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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Environmental risk scores"
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Zeng, Jingjing, Meiquan Jiang und Meng Yuan. „Environmental Risk Perception, Risk Culture, and Pro-Environmental Behavior“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 5 (07.03.2020): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051750.
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Mixed evidence exists regarding the relationship between environmental risk perception and pro-environmental behavior. This study uses an existing online survey conducted by the Center of Ecological Civilization (CEC) of China University of Geosciences from December 2015 to March 2016 and examines how cultural bias influences environmental risk perception and behavior. We found that an individual’s pro-environmental behavior is not only influenced by environmental risk perception, but also by his or her cultural worldviews. Built on culture theory (CT), our empirical results suggest that young Chinese people are more located in “high-group” culture, where egalitarian culture and hierarchical culture dominate. The higher scores of hierarchical and egalitarian cultures of Chinese youth, the more likely they are to protect the environment. Moreover, the relationship between cultural worldviews and pro-environmental behaviors are mediated by perceived environmental risks.
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Dudbridge, Frank, Nora Pashayan und Jian Yang. „Predictive accuracy of combined genetic and environmental risk scores“. Genetic Epidemiology 42, Nr. 1 (26.11.2017): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.22092.
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Guan, Zhong, Janhavi R. Raut, Korbinian Weigl, Ben Schöttker, Bernd Holleczek, Yan Zhang und Hermann Brenner. „Individual and joint performance of DNA methylation profiles, genetic risk score and environmental risk scores for predicting breast cancer risk“. Molecular Oncology 14, Nr. 1 (19.11.2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12594.
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Cicek, S., und F. Karadag. „The Potential Relationship Between The Environmental Risk Factors And Social Cognition in Psychosis“. European Psychiatry 65, S1 (Juni 2022): S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.727.
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Introduction In schizophrenia research, little is known about the relationship of environmental exposures with social cognition deficits. Objectives We aimed to investigate the relationship between social cognitive performance and well-defined environmental risk factors (childhood adversities, birth season, paternal age, obstetric complications, urban living i.e.) in schizophrenia. Methods 54 schizophrenia patients and 37 healthy controls (HCs) were included in our study. Participants in both groups were of similar age, gender, and educational level. Two theory of mind (ToM) tests (DEZIKÖ and RMET), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were applied. ToM test scores among groups (patients with/ without risk factors, and HC) were compared using analysis of variance. Results Overall, the schizophrenia group scored higher on the CTQ and performed worse on ToM tests than the HCs. Patients were more likely to report obstetric complications, advanced paternal age, winter and rural birth. Both the patients having high and low CTQ scores performed poorer on the RMET and false belief test than HCs. However, there was no significant difference in DEZİKÖ-total scores of patients with low CTQ scores and HCs. Patients with advanced paternal age at birth achieved lower faux pas sub-scores. Urban birth and RMET scores were positively correlated in patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest the environmental factors such as childhood traumas, advanced paternal age, and rural birth seem to negatively affect the social cognitive performance of schizophrenia patients. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Araújo, Daniel S., und Heather E. Wheeler. „Genetic and environmental variation impact transferability of polygenic risk scores“. Cell Reports Medicine 3, Nr. 7 (Juli 2022): 100687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100687.
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Lewis, Anna C. F., Robert C. Green und Jason L. Vassy. „Polygenic risk scores in the clinic: Translating risk into action“. Human Genetics and Genomics Advances 2, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2021): 100047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100047.
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Sameroff, Arnold J., Ronald Seifer, Ralph Barocas, Melvin Zax und Stanley Greenspan. „Intelligence Quotient Scores of 4-Year-Old Children: Social-Environmental Risk Factors“. Pediatrics 79, Nr. 3 (01.03.1987): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.3.343.
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Verbal IQ scores in a socially heterogeneous sample of 215 4-year-old children were highly related to a cumulative environmental risk index composed of maternal, family and cultural variables. Different combinations of equal numbers of risk factors produced similar effects on IQ, providing evidence (1) that no single factor identified here uniquely enhances or limits early intellectual achievement and (2) that cumulative effects from multiple risk factors increase the probability that development will be compromised. The multiple risk index predicted substantially more variance in the outcome measure than did any single risk factor alone, including socioeconomic status. High-risk children were more than 24 times as likely to have IQs below 85 than low-risk children.
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Pusker, Stephanie M., Kelly A. DeBie, Maggie L. Clark, Andreas M. Neophytou, Kayleigh P. Keller, Margaret J. Gutilla und David Rojas-Rueda. „Environmental Justice and Sustainable Development: Cumulative Environmental Exposures and All-Cause Mortality in Colorado Counties“. Sustainability 16, Nr. 21 (22.10.2024): 9147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16219147.
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(1) Background: Colorado’s (CO) Environmental Justice mapping tool, CO EnviroScreen, quantifies environmental injustices through “EnviroScreen Scores”, highlighting areas likely affected by environmental health disparities. Identifying the specific scores most strongly associated with mortality could help prioritize interventions and allocate resources to address these issues. This study contributes to sustainable development goals by examining the relationship between environmental justice indicators and population health outcomes. By utilizing the CO EnviroScreen tool, we assess how cumulative environmental exposures and vulnerabilities impact mortality rates, providing insights for sustainable planning and public health policies. (2) Methods: We assessed the cross-sectional association between county-level all-cause mortality rates in CO, using 2019 data from the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, and three county-level component scores obtained from CO EnviroScreen: sensitive populations (i.e., health-related outcomes), environmental exposures (e.g., from air, water, noise), and climate vulnerability (i.e., risk of drought, flood, extreme heat, wildfire). A quasi-Poisson generalized linear model was utilized, incorporating covariates (county-level metrics for insufficient sleep, alcohol overconsumption, physical inactivity, and smoking) to explore associations adjusted for behavioral risk factors (n = 64 counties). (3) Results: The analysis revealed that a 10% increase in the “Environmental Exposures” component score was associated with a 3% higher all-cause mortality rate (95% CI: 1.00, 1.05), highlighting the importance of addressing environmental determinants for sustainable community health. No significant associations were observed for the “Sensitive Populations” or “Climate Vulnerability” component scores. (4) Conclusions: This study provides novel evidence of an association between the CO EnviroScreen score, particularly the environmental exposure component, and all-cause mortality rates at the county level in Colorado in 2019. The findings suggest that cumulative environmental exposures may contribute to geographic disparities in mortality risk, even after adjusting for key behavioral risk factors. These results underscore the importance of integrating environmental justice considerations into sustainable development strategies to promote equitable health outcomes and resilient communities. While our study demonstrates the utility of CO EnviroScreen in identifying areas at risk due to environmental factors, it does not establish a direct link to broader environmental justice outcomes. Further research is needed to explore specific environmental exposures and their direct impacts on health disparities to provide a more complete picture of environmental justice in Colorado.
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Karlsson Linnér, Richard, und Philipp D. Koellinger. „Genetic risk scores in life insurance underwriting“. Journal of Health Economics 81 (Januar 2022): 102556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102556.
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Shin, Jiyoung, Harris Hyun-soo Kim, Eun Mee Kim, Yookyung Choi und Eunhee Ha. „Impact of an Educational Program on Behavioral Changes toward Environmental Health among Laotian Students“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 14 (14.07.2020): 5055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145055.
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This study evaluates the effect of an integrated health care educational program on several behavioral changes related to environmental health among Laotian students. Students in the experimental group received education concerning environmental health-related issues, including air pollution and chemical exposure. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and paired t-tests were conducted for the statistical analysis of the pre- and post-survey scores. The post-test scores of the experimental group regarding their risk perception and information-seeking behaviors towards air pollution and chemical exposure were higher than those of the control group after controlling for the pre-test scores. Moreover, in the experimental group, the girls’ risk perception scores significantly increased after receiving the education, which was not observed in the control group. The risk perception score among non-drinking students also significantly increased after the program. These results indicate that the education program effectively enhanced the students’ risk perception, especially that of girls and nondelinquent students.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Environmental risk scores"
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Guimbaud, Jean-Baptiste. „Enhancing Environmental Risk Scores with Informed Machine Learning and Explainable AI“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10188.
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Dès la conception, des facteurs environnementaux tels que la qualité de l'air ou les habitudes alimentaires peuvent significativement influencer le risque de développer diverses maladies chroniques. Dans la littérature épidémiologique, des indicateurs connus sous le nom de Scores de Risque Environnemental (Environmental Risk Score, ERS) sont utilisés non seulement pour identifier les individus à risque, mais aussi pour étudier les relations entre les facteurs environnementaux et la santé. Une limite de la plupart des ERSs est qu'ils sont exprimés sous forme de combinaisons linéaires d'un nombre limité de facteurs. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à développer des indicateurs ERSs capables d'investiguer des relations non linéaires et des interactions à travers un large éventail d'expositions tout en découvrant des facteurs actionnables pour guider des mesures et interventions préventives, tant chez les adultes que chez les enfants. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous exploitons les capacités prédictives des méthodes d'apprentissage automatique non paramétriques, combinées avec des outils récents d'IA explicable et des connaissances existantes du domaine. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous calculons des scores de risque environnemental basés sur l'apprentissage automatique pour la santé mentale, cardiométabolique et respiratoire de l'enfant. En plus d'identifier des relations non linéaires et des interactions entre expositions, nous avons identifié de nouveaux prédicteurs de maladies chez les enfants. Les scores peuvent expliquer une proportion significative de la variance des données et leurs performances sont stables à travers différentes cohortes. Dans la deuxième partie, nous proposons SEANN, une nouvelle approche intégrant des connaissances expertes sous forme d'Effet Agrégées (Pooled Effect Size, PES) dans l'entraînement de réseaux neuronaux profonds pour le calcul de scores de risque environnemental informés (Informed ERS). SEANN vise à calculer des ERSs plus robustes, généralisables à une population plus large, et capables de capturer des relations d'exposition plus proches de celles connues dans la littérature. Nous illustrons expérimentalement les avantages de cette approche en utilisant des données synthétiques. Par rapport à un réseau neuronal agnostique, nous obtenons une meilleure généralisation des prédictions dans des contextes de données bruitées et une fiabilité améliorée des interprétations obtenues en utilisant des méthodes d'Intelligence Artificielle Explicable (Explainable AI - XAI).Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous proposons une application concrète de SEANN en utilisant les données d'une cohorte espagnole composée d'adultes. Comparé à un score de risque environnemental basé sur un réseau neuronal agnostique, le score obtenu avec SEANN capture des relations mieux alignées avec les associations de la littérature sans détériorer les performances prédictives. De plus, les expositions ayant une couverture littéraire limitée diffèrent significativement de celles obtenues avec la méthode agnostique de référence en bénéficiant de directions d'associations plus plausibles. En conclusion, nos scores de risque démontrent un indubitable potentiel pour la découverte informée de relation environnement-santé non linéaires peu connues, tirant parti des connaissances existantes sur les relations bien connues. Au-delà de leur utilité dans la recherche épidémiologique, nos indicateurs de risque sont capables de capturer, de manière holistique, des relations de risque au niveau individuel et d'informer les praticiens sur des facteurs de risque actionnables identifiés. Alors que dans l'ère post-génétique, la prévention en médecine personnalisée se concentrera de plus en plus sur les facteurs non héréditaires et actionnables, nous pensons que ces approches seront déterminantes pour façonner les futurs paradigmes de la santéFrom conception onward, environmental factors such as air quality or dietary habits can significantly impact the risk of developing various chronic diseases. Within the epidemiological literature, indicators known as Environmental Risk Scores (ERSs) are used not only to identify individuals at risk but also to study the relationships between environmental factors and health. A limit of most ERSs is that they are expressed as linear combinations of a limited number of factors. This doctoral thesis aims to develop ERS indicators able to investigate nonlinear relationships and interactions across a broad range of exposures while discovering actionable factors to guide preventive measures and interventions, both in adults and children. To achieve this aim, we leverage the predictive abilities of non-parametric machine learning methods, combined with recent Explainable AI tools and existing domain knowledge. In the first part of this thesis, we compute machine learning-based environmental risk scores for mental, cardiometabolic, and respiratory general health for children. On top of identifying nonlinear relationships and exposure-exposure interactions, we identified new predictors of disease in childhood. The scores could explain a significant proportion of variance and their performances were stable across different cohorts. In the second part, we propose SEANN, a new approach integrating expert knowledge in the form of Pooled Effect Sizes (PESs) into the training of deep neural networks for the computation of extit{informed environmental risk scores}. SEANN aims to compute more robust ERSs, generalizable to a broader population, and able to capture exposure relationships that are closer to evidence known from the literature. We experimentally illustrate the approach's benefits using synthetic data, showing improved prediction generalizability in noisy contexts (i.e., observational settings) and improved reliability of interpretation using Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods compared to an agnostic neural network. In the last part of this thesis, we propose a concrete application for SEANN using data from a cohort of Spanish adults. Compared to an agnostic neural network-based ERS, the score obtained with SEANN effectively captures relationships more in line with the literature-based associations without deteriorating the predictive performances. Moreover, exposures with poor literature coverage significantly differ from those obtained with the agnostic baseline method with more plausible directions of associations.In conclusion, our risk scores demonstrate substantial potential for the data-driven discovery of unknown nonlinear environmental health relationships by leveraging existing knowledge about well-known relationships. Beyond their utility in epidemiological research, our risk indicators are able to capture holistic individual-level non-hereditary risk associations that can inform practitioners about actionable factors in high-risk individuals. As in the post-genetic era, personalized medicine prevention will focus more and more on modifiable factors, we believe that such approaches will be instrumental in shaping future healthcare paradigms
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Huang, Xiufeng. „Immunogenetics of acute anterior uveitis and comparison to ankylosing spondylitis“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213839/1/Xiufeng_Huang_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis comprehensively applies genome-wide association study, Mendelian randomization analyses, and cytokine proteomics to investigate the genetic basis and immunopathogenic mechanisms of acute anterior uveitis (AAU). Multiple susceptibility loci, environmental risk factors, and potential biomarkers are identified, and a polygenic risk score for AAU developed. These findings provide novel insights into the immunogenetics in AAU, and contribute to clinical translational studies.
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Fallon, Aidan P. „A critical assessment and application of the groundwater ubiquity score as a pesticide risk assessment tool for the soil/freshwater environment in Northern Ireland“. Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322423.
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Andersson, Pontus, und John Eskilson. „Hållbara fonders avkastning : En kvantitativ studie om en jämförelse av riskjusterad avkastning för svenska fonder baserat på ESG-score“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177754.
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Background: The Swedish fund savings have developed strongly over the past two decades. Together with this development, the knowledge that the earth's population is facing an extensive climate challenge has also increased. For many people today, living sustainably has become a central aspect of everyday life, and when it comes to investing their savings, the majority of Sweden's fund savers state that sustainability is something that is taken into account when choosing an investment. Investments in funds that based on measuring tools, show a high degree of sustainability have thus increased. This raises the question of whether these sustainable funds can generate a higher alpha and thus a better risk-adjusted return than the less sustainable alternatives available on the market. Previous studies have shown differences of opinion, which means that it is relevant to examine how these different types of funds perform against each other in the Swedish market. Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze whether fund savers that are investing in sustainable funds can generate a higher alpha and thereby a better risk adjusted return than fund savers that invests in less sustainable alternatives. Methodology: The study was conducted with a quantitative method and a deductive approach. Sustainability ratings have been collected for 253 funds from a measuring institute. For these 253 funds, data in the form of net asset value have been collected between the period 2016 - 2020 monthly. These funds have then been evaluated based on risk-adjusted returns where regression analysis has been the groundwork for finding answers to whether alpha has been achieved compared to the market or not. Results obtained have then been statistically examined through various tests. Conclusion: After completed study, there were no signs that studied sustainable funds have given rise to a better risk-adjusted return than the less sustainable alternatives available on the market. Of the 253 funds included in the study, only five funds showed a risk-adjusted return statistically different from zero, where three had a negative return and two a positive return. When the 253 funds were divided into four different quartiles based on sustainability ratings, it appeared that the funds with a positive risk-adjusted return were placed in quartile four, which was the one with the highest sustainability rating. However, this may be based on chance and a result of two in a sample of 253 gives clear indications that efficiency prevails in the market.
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ARATA, LINDA. „Il Ruolo dei Programmi Agro-ambientali: un'analisi attraverso il Propensity Score Matching e la Programmazione Matematica Positiva con il Rischio“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2469.
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La crescente attenzione riguardo l’interconnessione tra agricoltura e aspetti ambientali così come la crescita di volatilità dei prezzi dei prodotti agricoli ha posto una nuova enfasi sull’introduzione di misure ambientali nella politiche agricole e sulla ricerca di nuovi strumenti di stabilizzazione del reddito degli agricoltori. La ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato si inserisce in questo contesto e analizza i contratti agro-ambientali, misure della Politica Agricola Comunitaria (PAC) in Unione Europea (UE), sotto una duplice prospettiva. Il primo lavoro di ricerca consiste in un’analisi degli effetti dell’adesione a tali contratti sulle scelte produttive e sulle perfomance economiche degli agricoltori in cinque Paesi dell’UE. I risultati indicano un’eterogeneità di questi effetti: in alcuni Paesi i contratti agro-ambientali sembrano essere più efficaci nel promuovere pratiche agricole sostenibili, così come in alcuni Paesi il pagamento compensativo agro-ambientale sembra non essere sufficiente a compensare la perdita di reddito dei partecipanti. Questo studio è stato condotto combinando il Propensity Score Matching con lo stimatore Difference-in-Differences. Il secondo lavoro di ricerca sviluppa una nuova proposta metodologica che incorpora il rischio in un framework di Programmazione Matematica Positiva (PMP). Il modello elaborato presenta caratteri innovativi rispetto alla letteratura sull’argomento e permette di stimare simultaneamente i prezzi ombra delle risorse, la funzione di costo non lineare dell’azienda agricola e un coefficiente di avversione al rischio specifico per ciascuna azienda. Il modello è stato applicato a tre campioni di aziende e i risultati delle stime testano la calibrazione del modello e indicano valori del coefficiente di avversione al rischio coerenti con la letteratura. Infine il modello è stato impiegato nella simulazione di diversi scenari al fine di verificare il ruolo potenziale di un contratto agro-ambientale come strumento di gestione del rischio a diversi livelli di volatilità dei prezzi agricoli.The increasing attention to the relationship between agriculture and the environment and the rise in price volatility on agricultural markets has led to a new emphasis on agri-environmental policies as well as to a search for new risk management strategies for the farmer. The research objective of this PhD thesis is in line with this challenging context, since it provides an analysis of the EU agri-environmental schemes (AESs) from two viewpoints. First, an ex-post analysis aims at investigating the AESs for their traditional role as measures which encourage sustainable farming while compensating the farmer for the income foregone in five EU Member States. The effects of AESs participation on farmer’s production plans and economic performances differs widely across Member States and in some of them the environmental payment is not enough to compensate the income foregone of participants. This study has been performed by applying a semi-parametric technique which combines a Difference-in-Differences estimator with a Propensity Score Matching estimator. The second piece of research develops a new methodological proposal to incorporate risk into a farm level Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model. The model presents some innovations with respect to the previous literature and estimates simultaneously the resource shadow prices, the farm non-linear cost function and a farm-specific coefficient of absolute risk aversion. The proposed model has been applied to three farm samples and the estimation results confirm the calibration ability of the model and show values for risk aversion coefficients consistent with the literature. Finally different scenarios have been simulated to test the potential role of an AES as risk management tool under different scenarios of crop price volatility.
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ARATA, LINDA. „Il Ruolo dei Programmi Agro-ambientali: un'analisi attraverso il Propensity Score Matching e la Programmazione Matematica Positiva con il Rischio“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2469.
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La crescente attenzione riguardo l’interconnessione tra agricoltura e aspetti ambientali così come la crescita di volatilità dei prezzi dei prodotti agricoli ha posto una nuova enfasi sull’introduzione di misure ambientali nella politiche agricole e sulla ricerca di nuovi strumenti di stabilizzazione del reddito degli agricoltori. La ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato si inserisce in questo contesto e analizza i contratti agro-ambientali, misure della Politica Agricola Comunitaria (PAC) in Unione Europea (UE), sotto una duplice prospettiva. Il primo lavoro di ricerca consiste in un’analisi degli effetti dell’adesione a tali contratti sulle scelte produttive e sulle perfomance economiche degli agricoltori in cinque Paesi dell’UE. I risultati indicano un’eterogeneità di questi effetti: in alcuni Paesi i contratti agro-ambientali sembrano essere più efficaci nel promuovere pratiche agricole sostenibili, così come in alcuni Paesi il pagamento compensativo agro-ambientale sembra non essere sufficiente a compensare la perdita di reddito dei partecipanti. Questo studio è stato condotto combinando il Propensity Score Matching con lo stimatore Difference-in-Differences. Il secondo lavoro di ricerca sviluppa una nuova proposta metodologica che incorpora il rischio in un framework di Programmazione Matematica Positiva (PMP). Il modello elaborato presenta caratteri innovativi rispetto alla letteratura sull’argomento e permette di stimare simultaneamente i prezzi ombra delle risorse, la funzione di costo non lineare dell’azienda agricola e un coefficiente di avversione al rischio specifico per ciascuna azienda. Il modello è stato applicato a tre campioni di aziende e i risultati delle stime testano la calibrazione del modello e indicano valori del coefficiente di avversione al rischio coerenti con la letteratura. Infine il modello è stato impiegato nella simulazione di diversi scenari al fine di verificare il ruolo potenziale di un contratto agro-ambientale come strumento di gestione del rischio a diversi livelli di volatilità dei prezzi agricoli.The increasing attention to the relationship between agriculture and the environment and the rise in price volatility on agricultural markets has led to a new emphasis on agri-environmental policies as well as to a search for new risk management strategies for the farmer. The research objective of this PhD thesis is in line with this challenging context, since it provides an analysis of the EU agri-environmental schemes (AESs) from two viewpoints. First, an ex-post analysis aims at investigating the AESs for their traditional role as measures which encourage sustainable farming while compensating the farmer for the income foregone in five EU Member States. The effects of AESs participation on farmer’s production plans and economic performances differs widely across Member States and in some of them the environmental payment is not enough to compensate the income foregone of participants. This study has been performed by applying a semi-parametric technique which combines a Difference-in-Differences estimator with a Propensity Score Matching estimator. The second piece of research develops a new methodological proposal to incorporate risk into a farm level Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model. The model presents some innovations with respect to the previous literature and estimates simultaneously the resource shadow prices, the farm non-linear cost function and a farm-specific coefficient of absolute risk aversion. The proposed model has been applied to three farm samples and the estimation results confirm the calibration ability of the model and show values for risk aversion coefficients consistent with the literature. Finally different scenarios have been simulated to test the potential role of an AES as risk management tool under different scenarios of crop price volatility.
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Delgado, João André Ferreira Costa. „The effects of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors on the default risk of a fixed income portfolio“. Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/105976.
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The present report is a complement of the group report“ Responsible Investing at BPI GA” elaborated as part of the Consulting Project developed alongside BPI gestão de ativos. This research argues that it is possible to reduce the overall default risk of a corporate bond portfolio through the implementation of an ESG Momentum strategy. Two different strategies were tested: one where the distribution of weights was made at a portfolio level and other at an industry level. The ESG metrics used were the ESG score and ESG Combined score provided by refinitiv. The study found a statistically significant decrease of overall default risk for all the strategies tested, leading to the conclusion that it is possible to reduce the default risk of a corporate bond portfolio by adding an extra ESG layer to its construction. However, returns have mixed results for the different strategies tested. This research can serve as support for the client to maintain its transition towards being a more responsible investor.
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(8905460), Aura Ankita Mishra. „The Association between Childhood Maltreatment, Substance Use Frequency, and Physical Intimate Partner Violence: A Gene-Environment Study“. Thesis, 2020.
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This dissertation evaluated the complex inter-relatedness between co-occurring childhood maltreatment exposures, physical intimate partner violence (perpetration and victimization), substance use frequency, and molecular genetics for substance use, utilizing appropriate developmental models and theoretical approaches. Three studies were proposed within this dissertation. Data for the three studies come from a national longitudinal panel study: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; Harris, 2013). Across studies, latent profile analysis was used to evaluate co-occurring childhood maltreatment exposures based on type and severity of exposures, which resulted in three homogenous sub-groups. The first sub-group was composed of individuals that had high levels of physical abuse exposure and moderate levels of childhood neglect and emotional abuse exposures (high physical abuse sub-group). The second sub-group (high sexual abuse sub-group) included individuals with high severity of sexual abuse exposure and moderate severity of all other childhood maltreatment types (i.e., physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect). This second sub-group was, therefore, the most vulnerable in terms of their childhood maltreatment exposure. A final normative sub-group was also found that included a majority of individuals with low severity of childhood maltreatment exposure across types. Additionally, across all three studies, a probabilistic multifaceted genetic risk score (i.e., polygenic risk score) was created to evaluate substance use related genetic risk. The first study evaluated the role of co-occurring childhood maltreatment exposure on substance use development from adolescence to young adulthood while evaluating substance use related genetic moderation. Generalized estimating equations were used to test the proposed model in study 1. Findings suggest that the high physical abuse sub-group was more susceptible to genetic risk and had increases in substance use frequency only at high levels of genetic risk. In contrast, for the high sexual abuse sub-group, childhood maltreatment and environmental exposures were more ubiquitous for substance use development from adolescence to young adulthood. To elaborate, the high sexual abuse sub-group demonstrated increases in substance use from adolescence to young adulthood irrespective of genetic risk. In study 2, substance use frequency in young adulthood was tested as a mechanism between childhood maltreatment sub-groups and subsequent physical intimate partner violence perpetration in adulthood. Once again, genetic moderation for the direct association between childhood maltreatment sub-groups and substance use frequency in young adulthood was tested within the larger mediation model. In study 3, physical partner violence victimization in young adulthood was tested as a mediator of the association between childhood maltreatment sub-groups and substance use frequency in adulthood. In study 3, in addition to the above-mentioned genetic risk score, an additional substance use related dopamine polygenic risk score was also tested. Specifically, in study 3, genetic moderation by both genetic risk scores was tested on 1) the direct pathway from childhood maltreatment sub-groups to substance use frequency in adulthood, and 2) the direct pathway from physical intimate partner violence victimization in young adulthood to substance use frequency in adulthood. In both studies 2 and 3, product of co-efficient method was used to estimate mediation hypothesis, and moderated-mediation models were used to test for genetic moderation within the mediation model. Research aims for studies 2 and 3 were largely not supported. However, supplementary models indicate that substance use frequency may not be a causal mechanism but may be a contextual factor exacerbating the association between childhood maltreatment exposures and physical intimate partner violence perpetration. Implications for findings are discussed in detail.
Bücher zum Thema "Environmental risk scores"
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Duvic-Paoli, Leslie-Anne. Prevention in International Environmental Law and the Anticipation of Risk(s). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795896.003.0008.
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The raison d’être of international environmental law, the avoidance of the occurrence of environmental harm, dictates an anticipatory approach. At its heart is the principle of prevention which imposes an obligation on states to exercise due care in the face of risks of environmental damage. This chapter presents prevention as a multifaceted norm that operates at multiple levels in order to best anticipate different types of risks. It analyses prevention from three different perspectives. First, it identifies its material scope by detailing the different categories of risks which are covered by prevention. Second, it looks at the temporal scope of prevention and highlights the multiple conceptions of the future found in the principle. Finally, it presents the potential beneficiaries of the preventive rationale to explain how it aims to shape the future of different audiences. The chapter concludes on the challenges brought about by the multifaceted nature of prevention.
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Guidotti, Tee L. The Praeger Handbook of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Praeger, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216190530.
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A comprehensive overview of occupational and environmental medicine that links theory to practice and brings new insights into a challenging and constantly changing field of medicine.The Praeger Handbook of Occupational and Environmental Medicinecaptures the full scope of this discipline in a way no other comprehensive work can match. It combines three volumes on the underlying principles of occupational and environmental medicine (OEM), central issues, and practice insights. Together, they span the entire field of occupational and environmental medicine, including its scientific foundation in epidemiology and toxicology, the critical, often-overlooked discipline of risk science, management of common medical problems, and practical issues such as management and workers' compensation. The Praeger Handbook of Occupational and Environmental Medicinewill be welcomed by students and OEM practitioners, including crossover physicians working toward board certification. Focused on the daily realities of OEM and addressing a number of controversial issues, this work makes it clear why this field is so important to public health.
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Westfall, Nils C., und Charles B. Nemeroff. Child Abuse and Neglect as Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Herausgegeben von Charles B. Nemeroff und Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0025.
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Child abuse and neglect confer substantially increased risks of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the victims and possibly even their offspring. Furthermore, they are associated with more severe and treatment-resistant PTSD and common comorbid conditions, such as major depressive disorder. This chapter begins by discussing the epidemiology of child abuse, neglect, and maltreatment-associated PTSD to provide a sense of the nature and scope of these major public health problems, then describes the major ways in which child abuse and neglect may contribute to increased liability to PTSD: maltreatment, victim, and environmental factors; neurobiological changes, including neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter system, structural and functional neuroimaging, inflammatory, and epigenetic changes; interactions with risk gene alleles; and cognitive, psychological, and behavioral changes. A discussion of the implications of this knowledge for future research and the development of new treatments for child maltreatment–associated PTSD follows.
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Krieger, Heike, Anne Peters und Leonhard Kreuzer, Hrsg. Due Diligence in the International Legal Order. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869900.001.0001.
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Due diligence is a prominent concept in international law. Still, for long, its role seemed to be that of a familiar stranger. Frequent referrals to the concept in arbitral awards, court decisions, and in scholarly discussions mostly on state responsibility hide the fact that the specific normative content and systemic relation of due diligence to rules and principles of international law has largely remained unexplored. The present book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the content, scope, and function of due diligence across various areas of international law, including international environmental law, international peace and security law, and international economic law. Sector by sector, contributors explore the diverse interactions between due diligence and area-specific substantive and procedural rules as well as general principles of international law. The book exposes the promises and limits of due diligence for enhancing accountability and compliance and identifies the rise of due diligence as a signal for change in the international legal order towards risk management and proceduralisation.
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Ghebrehewet, Sam, Alex G. Stewart und Ian Rufus. Key principles and practice of health protection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0003.
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As a result of the unpredictability in time, space, and scope of health protection issues, the provision of a 24/7 local service across the three domains of health protection—communicable disease control, environmental public health, and emergency preparedness, resilience and response (EPRR)—is essential. This chapter outlines the essential principles that are applied in the organization, development, and delivery of all three domains of health protection, whether dealing with individual issues and cases or large incidents and outbreaks: (1) planning and preparedness; (2) prevention and early detection; (3) investigation and control; and (4) wider public health management and leadership (including communication to professionals and the public). It also describes how these principles translate into key elements of health protection practice across the three domains. An integrated public health risk assessment that embraces an all hazards approach to risk assessment is also discussed.
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Olawuyi, Damilola S., José Juan González, Hanri Mostert, Milton Fernando Montoya und Catherine Banet, Hrsg. Net Zero and Natural Resources Law. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780198925033.001.0001.
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Abstract Net Zero and Natural Resources Law offers a comprehensive and authoritative account of the nature, scope, and guiding principles of natural resources law and policy in a net zero era. In response to the climate emergency, several countries, corporations, and other actors worldwide have announced programmes aimed at bringing down global emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change to net zero by the year 2060 or earlier. While the need for a clean energy transition is clear, incoherently designed transition programmes could produce complex environmental, social, and governance risks, including legal liability and protracted disputes. At the same time, the growing rush for minerals needed to manufacture clean energy technologies raises fundamental questions. Most crucial is how to ensure the exploration and development of energy transition minerals in a manner that does not exacerbate resource conflicts, resource nationalism, human rights violations, protectionism, energy insecurity, social exclusions, and inequity, especially in conflict-affected and high-risk regions. With case studies from Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australasia, this book offers a multijurisdictional exposition of how legal and regulatory systems are responding and can better respond to the wide range of sovereignty, security, and solidarity risks in the clean energy transition. Consideration is given to a nexus and integrated resource governance roadmap—focusing on net zero-aligned natural resource contracts, legislation, mineral strategies, human rights due diligence tools, dispute resolution and cooperative mechanisms—needed to improve coherence and coordination in the design, financing, and implementation of energy transition programmes across the entire natural resource value chain.
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Jakobsson, Jan. Anaesthesia for day-stay surgery. Herausgegeben von Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0068.
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Day-stay surgery is becoming increasingly common the world over. There are several benefits of avoiding in-hospital care. Early ambulation reduces the risk for thromboembolic events, facilitates wound healing, and avoiding admission reduces the risk for hospital-related infection. Additionally, the risk of neurocognitive side-effects can be avoided by returning the elderly patient to their home environment. Day-stay anaesthesia calls for adequate and structured preoperative assessment and patient evaluation, and the potential risk associated with surgery and anaesthesia should be assessed on an individual basis. Need for preoperative testing should be based on functional status of the patient and preoperative medical history but even the surgical procedure should be taken into account. Preoperative fasting should be in accordance with modern guidelines, refraining from food for 6 hours and fluids for 2 hours prior to induction in low-risk patients. Preventive analgesia and prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) should be administered preoperatively. Local anaesthesia should be administered prior to incision, constituting part of multimodal analgesia. The multimodal analgesia strategy should also include paracetamol and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in order to reduce the noxious stimulus from the surgical field. Third-generation inhaled anaesthetics or a propofol-based maintenance are both feasible alternatives. Titrating depth of anaesthesia by using an EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitor may facilitate the recovery process. The laryngeal mask airway has become commonly used and has several advantages. Ultrasound-guided peripheral blocks may facilitate the early postoperative course by reducing pain and avoiding the use of opiates. Perineural catheters may be an option for prolongation of the block following painful orthopaedic procedures but a strict protocol and follow-up must be secured. Not only pain but even nausea and vomiting should be prevented, and therefore risk stratification, for example by the Apfel score, and PONV prophylaxis in accordance with the risk score is strongly recommended. Early ambulation should be encouraged postoperatively. Safe discharge should include an escort who also remains at home during the first postoperative night. Analgesics should be provided and be readily available for self-care when the patient comes home. Pain medication should include an opioid; however, the benefit versus risk must be assessed on an individual basis. Patients should also be instructed about a rescue return-to-hospital plan. Quality of care should include follow-up and analysis of clinical practice, and institution of methods to improve quality should be enforced for the benefit of the ambulatory surgical patient.
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Clark, Gordon L., und Ashby H. B. Monk. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793212.003.0001.
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It is acknowledged that institutional investors underpin the structure and performance of global financial markets. There is no doubt that the growth of institutional investors over the past fifty years has given global financial markets a remarkable depth of liquidity and scope of activities. At the same time, institutional investors rely on financial markets to frame and implement their investment strategies. Therefore, it is important to understand what is distinctive about this environment compared with those of other industries, especially manufacturing. In Chapter 1, the authors explain the significance of financial risk and uncertainty in the production of investment returns from a viewpoint of what could be termed a map of financial risk and uncertainty. The role and significance of institutional investors, including asset owners, managers and service providers, is highlighted. Concluding Chapter 1 is a summary of key points for the following chapters in the book.
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Roberts, Michael. Evangelicals and Science. Greenwood, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400648267.
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Most people, when they think about the purported conflict between science and religion, would most likely think first of evangelical Protestantism. Because of the prominent place evolution versus creationism - and such events as the Scopes Trial - has had in the debates over science and religion, many people think of evangelicals as hostile to science. As with other volumes in theGreenwood Guides to Science and Religionseries, this work addresses the more complex interworkings between modern science and evangelical Christianity. Creationism will feature prominently, of course, but there will be other chapters covering other aspects of this relationship - geology, environmental issues, and technology. Evangelicals and Scienceprovides a thorough overview of the history of the relationship between these two dominant forces in public life, including chapters on evangelicals, the Bible and science, evangelicals and geology, the rise of Creationism, and evangelicals and modern science. The volume includes primary source documents to give readers a flavor of the writings of evangelicals on science, a timeline, and an annotated bibliography.
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Dowdall, George W. College Drinking. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400628450.
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Drinking has become recognized as one of the most important problems facing today's college student. Even though college drinking has increased only modestly over the past few decades, concern about its health, behavioral, and safety consequences has risen rapidly. This book examines college drinking as a social problem within higher education, based on interviews with many leading figures engaged in addressing the problem. It assesses the evidence about how many students drink or drink excessively, and what kinds of behavioral and health problems they have as a consequence. The book answers the crucial questions of why students drink and what mixture of personal and environmental factors shape college drinking. The complex links to campus crime and sexual assault are discussed fully. Key practical questions about effective prevention programs and countermeasures are answered in detail. Students and parents can take action to lower the risk of binge drinking by consulting an appendix, which explains how to use college guide data on 400 leading institutions or data about alcohol violations and crime available for several thousand colleges. Anyone concerned with higher education today will find a full discussion of the scope of the problem and what can be done about it.
Buchteile zum Thema "Environmental risk scores"
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Charlier, Dorothée, und Bérangère Legendre. „Energy Poverty and Health Pathologies: An Empirical Study on the French Case“. In Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics, 59–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35684-1_4.
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AbstractWe highlight the causal effect of energy poverty on health in France. After collecting original data from 5000 individuals, we first statistically study the correlations between different pathologies and different aspects of energy poverty. Then, using econometric models, we quantify the causal effect of energy poverty on physical health and mental health scores, and also on the risk of occurrence of certain pathologies. Our data show a significant difference in health status between energy-poor individuals and energy-sufficient individuals. Results confirm that falling into energy poverty significantly degrades health scores. Being in energy poverty reduces the World Health Organization’s (WHO) physical health score by 8.14 points. The negative and significant effect on the mental health indicator is 3.78 points. When individuals are in a situation of energy poverty, their self-assessed health scores are on average 3.37 points lower than individuals who are not energy insecure. In addition, individuals living in dwellings with poor roof insulation, humidity, or mold suffer more frequently from chronic disease or psychological distress. Finally, it appears that reducing energy poverty by 1% would save about EUR 476 million. Regarding mental disorders, this could rise to EUR 10.6 million.
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Rady, Ahmed El-Said, Ashraf A. Zahran, Mokhtar S. Beheary und Mossad El-Metwally. „Developing an Innovative Regression Model to Predict Industrial Facilities’ Risk Scores by Leveraging Environmental Compliance Assessments Data“. In Proceedings of The First International Conference on Green Sciences, 125–37. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62672-2_9.
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Dianatfar, Morteza, Saeid Heshmatisafa, Jyrki Latokartano und Minna Lanz. „Feasibility Analysis of Safety Training in Human-Robot Collaboration Scenario: Virtual Reality Use Case“. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 246–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18326-3_25.
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AbstractDesign and modification of human-robot collaboration workspace requires analysis of the safety of systems. Generally, the safety analysis process of a system commences with conducting a risk assessment. There exists a number international standards for design robotics work cells and collaborative shared workspaces. These guidelines expound on principles and measures to identify hazards and reduce risks. Measures of risk reductions include eliminating hazards by design, safeguarding, and providing supplementary protective measures such as user training. This study analyzed the technical feasibility and industrial readiness of Virtual Reality (VR) technology for safety training in manufacturing sector. The test case of a VR-based safety training application is defined in the human-robot collaboration pilot-line of diesel engines. The Analytic Hierarchy Process method was utilized for conducting a quantitative analysis of the survey with ten experts. The participants performed the importance rating with respect to two hierarchy level criteria. Regarding the evaluation of safety training methods in a human-robot collaboration environment, two alternatives of traditional and Virtual Reality -based training are compared. The results indicates that the VR-based training is valued over the traditional method, with a scored proportion of approximately 65 percent over 35 percent.
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Poonia, Ramesh Chandra, Kamal Upreti, Bosco Paul Alapatt und Samreen Jafri. „Real-Time Cyber-Physical Risk Management Leveraging Advanced Security Technologies“. In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 339–50. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4581-4_25.
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AbstractConducting an in-depth study on algorithms addressing the interaction problem in the fields of machine learning and IoT security involves a meticulous evaluation of performance measures to ensure global reliability. The study examines key metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores across ten scenarios. The highly competitive algorithms showcase accuracy rates ranging from 95.5 to 98.2%, demonstrating their ability to perform accurately in various situations. Precision and recall measurements yield similar information about the model's capabilities. The achieved balance between accuracy and recovery, as determined by the F1 tests ranging from 95.2 to 98.0%, emphasizes the practical importance of data transfer in the proposed method. Numerical evaluation, in addition to an analysis of overall performance metrics, provides a comprehensive understanding of the algorithm's performance and identifies potential areas for improvement. This research leads to advancements in the theoretical vision of machine learning for IoT protection. It offers real-world insights into the practical use of robust models in dynamically changing situations. As the Internet of Things environment continues to evolve, the study's results serve as crucial guides, laying the foundation for developing strong and effective security systems in the realm of interaction between virtual and material reality.
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Zaidi, Syed Farhan Alam, Rahat Hussain, Muhammad Sibtain Abbas, Jaehun Yang, Doyeop Lee und Chansik Park. „iSafe Welding System: Computer Vision-Based Monitoring System for Safe Welding Work“. In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 669–75. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.66.
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The construction industry faces significant challenges, including a high prevalence of occupational incidents, often involving fires, explosions, and burn-related accidents due to worker non-compliance with safety protocols. Adherence to safety guidelines and proper utilization of safety equipment are critical to preventing such incidents and safeguarding workers in hazardous work environments. Consequently, a monitoring system tailored for construction safety during welding operations becomes imperative to mitigate the risk of fire accidents. This paper conducts a brief analysis of OSHA rules pertaining to welding work and introduces the iSafe Welding system, an advanced real-time safety monitoring and compliance enforcement solution designed specifically for construction site welding operations. Harnessing the real-time object detection algorithm YOLOv7 in conjunction with rule-based scene classification, the system excels in identifying potential safety violations. Rigorous evaluation, encompassing precision, recall, mean Average Precision (mAP), accuracy, and the F1-Score, sheds light on its strengths and areas for improvement. The system showcases robust performance in rule-based scene classification, achieving high accuracy, precision, and recall rates. Notably, the iSafe Welding system demonstrates a formidable potential for enhancing construction site safety and regulatory compliance. Ongoing enhancements, including dataset expansion and model refinement, underscore its commitment to real-world deployment and its strength in ensuring worker safety
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Zaidi, Syed Farhan Alam, Rahat Hussain, Muhammad Sibtain Abbas, Jaehun Yang, Doyeop Lee und Chansik Park. „iSafe Welding System: Computer Vision-Based Monitoring System for Safe Welding Work“. In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 669–75. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.66.
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The construction industry faces significant challenges, including a high prevalence of occupational incidents, often involving fires, explosions, and burn-related accidents due to worker non-compliance with safety protocols. Adherence to safety guidelines and proper utilization of safety equipment are critical to preventing such incidents and safeguarding workers in hazardous work environments. Consequently, a monitoring system tailored for construction safety during welding operations becomes imperative to mitigate the risk of fire accidents. This paper conducts a brief analysis of OSHA rules pertaining to welding work and introduces the iSafe Welding system, an advanced real-time safety monitoring and compliance enforcement solution designed specifically for construction site welding operations. Harnessing the real-time object detection algorithm YOLOv7 in conjunction with rule-based scene classification, the system excels in identifying potential safety violations. Rigorous evaluation, encompassing precision, recall, mean Average Precision (mAP), accuracy, and the F1-Score, sheds light on its strengths and areas for improvement. The system showcases robust performance in rule-based scene classification, achieving high accuracy, precision, and recall rates. Notably, the iSafe Welding system demonstrates a formidable potential for enhancing construction site safety and regulatory compliance. Ongoing enhancements, including dataset expansion and model refinement, underscore its commitment to real-world deployment and its strength in ensuring worker safety
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Mangili, Silvia, Tianzhi Sun und Alexander Achille Johnson. „Nursing Homes During COVID-19 Pandemic—A Systematic Literature Review for COVID-19 Proof Architecture Design Strategies“. In The Urban Book Series, 981–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_87.
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AbstractThe immense impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on older adults living in nursing homes (NH) and other long-term care facilities, who at baseline are at increased risk of infection due to fragility, cognitive impairments, and complex comorbidities, has renewed the attention of researchers to the unmet needs of this population. It is well known that the built environment can significantly influence human health, a reality which is often overlooked in the setting of NHs. Recognizing how qualities of the NH built environment can influence resident outcomes, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, can provide architects and medical professionals implementable strategies. As such, we conducted a systematic literature review from May to November 2021 to identify components of the NH built environment and their potential impacts on the health and well-being of NH residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Relevant articles were identified with a search of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed scientific databases, as well as a search of gray literature. The initial search resulted 481 articles, though after the application of eligibility criteria and full-text screening, 17 articles remained for inclusion. From these, a total of 24 built environment features were identified, divided across four domain levels of NHs: Overall Facility, Building, Service Space, and Residential Room. These features were differentially linked to improved facility infection control, decreased COVID-19 incidence and mortality from COVID-19, better air quality, and enhanced resident health, quality of life, and socialization. This research defines a set of design/architecture strategies that NHs may implement to improve COVID-19-related outcomes as well as the overall health and quality of life of their residents. Additional research utilizing primary data and testing these identified interventions is needed to provide stronger evidence-based suggestions.
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Du, Mulong, Junyi Xin, Silu Chen und Meilin Wang. „Environmental Pollutant-Based Polygenic Risk Score: A Genetic Surrogate for Environmental Pollutants Assessment“. In Genetic Variations - Unraveling Causalities [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007519.
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Accurate measurement of environmental pollutants is necessary for precision health risk assessment. However, current methods for detecting and profiling humans’ internal exposure to pollutants remain prohibitively costly, time-consuming, and energy-intensive. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), which aggregate effects of genetic variants across the genome, have been widely applied in predicting phenotypes and could serve as genetic surrogates for traits of interest. This includes a genetic proxy relevant to environmental exposure to pollutants, facilitating disease prediction and risk evaluation. This chapter introduces a state-of-the-art technology: the environmental pollutant-based PRS (EpPRS), which harnesses the complete genetic and exposomic data. Furthermore, we have developed an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework aimed at assessing the effects of contaminants on the risk of candidate diseases. In addition, EpPRS, as a surrogate of genetically predicted exposure, can be effectively utilized in various analyses, including causal inference, mediation analysis, and phenome-wide association studies. In conclusion, EpPRS can act as a robust proxy to assess internal pollutant exposure. The application of the EpPRS in disease risk assessment elucidates the mechanisms linking exposure and disease, thereby providing a foundation for developing strategies to control environmental pollutants.
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Cafri, Reyhan, und Pınar Kaya Samut. „A Panel Asymmetric Causality Between Health and Climate Change“. In Environmental Exposures and Human Health Challenges, 223–47. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7635-8.ch011.
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As climate change threatens human life and health by causing severe storms, floods, temperature fluctuations and droughts, it is predicted that in the coming decades, most of the global population will be impacted and the lives of millions will be at risk. In this context, the article investigates the existence of a symmetric and asymmetric causality between climate change and health between 1990 and 2015 for European countries, including EU, EFTA member and EU candidate states. In the first stage of the analysis, health scores are estimated by cluster and discriminant analyses; in the second stage, the relationships among these scores and climate variables are examined. The country-specific findings are obtained for the health effects of climate change variables according to factors such as geographical structure and seasonal characteristics. According to the results, while the health effects of changes in temperature and greenhouse emissions differ from country to country, the reduction in precipitation for nearly half of the countries is found to have a negative effect on health.
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Çilek, Arif, und Onur Şeyranlıoğlu. „Do ESG Risk Ratings Affect Financial Performance? Evidence from Selected BIST Banking Sector Companies with LODECI and CRADIS Methods“. In Finans Alanında Güncel Uygulamalı Çalışmalar. Özgür Yayınları, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub488.c2033.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) risk ratings on the financial performance of selected banks in the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) Banking Sector Index based on 2023 by using LODECI and CRADIS hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model. The LODECI method, used for criterion weighting in the study, is a technique that objectively determines the importance levels of criteria while integrating the perspectives of two fundamental approaches: Entropy and MEREC methods. It also creates acceptable and robust weight vectors. The performance rankings of the companies are determined using the CRADIS method, which constructs utility functions based on ideal and anti-ideal values. In determining the financial performance rankings of the banks included in the analysis, a scoring is first conducted based on financial ratios and ESG risk ratings, and then the scores are recalculated excluding ESG risk ratings from the analysis. The scores calculated for both cases are compared, and it has been determined that including ESG risk ratings in the analysis causes differences in performance scores and rankings. In the performance ranking conducted with ESG risk ratings included, GARAN, AKBNK, and YKBNK are in the top three, while HALKB, VAKBN, and QNBFB are in the bottom three. In the performance ranking conducted with ESG risk ratings excluded, GARAN, SKBNK, and AKBNK are in the top three, while HALKB, VAKBN, and ISCTR are in the bottom three. Considering the scores and rankings of the CRADIS method, it has been observed that, in general, banks with lower ESG risk ratings have higher financial performance rankings, while those with higher ESG risk ratings have lower rankings. These results provide significant evidence regarding the impact of ESG risks on the Turkish banking system. The motivation behind this research stems from the very limited studies on the effect of ESG risk on the performance of banks listed on BIST, and it is believed that this research makes a valuable contribution to the literature in this field.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Environmental risk scores"
1
Kleinstern, Geffen, Dennis Robinson, Tim G. Call, Mark Liebow, Silvia de Sanjosé, Yolanda Benavente, James R. Cerhan und Susan L. Slager. „Abstract A06: Association of environmental risk factors, family history, and polygenic risk scores with chronic lymphocytic leukemia“. In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Improving Cancer Risk Prediction for Prevention and Early Detection; November 16-19, 2016; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.carisk16-a06.
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Kleinstern, Geffen, Dennis Robinson, Tim G. Call, Mark Liebow, Silvia de Sanjosé, Yolanda Benavente, James R. Cerhan und Susan L. Slager. „Abstract PR03: Association of environmental risk factors, family history, and polygenic risk scores with chronic lymphocytic leukemia“. In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Improving Cancer Risk Prediction for Prevention and Early Detection; November 16-19, 2016; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.carisk16-pr03.
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Do, Quan T., Alexa K. Doig und Tran C. Son. „Deep Q-learning for Predicting Asthma Attack with Considering Personalized Environmental Triggers’ Risk Scores“. In 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857172.
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Antaki, George A., Thomas M. Monahon und Ralph W. Cansler. „Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) of Steam Systems“. In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71678.
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This paper describes the implementation of a risk-based inspection program for process and utility steam lines in a large chemical process facility. The paper addresses the development of an RBI matrix, the likelihood attributes, the consequence scores, and the overall risk in terms of personnel safety and costs. The likelihood of failure considers prior experience, degradation mechanisms, novelty of process, abnormal loads and age. The consequence of failure considers public health and safety, worker health and safety, environmental impact, operations impact, and recovery costs. Once assigned a likelihood and consequence score, systems are plotted on the RBI matrix to develop inspection priorities. The RBI ranking determines which systems will be inspected (high risk) and those that need not be inspected (low risk). The risk ranking is followed by inspection planning which includes selection of the inspection technique and inspection locations, together with the development of pre-inspection acceptance criteria.
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Feldman, Jolene, Gregory Costedoat, Lynne Martin und Vimmy Gujral. „Usability of pre-flight planning interfaces for Supplemental Data Service Provider tools to support Uncrewed Aircraft System Traffic Management“. In AHFE 2023 Hawaii Edition. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004333.
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Small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUASs) operate in low-altitude, uncontrolled airspace – where support services for their operators (UASOs) are not currently provided. NASA’s System-Wide Safety (SWS) project is identifying the potential risks and hazards to sUAS operations to provide, inform, and improve the designs of In-time Aviation Safety Management Systems (IASMS). The IASMS will include a suite of data-driven tools that compile and analyze data collected from aviation systems and environmental sources to predict hazards, and provide information to allow operators to mitigate these risks (Young et al., 2020). These risk and hazard services can be run and displayed to operators on graphical user interfaces (GUIs), as they relate to a vehicle(s)’ route of flight. These interfaces offer both a means to present hazard service output and offer an opportunity to test user understanding of the information, user decision making, and the best ways to present such data to an operator. Based on these future technologies and intended missions, it is important to investigate interface requirements and evaluate how operators might use these tools. Presenting salient and meaningful risk assessment information to operators is necessary to increase situation awareness and ultimately safety. Building on previous research (Feldman et al., 2022), a usability study comparing two GUIs was conducted to explore how individuals interacted with different styles of information displays. A series of pre-flight hazard and risk-assessment tasks were developed to evaluate participant performance using the Supplemental Data Service Provider Consolidated Dashboard and the Human Automation Team Interface System interfaces. Participants were trained to use both GUIs and their performance was analysed across different scenarios involving multiple sUASs. Performance on simple tasks and the System Usability Scale scores were reported by Feldman et al., 2023. Additional analyses and evaluations on more complex tasks (e.g., risk assessment, prioritization), workload and response times are examined in this paper.
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Murray, Jake. „Transitioning a Relative Risk Model to Absolute“. In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64700.
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In order to increase the effectiveness of risk-based asset management, pipeline companies require a solution for modeling integrity threats with potential safety and environmental consequences in measureable units. A quantitative model offers the ability to not only prioritize assets for spending on mitigation, but also to identify which are in need of mitigation. When a company is able to estimate its exposure to risk using real units of measure, such as incidents per year and dollars per incident, it is then possible to identify which assets are above the company’s tolerance for risk and make better decisions about spending than the competitors can. It is recognized that purely quantitative models have a number of advantages over indexed, or relative, models. Managing a risk model becomes easier, as the model is easier to calibrate and discuss when the results are in real, tangible units. It is also easier to disseminate the risk data to business users across the enterprise. With a quantitative model, discussions can occur around actual failure rates and actual costs, as opposed to how severe things are on an abstract, relative scale. Quantitative models lend themselves to greater consistency of results across different field offices and types of assets. Most importantly, as mentioned above, it makes it possible to not only decide which assets are more important to mitigate than others, but also how many require mitigation at all. Quantitative models can present challenges in development. Numeric equations for calculating rates of failure often rely on inputs which may not be available. Subject matter expert can cloud the transition and make the process overly complicated. Although it is possible to create empirical equations independent of established industry models for threat behavior, in many cases, there is not enough data available to infer relationships between available inputs and failure rates. As the risk model changes from reporting to scores to reporting in units (e.g. number of fatalities), this may cause some apprehension for legal and management; some education may be necessary to overcome this. It is also important to note that the added complexity and uniqueness of the model may stretch the capabilities of the current IT and software infrastructure supporting the legacy risk model. The focus of this paper is to outline an approach to making the transition from an indexed or relative risk assessment method to an absolute, quantitative method. This includes strategies identified while attempting to convert various threat calculations, using inputs already being gathered for the existing model. The paper will conclude with some challenges, lessons learned, and ways to identify future recommended improvements.
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Morton, Mark, und Janaka Jayamaha. „Technical Justification and Choice for Remediation Methods“. In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59398.
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When out of normal material or very high activity is encountered in a Deactivation & Decommissioning (D&D) project, special considerations are needed. As the source term increases, the level of attention to planning, project cost and risk management must increase as well. WorleyParsons (WP) is engaged in identifying, screening and documenting (with follow on project design expected) the various remediation methods available to remove highly contaminated soils discovered under a hot cell. Soil dose rates have been measured in the 70 to 100 Sieverts/hour range, with radionuclide mix to be defined in mid to late summer 2011 from samples collected in June 2011. The scope of this project is to identify remedial techniques and removal methods (means and methods) and develop a set of technically implementable remedial alternatives (alternatives). These remedial alternatives will be screened by a Technical Panel consisting of WP and client experts using a WP defined screening process to narrow the list of alternatives. Transparency and un-biased choice of actions is key to owner and public confidence in the process and the choice of the ultimate path forward. The poster will show Phase 1 — how potential remedial techniques and removal methods (means and methods) were first identified, catalogued and initial screened. Following the initial screening, the remaining means and methods are combined to form an alternative — a stabilization means with a removal method are matched with a waste container to from an alternative. A rough order of magnitude (ROM) cost estimate and high level schedule are also developed for each alternative. In parallel with the above, screening criteria with associated design attributes were identified and given a weight factor and attribute value, which are then multiplied together and used to develop a decision matrix for the developed alternatives. Two parallel processes — screening criteria development and alternative development — are being pursued to allow better focus on each while not prejudicing the final alternative selection. Phase 2 actions — the expert panel - grade each alternative against the pre-approved screening criteria using the decision matrix that compiles results — real time but blind to the panel. The top two to four scores from this last effort will proceed to a pre-conceptual, conceptual design phase and the expert panel reconvened to make the final decision on the remediation methods to be used for removing the soil / contamination.
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Wickham, S. M., D. A. Galson, T. W. Hicks, R. V. Kemp und M. J. White. „Towards a Holistic Risk Management Strategy or Long-Term Interim Storage“. In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4973.
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Long-term surface storage of intermediate-level radioactive waste (ILW) has become an important issue for regulators and site operators in the UK following deferral of the Nirex deep repository for the disposal of ILW, and the resulting hiatus in Government policy. This paper identifies some key life-cycle issues associated with interim safe storage (ISS) of ILW, and also some of the key features of existing stores. Important risk management issues include store design and environmental controls, conditioning and packaging, package handling and cranes, operation, monitoring of waste packages, package retrieval, external environmental factors, stakeholder issues and costs. All of these issues will need to be addressed during the design, construction and operation of an ILW store. Given the wide and diverse range of issues requiring consideration, it may be difficult to choose between alternative design concepts or risk management strategies. We demonstrate a multi-criteria decision analysis approach to ILW storage in which the various attributes of alternative store designs and management strategies are scored and collectively compared using the program OnBalance. By varying the weighting of the different attributes, the sensitivity of the overall score of the various designs to their attributes may be evaluated. Ultimately, the technical issues related to store design, construction and operation will have to be balanced against the non-technical factors that may influence the development of a store, particularly those related to stakeholder interactions and public concerns. Developing a long-term interim storage strategy requires a holistic approach that embraces all of these factors.
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Taştan, Buket, und Kenan Terzioğlu. „Environmental Degradation: Monetary Transmission Mechanism and CO2 Emission“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02552.
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As a result of recent changes in traditional risk perception accompanying industrialization and technology, global economic risks are increasingly based on the climate. While risks are considered using a two-dimensional approach in traditional risk perception, risk structures occur in a chain under globalization. In the concept of sustainability, environmental degradation and economic growth establish the link between environmental degradation and other macroeconomic variables. Monetary transmission channels—including the interest, exchange rate, asset price, credit, and expectation channels—impact the real economy and productivity by enabling capital accumulation, the orientation of small funds, and technological diffusion. In this context, the evaluation of the efficiency of monetary transmission channels and environmental degradation policy recommendations need to be addressed, especially, within the industrial sector. Although the cointegration approach is based on the fact that linear combinations of non-stationary series are stationary, cointegration analyses in which structural breaks are defined as dummy variables should be performed since the linear combination may change at a certain point in the sample. This study aims to reveal the effect of industrial production index and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions using a structural break approach with cointegration methods. Policy suggestions within the scope of sustainability are evaluated considering the long-term structural results among the variables.
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Жигульский, В., V. Zhigul'skiy, Д. Жигульская, D. Zhigul'skaya, В. Шуйский, V. Shuyskiy, Е. Максимова et al. „Comparative Score/Ranking Multi-Criteria Assessment of Hazardous Industrial Facilities Environmental Risk“. In XXVII International Shore Conference "Arctic Coast: The Path to Sustainability". Academus Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5cebbc16c31657.63918856.
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Wraight, Sarah, Julia Hofmann, Justine Allpress und Brooks Depro. Environmental justice concerns and the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline route in North Carolina. RTI Press, März 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.mr.0037.1803.
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This report describes publicly available data sets and quantitative analysis that local communities can use to evaluate environmental justice concerns associated with pipeline projects. We applied these data and analytical methods to two counties in North Carolina (Northampton and Robeson counties) that would be affected by the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline (ACP). We compared demographic and vulnerability characteristics of census blocks, census block groups, and census tracts that lie within 1 mile of the proposed pipeline route with corresponding census geographies that lie outside of the 1-mile zone. Finally, we present results of a county-level analysis of race and ethnicity data for the entire North Carolina segment of the proposed ACP route. Statistical analyses of race and ethnicity data (US Census Bureau) and Social Vulnerability Index scores (University of South Carolina’s Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute) yielded evidence of significant differences between the areas crossed by the pipeline and reference geographies. No significant differences were found in our analyses of household income and cancer risk data.
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RRS/Schirmer. PR-339-093708-R01 Survey for Control Room Operators and Operations Specialists Usability Study. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Juni 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010714.
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The purpose of the Human Factors Analysis of Pipeline Monitoring and Control Operations project (Battelle, 2008) was to develop procedures that could be used by liquid pipeline operators to assess and manage the human factors risks in their control rooms that may adversely affect pipeline monitoring and control operations. Two paper surveys were developed: 1. A survey for Control Room Operators (CROs) that consists of 138 questions designed to understand the human factors that affect the CRO�s ability to safely and efficiently monitor and control pipeline operations in the control room. The survey asks CROs to estimate how frequently each of the 138 issues occur in the control room environment. The results of the survey are intended to identify issues that require improvement. 2. A survey for Operations Specialists (OSs) that ranks the �Risk Likelihood� of each of the same 138 questions. A process was developed that multiplies the median scores from the CRO and OS survey questions to provide a risk score for each of the 138 questions.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing und Yona Chen. Interactions of engineered nanoparticles with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and organic contaminants in water. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699863.bard.
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Background: Engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to be increasingly released into the environment with the rapid increase in their production and use. The discharged CNTs may interact with coexisting contaminants and subsequently change environmental behaviors and ecological effects of both the CNTs themselves and the contaminants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in the transport of CNTs in the aquatic environment, affecting both CNT's surface properties through adsorption, and its colloidal stability in solution. Therefore, CNT-bound DOM complexes may interact with coexisting contaminants, thus affecting their environmental fate. With increasing production and use of CNTs, there is an increasing risk that humans could be exposed to CNTs mainly through ingestion and inhalation. Since CNTs can be carriers of contaminants due to their high adsorption affinity and capacity, the distribution of these nanoparticles in the environment holds a potential environmental and health risk. Project objectives: The overall goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the environmental behavior of engineered nanoparticles with DOM and organic pollutant in aqueous systems. The scope of this study includes: characterizing various types of engineered nanoparticles and their interaction with DOM; binding studies of organic contaminants by nanoparticles and DOM-nanoparticle complexes; and examining interactions in DOM-nanoparticles-contaminant systems. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: DOM has a pronounced effect on colloidal stability of CNTs in solution and on their surface chemistry and reactivity toward associated contaminants. The structure and chemical makeup of both CNTs and DOM determine their interactions and nature of formed complexes. CNTs, contaminants and DOM can co-occur in the aquatic environment. The occurrence of co-contaminants, as well as of co-introduction of DOM, was found to suppress the adsorption of organic contaminants to CNTs through both competition over adsorption sites and direct interactions in solution. Furthermore, the release of residual contaminants from CNTs could be enhanced by biomolecules found in the digestive as well as the respiratory tracts, thus increasing the bioaccessibility of adsorbed contaminants and possibly the overall toxicity of contaminant-associated CNTs. Contaminant desorption could be promoted by both solubilization and sorptive competition by biological surfactants. Scientific and agricultural implications: The information gained in the current project may assist in predicting the transport and fate of both CNTs and associated contaminants in the natural environment. Furthermore, the results imply a serious health risk from contaminant-associated CNTs.
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O'Donnell, Kevin, und Anne Greene. A Risk Management Solution Designed to Facilitate Risk-Based Qualification, Validation, and Change Control Activities within GMP and Pharmaceutical Regulatory Compliance Environments in the EU—Part I. Institute of Validation Technology, Juli 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21506590.wp7132006agko-rmsdfrbq.
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A risk management solution is described that is designed to facilitate risk-based qualification, validation, and change control activities within GMP and regulatory compliance environments in the EU. This solution is based upon a set of pre-defined, fundamental principles and design criteria, which were considered important. It offers a documented and ready-to-use ten-step process for determining and managing, on a risk basis, the scope and extent of qualification and validation, and the likely impact of changes.
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Rycroft, Taylor, Sabrina Larkin, Alexander Ganin, Treye Thomas, Joanna Matheson, Tessa Van Grack, Xinrong Chen, Kenton Plourde, Alan Kennedy und Igor Linkov. A framework and pilot tool for the risk-based prioritization and grouping of nano-enabled consumer products. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41721.
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The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer products has expanded rapidly, revealing both innovative improvements over conventional materials, and the potential for novel risks to human health and the environment. As the number of new nano-enabled products and the volume of toxicity data on ENMs continues to grow, regulatory agencies like the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) – a small, independent federal agency responsible for protecting consumers from unreasonable risks associated with product use – will require the ability to screen and group a diverse array of nano-enabled consumer products based on their potential risks to consumers. Such prioritization would allow efficient allocation of limited resources for subsequent testing and evaluation of high-risk products and materials. To enable this grouping and prioritization for further testing, we developed a framework that establishes a prioritization score by evaluating a nano-enabled product's potential hazard and exposure, as well as additional consideration of regulatory importance. We integrate the framework into a pilot version software tool and, using a hypothetical case study, we demonstrate that the tool can effectively rank nano-enabled consumer products and can be adjusted for use by agencies with different priorities. The proposed decision-analytical framework and pilot-version tool presented here could enable a regulatory agency like the CPSC to triage reported safety concerns more effectively and allocate limited resources more efficiently.
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O'Donnell, Kevin, und Anne Greene. A Risk Management Solution Designed to Facilitate Risk-Based Qualification, Validation, and Change Control Activities within GMP and Pharmaceutical Regulatory Compliance Environments in the EU—Part II. Institute of Validation Technology, Juli 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21506590.wp7142006agko-rmsdii.
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highlight the need for patient-focused and value-adding qualification, validation, and change control programmes for manufacturing and regulating medicinal products in the EU, which are cost-effective and in-line with current regulatory requirements and guidance. To this end, a formal risk management solution was presented that seeks to demonstrate, in a practical way, how Regulators and Industry in the EU may achieve these goals. This solution represents a formal and rigorous approach to risk management, offering a scientific and practical means for determining and managing, on a risk basis, the scope and extent of qualification and validation, and the likely impact of changes. Based on a ten-step, systematic process, this approach offers a ready-to-use and documented risk management methodology for these activities. This tool is not intended for use in all situations, or to address all risk areas or concerns encountered in GMP and Regulatory Compliance environments. Rather, its use should be commensurate with the complexity and/or criticality of the issue to be addressed, and in many instances, and in-line with ICH Q9 principles, a more informal approach to risk management may be more useful, and indeed proportionate.
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Cornick, Jorge. The Organization of Public-Private Cooperation for Productive Development Policies. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011484.
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Productive development policies (PDPs), what used to be called industrial policies, are increasingly recognized as an essential part of the development toolkit, and the need for public-private cooperation is increasingly viewed as a key element for the successful design and implementation of such policies. If so, how should the cooperation be organized and how should the public sector organize itself to successfully participate in it? This paper suggests that public sector organization should be a response to three key variables: the scope of the PDP, the scope of the intended cooperation, and the organizational characteristics of the private sector. It further proposes the appropriate selection of public sector participants; the alignment of policy, political, and organizational time frames; the ensured quality of the bureaucracy; the protection against private and bureaucratic capture and against unbounded financial risk; and a reasonable regulatory environment of key elements for success.
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Hernández, Juan, und Daniel Wills. Fighting for the Best, Losing with the Rest: The Perils of Competition in Entrepreneurial Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, Januar 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005506.
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Financiers in early-stage entrepreneurial finance are known for their “spray-and-pray” approach, where they fund multiple start-ups expecting profits on a few to compensate losses on a lot of failed ones. We develop a theoretical framework in which financiers compete to fund entrepreneurs in an environment featuring risk, adverse selection, and limited liability. Financiers use steep payoff schedules to screen entrepreneurs, but limited liability implies they can only do so by giving more to all entrepreneurs. In equilibrium, competition for the best entrepreneurs forces intermediaries to offer better terms to all customers, there is cross-subsidization among entrepreneurs, and intermediation profits are zero. Competition among financial intermediaries always forces them to fund projects with negative expected returns both from a private and from a social perspective. This is an extensive margin inefficiency, as all projects are funded at their efficient scale. The three main features of our framework (competition, adverse selection, and limited liability) are necessary to get the inefficient laissez-faire outcome and a role for regulation. The inefficiency shrinks, but some part will always persist, when firms can collateralize some portion of the credit as long as there is still an unsecured fraction. Additional imperfect information, like a credit score, may increase inefficiency. Crucially, a small externality on financiers exacerbates the extensive margin inefficiency, yielding a negative social surplus in the entrepreneurial financing market.
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert und Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.
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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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Anderson, Donald M., Lorraine C. Backer, Keith Bouma-Gregson, Holly A. Bowers, V. Monica Bricelj, Lesley D’Anglada, Jonathan Deeds et al. Harmful Algal Research & Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS), 2024-2034. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Juli 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/69773.
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Harmful and toxic algal blooms (HABs) are a well-established and severe threat to human health, economies, and marine and freshwater ecosystems on all coasts of the United States and its inland waters. HABs can comprise microalgae, cyanobacteria, and macroalgae (seaweeds). Their impacts, intensity, and geographic range have increased over past decades due to both human-induced and natural changes. In this report, HABs refers to both marine algal and freshwater cyanobacterial events. This Harmful Algal Research and Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS) 2024-2034 plan builds on major accomplishments from past efforts, provides a state of the science update since the previous decadal HARRNESS plan (2005-2015), identifies key information gaps, and presents forward-thinking solutions. Major achievements on many fronts since the last HARRNESS are detailed in this report. They include improved understanding of bloom dynamics of large-scale regional HABs such as those of Pseudo-nitzschia on the west coast, Alexandrium on the east coast, Karenia brevis on the west Florida shelf, and Microcystis in Lake Erie, and advances in HAB sensor technology, allowing deployment on fixed and mobile platforms for long-term, continuous, remote HAB cell and toxin observations. New HABs and impacts have emerged. Freshwater HABs now occur in many inland waterways and their public health impacts through drinking and recreational water contamination have been characterized and new monitoring efforts have been initiated. Freshwater HAB toxins are finding their way into marine environments and contaminating seafood with unknown consequences. Blooms of Dinophysis spp., which can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, have appeared around the US coast, but the causes are not understood. Similarly, blooms of fish- and shellfish-killing HABs are occurring in many regions and are especially threatening to aquaculture. The science, management, and decision-making necessary to manage the threat of HABs continue to involve a multidisciplinary group of scientists, managers, and agencies at various levels. The initial HARRNESS framework and the resulting National HAB Committee (NHC) have proven effective means to coordinate the academic, management, and stakeholder communities interested in national HAB issues and provide these entities with a collective voice, in part through this updated HARRNESS report. Congress and the Executive Branch have supported most of the advances achieved under HARRNESS (2005-2015) and continue to make HABs a priority. Congress has reauthorized the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act (HABHRCA) multiple times and continues to authorize the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to fund and conduct HAB research and response, has given new roles to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and required an Interagency Working Group on HABHRCA (IWG HABHRCA). These efforts have been instrumental in coordinating HAB responses by federal and state agencies. Initial appropriations for NOAA HAB research and response decreased after 2005, but have increased substantially in the last few years, leading to many advances in HAB management in marine coastal and Great Lakes regions. With no specific funding for HABs, the US EPA has provided funding to states through existing laws, such as the Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and to members of the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, to assist states and tribes in addressing issues related to HAB toxins and hypoxia. The US EPA has also worked towards fulfilling its mandate by providing tools and resources to states, territories, and local governments to help manage HABs and cyanotoxins, to effectively communicate the risks of cyanotoxins and to assist public water systems and water managers to manage HABs. These tools and resources include documents to assist with adopting recommended recreational criteria and/or swimming advisories, recommendations for public water systems to choose to apply health advisories for cyanotoxins, risk communication templates, videos and toolkits, monitoring guidance, and drinking water treatment optimization documents. Beginning in 2018, Congress has directed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to develop a HAB research initiative to deliver scalable HAB prevention, detection, and management technologies intended to reduce the frequency and severity of HAB impacts to our Nation’s freshwater resources. Since the initial HARRNESS report, other federal agencies have become increasingly engaged in addressing HABs, a trend likely to continue given the evolution of regulations(e.g., US EPA drinking water health advisories and recreational water quality criteria for two cyanotoxins), and new understanding of risks associated with freshwater HABs. The NSF/NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Program has contributed substantially to our understanding of HABs. The US Geological Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Aeronautics Space Administration also contribute to HAB-related activities. In the preparation of this report, input was sought early on from a wide range of stakeholders, including participants from academia, industry, and government. The aim of this interdisciplinary effort is to provide summary information that will guide future research and management of HABs and inform policy development at the agency and congressional levels. As a result of this information gathering effort, four major HAB focus/programmatic areas were identified: 1) Observing systems, modeling, and forecasting; 2) Detection and ecological impacts, including genetics and bloom ecology; 3) HAB management including prevention, control, and mitigation, and 4) Human dimensions, including public health, socio-economics, outreach, and education. Focus groups were tasked with addressing a) our current understanding based on advances since HARRNESS 2005-2015, b) identification of critical information gaps and opportunities, and c) proposed recommendations for the future. The vision statement for HARRNESS 2024-2034 has been updated, as follows: “Over the next decade, in the context of global climate change projections, HARRNESS will define the magnitude, scope, and diversity of the HAB problem in US marine, brackish and freshwaters; strengthen coordination among agencies, stakeholders, and partners; advance the development of effective research and management solutions; and build resilience to address the broad range of US HAB problems impacting vulnerable communities and ecosystems.” This will guide federal, state, local and tribal agencies and nations, researchers, industry, and other organizations over the next decade to collectively work to address HAB problems in the United States.