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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „English past perfective“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "English past perfective"
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Zhao, Ruoying. „Decomposing Perfect Readings“. Languages 7, Nr. 4 (27.09.2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040251.
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The previous literature established the set of ‘perfect’ readings, including experiential/existential, resultative, recent past, hot news, the Present Perfect Puzzle, the lifetime effect, and the lack of narrative progression. On the other hand, it has been noted that the present perfect in some languages other than English, as well as similar tense/aspect constructions in other languages, falls into the category of a ‘general-purpose past perfective’, namely a tense-aspect constructionsharing some properties with the English present perfect while not being subject to constraints such as the lifetime effect and the Present Perfect Puzzle. In this paper, I propose that the general-purpose past perfectives are presuppositionally neutral tense/aspect constructions that allow the standard past perfective reading. If a language has presuppositionally stronger alternatives for the past perfective (presupposing anaphoricity, uniqueness, etc.), by the Presupposed Ignorance Principle (PIP), the presuppositionally neutral past perfective form will be felicitous only if the presuppositionally stronger alternatives cannot be used. Otherwise, the presuppositionally neutral past perfective will behave like a general-purpose past perfective in the above sense. I argue that this competition is the source of many of the perfect readings observed. I further argue that the cross-linguistic variation in this respect follows from the available alternatives languages have. I illustrate this idea with three groups of languages: (i) English; (ii) French, German, Italian; and (iii) Mandarin Chinese, each illustrating a different set of alternatives available, in both the temporal and aspectual domains. This analysis allows me to decompose various perfect readings that come from different sources and make better predictions regarding which of these readings a tense/aspect construction in a given language has.
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Fisher, Sabriya. „The Status of ain't in Philadelphia African American English“. Language Variation and Change 34, Nr. 1 (März 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394522000060.
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AbstractThis paper investigates use of ain't in a corpus of naturalistic speech from forty-two African-American Philadelphians. Use of ain't in past/perfective contexts where it varies with didn't is considered a unique feature of AAE. This use is compared in apparent time to uses of ain't in tense-aspect environments shared with other English varieties. Results show that past/perfective uses of ain't increased during the twentieth century while use in other contexts remained stable, supporting the hypothesis that past/perfective uses resulted from recent change. Generalized linear models for ain't in past/perfective and other contexts show that sociostylistic and linguistic constraints are otherwise the same across contexts. Finally, evidence that a past/perfective use of ain't resulted from either the phonetic reduction of didn't or a shift in meaning from uses of ain't in anterior contexts is examined.
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Wilson, Jack L. „Aspect and the English modal system“. Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 16, Nr. 2 (30.08.2015): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v16i2.19640.
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Se propone que cada frase Inglés no contiene sólo el tiempo (pasado y no pasado), sino también de aspecto (perfectivo y imperfectivo). Mientras que otros idiomas pueden marcar aspecto formal, en Inglés es con frecuencia una categoría encubierta y puede dar lugar a ambigüedades, sobre todo en el lenguaje escrito. La interacción de aspecto y el tiempo con los diferentes modales se muestra en un esfuerzo para describir la forma en que los diferentes modales se han de interpretar semánticamente. It is proposed that every English sentence contains not only time (past and non-past) but also aspect (perfective and imperfective). Whereas other languages may mark aspect formally, in English it is frequently a covert category and may give rise to ambiguities, especially in the written language. The interaction of aspect and time with the different modals is shown in an effort to describe the way the different modals are to be interpreted semantically.
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Nwala, Michael Alozie. „Aspects of the Grammar of Past Tense and the Present Perfective Aspect in English and Echie: A Contrastive Account“. AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities 9, Nr. 1 (28.04.2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijah.v9i1.8.
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The absence of a parallel equivalence in the grammar of past tense and perfective aspect in English and Echie is significantly responsible for the errors that occur in the related sentences of the Echie second language learners of English. This article is a contrastive analysis of the grammar of past tense and present perfect tense in English and Echie and it highlighted the structural specifics of each of the languages. Using the descriptive research design, the data for this study were gathered through the primary sources (ten competent native speakers of Echie were interviewed) and the secondary sources (examples generated from textual materials). Our description showed a complete range of morphological differences in past tense and present perfect tense of English and Echie as seen in the use of 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons singular and plural respectively. The paper concludes that the parametric variation in the past tense and perfective aspect of English and Echie languages show that every language is unique in some sort.
Key Words: Contrastive, grammar, tense, parametric, descriptive, interference; language.
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Eibensteiner, Lukas. „Transfer in L3 acquisition“. Current Visions of TAML2 8, Nr. 1 (31.12.2019): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.19003.eib.
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Abstract The present study examines the influence of L2 English on the acquisition of perfective and imperfective aspect in L3 Spanish among German-speaking learners. We will argue that English will be activated as the default transfer source due to principles of acquisition, which are similar for both the L2 and the L3, and because of structural similarities between both languages. The analysis is based on data from 36 German-speaking learners with varying levels of knowledge of aspect in English, their L2, and learning Spanish. For data elicitation, two semantic interpretation tasks were used. The findings show that aspectual knowledge in L2 English affects the acquisition of L3 Spanish past tenses. However, the positive effect is not comprehensive, but rather, restricted to certain semantic contexts (e.g., past/perfective contexts). The discussion points to the possible effects of oversimplified one-to-one-mappings of form and meaning between L2 English and L3 Spanish.
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Farghal, Mohammed. „Present perfect or simple past?“ Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 64, Nr. 5-6 (31.12.2018): 710–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00063.far.
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Abstract The present study aims to examine the claim that the preverbal particle qad in the perfective is an aspectual marker of near past in Arabic, hence it corresponds to the present perfect in English. The authentic translational corpus drawn from two works (journalistic/scientific and literary discourse) clearly indicates that the preverbal qad is employed as a cohesive marker whose main function is to smooth and naturalize Arabic discourse. The study demonstrates that the translator’s choice between an Arabic simple past with or without qad is governed by the requirements of the flow of discourse rather than by aspectual marking. Failure to account for this discursive function of qad when translating from English into Arabic would in Arabic translations produce cohesion gaps which in English are usually taken care of by punctuation.
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Flora, Mousume Akhter, und SM Mohibul Hasan. „The Semantics of Progressive Aspect: A Thorough Study“. Stamford Journal of English 7 (06.04.2013): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v7i0.14464.
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In English grammar, verbs have two important characteristics--tense and aspect. Grammatically tense is marked in two ways: Present and Past. English verbs can have another property called aspect, applicable in both present and past forms of verbs. There are two major types of morphologically marked aspects in English verbs: progressive and perfective. While present and past tenses are morphologically marked by the forms verb+s/es (as in He plays) and verb+d/ed (as in He played) respectively, the morphological representations of progressive and perfective aspects in the tenses are verb+ing (He is/was playing) and verb+d/ed/n/en (He has/had played) respectively. This paper focuses only on one type of aspectual feature of verbs--present progressive. It analyses the use of present progressive in terms of semantics and explains its use in different contexts for durative conclusive and non-conclusive use, for its use in relation to time of reference, and for its use in some special cases. Then it considers the restrictions on the use of progressive aspect in both present and past tenses based on the nature of verbs and duration of time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v7i0.14464 Stamford Journal of English; Volume 7; Page 87-97
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Chłopek, Dorota. „The PATH/LINK schema in Past-Simple vs. Present-Perfect English TA-expressions contrasted with Polish versions“. Świat i Słowo 34, Nr. 1 (10.03.2020): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3058.
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The aim of this paper, which has an explanatory character, is to present the English perfective (past) TA-construction vs. the present-perfect TA-construction by means of image schemas of PATH and LINK, respectively, since the said constructions pose a contrast that is absent from the Polish language. Five examples of English text are juxtaposed with two Polish versions for comparison of how the two English constructions can be instantiated in Polish, the lexical means used in the Polish versions vary. Hence Polish learners of English are encouraged herein to look for hints which will sensitize them to the usage of the past-simple construction vs. the present-perfect construction, in association with the semantic schemas of PATH and LINK in relation to said grammar constructions.
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Zahler, Sara. „The second language development of past perfective forms in Spanish“. Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 12, Nr. 1 (12.06.2023): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.12.1.6725.
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Research studies on second language (L2) morphosyntactic variation that include multiple learner course or experience levels often conduct separate statistical analyses of the factors affecting variation, one per learner level, and compare significant constraints and their coefficients across these groups as an indication of L2 development. This method of comparing across multiple regression analyses can lead to the perception of differences across participant groups that may not be statistically significant. Thus, the current study reanalyzes the data from Author (forthcoming), who investigated the development of past perfective form variation by 105 English-speaking L2 learners of Spanish from six course levels. Participants selected between the preterit and PP on a written contextualized task, in which 32 discursive contexts in a narrative were manipulated for four linguistic variables known to affect preterit-PP variation in the Spanish-speaking world: time of action, verb lexical aspect, sequencing, and presence of a temporal adverb. In our analysis, we combined the data from the six distinct Spanish L2 course levels into one model, and included an interaction between course level and each of the linguistic constraints manipulated in the task. We then compared our findings to Author (forthcoming) who conducted separate regression analyses for each course level. Findings indicate that only time of action and sequencing demonstrated significantly different effects across course levels, and that separate regression analyses across learner levels may lead to an overestimation of differences among these levels.
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Yao, Xinyue. „The evolution of the “hot news” perfect in English“. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 17, Nr. 1 (07.06.2016): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17.1.06yao.
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This paper deals with the “hot news” use of the English present perfect. Previous research has suggested that this use marks the end point of the perfect category, paving the way for further grammaticalisation to a perfective or past tense. To examine its historical development in Modern English, verb forms in the leads of hard news reports in the New York Times and the Sydney Morning Herald were examined, with comparison made between two time periods, 1851–1900 and 1951–2000. Attention was given to contextual influence on the choice between the present perfect and the past tense for expressing hot news meanings. The quantitative findings show that the hot news perfect has not taken over the ground of other tense forms, but has become increasingly associated with unspecified, recent past time. The evolution of the English present perfect in general is characterised by register-mediated functional specialisation.
Dissertationen zum Thema "English past perfective"
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Laha, Chandanashis. „The English past perfective: a study“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/608.
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Hugh, Beale, Bridge Michael, Gullifer Louise und Lomnicka Eva. Part III Registration and Other Perfection Requirements, 9 Registration and Other Perfection Requirements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795568.003.0009.
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This chapter looks at how the expression ‘perfection’ is a useful way to describe steps that a secured creditor has to take in order to be able to make the security effective against other secured creditors, trustees in bankruptcy, and company liquidators or administrators. The methods of perfection set out in Revised Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code consist of possession, control, and registration. Care must be taken, however, in applying the concept of perfection to English law. First, Article 9 requires that every security interest be perfected, although for some types of security interest no extra step is needed beyond the security being agreed and attaching to the collateral. Second, the steps needed to be taken to register, as well as those needed to obtain control, are different to those required in English law.
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Nuovo, Victor. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800552.003.0001.
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The Introduction outlines the purpose of the book, which is to show how Locke’s philosophical work is clarified and explained when it is considered as the production of a Christian virtuoso—a seventeenth-century English experimental natural philosopher, an empiricist, who also professed Christianity of a sort that was infused with moral seriousness and Platonic otherworldliness, and with the conviction that the material and temporal world is irremediably imperfect and cannot satisfy the desire of the mind to know all things and the will to achieve perfection. The method used in interpreting Locke’s thought involves careful and repeated reading of his whole works in their proper contexts. Those contexts were natural philosophical and biblical theological projects engaged in by Locke’s eminent predecessors, Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle. Bacon is credited with initiating a revival of interest in the Presocratics, especially Democritus and his system of atomism; but this was part of a larger program of the renewal of learning that was deeply influenced by Christian expectation.
Buchteile zum Thema "English past perfective"
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Michael Terry, J. „The Past Perfective and Present Perfect in African-American English“. In Perspectives on Aspect, 217–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3232-3_12.
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Zahler, Sara L., und Melissa E. Whatley. „Chapter 11. Learning context and the development of second language Spanish“. In Study Abroad and the Second Language Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variation in Spanish, 321–49. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.37.11zah.
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This study examines the variation between the preterit and present perfect among 43 learners studying abroad in Chile and Spain. We compared their results to those of 105 Spanish learners in the at-home university context to determine whether our learners approached regional norms or if they followed an acquisitional pathway common to English-speaking learners of Spanish. Twenty-three native speakers from Chile, Spain, and the at-home context also completed the study. Results indicate that both study abroad groups developed similarly to each other and to the at-home learners. These findings suggest that, for variable past-time perfective marking, rather than approaching regional norms, students who participate in study abroad move along a developmental trajectory common to English-speaking learners of Spanish.
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Mian-Lian, Ho, und John T. Platt. „The Acquisition of Past Tense“. In Dynamics of a Contact Continuum, 74–141. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198248286.003.0007.
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Abstract The acquisition of the tense-aspect system of a language by speakers of another language is often problematic, even if the languages are related. For example, English sentences with verbs in the simple past tense are often the appropriate translations of German sentences with a compound verb form which is structurally similar to the English present perfect, such as when an adverb of time occurs: English: She saw him yesterday. German: Sie hat ihn gestern gesehen She has him yesterday seen. With languages as far apart genetically and typologically as English and Chinese, the acquisition of the English tense-aspect system obviously presents considerable problems for the speaker of a Chinese-language background. It has been claimed, e.g. by Lyons (1977:687), that Chinese is among the languages which do not have tense but which grammaticalize aspectual distinctions. On the other hand, Comrie (1976:58) states that in Chinese (Mandarin) ‘the verbal particle -le indicates perfective aspect and relative past time reference’. Later (p. 82) he explains that ‘in many cases the use of -le is optional ... but when it does occur -le indicates a past perfective situation’. In any case, Chinese is among those languages which do not mark tense or aspect on the verb itself by morphological means.
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Sato, Yutaka, und Sungdai Cho. „Tense and aspect“. In The Comparative Syntax of Korean and Japanese, 266–302. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198896463.003.0011.
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Abstract Chapter 11 compares the tense and aspect systems in Japanese and Korean, which are similar but differ from each other in subtle ways. The temporal point of reference in English is basically the moment of utterance (absolute tense). Although it is the same in Japanese and Korean when the tense of main clauses is in question, the time of the main clause can serve as the point of reference in a subordinate clause (relative tense) as well as the time of utterance. Which temporal point of reference is allowed depends on the type of a subordinate clause. This chapter focuses on aspectual constructions with a verb followed by an auxiliary verb of existence (V-exist), which can denote either imperfective (progressive) or perfective (resultative) situations depending on various factors. The same V-existpattern can express ‘perfect’, a subtype of imperfective, in Japanese. Korean has a construction with double past tense.
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Anderson, J. Stuart. „Perfecting a Private Market“. In Lawyers and the Making of English Land Law 1832–1940, 139–58. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198256700.003.0004.
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Abstract This chapter bridges the concerns of Part I and those to follow in Part II. For lawyers its focus is the legislation of the early 1880s, the Settled Land Act and the Conveyancing Acts, statutes which contemporary conveyancers saw as a new dawn. After them things were never the same again: the old world derided by Brougham had finally passed. But solicitors who believed that the bright new day would bring peace would be disappointed: the dawn was false. A plateau had been reached, not the summit. Looking back we can see that until the 1870s politicians had had to be persuaded by the law reformers that their concerns with technical questions of land law were worth taking up. And looking ahead we see that by the mid-1880s the position was reversed: political parties had identified land transfer as an urgent problem, with lawyers and their institutions serving the subsidiary role of promoting and negotiating a solution. The signs were already there. Dispute brewed over settlement of land, the use of entailed estates, and the related question of intestate primogeniture.
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Fenton, Roy. „Miniaturisation: The birth of the steam coaster“. In The Evolution and Significance of the Powered Bulk Carrier, 87–110. Liverpool University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781802078596.003.0005.
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Despite the evident success of the screw collier on the English east coast, steam ship penetration of other coastal bulk trades was slower, and not until the late 1870s did steam coasters began to be built in substantial numbers. These vessels were produced in a broad range of sizes, with only the largest type matching the dimensions of screw colliers. This chapter considers reasons for this disparity, and identifies the need for a smaller and particularly shallower vessel to suit trades beyond the large coal dispatching and receiving ports of the east coast. It is concluded that yards around the Clyde played a major part in perfecting the steam coaster, working closely with west coast shipowners, and adapting the water ballast capacity, hull design and steam engine pioneered in steam colliers to suit smaller and handier ships.
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Smith, John Howard. „“I Will Multiply Them and They Shall not be Few”“. In A Dream of the Judgment Day, 179–211. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197533741.003.0007.
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The communal impulse has been a feature of Christianity since its inception, one model for which was the apocalyptic Essene community at Qumran on the shore of the Dead Sea. The Gospels and the Book of Revelation put forth a vision of heaven on Earth that Christians have sought to create in microcosm ever since, convinced that it will ultimately come to pass according to prophecy. The English Puritans who migrated to America did so in the hopes of creating a holy commonwealth, which the Bay Colony pious called the “city on a hill.” Small and nascent denominations, as well as sectarian movements, emerged and grew without fear of legal repercussions and the 1790s and early 1800s saw an explosion in Christian diversity. One idea in particular—perfectionism—which had once been equated with dangerous fanaticism, gained respectability and fueled campaigns for the perfection of American society.
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D'Amore, Anna Maria. „The Role of Translation in Language Teaching“. In Handbook of Research on Teaching Methods in Language Translation and Interpretation, 118–35. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6615-3.ch008.
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With the development of approaches and methods in Modern Language teaching that favoured oral communication skills and advocated more “natural” methods of second/foreign language acquisition, methodology calling for translation in the classroom was shunned. Nonetheless, translation used as a resource designed to assist the student in improving his or her knowledge of the foreign language through reading comprehension exercises, contrastive analysis, and reflection on written texts continues to be practiced. By examining student performance in problem-solving tasks at the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, this chapter aims to demonstrate the validity of “pedagogical translation” in ELT in Mexico, particularly at undergraduate level where it is an integral part of English reading courses in Humanities study programmes, not as an end in itself, but as a means to perfecting reading skills in a foreign language and furthermore as an aid for consolidating writing and communication skills in the student's first language.
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Renevey, Denis. „The Name and Spiritual Song—Anglo-Norman Lyrics, Richard Rolle, and the Fourteenth-Century Tradition“. In Devotion to the Name of Jesus in Medieval English Literature, c. 1100 - c. 1530, 92—C3.P146. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894083.003.0004.
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Abstract This chapter begins by looking at thirteenth-century Franciscan material written in Anglo-Norman. It continues by demonstrating the centrality of the Name of Jesus for Richard Rolle (c.1300–1349). Rolle, probably in imitation of Bernard of Clairvaux, offers a commentary on the first verses of the Song of Songs which gives prominence to the Name as part of his mystical system. The Name is present in most of his Latin and Middle English writings and the devotion is clearly a causal factor in triggering the phenomena of calor, canor, and dulcor, which are characteristic of his mysticism. With Henry Suso (1295–1366) in Germany, and John Colombini (1300–1367) in Italy, among others, the devotion gains in popularity at a pan-European level. In view of the interest in the devotion by a lay public, Walter Hilton offers a warning against possible misinterpretations of the role the devotion can play in everyday lay practices, as seen in The Scale of Perfection and Of Angels’ Song.
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Mosse, George L. „Getting There“. In The Image of Man, 40–55. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195101010.003.0003.
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Abstract The standard of male beauty had now been set, but how was that standard to be reached? Winckelmann himself had written about the Greek gymnasium where gymnastic exercises demonstrate the manly contours and sublime beauty of the naked male body. The rise of gymnastics as a means of steeling the human body was a vital step in the perfection of the male stereotype and came to play a leading role. The fit body, well sculpted, was to balance the intellect, and such a balance was thought to be a prerequisite for the proper moral as well as physical comportment. Upstanding youth should be “the straightest of limb, the keenest of brain,” as an oft-repeated English saying has it. Gymnastics did not come into its own solely through Winckelmann’s inspiration or even through Greek examples. Throughout much of the eighteenth century, it was seen as a component of personal hygiene, as Andre David Tissot put it in 1780: “Gymnastics is that part of medicine which teaches maintenance or restoration of health by means of exercise.”
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "English past perfective"
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Zhang, Peicui, Jie Li und Huibin Zhuang. „The Effect of Chinese Perfective Aspect Marker le on the Simple Past Use in English Interlanguage“. In 2022 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ialp57159.2022.9961250.
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