danish paper that describes a study where patients who were to undergo lower-limb amputation received either preventive, preoperative epidural analgesia for 72 hours before the amputation, or systemic analgesia. At 6 and 12 months post-operatively, all patients in the epidural group were pain free, while 38% and 27%, respectively, in the control group had phantom limb pain. The study has been criticized for a number of points including the pseudorandomization by year of birth, the lack of any blinding, and the small number of patients used in the study (only 25 patients overall).

47

Fyneface-Ogan, Sotonye, Hrsg. Epidural Analgesia - Current Views and Approaches. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2167.

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48

Capogna, Giorgio. Epidural Labor Analgesia: Childbirth Without Pain. Springer, 2016.

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49

Epidural Analgesia - Current Views and Approaches. InTech, 2012.

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