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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Engraving, Germany 17th century"
1
Hanovs, Deniss. „THE ARISTOCRAT BECOMES A COURTIER… FEATURES OF EUROPEAN ARISTOCRATIC CULTURE IN THE 17th CENTURY“. Via Latgalica, Nr. 1 (31.12.2008): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2008.1.1590.
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As John Adamson outlined in his voluminous comparative analysis of European court culture, „in the period between 1500 and 1750 a „Versailles model” of a court as a self-sufficient, situated in a free space, architectonically harmonious city-residency remote from the capital city, where the king’s household and administration was located, was an exception.” The Versailles conception and „model” both architectonically and in terms of practical functioning of the court was spread and secured in the 18th century, developing into a model of absolutism which was imitated to different extents. The spectrum of the adoption of the court of Louis XIV by material and intellectual culture reached from the grand ensembles of palaces of Carskoye Selo in Peterhof, Russia, Drottningholm in Sweden and Sanssouci in Germany to several small residences of the German princes’ realms in Weimar, Hanover, and elsewhere in Europe. Analyzing the works of several researchers about the transformation of the French aristocracy into court society, a common conclusion is the assurance of the symbolic autocratic power by Louis XIV to the detriment of the economic and political independence of the aristocracy. In this context, A. de Tocqueville points at the forfeiture of the power of the French aristocracy and its influence and a simultaneous self-isolation of the group, which he defines as a „caste with ideas, habits and barriers that they created in the nation.” Modern research, when revisiting the methods of the resarch on the aristocracy and when expanding the choice of sources, is still occupied with the problem defined in the beginning of the 19th century by A. de Tocqueville: The aristocracy lost its power and influence, and by the end of the 18th century also its economic basis for its dominance in French society. John Levron defines courtiers as functional mediators between the governor and society, calling them a „screen”.1 In turn, Ellery Schalk stated that in the time of Louis XIV the aristocracy was going through an elite identity crisis, when alongside the old aristocracy involved in military professions (noblesse d’épée), the governor allowed a new, so-called administrative aristocracy (noblesse de robe) to hold major positions and titles of honour. Along with the transformation of the traditional aristocratic hierarchy formed in the early Middle Ages, which John Lough described as an anachronism already back in the 17th century, also the status of governor and its symbolic place in the aristocratic hierarchy changed. It shall be noted that it is the question of a governor’s role in the political culture of absolutism by which the ideas of many researches can be distinguished. Norbert Elias thinks that an absolute monarch was a head of a family, which included the whole state and thereby turned into a governor’s „household”. Timothy Blanning, on the other hand, thinks that the court culture of Louis XIV was the expression of the governor’s insecurity and fears. This is a view which the researcher seems to derive from the traumatic experience of the Fronde (the aristocrats’ uprising against the mother of Louis XIV, regent Anna of Austria), which the culturologist K. Hofmane interpreted from a psychoanalytical point of view and defined Louis XIV as a conqueror of chaos and a despotic governor. In the wide spectrum of opinions, it is not the governor’s political principles which are postulated as a unifying element, but scenarios of the representation of power, their aims and various tools that are combined in the concept of court culture. N. Elias names symbolic activities in the court etiquette as the manifestation of power relations, whereas M. Yampolsky identifies a symbolic withdrawal of a governor’s body from the „circulation in society”, when a governor starts to represent himself, thereby alienating himself from society. George Gooch in this way reprimanded Louis XV as he thought this development would deprive the royal representation from the sacred. In turn, Jonathan Dewald in his famous work „European Aristocracy” noted that Louis XIV was not the first to use the phenomenon of the court for securing the personal authority of a governor, and refers to the courts during the late period of the Italian Renaissance as predecessors of French court culture. What role did the monarch’s closest „viewers” – the courtiers – play in this? K. Hofmane by means of comparison with the ancient Greek mythical monster Gorgon comes to conclusion that the court had to provide prey for the Gorgon (the king), who is both scared and fascinated by the terrific sight (of power and glory). The perception of the court as a collective observer implies the presence of the observed and worshiped object, the king. The public life of Louis XIV, which was subjected to the complicated etiquette, provided for the hierarchical access to the king’s public body. Let’s remember the „Memoirs” of Duc de Saint-Simon that gives a detailed description of the symbolic privileges granted to the courtiers, which along the material gifts (pensions, concessions and land plots) were tools for the formation of the identity and the status of a new aristocrat/courtier – along with the right to touch the king’s belongings, his attire, etc. The basis for securing the structure of the court’s hierarchy was provided by the governor’s body along the lines mentioned above, which according to the understanding of representation by M. Yampolsky was withdrawn from society and placed within the borders of the ensemble of the Versailles palace. There, by means of several tools, including dramatic works of art, the governor’s body was separated from its symbolic content and hidden behind the algorithms of ritualized activities. Blanning also speaks about a practice of hiding from the surrounding environment, thereby defining court culture as a hiding-place that a governor created around himself. It was possible to look at a governor and thereby be observed by him not only on particular festivals, when a governor was available mostly for court society, but also in different works of visual art, for example, on triumphal archs, in engravings, or during horse-racings.
2
Khromov, Oleg R. „Russian Engraving of the 17th Century in the Studies of Dmitry Rovinsky“. Observatory of Culture 19, Nr. 5 (14.11.2022): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2022-19-5-492-501.
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The article is devoted to the works of Dmitry Aleksandrovich Rovinsky (1824—1895), a famous Russian scientist and collector, the founder of Russian engraving studies. There are special articles devoted to him in modern literature, but mostly of a biographical nature. This article explores his methods for studying early Russian engraving of the 17th century. The author shows the directions and approaches to the topic identified and developed by D.A. Rovinsky. Exploring the scientist’s work in the context of the development of art criticism of the 19th century, the article reveals methodological errors in the attribution and identification of iconographic sources of Russian engraving of the 17th century. The article shows the features of D.A. Rovinsky’s approach to specific works, which determined his conclusions and observations in the assessment of Russian engraving of the 17th century, some of them remain relevant today. There are demonstrated the material research characteristics associated with socio-political reasons that determined the direction of censorship in relation to the study of plots and iconographic issues of early Russian engraving. The article shows for the first time the features of studying early Russian engraving of the 17th century as an independent phenomenon, reveals the origins of the formation of modern trends in art criticism (engraving) research, and demonstrates the processes of formation of our ideas about the initial stage of the development of the art of engraving in Russia as a special kind of art and a phenomenon of artistic culture.
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Будрина, Л. А. „European iconography of Ural’s relief icons“. Iskusstvo Evrazii [The Art of Eurasia], Nr. 1(32) (30.03.2024): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.46748/arteuras.2024.01.007.
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Рельефные иконы (и, несколько позднее, пейзажи) — особый тип камнерезной продукции, чрезвычайно популярной в среде уральских камнерезов XIX века. Их технология была достаточно подробно описана и проанализирована ранее, в том числе в целом ряде публикаций автора, однако по-прежнему актуальным остается вопрос истоков подобного рода произведений и использованной иконографии. Настоящая статья посвящена вновь выявленным источникам заимствований из европейского искусства, что позволяет провести параллели со схожими по типу произведениями западноевропейских мастеров. Также статья вводит в научный оборот идентификацию источников иконографических схем и деталей композиций, что дает возможность использовать их для атрибуции уральских произведений, уточнить и аргументировать их датировку. Так, к ранее установленному и опубликованному автором факту обращения создателей рельефных икон к немецким гравюрам второй половины XIX века добавляется выявленное заимствование из разнообразных западноевропейских источников XVII–XVIII столетий. Эти данные позволяют существенно расширить границы датировок для ряда произведений, а также уточняют круг памятников, знакомых камнерезам и используемых уральскими мастерами. Новые сведения включают региональное искусство Урала в общий для европейского декоративного искусства XIX века процесс переосмысления наследия предшествующих эпох, аргументируя актуальный тезис о необходимости рассмотрения уральской художественной промышленности как части европейской художественной культуры указанного столетия. Relief icons (later also landscapes) are the peculiarity of the stone cutting production, very popular in the Ural stone cutting artists of the 19th century. The technology of this kind of production was described and analysed previously, especially in some publications of the author. However, the question about the sources of this type of production and about the used iconography still actual. The present article is dedicated to the new discovered sources of inspiration in the European art, what open the studies of the parallels between Ural’s works and the similar kind of objects by the west-European artists. Also, the article proposes the identification of some sources of the iconographic details and composition, what permit the attribution of Ural’s works, precise and argument the dating. In the fact, to the previously discovered and published by the author information about the use by the creators of the relief icons of the German engraving of the second half of the 19th century, article adds newly discovered information about the use of the different west-European sources of the 17th–18th centuries. This information permits us to enlarge the dating for some pieces, and to precise the circle of the sources, knot weed and used by the local artists. New data permit us to include the regional Ural art to the common for the European decorative art of the 19th century process of the rethinking of the heritage of the pastime, argument the actual thesis about the analyses of the Ural artistic industry as a part of the European culture of the 19th century.
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Хромов, О. Р. „On One Source of Russian Ornamental Engraving of the 17th Century“. Scientific Papers of St Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts, Nr. 68 (25.03.2024): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.62625/2782-1889.2024.68.68.001.
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Статья посвящена изучению русского орнамента XVII в. Впервые в научный оборот вводится серия «Портреты королей и героев» («Heads of Kings and Heroes») 1594 г. Николая де Брюина (Брайн, Бруин, Nicolaes de Bruyn, 1571–1652/6), которая переиздавалась в XVII в. и использовалась русскими мастерами в качестве иконографического источника для русской орнаментальной гравюры. Мотивы де Брюина повторяются в гравюрах Л.К. Бунина и других мастеров. Доказательством использования нашими мастерами непосредственно гравюр нидерландского мастера стал обнаруженный в научной библиотеке Казанского государственного университета экземпляр Библии Маттеуса Мериана, к которой были приплетены серии «Сотворение мира» и «Портреты королей и героев» Николая де Брюина. По внешним признакам, этот конволют находился в обиходе иконописца и служил своеобразным иконописным подлинником. The article is devoted to the study of Russian ornament of the 17th century. For the first time, the series “Portraits of Kings and Heroes” (“Heads of Kings and Heroes”, 1594) by Nicolaes de Bruyn (1571–1652/6) is introduced into scientific circulation. It was republished in the 17th century, and was used by Russian masters as an iconographic source for Russian ornamental engraving. De Bruyn’s motifs are repeated in the engravings of L. Bunin and other masters. The proof of the direct use of the Dutch master’s engravings by the Russian artists was a copy of the Matthäus Merian Bible discovered in the Scientific Library of Kazan State University, to which the series “Creation of the World” and “Portraits of Kings and Heroes” by Nicolaes de Bruyn were bound. By its appearance, this convolute was in everyday use of the icon painter, served as a kind of original icon painting.
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Tyagunova, E. O. „Japanese Woodblock Prints From the Second Half of the 19th to Early 20th Century in the Context of the Influence to the Western Art“. Art & Culture Studies, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2021): 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2021-4-198-215.
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There are known periods of development of Japanese traditional ukiyo-e engraving: from its origin in the 17th century and its flourishing in the 18th — first half of the 19th century to the “decline” in the second half of the 19th century. The period of Meiji Restoration (1868–1912) was marked by the opening of Japan after more than two hundred years of self-isolation, acquaintance with Western achievements in the field of industry, science and art. The article discusses the search of combination of Western and national traditions by Japanese artists. Familiarity with the new artistic language and intention to introduce it into the space of traditional ukiyo-e engraving became the basis for the masters of this period. Changes in the field of traditional genres are noted: instead of images of actors (yakusha-e), beauties (bijinga) and landscapes (fukeiga), there were appeared images of foreigners with their manners (yokohama-e), Japan’s modernization (kaika-e), as well as the battle genre (senso-e) dedicated to the events of the Japanese-Chinese (1894–1895) and Russian-Japanese (1904–1905) wars. These attempts to transform the national art allowed to form the ground for the creativity of young masters in the 20th century, who brought traditional engraving to a new level.
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Zavyalova, Anna E. „Jaspar de Isaac’s Engraving “Narcissus”: On the Sources of Konstantin Somov’s Early Art“. Observatory of Culture 17, Nr. 2 (30.06.2020): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2020-17-2-164-172.
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The article reveals and introduces into scientific circulation the previously unknown artistic source of Konstantin Andreyevich Somov’s early art – Jaspar de Isaac’s engraving “Narcissus”. There is traced the course of work with this one along with other art sources (works of European masters of the 16th—18th centuries depicting hunting scenes, paintings by Antoine Watteau, Jugendstil graphics), revealed the context of reference to it, and analyzed the stylistic features of including this source in Somov’s work on the watercolor “Rest after a Walk”. These tasks are addressed in the context of the role of artistic sources from the heritage of past eras in early works of Konstantin Somov. The topic’s relevance is determined by the fact that Jaspar de Isaac’s engraving “Narcissus”, made at the very beginning of the 17th century for a French edition of the “Imagines” by Philostratus the Elder, for the first time becomes the object of research as a source of Somov’s art. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time it attempts to identify (basing on a combination of formal and contextual analysis), and to use a source from the artistic heritage of France of the beginning of the 17th century in the work of K. Somov on the themes of the 18th century. The reveal of the source — the engraving “Narcissus” by J. de Isaac — made it possible to reconstruct the artist’s work on the “Rest after a Walk”. The article examines not only the sketch for this work from the collections of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, but also the drawing “A Date” from the State Tretyakov Gallery. There is stated that it is a preparatory drawing for the watercolor “Rest after a Walk”, basing on the general iconography of the watercolor, sketch and engraving “Narcissus”. The author concludes that Somov’s appeal to the engraving by J. de Isaac was not conscious, it should be attributed to the phenomenon of artistic memory, and his probable acquaintance with it had taken place before the artist left for Paris in the autumn of 1897.
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Steiger, Johann Anselm. „Hiob zwischen probatio, patientia und blasphemia“. Scientia Poetica 19, Nr. 1 (27.01.2015): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scipo-2015-0102.
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AbstractThis article provides an overview of the history of exegesis of the book of Job in 16th and 17th century Lutheranism. Early reformers such as Johannes Bugenhagen, Johannes Brenz, and Hieronymus Weller, a pupil of Luther, published commentaries about this philologically as well as theologically difficult narration of the Old Testament. In the 17th century, interpreters of Job made use of a variety of literary forms, including lyrical poetry (e. g. Sigmund von Birken). A highlight of the Job exegesis in baroque Lutheranism lies in the comprehensive commentary published by Sebastian Schmidt of Strasburg in 1670. The article closes by paying particular attention to the iconography of the multi-part copper engraving, created by Albert Christian Kalle for the Job exegesis by the pastor Christoph Scultetus of Stettin in 1647.
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Beletskaya, Olga A. „Clavier Music of Germany in the 17th Century“. ICONI, Nr. 2 (2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2021.2.030-040.
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17th century German clavier music presents a capacious stratum of culture of the Baroque period, which is of enormous interest. Frequently it is perceived as an enormous transition to J.S. Bach’s musical legacy, but upon more assiduous examination it turns out that this stratum has its own value, although, obviously, it could not do otherwise than create the footing for the musical culture of the following 18th century. The present article has an overview character and is meant to summate the most important phenomena which could give an overall perception of the chronological order of the formation of clavier genres and forms of the pre-Bach era, about the outstanding composers of clavier music, and of the intersection between various national styles in their heritages.
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Verde, Paola Carla. „[ITA] L’ICONOGRAFIA ASSERVITA AL POTERE. L’OPERA E I COMMITTENTI DELL’INCISORE E TOPOGRAFO ALESSANDRO BARATTA ALLA CORTE VICEREALE DI NAPOLI NELLA PRIMA METÀ DEL XVII SECOLO // ICONOGRAPHY SUBDUED POWER. THE WORKS AND CLIENTS OF ALESSANDRO BARATTA, ENGRAVER AND TOPOGRAPHER IN THE EARLY XVII CENTURY“. Librosdelacorte.es, Nr. 13 (11.01.2017): 105–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/ldc2016.8.13.005.
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Alessandro Baratta “intagliatore di stampe di rame”, è l’autore della veduta topografica Fidelissimae urbis neapolitanae…, del 1629, la più importante raffigurazione della città di Napoli nel Seicento. Originario di Scigliano Calabro, nacque intorno al 1583, e svolse la sua attività tra il 1606 e il 1637 a Roma, ma soprattutto a Napoli dove condusse una attivissima bottega specializzata nella tecnica di incisione a bulino legata all’illustrazione libraria e alla produzione di stampe d’iconografia urbana nelle quali si fondono echi provenienti dalla cultura figurativa romana, che ebbe modo di assorbire negli anni della formazione, e spagnola assimilata indirettamente attraverso le esigenze dei committenti. Egli si fece interprete dei desiderata di una committenza assai varia la quale influì in parte sull’identità e formazione dell’artista. Con la sua maestria grafica creava immagini che comunicassero auctoritas divenendo potenti strumenti di legittimazione e autoesaltazione del potere politico ed ecclesiastico.PALABRAS CLAVE: Alessandro Baratta, 17th Century A.D., Rome, Naples, Engraving--Alessandro Baratta “intagliatore di stampe di rame”, is the author of the topographic view Fidelissimae urbis naepolitanae..., dated 1629, and it is the most important representation of the city of Naples of the 17th century. He was born in Scigliano Calabro around 1583 and worked in his profession between 1606 and 1637 in Rome, but above all in Naples, where he headed a busy shop specialized in the engraving technique. The primary focus of his work was book illustration and prints related to urban iconography stemming from the ancient Roman figurative culture that he progressively developed through the work given to him. Indeed, he did work for a broad range of clients, and this variety influenced partly his identity and training as an artist. Through his graphic mastery, he was able to create images that evoked auctoritas, thus his works became powerful tools for the legitimization and self-glorification of both the political and ecclesiastical power. KEY WORDS: Alessandro Baratta, XVII Century, Rome, Naples, Engraving
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Kurhanova, Olena. „Interaction of verbal and graphic image in decoration of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra old-printed Akaphistus-books of the 17-18th cc.“ Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, Nr. 2 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2018.2.01.
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The article explores the development of art decoration tradition in Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra old-printed Akaphistus-books editions of 17-18th cc. The essential elements of art decoration in these Akaphisthus-books are gravures with iconographic images of prayer addressees, corresponding to certain parts of the akaphistus text. The prayer addressee engravings are located in two positions: before or inside of the akaphistus text part. Frontispiece engravings initiate each part of Akaphistus-book. Iconographic posture of prayer addressee in such gravures directs the reader’s attention to the main topic of preceding text – glorification of God, angels or a saint. The frontispiece engraving in Kyiv-Pechersk Akaphistus of the 17th c. are often accompanied with verbal inscriptions, i. e. citations from the well-known church hymns. Quite often baroque poetic texts, which belong to the genre of Ukrainian baroque descriptive poetry, are placed below the frontispiece engraving. Such verbal inscriptions describe images of the engraving, verbalizing the general features of prayer addressee image. The lack of verbal inscriptions on frontispiece engraving in Akaphistus-books of 18th century is compensated by higher quality of the engraving, due to the usage of xylography technique. The image of prayer addressee is frequently used in the center of headset engraving, which precedes the title of each akaphistus text part. The miniatures inside the text part of akaphistus provide visual enrichment of the prayer process. The tradition of small plot illustrations insertion, corresponding to each of the 12 kondaks and ikoses of akaphistus, was initiated by the first Akaphistus editions of 1625 and 1629. This tradition was quite productive during the 17th – early 18th cc. Since the Akaphistus edition of 1731, the miniatures were substituted by engraved initials. The other peculiarity of this edition, which emerged in the subsequent editions of the 18th c., was the usage of engraved frame on each page. Such elements of the artistic decoration enable simultaneous visual and mental perception of akaphistus, declared in introductions to the first Kyiv-Pechersk Akaphistos editions. This masterpiece contamination of verbal and graphic aids in book artistic decoration presents the distinctive feature of the baroque style that influenced the Ukrainian book culture of the 17-18th centuries.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Engraving, Germany 17th century"
1
Thomsett, Andrea Irma Irene. „Festival representation beyond words : the Stuttgart baptism of 1616“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29760.
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The representation of a Stuttgart court festival in a fascinating book of prints has received no art historical attention. The cultural production of German lands in a complex and obscure time described by one historian as being particularly bereft of "textbook facts", has not elicited much scholarly interest. In the seventeenth century before confessional disputes within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation turned into armed conflict, small German territorial courts modelled themselves on and assumed the courtly style of the larger European courts. The Stuttgart baptism of 1616 presents an interesting case study of the use of a courtly spectacle by a secondary court at a time of great instability. The baptism festival served as a stage to display an alliance of some German Protestant princes that held a promise of international support for the Protestant cause.
The Wurttemberg court commissioned lengthy texts and a large number of engravings to represent the event. This study will address the contributions made by printed images to the festival program. The key documents for this study are the texts which complement and at times diverge from the visual representation. The differences between the visual and textual material will serve to locate the function of the visual representation of a festival held at a time of impending conflict. The triumphal procession format of the
engravings discloses a strategy of disenfranchisement of a powerful parliament while it serves to assert the rank of the court within and outside the German empire. The complex amalgams of imagery that are interspersed in the paper procession allude, I suggest, to the problems presented to the Wurttemberg court by an uneasy alliance of Protestant courts within the empire. The engravings served to encode references to problematic issues such as the survival of the Holy Roman Empire, the rights of Protestant territorial princes to form an alliance and the hopes for outside help for the Protestant cause.Arts, Faculty of
Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of
Graduate
2
Roy, Francine 1948. „"...Templum nova forma constructum..." : early 17th-century late Gothic churches in Wolfenbüttel and Bückeburg“. Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31137.
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In the years around 1600, a change was noted in architecture towards a return to Gothic elements in Europe. The Gothic, in contrast to the Classical or Ancient, became a "new manner", a modern style. The residence churches at Wolfenbuttel and Buckeburg, which were erected around 1600 by Lower Saxon territorial princes, are Late Renaissance constructions that were made to look partly Gothic. This was neither a lingering on of Late Gothic design nor a misunderstanding of Renaissance architecture: it was rather a conscious evocation of the past and its merger with contemporary architecture. The forms of the churches recreated thus the sociopolitical reality of both Roman antiquity and the Middle Ages. This architecture was also emblematic in that it used the concrete objects of the churches as a means to convey an abstract content. Indeed, the aim was to provide a powerful political message, the confirmation of princely rule. In the rising absolutism of the beginnings of the 17th century, the builders of the Wolfenbuttel Marienkirche and the Buckeburg Stadtkirche used court architecture to construct their princely image and house mythology.
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Elmqvist, Söderlund Inga. „Taking possession of astronomy : Frontispieces and illustrated title pages in 17th-century books on astronomy“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38873.
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The thesis is a survey of 291 frontispieces and illustrated title pages in European books on astronomy from the 17th century. It is a quantitative and qualitative survey of how motifs are related to consumption, identification and display. Elements in the motifs related to factual content as opposed to those aimed to raise the perceived value of astronomy are distinguished. The quantitative study shows that astronomical phenomena (90 per cent) and scientific instruments (62 per cent, or as much as 86 per cent if only titles with illustrations occupying an entire page are considered) are the most common motifs to inform the reader of the genre. Besides these, a wide range of depicted features indicate the particularity of each title. Different means for raising the value of astronomy and its attributes are identified. The interplay of “real” or “credible” elements with fictional ones was used to attract attention, create positive associations and promote acquisition and reading. The motifs mainly promote delectation and erudition, although some attract attention through their deliberately enigmatic design and a few through fear. The survey determines prevalent settings (palaces, the theatre, gardens, the wilderness and the heavens), activities (skilful use of instruments, conversations or disputes), references to the ancients and heraldic components. They present both the self-image of astronomers at the time and ideal components that contain connotations of an enhanced reality. This self-image also contributed to the definition of normative values for astronomers in the 17th century. The affinities between painters and astronomers are examined. In addition, an analysis of descriptions of frontispieces is undertaken, which shows that the user of the book was expected to devote considerable time to the frontispiece in order to understand all of its particular features and that the illustrations were suitable for display and learned digression.
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Schürger, André. „The archaeology of the Battle of Lützen : an examination of 17th century military material culture“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6508/.
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In the late 20th century, historical research on the 1632 Battle of Lützen, a major engagement of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), came to a dead end after 150 years of mostly unfruitful discussions. This thesis examines the battle’s military material culture, including historical accounts and physical evidence in the form of archaeological finds from the battlefield to provide new insight into the battle’s events, but also to develop a methodology which allows a comparison between two very different sources: the eyewitness account and the ‘lead bullet.’ To achieve this aim, the development of 17th century firearms is highlighted through an assessment of historical sources and existing weapons and by an evaluation of various collections of ‘lead bullets’ from Lützen and other archaeological sites, thus providing a working baseline for interpreting bullet distribution patterns on the battlefield. The validity of bullet distribution patterns is also dependant on the deposit process during the battle and metal detector survey methodologies, which also provides vital information for battlefield surveys in general. In an overarching methodology, statements from battle eyewitnesses are evaluated and compared to bullet distribution patterns, in conjunction with the historic landscape, equipment and tactics. Together, these ultimately lead to a better understanding of the battle and its historic narrative, by asking why reported events actually did not happen at Lützen. This last element is also important for understand the reliability of early modern battle accounts in general. Overall, a more general aim of this case study has been to provide a better insight into the wider potentials of early modern battle research in Europe.
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van, Voorhis Daniel R. „A prophet of interior Lutheranism : the correspondence of Johann Arndt“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/517.
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For over four hundred years historians and theologians have been unable to come to a consensus as to where Johann Arndt (1555-1621) fits on the spectrum of orthodoxy in the Lutheran church, what age he best represented, and how he should be understood. Arndt has been credited with reviving medieval mysticism, as being a subversive innovator within the Lutheran church, and as being the father of Pietism. All of this confusion seems to come from the variegated nature of his work. Arndt was willing and able to borrow from a variety of traditions as he sought to revive the church of the Reformation on the eve of the Thirty Years’ War. This work is an investigation into the private world of Arndt through his correspondence as he wrote to individuals with varying theological temperaments. In a sense this thesis follows the pioneering work of Friedrich Arndt, who attempted in 1838 to investigate Arndt’s self-understanding on the basis of his correspondence; his work, however, was severely limited by the fact that only ten letters were known at the time. The Verzeichnis der gedruckten Briefe deutscher Autoren des 17. Jahrhunderts published in 2002 listed twenty-three known letters of Arndt. For my research and using the footnotes and appendices of secondary literature on Arndt and with help from the Forschungsbibliothek in Gotha, I have collected fifty-two letters written by Arndt. This work is the first to treat the letters exhaustively and proposes to present a fuller biographical picture of Arndt and to explore his self-understanding as a prophet of spiritual renewal in the Lutheran church.
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Paschoal, Stéfano. „Procedimentos e tendências da tradução na Alemanha no século XVII“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8144/tde-13082007-140839/.
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O presente trabalho, intitulado Procedimentos e tendências da tradução na Alemanha no século XVII, demonstra, sobretudo através da análise da tradução da obra Los siete libros de la Diana, de Jorge de Montemayor, escrita originalmente em 1559 e traduzida sob o título de Die sieben Bücher der schönen Diana, por Johann Ludwig von Kuefstein, em 1619, e através de considerações das discussões sobre tradução em cinco Poéticas alemãs escritas no século XVII, que houve uma intensa discussão sobre o tema tradução na Alemanha no século XVII. A discussão sobre tradução está contida em obras (Poéticas) que se dedicam a um programa político e cultural no século XVII: o cultivo da língua, cujo principal intuito era a fundação de um instrumento comum de identificação cultural entre os povos de língua alemã. A necessidade política da fundação de um instrumento comum de identificação cultural na Alemanha no século XVII relaciona-se ao contexto histórico e social deste país, em que se sentiam os prejuízos da Guerra dos Trinta Anos (1618-1648) e da peste, assim como os dissabores do relativo \"atraso\" literário em comparação com outros países da Europa Ocidental. O ideal político-cultural de uma língua e literatura alemã de alcance nacional propiciou aos intelectuais alemães, reunidos em sociedades lingüísticas, que utilizassem a tradução como principal meio de recuperação de obras da Antigüidade e da Renascença. Os procedimentos mais freqüentemente utilizados na tradução e as considerações sobre os mesmos são mostrados nos capítulos III e IV deste trabalho. A tendência da tradução, de que se fala na conclusão deste trabalho, leva em consideração algumas poucas peculiaridades dos séculos XV (Nyklas von Wyle) e XVI (Martinho Lutero e Philipp Melanchton) e breves considerações sobre a concepção de tradução de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (início do século XIX), pois apenas a partir da análise de tendências anteriores e posteriores é que poderíamos definir mais precisamente a tendência da tradução no século XVII. O demonstrado atinge seu objetivo primeiro: refutar a tese de Friedmar APEL (1983), de que entre Lutero e o Iluminismo teria havido estagnação nas reflexões sobre tradução na Alemanha.This research - Translation procedures and tendencies in 17th century Germany - demonstrates that there was an intensive discussion about translation in Germany in 17th century. This fact can be demonstrated by the analysis of the translation from Montemayor´s Los siete libros de la Diana, originally written in 1559 in Spanish and translated into German in 1619 by Johann Ludwig von Kuefstein as Die sieben Bücher der schönen Diana, and by the discussions on translation in the Poetics written in 17th century Germany. The Poetics written in Germany in 17th century that contain discussions on translation are part of a political and cultural program: language policy. Its main intention was the foundation of an instrument that would serve as common cultural identification among people who spoke German as mother tongue. The political requirement of establishing a common instrument that should serve as cultural identification in 17th century Germany has reference to the historical and social context of this country, in that one felt the damages of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and of the pest, as well as of the displeasures due to the relative literary \"delay\", if compared to other lands in Western Europe. The political and cultural ideal of a German language and literature that could expand over all German frontiers allowed the German intellectuals - congregated in linguistic societies - to use translation as the principal mean of re-acquiring Antiquity and Renaissance works. The most frequent procedures in Kuefstein´s translation and their considerations are showed in chapters 3 and 4 of this work. The tendency of translation - about what it is told in the conclusion of this work - takes into account some few peculiarities of the 15th and 16th centuries (Nyklas von Wyle, Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchton) and brief considerations from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe´s conception of translation (beginning of 19th century), because just from the analyses of earlier and later tendencies, it would be possible to describe precisely the tendency of translation in 17th century German. The demonstrated in this research reaches its objective: to refute the thesis of Friedmar APEL (1983), that there has been a stagnation process in the discussions about translation in Germany during the period who comprehends from Martin Luther to the Enciclopedism.
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Silva, Eduardo Rosa da. „Um estudo sobre algumas edições do Tratado da gravura de Abraham Bosse“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21275.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP
The objective of this research is to verify, among the traditions related to the treaties and manuals, the pathway of a French treatrise on tecniques of engraving, until Portuguese translation. It will be investigated the relevance of this work translated into Portuguese with the title Tratado da Gravura à Água-Forte e a Buril e em Maneira Negra com o modo de construir as Prensas Modernas e de Imprimir em Talho-Doce (Treatise of Engraving, Etching, and Mezzotint with the way of building the Modern Presses and Printing Copper Plates), by Priest José Joaquim Viegas Menezes and published in 1801 in the Arco do Cego’s Typography, Lisbon. The hypothesis that the Portuguese version is based on De la Manière de Graver à L'eau Forte et au Burin, a treatise on French engraving amplified by Charles Nicolas Cochin and edited in the year 1758, guided this study. This research involved a comparison of Abraham Bosse's original treatise of 1645 with the three subsequent French editions, 1701, 1745, 1758, and the edition produced in Portugal in 1801. The changes and updates in relation to the content and the images were analyzed, verifying that the Portuguese edition of 1801 presents few changes in relation to the French text of 1758
O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar dentre as tradições relacionadas aos tratados e manuais, o percurso de uma publicação francesa sobre as práticas artesanais da gravura em metal, até sua tradução realizada. Será investigada a relevância dessa obra traduzida para o português com o título, Tratado da Gravura à Água-Forte e a Buril e em Maneira Negra com o modo de construir as Prensas Modernas e de Imprimir em Talho-Doce, pelo Padre José Joaquim Viegas Menezes e publicada em 1801 na Tipografia do Arco do Cego. A hipótese de que a versão portuguesa, se baseia no De la Manière de Graver à L'eau Forte et au Burin, tratado da gravura francês ampliado por Charles Nicolas Cochin e editado no ano de 1758, guiou este estudo. O caminho desta pesquisa envolveu a comparação do tratado original de Abraham Bosse de 1645, com as três edições francesas subsequentes, 1701, 1745, 1758 e a edição produzida em Portugal em 1801. Foram analisadas as mudanças e atualizações em relação ao conteúdo e às imagens, verificando-se que a edição portuguesa de 1801 apresenta poucas alterações em relação ao texto francês de 1758
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Watson, Róisín. „Lutheran piety and visual culture in the Duchy of Württemberg, 1534 – c. 1700“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7715.
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Early modern Lutherans, as is well known, worshipped in decorated churches. They adopted a path of reform that neither disposed of all ornament nor retained all the material trappings of the Catholic church. This thesis studies the fortunes of ecclesiastical art in the Duchy of Württemberg after its Reformation in 1534 and the place images found for themselves in the devotional lives of Lutherans up to c. 1700. The territory was shaped not just by Lutheranism, but initially by Zwinglianism too. The early years of reform thus saw moments of iconoclasm. The Zwinglian influence was responsible for a simple liturgy that distinguished Württemberg Lutheranism from its confessional allies in the north. This study considers the variety of uses to which Lutheran art was put in this context. It addresses the different ways in which Lutherans used the visual setting of the church to define their relationships with their God, their church, and each other. The Dukes of Württemberg used their stance on images to communicate their political and confessional allegiances; pastors used images to define the parameters of worship and of the church space itself; parishioners used images, funerary monuments, and church adornment to express their Lutheran identity and establish their position within social hierarchies. As Lutheranism developed in the seventeenth century, so too did Lutheran art, becoming more suited to fostering contemplative devotion. While diverse in their aims, many Lutherans appreciated the importance of regular investment in the visual. Ducal pronouncements, archives held centrally and locally, surviving artefacts and decoration in churches, and printed sources enable the distinctive visual character of Lutheranism in Württemberg to be identified here.
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Herbert, Flora. „L'estampe et ses transferts : gravures françaises et copies allemandes (1650-1750)“. Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040065.
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Cette thèse de doctorat propose une réflexion sur les phénomènes de copies en matière d’estampe à travers la production d’éditeurs-graveurs allemands de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle et de la première moitié du siècle suivant. Parmi les principaux acteurs du monde de la gravure en Allemagne après la fin de la guerre de Trente ans, certains, à commencer par la famille des Küsel à Augsbourg, se sont largement investis dans la réalisation et l’édition de copies gravées. Parmi les modèles utilisés par ces graveurs, l’estampe française du XVIIe siècle tient une place centrale. Remises dans leur contexte historique, technique et artistique, ces copies permettent d’aborder un rapport à la reproduction et diffusion des images différent d’aujourd’hui. Trois niveaux de transferts sont dans ce cadre interrogés. Le premier se réfère à la pratique même du copiste, qui transfère son modèle sur une plaque à graver. Le deuxième niveau de transfert concerne plus spécifiquement les translations qui s’opèrent d’un pays à un autre. Enfin, le troisième interroge la manière dont le désir de s’approprier l’original se reporte sur la copie. Il s’agit ainsi de replacer ces phénomènes de copies dans leurs contextes de production respectifs mais aussi d’étudier ce qu’implique cette pratique, tout en tenant compte pour cela du rôle joué par son publicThis doctoral thesis presents a study of the phenomenon of print copying, study based on the production of German publishers and engravers in the second half of the seventeenth century and the first half of the following century. Some of the main producers of engravings in Germany after the end of the Thirty Years War, starting with the Küsel family in Augsburg, were very much involved in creating and publishing engraved copies. The French seventeenth century printing was a central element in the models used by these engravers. When these copies are placed in their historical, technical and artistic background, they enable us to address a different way of looking at the copying and publishing of pictures, compared withtoday. We shall, therefore, analyze three levels of transfers. The first one relates to the actual technique of the copyist who transfers the model onto an engraving plate. The second one focuses more specifically on the exchanges generated from one country to another. Finally, the third one raises the issue of how the desire to appropriate the original is transferred onto the copy. We shall thus place these phenomena of print copies in their respective backgrounds but also analyze what is implied by this practice, taking into account the role played by its audience
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Eftekharian, Sâyeh. „Le rayonnement international des gravures flamandes aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles: les peintures murales des églises Sainte-Bethléem et Saint-Sauveur à la Nouvelle-Djoulfa, Ispahan“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210802.
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L’auteur inventorie les sources iconographiques de la plupart des quelque 250 peintures de l’église Sainte-Bethléem et de la cathédrale Saint-Sauveur de la cité arménienne de la Nouvelle-Djoulfa, dans les faubourgs d’Ispahan. Elle établit que ces sources, contrairement à la thèse qui faisait autorité depuis plus de cinquante ans, ne sont pas des xylographies du graveur Christoffel Van Sichem, mais des estampes de la Bible de Natalis, ouvrage jésuite publié pour la première fois à Anvers en 1593.L’auteur démontre qu’il existe également une autre source, à savoir l’album Thesaurus veteris et novi Testamenti de l’éditeur anversois de confession calviniste G. de Jode, dont la première publication date de 1579 et dont les planches furent reprises, entre autres, dans l’album Theatrum Biblicum publié à Amsterdam à partir de 1639 par l’éditeur C. J. Visscher. Une comparaison avec des miniatures de l’école de la Nouvelle-Djoulfa conservés au Matenadaran et à la BNF permet de confirmer que ces deux albums sont parvenus dans la cité arménienne. Enfin, la thèse recense plusieurs estampes isolées qui ont aussi servi de modèle aux peintures murales.
Par une étude stylistique comparée mettant en évidence la transformation caractéristique de certains modèles utilisés, l’auteur établit que les peintres impliqués dans la décoration de l’église Sainte-Bethléem et de la cathédrale Saint-Sauveur sont des artistes de la cité, dont l’un au moins a une connaissance approfondie des techniques et des conventions de l’art pictural occidental. Dans le même temps, elle fait ressortir le fait que l’influence de la gravure flamande sur l’art pictural arménien se traduit à la fois par un renouvellement des formes et par une évolution de certains contenus et signale que le rayonnement de la Nouvelle-Djoulfa en prolonge les effets tant en Arménie que dans d’autres communautés de la diaspora arménienne.
Enfin, en fournissant plusieurs exemples inédits témoignant de l’influence internationale de l’art flamand de cette époque – et tout particulièrement des œuvres de Maarten De Vos – par le truchement de la gravure, l’auteur ouvre des pistes de recherche tant en Perse que dans d’autres zones géographiques.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bücher zum Thema "Engraving, Germany 17th century"
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Pretzer, Xavid "Kihō". O-umajirushi: A 17th-century compendium of samurai heraldry. Cambridge, MA: The Academy of the Four Directions, 2015.
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Museum, Radford University Art. An expanding universe: Makers and viewers of 17th-century prints. Herausgegeben von Schrader Donald, Thayer Preston und Flossie Martin Gallery. Radford, Va: Radford University Foundation Press, 2006.
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1932-, Neunzig Hans A. Eine neue europäische Musik: Heinrich Schütz, 1585-1672, Georg Friedrich Händel, 1685-1759, Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685-1750. Bonn: Inter Nationes, 1985.
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Roger, Paas John, Hrsg. The Kipper und Wipper inflation, 1619-23: An economic history with contemporary German broadsheets. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
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5
Museo, Fondazione Roma, und Gemäldegalerie (Berlin Germany), Hrsg. From Rembrandt to Vermeer: Civil values in 17th-century Flemish and Dutch painting. Milan: Motta, 2000.
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1953-, Walker Paul, Hrsg. Church, stage, and studio: Music and its contexts in seventeenth-century Germany. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Research Press, 1990.
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7
Yates, Anne Hayden Price. Increase in Prices: Some descendants of David and Agnes (Hoffman) Price of 17th Century Germany. Ridgecrest, CA: Mrs. P.A. Yates, 1985.
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Negotiating the French pox in early modern Germany. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2008.
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Tomić, Vladimir. Breg za razmišljanje: Beograd na gravirama od XVI do XIX veka. Beograd: Muzej grada Beograda, 2012.
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Beckel, Annamarie L. Dancing in the palm of his hand: A novel of the witchcraft persecutions in 17th century Germany. St. John's, NF: Breakwater Books, 2005.
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Tietz, Manfred. „El teatro del Siglo de Oro y su paulatina presencia en la cultura y la literatura teatrales en los países de habla alemana durante los siglos XVII y XVIII“. In Studi e saggi, 77–114. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-150-1.7.
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The presence of the theatre of the Spanish Siglo de Oro in the theatre and literary culture of Germany (or the German-speaking countries) in the 17th and 18th centuries is a multifaceted one, and was influenced by many factors. We have to take in account that in the second half of the 17th century and in a large part of the 18th century Spain had been a terra incognita for the Germanic world. This long lack of basic knowledge led to a decontextualization of the Golden Age theatre and sometimes to an unconditional enthusiasm that was not based on historical realities. The protagonists of the ‘construction’ of a ‘Spanish national theatre’ included Lessing, Herder, Goethe, the Schlegel brothers and the philosopher Schelling, the most prominent German intellectuals of the time. Within this ‘construction’ Lope de Vega, Rojas Zorrilla and, above all, Calderón de la Barca are the three icons that will guide both the theory and the practice of drama during the ‘two most Spanish decades’ of German literary history (1790-1810), even reaching - in the secularized world of the classics and the first generation of German Romantics - the ‘deification’ of Calderón as perfect poet and author of modern tragedies (without paying much attention to his comedias in a stricter sense and without taking account of his autos sacramentales).
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Ball, Gabriele. „Weibliche Autorschaft im deutsch-englischen Kulturtransfer des 17. Jahrhunderts. Margareta Maria von Buwinghausen und Walmerode und die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft“. In Neues von der Insel, 347–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66949-5_16.
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ZusammenfassungMargareta Maria von Buwinghausen and Walmerode (1629-after 1679), born in Lutheran Stuttgart, was the first woman to earn public recognition in the realm of English-German cultural transfer in 17th century Germany. She translated Joseph Hall’s treatise, Heaven upon Earth, from French into German: Waarer und großmütiger Christen Krieg- Sieg- und Frieden-Spiegel. [Tübingen: Werlin 1652]. The young noblewoman wrote her reliable friend, Johann Valentin Andreae, in a surprisingly confident style and tone about the genesis of this translation. Support from the network of largely aristocratic and Protestant Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft, represented by well-known members such as Andreae, Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg, was fundamental for the realization of the project in order to equalize gender-based obstructions, such as lack of cavalier tours and exclusion from university education. Therewith, in Buwinghausen’s case, members of a ‘European’ society paved the way for a young, ambitious and intellectually alert noblewoman to become an author and thus visible in the early modern republic of letters as well as on the contemporary book market.
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Süppel, Petra, Willi Sutter und Angelika Manz. „8 Building Community Through Transforming 17th Century Barns in Kirchzarten, Germany“. In New Libraries in Old Buildings, 122–33. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110679663-009.
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Gigante, Lorenzo. „Il sonno della Storia produce miti Il Seicento e le origini della xilografia“. In Quaderni di Venezia Arti. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-588-9/014.
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The scarce space that Giorgio Vasari dedicates in his Vite to the woodcut technique meant a long exclusion of wood engraving from Italian artistic historiography, a silence that survived its author for at least two centuries. Only from the second half of the 18th century did a debate on the origins of woodcut begin to develop in Italy. However, the void of historiography was partly filled between the 16th and 17th centuries by significant episodes of interest in 15th-century woodcut, linked not so much to their artistic aspect, but rather to their devotional one. The analysis of a series of cases highlights a certain need at the time to deal with the origins of woodcut. Despite the silence of the official treatises, responses offered often surprising results.
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Bruce, Steve. „Style and Presentation in the 20th Century“. In Communicating Science, 161–86. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134544.003.0009.
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Abstract In the chapters on earlier centuries, we touched upon the effects on scientific prose of the formation of scientific societies and research institutes, the emergence of journals restricted to ever more narrow specialties, and the professionalization of science on a small scale in France during the 17th and 18th centuries and on a much larger scale in Germany, France, and England during the 19th century. Particularly important in the 20th century has been the hyperspecialization and global professionalization of science (Menard 1971). This has spawned a truly international network of authors, readers, publishers, and editors that supports the annual production of hundreds of thousands of articles in thousands of journals aimed at a discourse community for whom terms such as “renormalization,” “Fissurellidae,” “paratolylsulfonylmethylnitrosamide,’’ and “mRNA” can appear without definitions, and mathematical equations without apologies.
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Israel, Kali. „Renaissances“. In Names And Stories, 240–64. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122756.003.0008.
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Abstract EF. S. Pattison’s two-volume The Renaissance of Art in France (1879) was followed by a biocritical study in French, Claude Lorrain, Sa Vie et Ses Oeuvres in 1884; Pattison published at least a hundred signed articles and reviews between 1869 and 1884. Emilia Dilke wrote Art in the Modern State—on French art and the state under Louis XIV—and her four volumes on French art in the eighteenth century, covering painting, sculpture, engraving, drawing, architecture, furniture, and decoration, as well as essays, reviews, and contributions to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.1 Pattison/Dilke’s works on French art extend from the ®fteenth century through and beyond the Salon des Reèfuseès; Colin Eisler claimed, “To this day, no other scholar can be said to have been so profoundly cognizant of ®ve hundred years of French art as this Englishwoman, who was largely self-educated in the ®elds of her professional activity.”2 Pattison/Dilke’s range is unnerving. Her work drew on source texts and scholarly works in many languages and historical knowledge of Italy, Germany, early Christianity, and ancient Greece.
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Gordley, James. „Restitution Without Enrichment?“ In Foundations of Private Law, 433–44. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199291670.003.0020.
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Abstract In German law, American law and, more recently, English law, it is a defense to an action for unjust enrichment chat the defendant is no longer enriched. Nevertheless, many German scholars want to limit this defense. My former teacher, John Dawson, thought it leads to senseless results in Germany4 which American courts avoid only by refusing to apply it. In the United States, he said, ‘ we would not as in Germany, conceive of enrichment as a variable that can be recovered only as long as it lasts’. I. Origins We can see what these problems are if we examine the origins of this defense. The drafters of the German Civil Code cook it from the 19th century Pandektists, Windscheid, and Savigny. Savigny seems to have taken it from members of the 17th and 18th century natural law school such as Grotius and Pufendorf, who cook it in turn from the late scholastics of the 16th and 17th centuries. As we have seen, they had been discussing the implications of Aristotle’ s concept of commutative justice as it had been interpreted by Thomas Aquinas, and their efforts produced the modern idea of unjust enrichment as a separate body of law coeval with contract and tort.
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Harrison, Glynn, und Peter Mason. „Nottingham, U.K.“ In Recovery from Schizophrenia, 177–88. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313673.003.0016.
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Abstract For centuries, England and Scotland have been ruled by a centralized monarchy. England achieved the transition to parliamentary democracy in the 17th century with only one major civil war. Surrounded by its ocean “moat,” Shakespeare’s “sceptered isle” resisted invasion by Spain and France and, in this century, by Germany. Some believe this has nurtured a sense of insularity and even unhealthy jingoism; others argue that it has generated a distinctive independence of thought and social cohesion. Seafaring trade and conquest built a global British empire, which led to the widespread diffusion of English language and culture. Following the transition to a self-governing Commonwealth of nations, the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) resumed its status as a relatively small island off the coast of Europe and joined the European Union in 1971.
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Harman, Dilshat. „Here Comes Moshiach: Humor in the Miniatures Depicting Messiah at the Seder in the “Hileq and Bileq Haggadah” (Second Half of Fifteenth-century, South Germany)“. In Laughter and Humor in the Slavic and Jewish Cultural Traditions, 12–30. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Sefer, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3356.2021.2.
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The subject of this article is an illustrated sheet from the Hileq and Bileq Haggadah (Paris, National Library of France, Ms Hébreu 1333, 2nd half of the 15th century) – fol. 24v. It depicts characters watching the arrival of the Mashiach and a man with a jug pouring liquid on the Maschiach and the person meeting him. Having examined these miniatures in the context of the iconography of the coming of the Mashiach to the Seder, prevailing by that time in Ashkenaz, I come to the conclusion that they bear evidence of how humor could be used in the ritual of waiting for the Mashiach during the 15th century Passover celebration. Textual sources of the 16th–17th centuries describe it as extremely serious, but the humorous nature of the images suggests that in the context of the Passover celebration, there were a number of possibilities for its perception and experience. The comic elements of the miniature actualize the arrival of the Mashiach for the audience, involving them in the image and are an example of a specifically Jewish approach to the use of humor for pedagogical purposes.
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Musäus, Thekla. „Annäherung an einen hungrigen Eisbären“. In Texte, Traditionen und Transformationen. Uusfilologinen yhdistys - Nyfilologiska föreningen ry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51814/ufy.880.c1259.
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Poetry, poems and other literature written in verses have been translated from Finland (Finnish and Finland-Swedish) into German from the very beginning of the translation of literary texts from Finland into German language. The first Finnish poem was translated and printed in German already in the 17th century. In the 19th century, when Finnish literature gained popularity in Europe, forty percent of the translated texts into German from Finland were written in verses. In the 20th century this numberdecreased from twenty percent in the first half of the century continually, so that in the 21st century less than nine percent of all literary texts translated from Finland into German are written in verse. Among these is a considerably large number of texts written by Finland-Swedish authors. Literary texts originally written in the Sami language are very scarce. While in Finland there was a debate about the popularity and readability of modern Finnish poetry in the last decade in Germany there is no public discussion about modern poetry be it German or foreign. Still, the audience for lyrical texts in Germany appears to be rather small. Accordingly, the publishing houses for lyrical texts have become little and rather unknown publishers. This must not necessarily diminish the quality of lyrical translations, as some of the publishers are poets themselves or at least specialised in publishing poetry. Among the translators of lyrical texts one can find renowned professionals as well as unknown names. Several of the modern anthologies of lyrical texts have been translated into German by a collective group of translators.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Engraving, Germany 17th century"
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Pillay, Nischolan, und Yashaen Luckan. „The Practicing Academic: Insights of South African Architectural Education“. In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.22.
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Architectural education, in the past had a grounding in a strict apprentice or pupillage method of training architects. The apprentice was someone who worked or trained under a master that transferred skill through a “hands on” approach. Architecture was regarded as one of the arts and there was no formal training to qualify one as an architect. It was through the acclaimed Vitruvius that the architectural profession was born. Vitruvius had published “Ten Books on Architecture” that led to an attempt to summarize professional knowledge of architecture and in doing so became the first recognizable architect. The architectural profession spread throughout Europe in the mid-16th century and the builder and architect became two distinct characters. Although architecture had become a profession, it wasn’t up until the late 17th century that architecture became an academic pursuit through an institutionalized educational system known as École des Beaux Arts, however the pursuit of a strict academic scholar was not the focus. At the beginning of the 1800’s, The University of Berlin in Germany forged the fundamental research and scholarly pursuit. Architecture, like the professions of medicine, law etc. became a system of academic pursuit where professors concentrated deeply on academics first and professional work second. It is through the lens of history we can decipher how architecture became an academic discipline almost de-voiding it of its vocational nature. In its current standing, various universities place a high emphasis on research output from their academic staff. Presently, architecture schools in South Africa recruit lecturers on their academic profiles, rather than their vocational experience. The approach of which has devalued the input of industry into education. It has been noted that there has been an increase in an academic pursuit rather than a professional one for the lecturers that teach architecture. This research explores the views of academics on architectural education, teaching methods and the importance of practice at South African universities. The authors of this research provide an auto-ethnographic insight into their invaluable experience of being academics at two large Universities in South Africa and concurrently run successful practices. The research makes use of a mixed method approach of secondary data from literature and semi-structured interviews posed to academics. Initial findings reveal that academics are pushing the industry to play a part in the education of architects; however, the extent must be determined. If industry plays a role in the education of architects, what factors are considered and how does this inter-twine with the academic nature of training? What strategies are academics employing to make sure students are vocationally well trained and academically capable? Another important question to ask is what qualities make an academic architect in the 21st century?
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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. „Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions“. In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.
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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.