Zeitschriftenartikel: „Energy metabolism“

1

Perera, PAJ, und Faiz MMT Marikar. „Energy Metabolism“. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry 6, Nr. 2 (13.01.2014): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v6i2.17646.

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This review considers how our understanding of energy utilized by energy metabolism has progressed since the pioneering work on this topic in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Research has been stimulated by a desire to understand how metabolic events contribute to the development of the body into the different phases, the need of considering health with which to improve the success of implication on public health. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in defining the roles of the traditional nutrients: pyruvate, glucose, lactate and amino acids; originally considered as energy sources and biosynthetic precursors, but now recognised as having multiple, overlapping functions. Other nutrients; notably, lipids, are beginning to attract the attention they deserve. The review concludes by up-dating the state of knowledge of energy metabolism in the early 1970s and listing some future research questions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v6i2.17646Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2013; 6(2): 68-76

2

Almeida Castro, Luis Henrique, Leandro Rachel Arguello, Nelson Thiago Andrade Ferreira, Geanlucas Mendes Monteiro, Jessica Alves Ribeiro, Juliana Vicente de Souza, Sarita Baltuilhe dos Santos et al. „Energy metabolism“. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, Nr. 9 (01.09.2020): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss9.2643.

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Most animal cells are able to meet their energy needs from the oxidation of various types of compounds: sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, but some tissues and cells of our body depend exclusively on glucose and the brain is the largest consumer of all. That is why the body has mechanisms in order to keep glucose levels stable. As it decreases, the degradation of hepatic glycogen occurs, which maintains the appropriate levels of blood glucose allowing its capture continues by those tissues, even in times of absence of food intake. But this reserve is limited, so another metabolic pathway is triggered for glucose production, which occurs in the kidneys and liver and is called gluconeogenesis, which means the synthesis of glucose from non-glucose compounds such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. Most stages of glycolysis use the same enzymes as glycolysis, but it makes the opposite sense and differs in three stages or also called deviations: the first is the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate and oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate. The second deviation is the conversion of fructose 1,6 biphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate and the third and last deviation is the conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose.

3

Flight, Monica Hoyos. „Shifting energy metabolism“. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9, Nr. 4 (April 2010): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3146.

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4

Gutierrez, Guillermo, Fernando Palizas und Carlo E. Marini. „Cellular Energy Metabolism“. Chest 97, Nr. 4 (April 1990): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.97.4.975.

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5

Lochner, A. „Myocardial energy metabolism“. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 4, Nr. 3 (Mai 1990): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01856567.

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6

Crunkhorn, Sarah. „Disrupting energy metabolism“. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 17, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2018): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2018.172.

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7

Blum, J. Joseph. „Energy metabolism inLeishmania“. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 26, Nr. 2 (April 1994): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00763063.

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8

Alcaraz, Miquel. „Pavlova E.V. Movement and energy metabolism of marine planktonic organisms“. Scientia Marina 70, Nr. 4 (30.12.2006): 767–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2006.70n4767.

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9

Lee, Sujin, und Yumie Rhee. „Bone and Energy Metabolism“. Journal of Korean Diabetes 14, Nr. 4 (2013): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2013.14.4.174.

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10

Nieuwenhuizen, Arie G., und Evert M. van Schothorst. „Energy Metabolism and Diet“. Nutrients 13, Nr. 6 (01.06.2021): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061907.

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11

Karthik, Vivin, und Anyonya R. Guntur. „Energy Metabolism of Osteocytes“. Current Osteoporosis Reports 19, Nr. 4 (12.06.2021): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-021-00688-6.

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12

Terjung, R. L., M. D. Jenssen, L. Turcotte, W. W. Winder und A. R. Coggan. „ENERGY METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE“. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (Mai 1995): S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00754.

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13

Kinney, John M. „Energy Metabolism – An Overview“. Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 15, Nr. 4 (1988): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000222283.

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14

Brand, M. D. „Control of energy metabolism“. Biochemical Society Transactions 28, Nr. 5 (01.10.2000): A106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst028a106a.

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15

Wilmore, Jack H., und David L. Costill. „Physical Energy: Fuel Metabolism“. Nutrition Reviews 59, Nr. 1 (27.04.2009): S13—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb01885.x.

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16

Zemel, Michael B., und Xiaocun Sun. „Calcitriol and energy metabolism“. Nutrition Reviews 66 (25.09.2008): S139—S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00099.x.

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17

Li, X. „SIRT1 and energy metabolism“. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 45, Nr. 1 (20.12.2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gms108.

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18

Greenhill, Claire. „Narciclasine boosts energy metabolism“. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 13, Nr. 4 (03.03.2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.25.

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19

Portilla, Didier. „Energy metabolism and cytotoxicity“. Seminars in Nephrology 23, Nr. 5 (September 2003): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-9295(03)00088-3.

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20

Garland, John M., und Andrew Halestrap. „Energy Metabolism during Apoptosis“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, Nr. 8 (21.02.1997): 4680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.8.4680.

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21

Goran, Michael I. „ENERGY METABOLISM AND OBESITY“. Medical Clinics of North America 84, Nr. 2 (März 2000): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70225-x.

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22

Lodi, R., C. Tonon, C. Testa, D. Manners und B. Barbiroli. „Energy metabolism in migraine“. Neurological Sciences 27, S2 (Mai 2006): s82—s85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-006-0576-0.

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23

Martin, William F., und Rudolf K. Thauer. „Energy in Ancient Metabolism“. Cell 168, Nr. 6 (März 2017): 953–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.032.

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24

Long, Fanxin. „Energy Metabolism and Bone“. Bone 115 (Oktober 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2018.08.002.

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25

Prebil, Mateja, Jørgen Jensen, Robert Zorec und Marko Kreft. „Astrocytes and energy metabolism“. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 117, Nr. 2 (10.01.2011): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813455.2010.539616.

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26

Motyl, Katherine J., Anyonya R. Guntur, Adriana Lelis Carvalho und Clifford J. Rosen. „Energy Metabolism of Bone“. Toxicologic Pathology 45, Nr. 7 (Oktober 2017): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623317737065.

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Biological processes utilize energy and therefore must be prioritized based on fuel availability. Bone is no exception to this, and the benefit of remodeling when necessary outweighs the energy costs. Bone remodeling is important for maintaining blood calcium homeostasis, repairing micro cracks and fractures, and modifying bone structure so that it is better suited to withstand loading demands. Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes are the primary cells responsible for bone remodeling, although bone marrow adipocytes and other cells may also play an indirect role. There is a renewed interest in bone cell energetics because of the potential for these processes to be targeted for osteoporosis therapies. In contrast, due to the intimate link between bone and energy homeostasis, pharmaceuticals that treat metabolic disease or have metabolic side effects often have deleterious bone consequences. In this brief review, we will introduce osteoporosis, discuss how bone cells utilize energy to function, evidence for bone regulating whole body energy homeostasis, and some of the unanswered questions and opportunities for further research in the field.

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Iotti, Stefano, Marco Borsari und David Bendahan. „Oscillations in energy metabolism“. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1797, Nr. 8 (August 2010): 1353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.019.

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28

Mota-Rojas, D., H. Orozco-Gregorio, D. Villanueva-Garcia, H. Bonilla-Jaime, X. Suarez-Bonilla, R. Hernandez-Gonzalez, P. Roldan-Santiago und ME Trujillo-Ortega. „Foetal and neonatal energy metabolism in pigs and humans: a review“. Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 5 (10.06.2011): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1565-vetmed.

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The aim of this review was to elaborate a conceptual framework of the most important aspects of the main biochemical processes of synthesis and breakdown of energy substrates that human and pig foetuses and newborns can use during the transition from foetus to newborn. Under normal physiological conditions, the growth and development of the foetus depends upon nutrients such as glucose, lipids and amino acids. In addition to the maternal and foetal status, genetic factors are also reported to play a role. The main function of the placenta in all species is to promote the selective transport of nutrients and waste products between mother and foetus. This transport is facilitated by the close proximity of the maternal and foetal vascular systems in the placenta. The foetus depends on the placental supply of nutrients, which regulates energy reserves by means of glycogen storage. Also, the synthesis of foetal hepatic glycogen guarantees energy reserves during perinatal asphyxia or maternal hypoglycaemia. However, the foetus can also obtain energy from other resources, such as gluconeogenesis from the intermediary metabolism of the Krebs cycle and most amino acids. Later, when the placental glucose contribution ends during the transition to the postnatal period, the maturation of biological systems and essential metabolic adaptations for survival and growth is required. The maintenance of normoglycaemia depends on the conditions that determine nutrient status throughout life: the adequacy of glycogen stores, the maturation of the glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic pathway, and an integrated endocrine response.

29

Friedman, M. I. „Control of energy intake by energy metabolism“. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, Nr. 5 (01.11.1995): 1096S—1100S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/62.5.1096s.

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30

Tan, Esa Indah Ayudia, Irfannuddin Irfannuddin und Krisna Murti. „PENGARUH DIET KETOGENIK TERHADAP PROLIFERASI DAN KETAHANAN SEL PADA JARINGAN PANKREAS“. JAMBI MEDICAL JOURNAL "Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan" 7, Nr. 1 (01.05.2019): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jmj.v7i1.7127.

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ABSTRACT The ketogenic diet is a diet that uses a lot of fat as an energy source and reduces carbohydrate and protein consumption when the body does not get enough glucose from carbohydrates, the body usually uses alternative energy sourced from the ketone body, namely acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate. The ketone body comes from the breakdown of fatty acid metabolism in the liver where at the moment the concentration is low in the blood. Ketogenic diet is a diet that uses a lot of fat as an energy source and reduces carbohydrate consumption. The ketogenic diet makes the body burn fat instead of carbohydrates. The pancreas is the center of control of energy metabolism. The role of metabolism affected by endocrine function of the pancreas is located on the islands of langerhans, in the form of epithelial cells spread throughout the organs. Changes in diet patterns will certainly have an impact on proliferation and apoptosis cell in pancreas. Keywords: ketogenic diet, pancreas, proliferation, cell resistance ABSTRAK Diet ketogenik adalah diet yang menggunakan banyak lemak sebagai sumber energi dan mengurangi konsumsi karbohidrat dan protein ketika tubuh tidak mendapatkan cukup glukosa dari karbohidrat, tubuh biasanya menggunakan energi alternatif yang bersumber dari tubuh keton, yaitu asetoasetat dan b- hidroksibutirat. Tubuh keton berasal dari pemecahan metabolisme asam lemak di hati di mana saat ini konsentrasi rendah dalam darah. Diet ketogenik adalah diet yang menggunakan banyak lemak sebagai sumber energi dan mengurangi konsumsi karbohidrat. Diet ketogenik membuat tubuh membakar lemak, bukan karbohidrat. Pankreas adalah pusat kendali metabolisme energi. Peran metabolisme yang dipengaruhi oleh fungsi endokrin pankreas terletak di pulau-pulau langerhans, dalam bentuk sel-sel epitel yang menyebar ke seluruh organ. Perubahan pola diet tentu akan berdampak pada proliferasi dan sel apoptosis pada pankreas. Kata Kunci: diet ketogenik, pankreas, proliferasi, resistensi sel

31

Judge, Ayesha, und Michael S. Dodd. „Metabolism“. Essays in Biochemistry 64, Nr. 4 (24.08.2020): 607–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20190041.

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Abstract Metabolism consists of a series of reactions that occur within cells of living organisms to sustain life. The process of metabolism involves many interconnected cellular pathways to ultimately provide cells with the energy required to carry out their function. The importance and the evolutionary advantage of these pathways can be seen as many remain unchanged by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. In eukaryotes, the metabolic pathways occur within the cytosol and mitochondria of cells with the utilisation of glucose or fatty acids providing the majority of cellular energy in animals. Metabolism is organised into distinct metabolic pathways to either maximise the capture of energy or minimise its use. Metabolism can be split into a series of chemical reactions that comprise both the synthesis and degradation of complex macromolecules known as anabolism or catabolism, respectively. The basic principles of energy consumption and production are discussed, alongside the biochemical pathways that make up fundamental metabolic processes for life.

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Neto, Benjamim Pereira da Costa. „Photosynthetic efficiency in species with C3 and C4 metabolisms“. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 10, Nr. 1 (2023): 001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.101.1.

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Beans and corn are very important crops in terms of human nutrition worldwide, however each of them has its particularities, especially in the characteristics of photosynthetic metabolism (energy production), which are C3 and C4, respectively. According to studies in the field of physiology of higher plants, the C4 metabolism is an evolution of the C3 metabolism, being, according to the literature, more efficient from the photosynthetic point of view. The present work was based on the following question: In fact, is C4 metabolism more efficient than C3 from the point of view of energy production?. Thus, this work aimed to quantify and compare the photosynthetic potential of species with C3 and C4 metabolisms. The results of this study, therefore, pointed to C3 metabolism as the major energy producer in the photosynthetic process. On the other hand, it considered that the relationship between the energy produced and the energy stored in grains was higher in the C4 metabolism culture, that can change from species to species.

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Driedzic, W. R., B. D. Sidell, D. Stowe und R. Branscombe. „Matching of vertebrate cardiac energy demand to energy metabolism“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, Nr. 5 (01.05.1987): R930—R937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.5.r930.

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Concentrations of high-energy phosphates and activities of key enzymes of energy metabolism were assessed in hearts from species with differing levels of cardiac power output. Positive correlations were found between resting power output and the total adenylate pool and between citrate synthase activity and the total adenylate pool. Maximum in vitro activity levels of enzymes from energy metabolism were compared with calculated resting cardiac power output and maximal cardiac power output (as reflected by total oligomycin-insensitive adenosine-triphosphatase activity). Three indexes of carbohydrate metabolism (hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and L-lactate dehydrogenase) all plateau at relatively low levels of energy demand. In contrast, enzymes required for aerobic fatty acid metabolism, (carnitine palmitoyltransferase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and for tricarboxylic acid and electron transport (citrate synthase and cytochrome-c oxidase) show consistent increases as ATP demand is elevated. It appears that as capacity for power development by vertebrate hearts, increases across taxa, the elevated demand for ATP is met by expansion of fatty acid based aerobic metabolism and not carbohydrate metabolism.

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Nazhmiddinovich Soliev, Nuriddin, und Odiljon Shermatovich Boymatov. „Serotonin Regulation Of Energy Metabolism Of Mitochondria Of Various Organs Of Rats“. American Journal of Applied sciences 3, Nr. 05 (31.05.2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue05-18.

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Serotonin reduces the respiratory function of the mitochondria of the brain, heart and liver of rats. Serotonin significantly reduces the transport of electrons from glutamate to the oxygen molecule along the respiratory chain relative to succinate. These changes lead to a slight increase in the oxidative efficiency of phosphorylation in the oxidation of glutamate in mitochondria.

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Ferenchuk, Ye O., und I. V. Gerush. „Glutathione influence on energy metabolism in rat liver mitochondria under experimental nephropathy“. Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 91, Nr. 3 (15.05.2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj91.03.019.

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36

Tian, Tian, Xin-Yi Chu, Yi Yang, Xuan Zhang, Ye-Mao Liu, Jun Gao, Bin-Guang Ma und Hong-Yu Zhang. „Phosphates as Energy Sources to Expand Metabolic Networks“. Life 9, Nr. 2 (22.05.2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9020043.

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Phosphates are essential for modern metabolisms. A recent study reported a phosphate-free metabolic network and suggested that thioesters, rather than phosphates, could alleviate thermodynamic bottlenecks of network expansion. As a result, it was considered that a phosphorus-independent metabolism could exist before the phosphate-based genetic coding system. To explore the origin of phosphorus-dependent metabolism, the present study constructs a protometabolic network that contains phosphates prebiotically available using computational systems biology approaches. It is found that some primitive phosphorylated intermediates could greatly alleviate thermodynamic bottlenecks of network expansion. Moreover, the phosphorus-dependent metabolic network exhibits several ancient features. Taken together, it is concluded that phosphates played a role as important as that of thioesters during the origin and evolution of metabolism. Both phosphorus and sulfur are speculated to be critical to the origin of life.

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XU, JIAN-XING. „Radical Metabolism Is Partner to Energy Metabolism in Mitochondria“. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1011, Nr. 1 (April 2004): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1293.006.

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38

Pathak, Aishwarya. „EXPLORING METABOLISM: UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES“. International Journal of Prevention Practice and Research 02, Nr. 01 (02.01.2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/medscience-abcd612.

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Metabolism, the intricate web of biochemical processes within living organisms, is essential for energy production, growth, and the maintenance of life. This article delves into the key components and mechanisms of metabolism, elucidating its significance in cellular function and overall organismal health. Metabolism encompasses a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that sustain life by converting nutrients into energy and building blocks for cellular function. Comprising catabolic and anabolic pathways, metabolism operates through intricate enzymatic reactions, ensuring the body's equilibrium and functionality.

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Göbel, Britta, Dirk Langemann, Kerstin M. Oltmanns und Matthias Chung. „Compact energy metabolism model: Brain controlled energy supply“. Journal of Theoretical Biology 264, Nr. 4 (Juni 2010): 1214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.033.

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Zhang, Yi, und Jin-Ming Yang. „Altered energy metabolism in cancer“. Cancer Biology & Therapy 14, Nr. 2 (Februar 2013): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.22958.

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41

Li, Xiaoling, und Nevzat Kazgan. „Mammalian Sirtuins and Energy Metabolism“. International Journal of Biological Sciences 7, Nr. 5 (2011): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.7.575.

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42

Zanatta, Leila C. B., Cesar L. Boguszewski, Victoria Z. C. Borba und Carolina A. M. Kulak. „Osteocalcin, energy and glucose metabolism“. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 58, Nr. 5 (Juli 2014): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-2730000003333.

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Osteocalcin is a bone matrix protein that has been associated with several hormonal actions on energy and glucose metabolism. Animal and experimental models have shown that osteocalcin is released into the bloodstream and exerts biological effects on pancreatic beta cells and adipose tissue. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin is the hormonally active isoform and stimulates insulin secretion and enhances insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and muscle. Insulin and leptin, in turn, act on bone tissue, modulating the osteocalcin secretion, in a traditional feedback mechanism that places the skeleton as a true endocrine organ. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of osteocalcin in the regulation of glucose and energy metabolism in humans and its potential therapeutic implications in diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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Dietrich, Marcelo O., und Tamas L. Horvath. „Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism“. Endocrinology and Metabolism 27, Nr. 4 (2012): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3803/enm.2012.27.4.268.

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Roh, Eun, und Min-Seon Kim. „Brain Regulation of Energy Metabolism“. Endocrinology and Metabolism 31, Nr. 4 (2016): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3803/enm.2016.31.4.519.

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45

Cevoli, Sabina, Valentina Favoni und Pietro Cortelli. „Energy Metabolism Impairment in Migraine“. Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, Nr. 34 (12.12.2019): 6253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180622154411.

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Migraine is a common disabling neurological disorder which is characterised by a recurring headache associated with a variety of sensory and autonomic symptoms. The pathophysiology of migraine remains not entirely understood, although many mechanisms involving the central and peripheral nervous system are now becoming clear. In particular, it is widely accepted that migraine is associated with energy metabolic impairment of the brain. The purpose of this review is to present an updated overview of the energy metabolism involvement in the migraine pathophysiology. Several biochemical, morphological and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have confirmed the presence of energy production deficiency together with an increment of energy consumption in migraine patients. An increment of energy demand over a certain threshold creates metabolic and biochemical preconditions for the onset of the migraine attack. The defect of oxidative energy metabolism in migraine is generalized. It remains to be determined if the mitochondrial deficit in migraine is primary or secondary. Riboflavin and Co-Enzyme Q10, both physiologically implicated in mitochondrial respiratory chain functioning, are effective in migraine prophylaxis, supporting the hypothesis that improving brain energy metabolism may reduce the susceptibility to migraine.

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Brand, M. D. „Regulation analysis of energy metabolism.“ Journal of Experimental Biology 200, Nr. 2 (01.01.1997): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.2.193.

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This paper reviews top-down regulation analysis, a part of metabolic control analysis, and shows how it can be used to analyse steady states, regulation and homeostasis in complex systems such as energy metabolism in mitochondria, cells and tissues. A steady state is maintained by the variables in a system; regulation is the way the steady state is changed by external effectors. We can exploit the properties of the steady state to measure the kinetic responses (elasticities) of reactions to the concentrations of intermediates and effectors. We can reduce the complexity of the system under investigation by grouping reactions into large blocks connected by a small number of explicit intermediates-this is the top-down approach to control analysis. Simple titrations then yield all the values of elasticities and control coefficients within the system. We can use these values to quantify the relative strengths of different internal pathways that act to keep an intermediate or a rate constant in the steady state. We can also use them to quantify the relative strengths of different primary actions of an external effector and the different internal pathways that transmit its effects through the system, to describe regulation and homeostasis. This top-down regulation analysis has been used to analyse steady states of energy metabolism in mitochondria, cells and tissues, and to analyse regulation of energy metabolism by cadmium, an external effector, in mitochondria. The combination of relatively simple experiments and new theoretical structures for presenting and interpreting the results means that top-down regulation analysis provides a novel and effective way to analyse steady states, regulation and homeostasis in intricate metabolic systems.

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Folmes, Clifford DL, Timothy J. Nelson und Andre Terzic. „Energy metabolism in nuclear reprogramming“. Biomarkers in Medicine 5, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2011): 715–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/bmm.11.87.

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48

Kondo, Fukuji. „ENERGY METABOLISM IN HYDRONEPHROTIC KIDNEYS“. Japanese Journal of Urology 79, Nr. 3 (1988): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1928.79.3_445.

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Kondo, Fukuji. „ENERGY METABOLISM IN HYDRONEPHROTIC KIDNEYS“. Japanese Journal of Urology 79, Nr. 3 (1988): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1928.79.3_451.

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WONG, Stephen H. S. „Energy Metabolism during Endurance Exercise“. Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 6, Nr. 1 (01.06.2000): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.61236.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Carbohydrates and fats become the major energy sources during prolonged exercise. The relationship between these energy metabolism processes depends upon the pre-game diet, exercise intensity as well as its duration. The present paper attempts to review such energy metabolism relating to endurance exercise.進行耐力運動時，身體的能量供應主要由碳水化合物和脂肪提供，兩者的供能關係取決於運動前的飲食和運動時的強度和時間，本文旨在闡釋兩者在運動時的互動關係。

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