Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Energilagring Batterier“

Utveckling av det moderna samhället och den fortsatt accelererande energiintensiva tillvaro människan lever i sätter stor press på klimatet. För att nå de hållbarhetsmål FN satt upp som bland annat innebär minskade utsläpp och effektivare energianvändning krävs krafttag i det globala energisystemet. För att öka andelen modern och ren energi krävs att sol- och vindkraft prioriteras. Ett stort problem med dessa energikällor är dess intermittenta produktion vilken alstrar oregelbunden elektricitet och ställer nya krav på elnätet. För att underlätta implementering av förnybara energikällor på det nationella elnätet och i mindre energisystem undersöks i den här rapporten de förutsättningar som finns för att integrera batterienergilagringssystem i kombination med intermittenta energikällor. Rådande förutsättningar redogörs för i en omfattande litteraturundersökning där bland annat elnätets funktion, lovande batteriteknologier, ekonomiska incitament för batterienergilagring och framtidspotential undersöks. Ett globalt engagemang för att öka andelen förnybar energi med hjälp av batterienergilagring i det globala energisystemet identifieras. Vidare visas batterienergilagringssystem har stor potential att minimera den belastning intermittenta energikällor har på elnätet. Potentialen begränsas i nuläget av rådande politiska styrmedel och elmarknadens utformning då en småskalig elproducent idag gynnas av att direkt mata ut överskottsel på elnätet istället för att använda energilagring. Med en växande andel intermittent elproduktion förväntas minskade begränsningar och batterienergilagring kopplat till elproduktion bli mer lönsamt.
The development of the modern society and the global continuously accelerating energy intensive way of living is putting stress on the climate. In order to achieve the UNs set of sustainability goals, including reduced emissions and more efficient use of energy, vigorous actions in the global energy system is required. To increase the share of clean and modern energy generation a larger quantity of solar and wind power is required. Due to weather dependency these resources generate intermittent electricity which will put new challenges on the grid.   To facilitate the implementation of intermittent energy sources on the national grid and in smaller energy systems this report aims to investigate current prerequisites on integrating battery energy storage systems and intermittent resources to increase the share of clean energy sources in the power system. Current prerequisites are presented as the result of an extensive literature study where the electrical grid, promising battery technologies, financial incentives for battery energy storage and future potential is examined.   A global commitment to increase the share of renewable energy sources using battery energy storage system in the global energy system is identified. Furthermore, battery energy storage systems are shown to have great potential in limiting the negative impact of intermittent energy sources on the electrical grid. This potential is currently being limited by existing political control means and the design of the electricity market such that small producers are benefitted by directly supplying the grid with excess electricity instead of using energy storage. With a growing share of intermittent power generation these limitations are expected to ease and battery energy storage systems in connection with power production becoming more profitable.​

Renovating roofs of multi-family buildings with building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) poses a possibility of cost effective installation of solar cells. The surplus electricity could however become a problem for the grid and decrease the profitability of the investment. In this study, the economical possibilities for a BIPV renovation and for batteries and a thermal storage to store the surplus electricity is evaluated. A study has been made for a multi-family building in Jönköping which is built within the time period of the Swedish Million Programme. Several cases were examined where the renovation was combined with installation of BIPV, a heat recovery system (HRV) or heat pump and a possibility of batteries and/or thermal storage. The management of surplus electricity was modelled and the net present value (NPV) for the cases as well as the value of energy storage was calculated. The NPV was positive for all the cases with BIPV renovation, which means that the BIPV renovation is profitable. The alternative cost for the renovation was seen to have a big impact on the profitability. Both the batteries and the thermal storage decreased the NPV and are therefore not profitable today. To increase the profitability of energy storage the investment cost must decrease and/or the energy prices increase. Other possibilities to increase the profitability of the investment was found; to make use of the different political support systems, or to have a group subscription where also the household electricity can be supplied by the solar production.
Miljontak - takrenovering med solceller

Energy storage is of increasing interest as an enabler of incorporating renewable intermittent power in the power systems globally. There are several technologies for energy storage, and this thesis focuses on battery energy storage systems (BESS). Previous research has shown that it is difficult to install BESS with a payback time within the battery lifetime, making it a challenge to realise profitable investments. The complexity of developing an optimal control of the battery is also documented in research as another challenge. Optimal sizing of the BESS could be a solution to the challenge of reaching profitability. The thesis is identifying and analysing some important technical and energy-related parameters affecting the performance of BESS installations. Identification and analysis of parameters affecting the performance will help build insight into the optimization of BESS and help enable the development of more efficient sizing and operation. By developing an algorithm simulating the BESS when controlled using two different strategies, this thesis additionally contributes to the research by displaying the complexity of battery control, which is realised by the energy management system (EMS). Thereby the thesis is adding to the research base for the future development of smarter and more optimal EMS. The main research methodologies used in the thesis was a literature study and a case study. The results suggested that the energy management strategy used in the battery control was gravely affecting the performance in terms of economic profitability, self-sufficiency and environmental impact. It was also implied that it is difficult to develop an efficient battery control to reach the full potential of the storage system. The main conclusions in this paper are that the most important parameters to consider when implementing a battery storage in a residential multifamily building are battery technology, battery capacity, building load, renewable energy generation, energy management strategy as well as the electricity prices and investment cost. The energy management strategy most favourable for the case building studied was found to be a combination of optimizing the self-sufficiency and performing peak shaving. It would also be preferable to further develop the battery control to also take electricity prices and balance services into consideration. For this, AI and machine learning could be integrated in the control of the system. According to the case study results, the lithium ion battery technology had better potential for reaching economic profitability while the nickel metal hydride technology showed better potential in terms of environmental performance. The choice of battery technology and energy management strategy should however be adjusted to the customer specific demands and prerequisites.

Electrification in rural areas of West African countries remain to be a challenge for the growth of the region. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has set a target of 2030 to achieve 100% electrification in all member countries. Burkina Faso is one of the least electrified countries in the world, where only 9 % of the rural population has access to electricity. This study presents a conceptualization of techno-economic feasibility of pumped hydro storage (PHS) and electric batteries with solar photovoltaics (PV) in the context of Burkina Faso. The results are explored for an off grid standalone PV plus storage system for a rural setting and a grid connected PV system for an urban setup. The least cost configurations for both the cases are determined using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). The results indicate the need of extended solar penetration in Burkina Faso in response to the challenges of low electrification rates in the country. Adding more PV to the present electricity mix of Burkina Faso could drive down the cost of energy by 50 % compared to the present grid electricity prices by making cheap electricity available to the local population. Adding PHS to grid connected PV leads to a cost reduction of 8% over a lifetime of 25 years which does not provide enough motivation for the high investments in storage at present. Policy interventions that allow stacking up of revenues and benefits of storage are needed to make it more competitive. PV plus pumped hydro storage remains the optimal system architecture as compared to PV plus electric batteries for off grid standalone systems provided the geographic availability of lower and upper reservoirs. The capital cost of PV remains to be the most dominating factor in the cost of optimal system for both the urban and the rural cases, and driving down the costs of PV would have the most positive effect for increased electricity access in the country.
Elektrifiering i landsbygdsområden i västafrikanska länder är fortfarande en utmaning för tillväxten i regionen. Ekonomiska gemenskapen i Västafrikanska stater (ECOWAS) har satt upp ett mål 2030 att uppnå 100% elektrifiering i alla medlemsländer. Burkina Faso är ett av de minst elektrifierade länderna i världen där bara 9% av landsbygdsbefolkningen har tillgång till el. Denna studie presenterar en konceptualisering av teknisk ekonomisk genomförbarhet för pumpad vattenkraftlagring (PHS) och elektriska batterier med PV (photovoltaics) paneler i samband med Burkina Faso. Resultaten undersöks med avseende på ett fristående fristående PV plus lagringssystem för landsbygden och ett nätanslutet PV-system för en stadsinstallation. De lägsta kostnadskonfigurationerna för båda fallen bestäms med hjälp av HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). Resultaten visar på behovet av utökad solpenetrering i Burkina Faso som svar på utmaningarna med låga elektrifieringshastigheter i landet. Att lägga till mer PV till den nuvarande elmixen av Burkina Faso skulle kunna sänka energikostnaderna med 50% jämfört med de nuvarande elpriserna för nätet genom att göra billig el tillgänglig för lokalbefolkningen. Att lägga till PHS till nätansluten PV leder till en kostnadsminskning på 8% under en livslängd på 25 år som inte ger tillräcklig motivation för de stora investeringarna i lagring för närvarande. Politikåtgärder som möjliggör stapling av intäkter och fördelar med lagring behövs för att göra det mer konkurrenskraftigt. PV plus pumpad hydro förblir den optimala systemarkitekturen jämfört med PV plus elektriska batterier för fristående nät utanför nätet förutsatt geografisk tillgänglighet av nedre och övre reservoarer. Kapitalkostnaden för PV är fortfarande den mest dominerande faktorn i det lägsta kostnadssystemet för både stads- och landsbygdsfall och att köra ner PV-kostnaderna skulle ha den mest positiva effekten för ökad elåtkomst i landet.

In this thesis different methods of energy storage are evaluated for use in multifamily residential buildings in order to increase the self-consumption of self-generated photovoltaic electricity. The computational software MATLAB was used to simulate and study five different energy systems applied on two case studies. The five energy systems are; one reference system consisting of photovoltaics, one system with photovoltaics and a hydrogen storage system, and three systems consisting of photovoltaics and batteries using different management strategies. The different systems were compared based on their effect on the buildings self-consumption ratio and grid interaction as well as system costs and profitability. The battery systems successfully increased the self-consumption ratio and decreased grid interaction. Assuming a favourable development of market conditions, all systems containing batteries were paid back. The battery system that could reduce high consumption peaks during the entire year was the most profitable system as the buildings fixed grid fees could be lowered. The hydrogen storage system increased the self-consumption ratio to a small degree, as much of the electricity was lost in the conversion processes. Also, the components of the hydrogen system are very costly and the investment could therefore not be paid back within the 30 year life-time. Photovoltaics can be used to decrease variable electricity costs while energy storage can be used to decrease both variable and fixed electricity costs. The results suggest that focusing on handling power peaks and leveling grid interaction is more valuable than focusing on increasing self-consumption in multifamily residential buildings. The value of energy storage systems in multifamily residential buildings has been discussed with respect to technology development and changes in market conditions, the conclusion being that the value will most likely increase within the next decade and onward. It is believed that local energy storage systems have an important role to play in a power system with an increasing amount of renewable and intermittent power sources.

This degree thesis investigates the possibilities of producing food inside a container at Svalbard, using renewable energy and energy storage. The idea was to be able to place the container at remote places without the need of being connected to the grid. We chose Svalbard, where it is cold and the sun is shining 24 hours a day at summertime. In the winter the opposite occurs and the sun is absent from the sky. The work is divided into theoretical studies and results based on different calculations. Such as economical evaluations (LCOE), and simulations using the computer programs Matlab and PVsyst. We have investigated if solar power and wind power is suitable as energy sources. Options for storage were batteries, grid and hydrogen storage. Different cases with Photovoltaics- and wind power plants, with batteries or grid, were compared against each other. It is not possible to use the grid as storage. This resulted in different sizing of our cases, with no excess energy production. The result showed that a 5 kWp photvoltaic plant with dual axis tracking system, was the most profitable. The Pay off would be 14 years and the total profit 63 453 SEK. If it will become possible in the future to use the grid at Svalbard as storage, it will open up opportunites for bigger systems. This will lead to higher profit than with smaller ones. Our results show that it is now most profitable with solar power.

Energy storage is an important key for future energy systems. A most common form of energy storage is the battery. However, producing a battery is not very efficient nor sustainable. Therefore, every part and every machine in the manufacturing process must be measured and analysed. The next step is to find solutions of how to make each part more effective. The purpose of the thesis was to analyse the power consumption of a battery cycling machine and log the temperature changes. The quality of a battery cell is tested by charging and discharging the cell to different state of charge in this machine. The results showed a lower efficiency during standby state, which is a state when the machine is not used yet is still running. The efficiency increased during charge and discharge of the cells. Moreover, with enough cells discharging at the same time, the machine could produce electricity. This would also mean that the cells charge at the same time and lead to a volatile load profile. The temperature increased slightly during charge and discharge but not above the upper limit. In summary, by scheming the usage of the machines adapted to the number of cells, some machines can be turned off instead of being in standby state. All the machines should be connected to each other in order to exchange excess electricity between them. These solutions can lower the power consumption and make the process more efficient.