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1
Tsypina, Lada, und Elena Sobolnikova. „Spiritual pilgrimage in 14th century medieval english mysticism: cognitive schemes and narrative practices“. St.Tikhons' University Review 97 (31.10.2021): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi202197.33-56.
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Gilman, Todd S. „Augustan Criticism and Changing Conceptions of English Opera“. Theatre Survey 36, Nr. 2 (November 1995): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400001186.
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The love-hate nature of the relations between England and Italy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is well known. Ever since Henry VIII broke with Rome after Pope Clement VII refused to allow his divorce, things Italian were a popular object of satire and general disdain. An ever-increasing British nationalism founded on political, religious, and aesthetic principles during the seventeenth century fanned the flames of anti-Italian sentiment. This nationalism, newly consolidated in the seventeenth century by the ambitions of the Stuart monarchs to destroy Parliament, was intimately connected with English Protestantism. As Samuel Kliger has argued, the triumph of the Goths—Protestant Englishmen's Germanic ancestors—over Roman tyranny in antiquity became for seventeenth-century England a symbol of democratic success. Moreover, observes Kliger, an influential theory rooted in the Reformation, the “translatio imperii ad Teutonicos,” emphasized traditional German racial qualities—youth, vigor, manliness, and moral purity—over those of Latin culture—torpor, decadence, effeminacy, and immorality—and contributed to the modern constitution of the supreme role of the Goths in history. The German translatio implied an analogy between the conquest of the Roman Empire by the Goths (under Charlemagne) and the rallying of the humanist-reformers of northern Europe (e.g., Luther) for religious freedom, understood as liberation from Roman priestcraft; that is, “the translatio crystallized the idea that humanity was twice ransomed from Roman tyranny and depravity—in antiquity by the Goths, in modern times by their descendants, the German reformers…the epithet ‘Gothic’ became not only a polar term in political discussion, a trope for the ‘free,’ but also in religious discussion a trope for all those spiritual, moral, and cultural values contained for the eighteenth century in the single word ‘enlightenment.’”
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van den BERG, JAN. „English Deism and Germany: The Thomas Morgan controversy“. Journal of Ecclesiastical History 59, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046907002278.
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The work of the English Deist Thomas Morgan (d. 1743), a Marcion in his time, received much negative criticism in England and abroad, especially in Germany. His views aroused comments in books, dissertations and journals. Only in the first half of the twentieth century was he to be praised by theologians such as Adolf von Harnack and Emanuel Hirsch, who likewise disparaged the Old Testament.
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Valman, Nadia. „SEMITISM AND CRITICISM: VICTORIAN ANGLO-JEWISH LITERARY HISTORY“. Victorian Literature and Culture 27, Nr. 1 (März 1999): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150399271136.
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IN THE JEW IN THE TEXT:Modernity and the Construction of Identity (1995) Linda Nochlin and Tamar Garb noted that although questions of race, colonialism, and Eurocentrism were now prominent in cultural studies, the ways in which the “Jew” had been represented in modern culture remained relatively unexplored (6). Over the last few years, however, exploration of this kind has burgeoned, bringing with it important challenges both for Jewish studies and for English literary history. The nineteenth century has proved a particularly rich resource for such research, and the importance of this period for considering the relationship between modernity and the “Jew” is underlined by Nochlin:
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Wełna, Jerzy. „On early pseudo-learned orthographic forms: A contribution to the history of English spelling and pronunciation“. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 46, Nr. 4 (01.01.2011): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10121-010-0010-9.
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On early pseudo-learned orthographic forms: A contribution to the history of English spelling and pronunciation The history of English contains numerous examples of "improved" spellings. English scribes frequently modified spelling to make English words and some popular borrowings look like words of Latin or Greek origin. The typical examples are Eng. island, containing mute <s> taken from Lat. insula or Eng. anchor ‘mooring device’ (< Fr. ancre), with non-etymological <h>. Although such "reformed spellings" became particularly fashionable during the Renaissance, when the influence of the classical languages was at its peak, "classicised" spellings are also found earlier, e.g. in texts from the 14th century. In the present contribution which concentrates on identifying such earliest influences on spellings in Middle English attention is focussed on the regional distribution of reformed spellings, with a sociolinguistic focus on the type of the text. The data for the study come from standard sources like the Middle English Dictionary (2001) and Oxford English Dictionary (2009).
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Yakin, Ayang Utriza. „Dialetic Between Islamic Law and Adat Law in the Nusantara: A Reinterpretation of the Terengganu Inscription in the 14th Century“. Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage 3, Nr. 2 (13.02.2015): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.31291/hn.v3i2.14.
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This article discusses the inscription found in Terengganu, which originated in the early XIV Century. The inscription documents the laws implemented by the rulers of the time. These texts reveal that the laws of this time came from two sources: Islamic law and customary (adat) law. In other words, the inscription indicates that legal pluralism was already in existence by the 14th Century. Adat law was the principle legal system in place, playing an important role in the archipelagic society at the time. However, there was an alternative system of Islamic law (e.g. stoning as a punishment for adultery) in place for lower social classes. This finding suggests that Islamic law was already in existence in the early 14th century—much earlier than the prevailing understanding of the history of Islamic law suggests. The article contributes by providing the new transliteration from Jawi into Latin characters and the new translation from old-Malay into modern English, which are arguably more accurate than the previous work.
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ROBERTS, MICHAEL. „"Waiting Upon Chance": English Hiring Fairs and their Meanings from the 14th to the 20th Century“. Journal of Historical Sociology 1, Nr. 2 (Juni 1988): 119–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.1988.tb00007.x.
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Davis, John. „A Medieval English Astrolabe Now in Innsbruck, Linked to the Lancastrian Court and with a Chaucer Connection“. Nuncius 34, Nr. 1 (25.02.2019): 27–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03401002.
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Abstract A medieval English astrolabe, in an Innsbruck museum and not previously published in detail, is described and discussed. It is probably dated to the late 14th century and is of a size and quality which shows it to have been produced for someone of high social standing. Features of its plates, the calendar of saints’ days, and astrological data are used to associate the astrolabe to the Duchy of Lancaster. Historical events of the period provide circumstantial evidence linking it to Henry of Lancaster (Henry Bolingbroke) and his court. It also provides a link between the “Chaucerian” astrolabes and concurrent “quatrefoil” or Gothic designs which together make up the majority of the corpus of English medieval astrolabes.
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Hindle, Steve. „The Problem of Pauper Marriage in Seventeenth-Century England (The Alexander Prize)“. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 (Dezember 1998): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679289.
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Over the last thirty years the work of historical demographers, spearheaded by Sir Tony Wrigley, Roger Schofield and others at the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, has demonstrated the centrality of marriage to explanations of early modern English demographic change: ‘a history of English population in this period in which nuptiality did not figure prominently would resemble the proverbial production of Hamlet without the prince of Denmark.’ Although their ‘neo-Malthusian’ or ‘neo-classical’ model of population levels kept in ‘dilatory homeostasis’ by negative feedback relationships between living standards, age at first marriage and the proportion of the population never marrying has not been immune from criticism, it is now generally accepted that changes in fertility rather than in mortality account for population stagnation in mid-seventeenth-century England, and for its renewed and rapid growth from the 1730s. Moreover, having flirted with, and subsequently discarded, changes in marital fertility as a proximate cause of fluctuations in the birth rate, Wrigley and Schofield are now convinced that nuptiality was decisive. For Wrigley, ‘the crucial importance of the tension between production and reproduction which affected all pre-industrial societies’ explains why marriage had a ‘significance…far wider than the purely demographic.’ ‘Marriage,’ he argues, ‘was the hinge on which the [early modern English] demographic system turned.’
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Schukin, Timur. „Gregory Palamas’ Criticism of Plato’s Ideas“. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2022): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.6.11.
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Introduction. The paper focuses on Gregory Palamas’ criticism of Plato’s ideas. Methods. It examines four texts related to the early life of Gregory Palamas, which in one way or another were devoted to the criticism of Platonic idealism. On the basis of these texts, four points are identified on which the saint disagrees with the Athenian philosopher, or rather with the image of Platonic philosophy that existed in his mind (and probably in the minds of many educated Byzantines of the 14th century). Analysis. In his First letter to Barlaam, Gregory Palamas points out the impurity and passion of Plato’s idea, its contamination by accidental content. In the Second Letter to Barlaam, Plato's ideas are criticized for their inability to become a link in the knowledge of God, since they are “empty” universals that precede many things. Such ideas are not the subject of contemplation and cannot become the beginning of reflection. In the “Triads for the Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude”, Gregory Palamas first of all points out the independence (autonomy of existence) of ideas, their separation from both God and the world. Finally, in the “Antirretics contra Akindynos”, we are talking about the creaturehood of ideas, which again makes it impossible to communicate with God. Results. The paper argues that although polemical attacks against Plato are attacks rather against the opponents of Gregory Palamas, they can also be considered as a way to manifest his own teaching. Gregory Palamas defines himself as a Christian philosopher who offers an original interpretation of ideas, different from that offered by “pagan”, Platonic, wisdom.
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Waters, Lindsay. „To Become What One Is“. boundary 2 48, Nr. 1 (01.02.2021): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-8821510.
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In the twentieth century, criticism flourished in the academy in the English language from the 1930s to the 1960s, but gradually a hyperprofessionalized discourse purporting to be criticism took its place. The problem was exacerbated because people misunderstand literary theory thinking it superior to criticism. Big mistake. Theory proper begins its life as criticism, criticism that has staying power. Central to criticism as Kant argued is judgment. Judgment is based on feeling provoked by the artwork in our encounters with artworks. This essay talks about the author’s encounter with Mary Gaitskill’s novel Veronica. The critical judgment puts the artwork into a milieu. This essay argues the case for the holism of critical judgments versus what the author calls Bitsiness as Usual, the fragmentation of our understanding of our encounters with artworks. The author subjects both Paul de Man and the New Historicists to severe attacks.
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Jenkins, E. R. „English South African children’s literature and the environment“. Literator 25, Nr. 3 (31.07.2004): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v25i3.266.
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Historical studies of nature conservation and literary criticism of fiction concerned with the natural environment provide some pointers for the study of South African children’s literature in English. This kind of literature, in turn, has a contribution to make to studies of South African social history and literature. There are English-language stories, poems and picture books for children which reflect human interaction with nature in South Africa since early in the nineteenth century: from hunting, through domestication of the wilds, the development of scientific agriculture, and the changing roles of nature reserves, to modern ecological concern for the entire environment. Until late in the twentieth century the literature usually endorsed the assumption held by whites that they had exclusive ownership of the land and wildlife. In recent years English-language children’s writers and translators of indigenous folktales for children have begun to explore traditional beliefs about and practices in conservation.
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RENES, HANS. „De vissersdorpen aan de Hollandse kust“. Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 5, Nr. 4 (01.01.2020): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2020.4.002.rene.
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The fishing villages on the coast of Holland Very little systematic research has been done in the early history of fishing villages on the Dutch coast. In 2001, the English historical-geographer Harold Fox designed a model for the origin of the fishing villages on the coast of Devon. In this model, he describes an original situation in which farmers in inland villages were also part-time fisherman and owned a boat and a boatshed on the beach. Population growth led to labour division and to the emergence of specialised fishing villages. The two most probable periods in which this development took place were the 12th to early 14th centuries and the 16th century. The available data for the coast of the county of Holland point to the first of those periods. Place-names relate the fishing villages to the inland agrarian villages: Egmond aan Zee (‘Egmond at Sea’) exists beside Egmond-Binnen, Wijk aan Zee beside Beverwijk and Katwijk aan Zee beside Katwijk aan de Rijn etc. It is improbable that these fishing villages existed before the 12th century, but during the middle of the 14th century most seem well-established, so a foundation around the 13th century seems probable. Two fishing villages, Berkheide and Ter Heijde, that were founded late in the 14th century, remained small and Berkheide even disappeared. Although many of the medieval fishing villages have (partly) disappeared by coastal erosion, the village plans show remarkable similarities, with a main road from the beach to the inland markets and some parallel roads that join each other on the east side of the village. Only during the 19th century, these villages developed some agriculture (potato gardens in the dunes) and a new economic basis in tourism.
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Grobler, Chazanne. „A Historical Overview of the Mental Health Expert in England Until the Nineteenth Century“. Fundamina 2021, Nr. 1 (2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/fund/v27/i1a1.
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Throughout history, the use of mental health professionals as expert witnesses has elicited criticism. The criticism stemmed from the alleged lack of scientific rigour in mental health sciences and the accompanying bias of expert witnesses. As the use of mental health professionals in court increased, so did the associated problems, with bias remaining at the forefront. The same challenges plague the South African courts today and despite various evidentiary and procedural rules2 aimed at addressing the problems, these have not achieved much success. The contribution traces the origins of the expert witness, in particular the mental health expert, in the English legal system until the nineteenth century. By examining the shift in the position of the expert witness from a neutral informant in the eighteenth century to a partisan witness in the nineteenth century, a parallel is drawn between the historical position in England and the current position in South Africa. Drawing on the past failures and successes of the English legal system in this regard, and briefly considering the current position in England, recommendations are made to address the problem of partisan mental health experts within the South African context.
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Abzalov, Lenar F., Marat S. Gatin, Ilias A. Mustakimov und Roman Yu Pochekaev. „К вопросу о монгольском делопроизводстве в Иране XIII–XIV вв. (на примере ярлыка о назначении бахши из «Дастур ал-катиб»)“. Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 14, Nr. 1 (18.04.2022): 130–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-1-130-155.
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Introduction. The article examines a yarliq from Dastur al-Katib (14th c. CE) and attempts to an insight into the principles of using the Mongol language in the 13th–14th century Persian records management system. Goals. The study provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the historical monument — a yarliq appointing a bakhshi (senior scribe) included in Dastur al-Katib fi Tayin al-Maratib (A Scribe’s Guide to Determining Ranks) compiled in the mid-14th century by Muhammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani, a financial statesman under the late Hulaguids and early Jalairids. To facilitate this, the paper shall: 1) translate the examined document into Russian, 2) characterize the latter as a valuable source on history of state, law and chancellery culture of Mongol Iran, 3) analyze the yarliq as an official act and a source of law, 4) identify the legal status of the Mongolian language in 13th–14th century Iran. Materials and methods. The study explores the yarliq proper and other materials of Dastur al-Katib, additional medieval sources on Mongol Iran and Genghisid states, including works by Rashid al-Din, Wassaf, etc., official documents of Genghisid chancelleries. The work employs a series of historical and legal research methods, such as those of source criticism, diplomatics analysis, comparative historical research, formal legal approach, historical legal and comparative legal analyses. Results. The paper introduces the yarliq appointing a secretary (bakhshi) from the medieval Persian treatise titled Dastur al-Katib into Russian-language scientific discourse and supplements it with a detailed interdisciplinary analysis. The work clarifies specific features of a bakhshi’s legal status as a senior scribe responsible for translating official edicts from Persian into Mongolian, his functions, rights, requirements for candidates. An attempt to identify the person to have been appointed scribe therein was made. Conclusions. The works concludes Mongolian had a status of the official language in records management system of Iran throughout the late 13th and 14th centuries, the former having been extensively used by nomadizing subjects of Hulaguid and Jalairid Ilkhans, including top-rank executives of Mongolian descent. This was reflected in the appointment of a special official responsible for articulating legal and other documents into Mongolian for nomadic elites and warlords. However, to extrapolate this conclusion onto other Genghisid states it is necessary to compare the researched document and additional information on Mongol Iran with similar sources from other heirs of the Mongol Empire, such as the Golden Horde, Chagatai Ulus, etc.
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Matyjaszczyk, Joanna. „Struggles with Dramatic Form in 16th-Century English Biblical Plays“. Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, Nr. 31/1 (Oktober 2022): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.31.1.01.
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The aim of the article is to pinpoint how 16th-century biblical drama tried to appropriate its genre and medium to carry the reformist message and in what sense the project turned out to be a self-defeating one. The analysis of selected plays from reformed biblical cycles (The Chester Mystery Cycle, play iv; and “The Norwich Grocers’ Play”) and newly composed drama (John Bale’s plays, Lewis Wager’s Life and Repentaunce of Marie Magdalene, the anonymous “History of Jacob and Esau”), supported with an over- view of the criticism on the matter, reveals some common tensions in the dramatic texts which may have had their roots in the reformist need to eliminate any room for doubt that a theatrical performance could leave. The conclusion is that, in its attempts at striking the right balance between dramatizing and overt sermonizing, engaging and distancing, as well as providing an immersive experience and discouraging it, post-Reformation Scrip- ture-based drama oscillated between being more effective as a performance or as a carrier of the doctrinal message, with the resulting tendency to subvert either the former or the latter.
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O'Brien, E. „Christa Knellwolf and Christopher Norris eds., The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, Volume IX. Twentieth-Century Historical, Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives“. English 51, Nr. 199 (01.03.2002): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/51.199.86.
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Pluta, Olaf. „Der Alexandrismus an den Universitäten im späten Mittelalter“. Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Antike und Mittelalter 1 (31.12.1996): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpjam.1.05plu.
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Abstract This essay outlines the history of Alexandrism in the Middle Ages, focusing on the reception of Alexander of Aphrodisias in the late-medieval universities. Alexander of Aphrodisias met with severe criticism in the 13th century from William of Auvergne, Albert the Great and Thomas of Aquinas among others, but in the 14th century this attitude changed completely with John Buridan, giving way to a positive and productive adoption of his theories. The centerpiece of the controversy was Alexander's doctrine that the human soul is similar to the animal soul and hence mortal "like the soul of a dog or a donkey." Previously condemned as the absurd thesis of an outsider - wrongly so, because Alexander was perfectly in line with a long peripatetic tradition beginning with Dikaiarch of Messene and Straton of Lampsakos -, this doctrine was now considered philosophically superior to and sounder than the competing theories of Averroes and the Roman Catholic faith. In connection with this doctrine, Buridan stated that some higher species of animals have the ability to think like a man or an ape (sicut homo vel simia) and that an ape can even be said to have some reason. Buridan's interpretation of Alexander was disseminated at the universities of the 14th and 15th centuries by his many followers, including Lawrence of Lindores, Marsilius of Inghen (who defended Alexander against Albert the Great), Nicholas of Amsterdam, Biagio Pelacani of Parma and Benedikt Hesse of Kraków.
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Yablonskaya, Olga V. „William de la Pole: the Story of the Fall and Success of “Favorite Merchant” of Edward III“. Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 20, Nr. 4 (21.12.2020): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2020-20-4-497-503.
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The article is dedicated to William de la Pole, an English financier and merchant of the 14th century. The results of the analysis of narrative, documentary sources, as well as modern scientific literature are presented. Activities of W. de la Pole is shown against the background of the socio-economic and political history of England. The characteristic of the early activities of the merchant, his role as a Royal financier and participation and participation in solving the financial and economic problems of the state during the Hundred Years’ War is given. The trials of William de la Pole 1340–1344, 1353–1354 are considered. Conclusions about the role of merchants in the economy and politics of the country of the XIV century are made.
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Barendse, R. J. „Shipbuilding in Seventeenth-Century Western India“. Itinerario 19, Nr. 3 (November 1995): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300021392.
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The history of Indian shipbuilding is a relatively well-studied topic. There are two strands of literature on Indian shipping. First there is the Indian: R.N. Mukherjee (1923) is, in spite of some minor criticism which could be levelled at it, still the basic work on the topic. Among the more recent contributions should be mentioned those of L. Gopal and J. Qaisar. The second strand is Portuguese. Much of the Portuguese work on ‘Portuguese’ shipbuilding in the sixteenth century deals with shipbuilding in Goa. Now, was this ‘Portuguese’ shipbuilding or ‘Indian’ shipbuilding? ‘European’ and ‘Indian’ technology were so closely interlinked on the west coast of India that it is impossible to make a clear distinction. The seminal contributions on this topic are the already very well-established works of Commodore Quirinho da Fonsequa and of Frazāo de Vasconselhos. Their articles, which have appeared in several Portuguese journals, very much deserve an English translation. More recently the important work by A. Marques Esparteiro on the ships used in the carreira da Índia has appeared.
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Mishina, L. A. „THE FAMILY PHENOMENON IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERAURE“. Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, Nr. 2 (29.04.2022): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-2-355-362.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of the New English family of the 17th century, the first century of the existence of American national literature, presented in the works of early American authors - period insufficiently studied in literary criticism. Untranslated or incompletely translated into Russian works of such religious and public figures, writers as Richard Mather (Diary), Inkris Mather (The Life and Death of the Reverend Richard Mather), Edward Johnson (The Miraculous Providence of the Savior of Zion in New England) , Samuel Sewall (Diary), John Cotton (God’s Promise to His Plantation), Cotton Mather (Life of Mr. Johnatan Burr), are introduced into literary criticism. Being one of the key in the early history and literature of the United States, the theme of the family has the following aspects considered within the framework of the article: the move of families to a new continent, settling in a new place, the status of a father, mother, and child. The process of formation and existence in extreme conditions of a Protestant family is analyzed, the role of the family community in the fulfillment of the sacred mission - the creation of the kingdom of Christ on new lands - is determined. The conclusion is made about the uniqueness of the New English family of the 17th century, which combined the features of both the family structure that developed in European society and those born in the process of American experiments. The idea is emphasized that the disclosure of the family theme by early American authors clearly represents the features of American literature of the 17th century in general. The article uses biographical, structural, cultural and historical methods of literary analysis.
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Fernandes, Gonçalo. „Syntax in the earliest Latin-Portuguese grammatical treatises“. Latin Grammars in Transition, 1200 - 1600 44, Nr. 2-3 (31.12.2017): 228–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00003.fer.
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Abstract This essay analyses the most central concepts of Latin syntactical theory in the earliest pedagogical grammars written in Portugal during the 14th and 15th centuries, namely concord, government, and transitivity. The sources include two unpublished treatises preserved in manuscripts of Portuguese origin, one from the end of the 14th century and the other dated 1427, and the first grammar printed in Portugal (1497). They are representative of the teaching of Latin in Portugal at different levels of learning. All three treatises use the vernacular as a pedagogical aid, and Pastrana’s grammar also employs images to illustrate the main syntactical concepts. All treatises discuss government using the regular medieval terminology of regere “to govern” and regi “to be governed”. Like in Spanish, Italian and English grammars of Latin, the three concords belong to the basic syntactical doctrine. The major difference between these textbooks lies in their employment of the concept of transitivity. It is little more than mentioned in the two manuscripts, but highly relevant in the printed grammar.
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Kouzmina, Margarita. „To the Question of the Ethno-National Identity Formation During the Hundred Years War (France, 14th Century)“. ISTORIYA 13, Nr. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022297-5.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of ethno-national identity in France during the Hundred Years War. The Hundred Years War acted as a catalyst for the development of the nation-states of England and France. A feature of the consolidation of ethnic identification in France during this period was the fact that its “regulator” was the royal power, for which ethnicity in itself was not of great importance, since the main thing was the relationship between the king and his subjects, obviously people of different ethnicity. The image of the enemies of the kingdom, the English, whose ties with the subjects of the French sovereign could be interpreted as a betrayal of the interests of the kingdom, contributed to the crystallization of the ethno-national identity of the French. Attention is drawn to the similarities and differences in the formation of ethno-national identity in the West and in Russia in 14th century.
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Šorm, Martin. „What are they saying?“ Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 32 (31.12.2020): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.00042.sor.
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Abstract The study presents the interpretative history of the poem New Council written by the author Smil Flaška in the 1390s. It argues against accents on its determinative connection with the Czech political history; instead it promotes interpretation based on research of the ways it documents on representations of piety or the social, ethical, or environmental imagination of the late 14th and 15th centuries. Concentrating on the manuscript context (three codices from the latter half of the 15th century) as well as on reception of the poem in the 16th century, the study demonstrates that at the time the poem was transcribed and read, it functioned not as an exclusive lesson for the upper classes or as criticism of the king, but as a long-tried-and-tested edutaining text, accessible to recipients from various social groups. The New Council is a synecdochal representation of the created world, wherein birds and animals compel the reader to relinquish the misleading categories of allegory, irony or satire and submit to the actual subjective effects of God’s word coming from non-human mouths. The recipient is invited to enter the space between man and animal, as the animals’ utterances based on religious teaching lead to a transformation of his conscience and perception.
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Baladouni, Vahé. „CHARLES LAMB: A MAN OF LETTERS AND A CLERK IN THE ACCOUNTANT'S DEPARTMENT OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY“. Accounting Historians Journal 17, Nr. 2 (01.12.1990): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.17.2.21.
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Charles Lamb (1775–1834), English author, who became famous for his informal, personal essays and literary criticism, is presented here in his vocational role as accounting clerk. Lamb's long years of experience in and out of London's counting-houses permitted him to capture the early nineteenth-century business and accounting life in some of his renowned essays and letters to friends. His unique wit, humor, and warm humanity bring to life one of the most interesting periods in accounting history.
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Brannigan, John, Marcela Santos Brigida, Thayane Verçosa und Gabriela Ribeiro Nunes. „Thinking in Archipelagic Terms: An Interview with John Brannigan“. Palimpsesto - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ 20, Nr. 35 (13.05.2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2021.59645.
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John Brannigan is Professor at the School of English, Drama and Film at University College Dublin. He has research interests in the twentieth-century literatures of Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales, with a particular focus on the relationships between literature and social and cultural identities. His first book, New Historicism and Cultural Materialism (1998), was a study of the leading historicist methodologies in late twentieth-century literary criticism. He has since published two books on the postwar history of English literature (2002, 2003), leading book-length studies of working-class authors Brendan Behan (2002) and Pat Barker (2005), and the first book to investigate twentieth-century Irish literature and culture using critical race theories, Race in Modern Irish Literature and Culture (2009). His most recent book, Archipelagic Modernism: Literature in the Irish and British Isles, 1890-1970 (2014), explores new ways of understanding the relationship between literature, place and environment in 20th-century Irish and British writing. He was editor of the international peer-reviewed journal, Irish University Review, from 2010 to 2016.
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Smith, Bruce P. „Did the Presumption of Innocence Exist in Summary Proceedings?“ Law and History Review 23, Nr. 1 (2005): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248000000092.
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Having long admired Norma Landau's pioneering work on the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English magistracy, I am grateful to her for bringing her considerable expertise to bear on my article. Characteristically, Landau's criticism is extremely forceful. Unfortunately, the intriguing questions that Landau raises in her comment are obscured by a host of criticisms based on a misunderstanding of the claims that I advance. Landau attributes arguments to me that I do not make and ignores important ones that I do. In the process, she fails to engage with my central thesis: In summary proceedings that required suspects to “account” for materials found in their possession, the presumption of innocence did not exist.
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Belle, Marie-Alice. „At the interface between translation history and literary history: a genealogy of the theme of ‘progress’ in seventeenth-century English translation history and criticism“. Translator 20, Nr. 1 (02.01.2014): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.899093.
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Hagler, Aaron M. „SAPPING THE NARRATIVE: IBN KATHIR’S ACCOUNT OF THESHŪRĀOF ʿUTHMAN INKITAB AL-BIDAYA WA-L-NIHAYA“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, Nr. 2 (27.04.2015): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000069.
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AbstractOne mission of Ibn Kathir'sKitab al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya fi al-Taʾrikh(The Book of the Beginning and the End in History) is to provide a Sunni answer to a generally ʿAlid-legitimizing corpus of early Islamic historical accounts. Part of the 13th- and 14th-century movement that sought to rehabilitate the image of Syria and the otherwise reviled Umayyad dynasty (r. 661–750), Ibn Kathir's grand work of history cleverly reframes the early Islamic narrative to fit into what he considers a more “properly” Sunni framework than his sources provided. This article focuses on Ibn Kathir's presentation of theshūrā, the council appointed by ʿUmar and charged with choosing from among its six members his successor. It identifies the literary tools Ibn Kathir employed and offers a framework for his strategy of employing them. Whether through narrative aside or criticism of other historians, Ibn Kathir's recasting of a pro-ʿAlid grudge story as an Umayyad apologetic highlights moments of sectarian contention and emphasizes the evolution of Sunni opinion on ʿAli and ʿUthman.
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Basu, Sammy. „“A Little Discourse Pro & Con”: Levelling Laughter and Its Puritan Criticism“. International Review of Social History 52, S15 (21.11.2007): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859007003148.
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The mid-seventeenth century English social movement known as the Levellers was perhaps the first liberal-democratic social movement. Among their communicative strategies, to garner supporters while challenging the authorities, humor figured prominently. In this article, the nature of this levelling laughter is highlighted and juxtaposed against Puritan injunctions to mourning and objections against humor. Regarding the latter, four such objections are distinguished and elucidated: “damnable heresies”, “strange opinions”, “fearful divisions”, and “loosenesse of life and manners”. Finally, it is suggested that the Puritan repudiation of the Levellers highlights the need for social movements of democratic dissent against various aspects of the given status quo to use incongruous and relief humor to prompt reflection without relying too heavily on boorishly flouting social prohibitions for the sake of the pleasures of superiority and release. It also suggests that humor will do better in a culture already tolerant of pluralism, comfortable with a measure of non-literal ambiguity, and committed to democratic deliberation.
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Emerson, Catherine. „Reading and Writing History in Sixteenth-Century France: The Case of La Legende des Flamens (1522)“. Irish Journal of French Studies 16, Nr. 1 (01.12.2016): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7173/164913316820201616.
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A rare copy of a first edition of La Légende des Flamens, now in Trinity College Dublin, reveals a number of facts about its position in that library, probably a mid-nineteenth-century acquisition but acquired in the context of existing similar holdings of medieval and early modern French historical writings. Unlike these writings, however, the text takes an explicitly anti-Flemish and pro-French royalist stance. Criticism levelled at the two most recently deceased popes — or at the English — may explain why the author has decided to remain anonymous, or the text may have been conceived as a compilation of documentary sources without need for an author. This article examines the way that the text deploys sources, including a lost work by Giles of Rome, and draws some conclusions about the situation of the author of the text. Publisher François Regnault is considered as a possible author.
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Kuznetsova-Fetisova, Marina Е. „SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. CHRONOLOGY AND THE ‘GREAT SETTLEMENT SHANG’ (14TH–11TH CENTURIES B.C.): INTRODUCTION“. Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, Nr. 4 (14) (2020): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-86-95.
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Second half of the II millennium B.C. can be considered as the time when the first writing system appeared in East Asia in the form of oracle bone inscriptions jiagu wen (甲骨文). For the first time those inscriptions sparked academic interest and received recognition at the end of 19th century, though their place of origin remained a mystery for some time. At the end of the 1920s Archaeological department of Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica initiated archaeological excavations near modern city of Anyang, Henan province, PRC, because it was implied that the oracle bones with inscriptions had originated there. Archaeological excavations reveled a great ancient center in Anyang, including a cult center, workshops, and cemeteries including royal necropolis. Due to the fact that names of rulers, known from the transmitted texts, were often mentioned in those inscriptions, it was possible to identify the site as the last capital of Shang-Yin dynasty, so-called ‘Great Settlement Shang’ (14th–11th centuries B.C.). All these make the complex rather unique for its time, as it gives us a chance to connect pre-historical and historical data. Researchers managed to determine two relative chronologies (based on archaeological and epigraphic sources) and later to interconnect them and relate to the events mentioned in transmitted texts on early political history. Still, there is a number of problems in correlating those relative chronologies with absolute dates. Up to now the greatest project to coordinate chronology of the II millennium B.C. has been the project “Chronology of the Three Dynasties: Xia–Shang–Zhou” in 1996–2000, initiated by the Chinese political figure Song Jiang. Regardless of some international criticism of the projects’ results, a great number of scholars make use of them in their studies.
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Saliba, George. „Al-Qushjī's Reform of the Ptolemaic Model for Mercury“. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 3, Nr. 2 (September 1993): 161–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423900001776.
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In this article the author analyzes a fifteenth-century Arabic reform of the Ptolemaic model for Mercury. The author of the reform was the Central Asian – Ottoman astronomer ‘Alā” al-Dīn al-Qushjī (d. 1474 A.D.) who, in his youth, had been instructed in the mathematical sciences by none other than the famous Central Asian monarch Ulugh Beg (1394–1449). Although the astronomers of Ulugh Beg's circle are known to have produced extensive astronomical Persian tables, no one other than Qushjī has been yet identified to have produced a theoretical text devoted to the criticism, let alone the reform, of the Ptolemaic mathematical planetary models. The present article on Qushji's reform of the Ptolemaic model for Mercury includes a critical first edition of Qushji's Arabic text, an English translation, and a historical and technical commentary.
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Morales, Fábio Augusto, und Santiago Colombo Reghin. „Long Before Aï-Khanoum: Historiographical Representation of Hellenistic Bactria In Barthold Niebur's Vötrage Über Alte Geschichte“. Heródoto: Revista do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Antiguidade Clássica e suas Conexões Afro-asiáticas 4, Nr. 1 (12.12.2019): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/herodoto.2019.v4.10091.
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This paper deals with the historiographical representation of Hellenistic Bactria in Barthold Niebuhr’s Lectures on Ancient History, based on lectures given at Bonn University in the 1820’s and published in German and English in the 1850’s. The first part offers a panorama of archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic research after the great French excavations in Afghanistan in the 1960 and 1970’s. The second part discusses how Niebuhr, facing a poorly documented Bactrian history and archaeology, articulate source criticism, demographic, moral and racial reasoning and contemporary political debate. The paper concludes with a summary of the discussion, arguing for the necessity of historicization of historiographicalsyntheses as well in nineteenth century as today, especially in the context of Global History.
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ROLLS, ALISTAIR. „Primates in Paris and Edgar Allan Poe’s Paradoxical Commitment to Foreign Languages“. Australian Journal of French Studies 58, Nr. 1 (01.04.2021): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ajfs.2021.07.
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Drawing on recent innovations in detective criticism in France, this article broadens the quest to exonerate Poe’s famous orang-utan and argues that the Urtext of modern Anglo-American crime fiction is simultaneously a rejection of linguistic dominance (of English in this case) and an apologia for modern languages. This promotion of linguistic diversity goes hand in hand with the wilful non-self-coincidence of Poe’s detection narrative, which recalls, and pre-empts, the who’s-strangling-whom? paradox of deconstructionist criticism. Although “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” is prescient, founding modern crime fiction for future generations, it is entwined with a nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture that not only poses men fighting with animals but also inverts classical scenarios, thereby questioning the binary of savagery versus civilization and investing animals with the strength to kill humans while also positing them as the victims of human violence.
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Gao, Yongwei. „Whither Chinese–English lexicography? – From a historical perspective“. Lexicography 8, Nr. 2 (17.12.2021): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lexi.20869.
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2020 marked the 200th anniversary of the publication of the second part of Robert Morrison’s A Dictionary of the Chinese Language which has been widely recognized as the first Chinese–English (hereinafter abbreviated to C–E) dictionary and signaled the beginning of C–E lexicography. From the late Qing Dynasty to the present, literally several hundred C–E dictionaries, small or large, have been compiled, though the number of noteworthy ones is rather limited. Nevertheless, research into C–E lexicography has gradually developed into a distinct field of study as witnessed by thousands of academic papers and over a dozen books devoted to its research. A search of (Chinese–English dictionary) as the keyword in CNKI, a database of journal articles, theses, and dissertations written in the Chinese language, came up with 8,365 results. Most of the discussions center round topics such as dictionary criticism, history of dictionary-making, theoretical construction, and case studies. The history of bilingual lexicography in China, for instance, was under-researched in the past as a result of the lack of original copies of early dictionaries, which, however, has been improved thanks to the reprinting and wide availability of such dictionaries since the beginning of the 21st century. Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 (Heming Yong et al., 2008), for instance, devoted only a few pages to the earliest history of C–E lexicography which spans more than 70 years. But now dozens of academic papers and even several books (e.g. Yang, 2012; Gao, 2014) have been written about the early bilingual dictionary-makers and their lexicographical works, presenting a clear picture of the evolution of C–E lexicography. Today more than two decades into the 21st century, the C–E lexicography scene is not as crowded as its English–Chinese counterpart as there are only a few major players. The paper aims to present a brief history of C–E lexicography with a focus on lexicographical tradition and creativity, elaborate on the deficiencies or problems found within the major C–E dictionaries, and finally discuss the future directions of C–E lexicography.
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Lis, Kinga. „On the Earliest English Translation of the Laws of Oléron and Its Editions“. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 55, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 79–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2020-0004.
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Abstract The Laws of Oléron are a compilation of regulations binding in north-western Europe. They concern relationships on board a ship and in ports, as well as between members of one crew and those of another when it comes to safe journey. Even though the “code” was known in England at the beginning of the 14th century, it was only in the 16th century that it was translated from French into (Early Modern) English. The literature on the topic mentions two independent 16th-century renditions of the originally French text (Lois d’Oléron) but disagrees as to the authorship of the earliest translation, its date and place of creation, the mutual relationship between the two, their content and respective source texts. Strikingly, three names appear in this context: Thomas Petyt, Robert Copland, and W. Copland. The picture emerging from various accounts concerning the translations is very confusing. It is the purpose of this paper to trace the history of the misconceptions surrounding the Early Modern English versions of the Laws of Oléron, and to illustrate how, by approaching them from a broader perspective, two hundred years of confusion can be resolved. The wider context adopted in this study is that of a book as a whole, and not of an individual text within the book, set against the backdrop of the printing milieu. The investigation begins with a brief inquiry into the lives and careers of the three people named with respect to the two renditions, in an attempt to determine whether these provide any grounds for disagreement. The analysis also juxtaposes the relevant renditions as far as their contents, layout, and the actual texts are concerned in order to establish what the relationship between them is and whether it could account for the confusion surrounding the translations.
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Mikhailova, Maria, und Sofya Kudritskaya. „Mire’s Interpretation of the Tragic and Paradoxical World of Oscar Wilde“. Literatūra 63, Nr. 2 (22.11.2021): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.5.
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This article analyzes the reception of the figure of O. Wilde, the 19th-century English writer, and his works in the prose and criticism of Alexandra Mikhailovna Moiseeva (1874-1913), who entered the history of Russian literature of the Silver Age by the name of “Mire”. The study focuses mainly on her story Black Panther (1909), in which the author provides an original perspective on the tragic love episode in Wilde’s life. Attention is also paid to the thematic similarities between the works of Wilde and Mire in terms of genre, plot and literary image, as well as Mire’s interpretation of Wilde’s works in her critical reviews.
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Dingle, Lesley. „Conversations with Emeritus Professor Stroud Francis Charles (Toby) Milsom: A Journey from Heretic to Giant in English Legal History“. Legal Information Management 12, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2012): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669612000679.
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AbstractLesley Dingle, founder of the Eminent Scholars Archive at Cambridge, gives a further contribution in this occasional series concerning the lives of notable legal academics. On this occasion, the focus of her attention is Stroud Francis Charles (Toby) Milsom QC BA who retired from his chair of Professor of Law at the University of Cambridge in 2000 after a distinguished career as a legal historian at the universities of Oxford, London School of Economics and St John's College Cambridge. His academic life and contentious theories on the development of the Common Law at the end of the feudal system in England were discussed in a series of interviews at his home in 2009. At the core are aspects of his criticism of the conclusions of the nineteenth century historian Frederick William Maitland, upon which the teaching of the early legal history of England was largely based during much of the 20th century. Also included are insights into his research methods in deciphering the parchment Plea Rolls in the Public Records Office, and anecdotes relating to his tenure as Dean at New College Oxford (1956–64) as well as associations with the Selden Society: he was its Literary Director, and later President during its centenary in 1987. Professor Milsom also briefly talked of his memories of childhood during WWII and his inspirational studies as a student at the University of Pennsylvania (1947–48).
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Suh, Serk-Bae. „The Location of “Korean” Culture: Ch'oe Chaesŏ and Korean Literature in a Time of Transition“. Journal of Asian Studies 70, Nr. 1 (Februar 2011): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911810003001.
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This essay focuses on Ch'oe Chaesŏ, a leading Korean intellectual, active translator of English literary criticism, and editor in chief of Kokumin Bungaku (National Literature), a prominent Japanese-language journal published in colonial Korea. Ch'oe asserted that the unfolding of history in the twentieth century demanded a paradigmatic transition from liberalism to state-centered nationalism in culture. He also privileged everyday life as allowing people to live as members of communities that ultimately are integrated into the state. By positioning Koreans firmly as subjects of the Japanese state, his argument implied that the colonized should be treated on a par with the colonizers. Further, Ch'oe advocated Koreans' cultural autonomy as an ethnic group within the Japanese empire. Tracing Ch'oe's early life and examining his critical essays on nation, culture, and state, the author discusses how his endeavors to establish an autonomous space for Korean culture simultaneously legitimized Japanese colonial control.
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REVILL, JOEL. „A PRACTICAL TURN: ELIE HALEVY'S EMBRACE OF POLITICS AND HISTORY“. Modern Intellectual History 12, Nr. 1 (25.09.2014): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000389.
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Elie Halévy's legacy is bounded by the two primary objects of his scholarly interest: the history of modern Britain and the study of French socialist doctrines. Taken together, his writings on temperate English politics and occasionally intemperate French socialists cemented his status as a leading French liberal of his generation. Read out of context, the tone of his criticism of wartime socialization and the growth of wartime governments has given him a conservative reputation in some circles and inspired a backlash among historians seeking a more progressive Halévy in his prewar writings. Meanwhile, the depth of his historical study of Britain has elicited several discussions of Halévy's turn from philosophy to history at the end of the 1890s. The portrait of Halévy that emerges in light of his historical studies of England and of French socialism is detailed, accurate, and flattering, but, like any portrait, it is incomplete. Before he was a historian, Halévy was a philosopher, and before he mastered his craft in the early twentieth century, Halévy struggled to find his voice in the late nineteenth.
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Rothschild, Emma. „Condorcet and the conflict of values“. Historical Journal 39, Nr. 3 (September 1996): 677–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024493.
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ABSTRACTCondorcet has been seen since the 1790s as the embodiment of the cold, rational Enlightenment. The paper explores his writings on economic policy, voting, and public instruction, and suggests different views both of Condorcet and of the Enlightenment. Condorcet was concerned with individual diversity; he was opposed to proto-utilitarian theories; he considered individual independence, which he described as the characteristic liberty of the moderns, to be of central political importance; and he opposed the imposition of universal and eternal principles. His efforts to reconcile the universality of some values with the diversity of individual opinions are of continuing interest. He emphasizes the institutions of civilized or constitutional conflict, recognizes conflicts or inconsistencies within individuals, and sees moral sentiments as the foundation of universal values. His difficulties call into question some familiar distinctions, for example between French, German, and English/Scottish thought, and between the Enlightenment and the ‘counter-Enlightenment’. There is substantial continuity, it is suggested, between Condorcet's criticism of the economic ideas of the 1760s (of Tocqueville's ‘first’ French revolution) and the liberal thought of the early nineteenth century.
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Gumerova, Anna, und Valentina Sergeeva. „The Historical Context of C.S. Lewis's Novel "That Hideous Strength"“. Linguaculture 13, Nr. 1 (30.06.2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/lincu-2022-1-0234.
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That Hideous Strength, the third novel of C.S. Lewis The Space Trilogy, called by its author “a modern fairy-tale for grown-ups”, was written in the end of the Second World War; it is set in some indefinable time “after the war”. Nevertheless, the culture and history of England plays the significant role in the novel, not only as the source of images and storylines, but also as a topic of scientific research inside the author’s world. The characters’ attitude towards this topic is meaningful. The cultural and historical context of the novel is complex: we can see there the legendary history of England (Arthurian tales, Merlin as the legendary person and literary character) and its real history (certain features of English colleges dating back to the Middle Ages, Henry Bracton, the famous lawyer of the 13th century, Cromwell, etc.). Both real and legendary histories intertwine in the world of the novel, sometimes within a single paragraph or a scene, for example when the narrator speaks of his visit to Bragdon Wood (chapter 1, part 3) where a real historical figure (Bracton), imaginary locus (wood) and “the medieval song” of the 14th century made up by Lewis himself are put together, or when Mr. Dimble (chapter 1, part 5) talks about historical origins of Arthurian legends. It makes the world of the novel multidimensional and atemporal.
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Roberts, David. „Ravishing Strides: Signs of the Peripatetic in Early Modern Performance“. New Theatre Quarterly 17, Nr. 1 (Februar 2001): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00014299.
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Actors' feet are accepted as part of their expressive equipment – but doubts are often expressed that this has always been so. The evidence of early English theatre history is adduced to suggest otherwise, while recent treatments of the peripatetic in literary studies argue that the ‘visible walk’ attains prominence only in the Romantic period. But David Roberts argues that, from the emergence of permanent theatres, walking offered a metonymy for performance which persisted throughout the seventeenth century. Cross-dressing highlighted the expressive potential of the feet, while close examination of play-texts implies evolving styles of the peripatetic in performance, and the scenic theatres of the Restoration frequently portrayed walking as a cultural activity bound up with the status of both actors and scenery in post-revolutionary London. David Roberts teaches English and Drama at University College Worcester, and has published widely on theatre and literature from 1550 to 1789. He leads an AHRB-funded project on theatre criticism.
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Tkachuk, Olena. „MULTICULTURALISM BY CONRAD-EMIGRANT“. Polish Studies of Kyiv, Nr. 35 (2019): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.376-380.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the multiculturalism by Joseph Conrad, the English writer and the world classic of the 20th century, who, due to the preservation of his Polish national-cultural identity, and by estrangement from this identity in his artistic consciousness, was able to influence the intellectual and artistic atmosphere in England of his times. In this way, the Polish identity became a background for Conrad’s artistic creativity, and at the same time, universal values and criteria were the key to the successful acculturation in English society in its one of the most effective strategies – the integration strategy. In this case Conrad acquired another national-cultural identity, English, – while retaining his native, Polish. Undoubtedly, one of the most important issues touched by almost all researchers is his arrival in English literature, a Pole in origin, who only arrived in England in the twenty-first year, actually emigrating, and for a very short time becaming a venerable writer. It should be noted that, taking into account the peculiarities of English mentality, the task was rather uneasy. All this undoubtedly led to the development of a variety of approaches to understanding the creative personality and rich heritage of Joseph Conrad. Foreign literary and critical academic circles, which introduced the concept of «new English literature» (meaning the post-colonial period), do not take into account such figures of the English literary process as Joseph Conrad, whose work falls out of its chronological framework, and indicates that multicultural literature appeared on the approaches to the twentieth century. However, only nowadays it was possible that such an approach was based on the principles of multiculturalism, that is, the phenomenon justified in the 90s of the XX century, although, as the majority of scholars testify, it existed for a long time in cultural studies, literary criticism, art history and philosophy. We have chosen this approach. The research is devoted to the study of the problems of national-cultural identity by Joseph Conrad, as well as the mechanism of his acculturation in the conditions of emigration.
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Noël, Dirk. „The decline of the Deontic nci construction in Late Modern English“. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6, Nr. 1 (12.07.2019): 22–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00029.noe.
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Abstract Starting from a traditional corpus-based investigation of an example of constructional attrition, i.e. of a sustained drop in the frequency of use of a construction in a language’s history, this paper argues that usage data which make abstraction from individual speakers can no more account for this kind of constructional change than they can for constructionalization, the creation of new constructions. A more ‘radically’ usage-based approach to diachronic construction grammar implements the cognitive commitment of this subdiscipline of cognitive linguistics and ultimately explains all constructional change with reference to individual speakers’ grammars. Since no two speakers’ experience-based constructicons are identical, it is hypothesized that, very similar to constructionalization, constructional attrition starts from interpersonal variation and the paper encourages the use of idiolectal historical corpora to find corroboration for this. The case of constructional attrition presented in descriptive detail is that of the English Deontic nci construction, which is instantiated by such forms as be compelled to, be forbidden to, be obliged to and be permitted to. Previous research established this schema to have grown in frequency and productivity from the 14th until the 18th century and the current paper documents the start of its subsequent decline with data from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts. It goes on to ask whether a usage-based approach should stop at offering cultural explanations for such developments and proposes a more genuinely cognitive line of explanatory attack.
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Burney, Fatima. „Strategies of Sound and Stringing in Ebenezer Pocock's West–East Verse“. Comparative Critical Studies 17, Nr. 2 (Juni 2020): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2020.0365.
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In an effort to capture how Orientalist translations, imitations and criticism of Asian poetry came to inform the idealization of lyric as a universal genre, this paper focuses on the practice of poetic metre in the nineteenth century. How did Victorian conceptions of recitational communities, bounded by shared ‘national’ metres, square against the wealth of translated works that were a major component of Victorian print culture? The amateur Orientalist Ebenezer Pocock explained various metres and musical practices associated with ‘Persian lyrics’ in his book Flowers of the East (1833) and offered equivalent metres in English before replicating these shared English/Persian metres in his own imitative poem ‘The Khanjgaruh: A Fragment’. This article sketches how Pocock's casting of this hybrid material in metres that would already have been recognizable to his English readers seems to have the intended effect of both orienting his work towards his domestic audience and grounding such a flexible approach within the Persian tradition itself. Pocock's poem sits amongst a range of accompanying materials including translations of Sa‘dī and scholarly essays on comparative philology and Persian literary history. Each of these different pieces supports the collection's greater effort – best encapsulated by ‘The Khanjgaruh’ – to both remember and imagine the shared poetic history between Asia and Europe. Pocock's writing thus emblemizes how the nineteenth-century ‘West–East lyric’ was a product of both historical and philological recovering as well as the willed creation of poets and poetry enthusiasts. As a category, lyric performs a binding function in Pocock's work to pull together a linguistically and professionally diverse community of writers.
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Orr, D. Alan. „“Communis Hostis Omnium”: The Smerwick Massacre (1580) and the Law of Nations“. Journal of British Studies 58, Nr. 3 (Juli 2019): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.6.
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AbstractThis article examines the brutal massacre of up to six hundred Spanish and Italian papal troops on the order of the English Lord Deputy Arthur Grey, 14th Baron de Wilton (1536–1593), at Dún An Óir (Forto del Oro), Smerwick, County Kerry, on 10 November 1580. The article investigates the relationship between the religious and juridical rationales for the massacre, shedding new light on the broader relationship between the early modern law of nations, Protestantism, and what Brendan Bradshaw has characterized as “catastrophic violence” in the Elizabethan military conquest of Ireland. While Vincent Carey has emphasized the virulently anti-Catholic character of Grey's rationales for the massacre, my argument instead emphasizes the role of the received laws of nations and of war in justifying Grey's actions both to Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) and to the English public, from the period immediately following the massacre until the writing of Edmund Spenser's pro-Grey apologetic, A View of the Present State of Ireland (ca. 1596). On this view, the papal troops at Smerwick were considered brigands, pirates, or, in Marcus Tullius Cicero's words, “communis hostis omnium”—a common enemy to all—and enjoyed no standing as lawful enemies under the law of nations. In the sixteenth century, the established law of nations was hardly a seamless web but manifested significant cleavages and fissures allowing for the construction of localized spheres of legal exception in which the ordinary rules of warfare did not apply, thus providing a convenient juridical rationale for atrocity.
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Kirk, Neville. „In Defence of Class“. International Review of Social History 32, Nr. 1 (April 1987): 2–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008312.
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The view that class occupied a central place in the lives of nineteenth-century English workers has recently come under increasing criticism within the fields of labour and social history. Joyce (1980), Stedman Jones (1982 and 1983), Calhoun (1982) and Glen (1984) are prominent examples of scholars who have proclaimed, albeit to varying degrees and with different points of emphasis, that at various times during the nineteenth century workers were far less motivated by class than claimed by Edward and Dorothy Thompson, Hobsbawm and likeminded historians. Criticisms of this latter group of historians are, of course, not new. Nevertheless it may be suggested that the recent criticisms of class do possess two distinguishing characteristics. Firstly, they have surely gathered a momentum and a degree of influence within labour and social history which the criticisms of the 1960's (especially the positivist-based critiques of Edward Thompson's view of class) failed to achieve. (This change is, in part, related to the defeats and retreats suffered by the labour movement under Thatcherism, and the current intellectual and political re-assessment of the historical strength of class-consciousness within the British working class.) Secondly, the criticisms of the 1980's issue from a much wider range of theoretical perspectives than was the case during the 1960's.
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Loos, Helmut. „Beethoven — the Zeus of Modernity“. Culturology Ideas, Nr. 18 (2'2020) (2020): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37627/2311-9489-18-2020-2.66-84.
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A large part of German musicology sees itself as a science of art in the emphatic sense and is committed to quite different principles than historical-critical approaches in the discipline. The latter seek to gain a realistic picture of the history of music, including contemporary ways of thinking, and allow for historical actors to make meaningful, free will decisions within anthropologically determined circumstances. The emphatic science of art, on the other hand, claims to be able to prove and scientifically determine the objects of great art music and their nature. It originated during the Enlightenment, when philosophy took the place of religion and created ever new theoretical constructs of thought presented as scientifically proven and binding. In music, Beethoven rose to the ideal of the ingenious creator, who embodied the progress and achievements of mankind on the path toward perfection. Thus, in the course of the 19th century, a Beethoven cult developed using philosophy as its guide in selecting and evaluating historical sources, gladly accepting literary testimonies as historical fact. Historical criticism, which revealed this construction of a romantic image of Beethoven, was suppressed for a long time. Society’s broad acceptance of the notion of the evolutionary progress of mankind, one to which modernity adhered, proved too powerful, and belief in it took the form of an art religion. Beethoven as Zeus of the Third Reich, as the god of modernity, was the program and message of the 14th Secession Exhibition in Vienna in 1902. This image was destructed in the late 20th century.