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Dissertationen zum Thema "Enneigement – Québec (Province) – Tasiujaq"
Lanouette, Florence. „Stabilisation thermique des remblais construits sur le pergélisol sensible au dégel à l'aide d'une approche de conception tenant compte de l'accumulation de la neige“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69363.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn northern regions, preferential accumulation of an insulating snowpack along linear transportation infrastructures prevents the extraction of heat in winter. In permafrost terrain, this thermal equilibrium modification can be a significant cause of the underlying permafrost degradation, which affects the structural properties of the roadway. Since heat transfers through the snowpack are essentially controlled by the mechanism of conduction, its insulating effect can be counteracted by decreasing the thickness of snow on the slopes and at the toe of the embankment. To achieve this goal, the gentle slope promotes a laminar wind flow that blows snow away easily and, therefore, minimizes its accumulation. The main objective of this research project is to develop a design method aiming for thermal stabilization of linear transportation infrastructures built on permafrost by optimizing the embankment geometry to consider the preferential accumulation of snow. The general approach of the study relies on the use of a 2D model (produced with the modeling software TEMP/W) simulating the snowpack effect on the underlying ground. The monitoring of a transect at Tasiujaq airstrip, in Nunavik, documents the thermal regime in the ground and the evolution of the snowpack. Based on those data, the freezing n-factor was expressed as a function of the snow thickness following a logarithmic equation. This empirical relation is used as an upper boundary of the geothermal model. Once calibrated and validated with the data collected at theTasiujaq test site, the model allows to quantify the impact of the embankment geometry on the temperature gradient in the natural subgrade ground. This gradient is calculated from the temperature at the interface between the embankment and the ground and the temperature at the depth of zero annual amplitude. A temperature gradient of zero or less is aimed to preserve the permafrost. This ground thermal regime is obtained by correcting the temperature at the interface. Therefore, numeric simulations are run for six slopes between 45 and 14% and for three embankment thickness. Finally, these results are presented through an engineering tool calculating the slope needed to assure the thermal stability of the infrastructure depending of the embankment height.
Vinet, Frédéric. „Géomorphologie, stratigraphie et évolution du niveau marin holocène d'une vallée soumise à des conditions macrotidales en régression forcée, région de Tasiujaq, Nunavik“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25059/25059.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFicheur, Alban. „Expérimentation de techniques de mitigation des effets de la fonte du Pergelisol sur les infrastructures de transport du Nunavik : Aéroport de Tasiujaq“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28205/28205.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParajuli, Achut. „Exploring snowpack properties and processes through observation and modelling : case study of the humid boreal forest in eastern Canada“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67969.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBecause of the interception of snow by the canopy, the accumulation and melting of snow in the forest is different than in the open environment. The intercepted snow can sublimate, discharge or melt, causing a great deal of variability in the distribution of snow depth on the ground. The presence of a canopy also modifies the energy exchanges between the snow, the soil and the atmosphere. Given the importance of snowmelt on waterdependent sectors such as hydroelectric production, agricultural and urban water supply, it is therefore essential to monitor/model the properties and processes of snow cover in the forest. Monitoring snow in the field is a tedious task. Thus, over the years, several studies have used satellite products or attempted to model snowpack properties, thus avoiding exhaustive field measurements. In general, there are three types of snowmelt models (statistical, temperature index and energy balance model) that are used in a variety of cover types such as forests, glaciers, open environments, etc. They share the common objective of modelling the evolution of snow water equivalent. In this study, we combined field observations with snowmelt models in order to achieve the overall goal of the thesis, which is to better understand the behaviour of snow in a small watershed of the humid boreal forest. This main objective is declined into the three following specific objectives: (i) to quantify and model the spatial and temporal variability of snow water equivalent distribution; (ii) to explore the performance of temperature index snowmelt models; and (iii) to document the spatial variability of the cold content of the snow cover. Each specific objective is associated with a chapter of this thesis. For the purpose of this research, we collected 1810 snow core samples, as well as 70 snow pits, from 9 distinct forest sites in an experimental catchment of the humid boreal forest (Montmorency Forest; 47°N, 71°W) during the winters of 2016-17 and 2017-18. In the vicinity of these sites, stations measuring the vertical snow temperature profile, air temperature, snow depth and soil temperature profile were deployed. At these sites, detailed vegetation data such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), canopy density, tree height, tree density and tree diameter were collected using field measurements and a LiDAR product. Our analysis was further supported by observations from two flux towers, providing us with sensible and latent heat fluxes between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere every 30 minutes. In the first chapter, we have highlighted a relationship between snow depth and the diameter of the surrounding trees. The site with a juvenile forest was the one where the greatest spatiotemporal variability was observed. We used three statistical models: multiple linear regression, binary regression trees and neural networks (NN) to identify the relevant variables affecting the spatial and temporal variability of the snow water equivalent. With a Nash coefficient of 0.77 in calibration and 0.72 in validation, the NN model showed the best performance, identifying snow depth, tree diameter, snowpack age and tree density as key factors controlling the spatialtemporal variability of forest snow. v In the second chapter, we explored different temperature-index (TI) melting models by looking at their performance in the context of rarely available input data such as snow surface temperature, incoming shortwave radiation and sublimation. We also investigated the relevance of taking into account canopy interception and cold content. On the basis of our evaluation, with the exception of sublimation and surface temperature, which resulted in small performance gains, none of the additional processes or inputs tested generated appreciable performance gains. Finally, in the third chapter, we documented the variability of the snowpack cold content at four forest sites using observations collected from snow pits. We also investigated the short-term spatial and temporal variability of the snowpack cold content by generating series using a hybrid approach, based in part on the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) surface model. We were thus able to document the effect of the forest, the local topography and the thermal regime specific to each site on the variability of the cold content at our study sites. Among other things, we found that the cold content was highest in early February, regardless of site, as this is when air temperatures were the coldest. We were also able to observe that, on average, 61% of the snow's heat deficit was contained in the first 50 cm. In summary, this research focused on studying the properties of the snowpack in a small watershed of the boreal forest, using extensive field measurements and different snowmelt models. By documenting the processes, we were able to highlight that despite the presence of forest cover with contrasting properties, the snow cover showed many similarities from one site to another, which is hopeful for snow modeling in the forest.
Pierre, Amandine. „Ajustements du biais de mesure de précipitation solide et effets sur les bilans hydrologiques en milieu forestier boréal“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40168.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work joins two complementary research projects and contributes to improve the knowledge on solid precipitation measurements and hydrological modelling strategy in the boreal forest environment. All the data used in this work comes from the Montmorency Forest, which is the teaching and research forest of Université Laval located in Quebec. The uncertainty related to flows forecast by hydrological models depends on the choice of the model, but are also linked to the quality of incoming meteorological data. This work aims first to quantify uncertainties related to solid precipitation measurements, then to propose an innovative method of adjustment and finally to establish a hydrological modelling strategy for the boreal forest environment. The development of a large meteorological database, including data from two world reference instruments, was done thanks to the Neige site deployed since 2014. Regarding uncertainties related to the solid precipitation undercatch phenomenon, five deterministic approaches from the literature are first evaluated. Results show that the initial bias is 30% on average and there is still an overestimation of the solid precipitation quantity after a deterministic adjustment. A probabilistic approach is developed and results show that the bias is divided by 5 on average. Finally, sensitivity analysis of hydrological models’ parameters, and their performance facing different solid precipitation quantities, is done on a set of 20 conceptual models based on the hydrological database of the catchment area called the HautMontmorency. This study highlights that the snow water equivalent measurement bias of the snowpack could influence the quality of water balances in the catchment under certain conditions. A deep sensitivity analysis of hydrological models showed that an adjustment of the solid precipitation was required prior to their calibration. The originality of this thesis depends on the exceptional studied sites, the quality of technicians work and the collaboration of numerous public and private partners.