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Santillan Pashma, Antonio Ruben. „Analysis of transmission of conditional volatility from market risk factors“. ConcienciaDigital 4, Nr. 2 (05.04.2021): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33262/concienciadigital.v4i2.1700.
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This article aims to understand the transmission of volatility from the main market indicators of the European financial system, towards market interest rates, focusing on the prices of the swap with maturity of one year and payments of three months as endogen variable and the three main indexes of the European market as CAD, DAX3, and IBEX35, as an exogenous variable. The exogenous will absorb all the necessary information from the market agents as companies, banks, investments funds, or from externals disturbances as European Central Banks and will affect the levels and the slope of the swap prices. Introduction. SWAP is the financial instrument that will be employed to analyze the changes of the volatility in the market because it is the bigger derivative inside of the group of Fixed Income Assets. It is with the greatest depth and liquidity being one of the best instruments for developing market strategies of investment. Aim. Analyst the transmission of volatility from the systematic risk, represented by indices of the market, through the swap prices. Results. DAX30 and CAD transference of volatility are positive, in the particular case of the CAD the effect of transference is significantly positive and extended because the coefficient is greater than 1. IBEX35 provides an extended negative correction. Meaning for every one percentage point change in the IBEX35, It can be expected on average that the volatility of the swap will move in -4.19 percentage point. Conclusion: The slope of the curve o the endogen variables will be determined by the transmission of the volatility from the exogenous variables and the correlation level of the endogenous will adopt with each index
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Bangun, Cicilia Sriliasta, und Tessa Handra. „How Theory of Planned Behavior And Percieved Risk Affect Online Shopping Behavior“. Aptisi Transactions on Management (ATM) 5, Nr. 2 (05.05.2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/atm.v5i2.1594.
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This study aims to analyze the affect of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and perceived risk on intention to shop online and its impact on online shopping behavior. The exogen variables on this study are attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and perceived risk. While the endogen variables are intention to shop online and behavior to shop online. Data collection was carried out by distributing 100 questionnaires to users of e-commerce as respondents. By using SEM PLS, this result of this study showed that from 5 initial hypotheses were developed; only 2 hypotheses did not affect to shop online’s behavior; there were subjective norm to intention to shop online; and perceived risk to purchase intention
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Aryana, I. Gusti Putu Suka, Anak Agung Ayu Ratih Hapsari und Raden Ayu Tuty Kuswardhani. „Myokine Regulation as Marker of Sarcopenia in Elderly“. Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences 2, Nr. 2 (01.09.2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v2i2.32.
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The elderly population will increase as well as increasing life expectancy. Health problems in elderly will be more complex and need a comprehensive management. One of the problems that arise from the aging process is sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a decreasing in muscle mass and muscle strength or muscle function caused by multifactorial not only due to aging process, but also nutrition, immobilization, genetics and others risk factors. Muscle is an endogen organ that produces various proteins that can affect the health system. This protein is referred to as myokine. Myokine is anti-inflammation cytokine and peptide produced by striated muscles. Physical activity results in myokine secretion that can reduce inflammation due to a sedentary lifestyle. Inflammation can lead to worsening sarcopenia and fat accumulation in striated muscles, thus reducing muscle mass, muscle strength and causing physical inactivity. The most of this type myokine have antiinflammation effect have work as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine. Chronic inflammation is a contributor that plays a role in the pathophysiology of various diseases including sarcopenia, it will protected by myokine. Myokine can affect the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, angiogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis, and can explain the relationship between muscle, liver, fat, tissue and brain. Some knewn myokines include interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-5, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), leukemia Inhibitory factor (LIF), irisin and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). Physical exercise can induce myokine secretion from striated muscle to circulation. Through these mechanisms, myokine is expected to improve metabolism of glucose, fat and protein muscle, liver, fat, tissue, brain and reduce the incidence some comorbidity especially sarcopenia. Finally, it's will be decreasing of disability, morbidity and mortality rate in elderly.Keywords: myokine, sarcopenia, elderly
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Kim, Jin Sug, Gang Jee Ko, Yang Gyun Kim, So Young Lee, Dong Young Lee, Kyung Hwan Jeong und Sang Ho Lee. „Plasma Endocan as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Event in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, Nr. 12 (18.12.2020): 4086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9124086.
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Endocan, a potential biomarker of endothelial dysfunction, is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated the utility of plasma endocan for predicting cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis. Of the 452 patients in the K-cohort, 354 with available plasma endocan levels were enrolled. The correlation between plasma endocan levels and the clinical characteristics of a study population were analyzed. We divided patients into two groups, according to plasma endocan levels, and investigated the predictive value of endocan for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. In a multiple linear regression analysis, plasma endocan levels were positively correlated with previous cardiovascular events and negatively correlated with body mass index, albumin, and triglyceride. Patients with higher plasma endocan levels experienced more frequent cardiovascular events than those with lower plasma endocan levels (12.9% in the lower group vs. 22.7% in the higher group, p = 0.016). Cox proportional hazard models showed that higher plasma endocan levels were an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in ESRD patients on hemodialysis ((hazard ration) HR 1.949, 95% (confidence interval) CI 1.144–3.319, p = 0.014). Our results suggest that plasma endocan level might be a useful biomarker for predicting cardiovascular events in ESRD patients on hemodialysis.
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Ziaee, Mojtaba, Sina Mashayekhi, Samad Ghaffari, Javad Mahmoudi, Parvin Sarbakhsh und Alireza Garjani. „Predictive Value of Endocan Based on TIMI Risk Score on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome“. Angiology 70, Nr. 10 (04.12.2018): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319718815241.
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We assessed the prognostic value of serum levels of endocan in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) through its correlation with the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score and compared the possible association with clinical outcomes. In this prospective cross-sectional study, we enrolled 320 patients with documented ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI (NSTEMI), or unstable angina (UA) who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography. Endocan was measured soon after admission in the emergency department. In-hospital death, heart failure, and recurrent infarction were considered major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). There was a significant positive correlation between endocan level and TIMI risk score and MACE. The optimal cutoff values of endocan to predict clinical end points were 3.45 ng/mL in patients with STEMI and 2.85 ng/mL in patients with UA/NSTEMI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that endocan independently correlated with MACE. Moreover, cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, and circulating endocan were found to be independently associated with MACE in patients with ACS. In conclusion, a high endocan level on hospital admission is an independent predictor of worse cardiovascular outcomes and higher TIMI risk score in patients with ACS.
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Bălănescu, Anca, Ioana Florentina Codreanu, Valentina Daniela Comanici, Iustina Violeta Stan, Eugenia Bălănescu und Paul Bălănescu. „Endocan and Lumican in Relation to Cardiometabolic Risk in a Pediatric Overweight and Obese Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study“. BioMed Research International 2020 (17.08.2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2102401.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate serum Endocan and Lumican levels as biomarkers for pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and to explore their associations with pediatric cardiometabolic risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 68 pediatric obese and overweight (O&O) patients. Ten healthy controls were recruited. Serum Lumican and Endocan levels were analyzed using ELISA kits. O&O patients had lower levels of Endocan compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). There were no differences between serum Endocan levels in O&O patients with NAFLD and those without (p=0.53). Patients considered having Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) had lower Endocan levels compared to O&O patients without NASH (p=0.026). Patients with metabolic syndrome had lower levels of Endocan (p=0.003). There were no significant differences between serum Lumican levels in O&O children compared to healthy controls. Lumican levels were higher in patients with hypertension (p=0.04). In O&O patients, Lumican levels were negatively correlated with Endocan levels (r=−0.37, p=0.002). Endocan seems a promising biomarker for the evaluation of pediatric NASH. Lumican was not confirmed as a biomarker for NAFLD in our cohort but was associated with higher arterial pressure. Low Endocan levels are accompanied by high serum Lumican levels, and this could be an early signature of cardiometabolic risk.
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Balta, Sevket, und Cengiz Ozturk. „Endocan, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Vascular Risk“. Angiology 67, Nr. 4 (15.06.2015): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319715591332.
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Souza, Livia Victorino de, Vanessa Oliveira, Aline Oliveira Laurindo, DelmaRegına Gomes Huarachı, Paulo Cesar Koch Nogueira, Luciana de Santis Feltran, José Osmar Medina-Pestana und Maria do Carmo Franco. „Serum Endocan Levels Associated with Hypertension and Loss of Renal Function in Pediatric Patients after Two Years from Renal Transplant“. International Journal of Nephrology 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2180765.
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Endocan is an important biomarker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that increases in association with several chronic diseases. Few published data have described the role of endocan in pediatric renal transplant (RT) patients. We evaluated the endocan concentrations in 62 children who underwent renal transplantation and assessed their relationships with the patients’ blood pressure and loss of renal function. The endocan levels were significantly elevated in the pediatric RT patients who had hypertension and a loss of renal function. We determined positive correlations between the endocan concentrations and the hemodynamic variables (systolic blood pressure:r=0.416;P=0.001; pulse pressure:r=0.412;P=0.003). The endocan levels were inversely correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (r=-0.388;P=0.003). An endocan cutoff concentration of 7.0 ng/mL identified pediatric RT patients who had hypertension and a loss of renal function with 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity. In conclusion, the endocan concentrations were significantly elevated in pediatric RT patients who had both hypertension and a loss of renal function. The correlations between the endocan levels and the hemodynamic variables and the markers of renal function strengthen the hypothesis that it is an important marker of cardiorenal risk.
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Zonda, Gabriela Ildiko, Radu Zonda, Andrei Tudor Cernomaz, Luminita Paduraru, Andreea Luciana Avasiloaiei und Bogdan Dragos Grigoriu. „Endocan - a potential diagnostic marker for early onset sepsis in neonates“. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, Nr. 04 (30.04.2019): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11202.
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Introduction: Neonatal early onset sepsis assessment is based on the history of pregnancy and delivery and nonspecific clinical signs. None of the biomarkers currently in use for clinical practice has adequate prognostic value, so it is not possible to clearly distinguish neonates with culture-proven sepsis from those with only risk factors or clinical suspicion. Endocan is an endothelial mediator involved in the inflammatory response that is present in low concentrations in the serum of healthy subjects, and in much higher concentrations in patients with SIRS and septic shock. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of serum endocan serum levels as a biomarker for the diagnosis of neonatal early onset sepsis (EOS).
Methodology: Serum endocan concentration was measured in newborns with clinical suspicion of EOS admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on day 1, 3 and 7.
Results: Serum endocan levels were significantly increased in septic compared to non-septic neonates in the early stages of sepsis (2.43 ± 0.95 vs. 1.77 ± 0.57, p = 0.004), continued to rise up to 72 hours from onset and then decreased by the seventh day under treatment.
Conclusions: These results suggest a potential role for endocan as an early marker for diagnosis and follow-up in neonatal EOS. Studies on a larger number of cases are needed in order to establish the practical utility of this molecule as a diagnostic tool for clinical practice.
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Abdikalikova, Togzhan, Lyudmila Turgunova, Botagoz Baidildina und Zhanar Mursalova. „Endocan level in patients with chronic kidney disease“. Journal "Medicine" 11-12, Nr. 221-222 (30.01.2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31082/1728-452x-2020-221-222-11-12-35-42.
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The relevance of the work is due to the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the population and high mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. In this connection, it is necessary to search for new biomarkers in order to early identify individuals with cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD. The purpose of this study to assess the endocan level in patients with CKD depending on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to study the relationship between the endocan level and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CKD. Material and methods. 153 respondents with various stages of CKD were examined. The study included socio-demographic, anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), glucose and endocan. Data analysis was performed using the statistical software package SPSS 22. Results and discussion. The respondents in the groups did not differ in such indicators as gender, age, marital status, frequency of active smoking, diabetes, body mass index (BMI). Significant differences were found in the level of education (p=0.04), income (p=0.008), systolic pressure (SBP) (p=0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p=0.0001). Levels of total cholesterol (cholesterol), (p=0.0001), uric acid (p=0.0001), cystatin C (p=0.0001) and endocan (p=0.0001) also had significant differences depending on GFR. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the frequency of “traditional” cardiovascular risk factors among patients with various stages of CKD showed the absence of differences in the frequency of active smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and the presence of significant differences in blood pressure and total cholesterol (p = 0.0001). Evaluation of the endocan level depending on the stage of CKD showed that with the progression of CKD, the endocan level increases significantly (p = 0.0001), which may indicate the progression of endothelial dysfunction with impaired renal function. Further studies are needed to determine the prognostic value of endocan in the development of cardiovascular events in patients with CKD. Keywords: chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, glomerular filtration rate, biomarkers, endocan.
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Balta, Sevket, und Dimitri P. Mikhailidis. „Endocan and Erectile Dysfunction“. American Journal of Men's Health 13, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2019): 155798831989388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988319893889.
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Endothelial dysfunction (ED) occurs early in the development of atherosclerosis. Predictors of vascular risk including obesity, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are associated with both vascular endothelial and ED. Endocan is a novel marker of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Raised endocan levels (usually measured by ELISA assays) were reported in some cardiovascular diseases and related conditions. Increased endocan levels may represent the endothelial and inflammatory components of the pathogenesis of ED and may, therefore, prove useful in clinical practice.
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Ying, Jun, Danfei Zhou, Tongjie Gu und Jianda Huang. „Endocan, a Risk Factor for Developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome among Severe Pneumonia Patients“. Canadian Respiratory Journal 2019 (01.04.2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2476845.
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Background. Severe pneumonia (SP) has been widely accepted as a major cause for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and the development of ARDS is significantly associated with increased mortality. This study aimed to identify potential predictors for ARDS development in patients with SP. Methods. Eligible SP patients at admission from January 2013 to June 2017 were prospectively enrolled, and ARDS development within hospital stay was identified. Risk factors for ARDS development in SP patients were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with the area under the curve (AUC) was performed for the predictive value of endocan for ARDS development. Results. A total of 145 SP patients were eventually enrolled into the final analysis, of which 37 developed ARDS during the hospital stay. Our final multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested plasma endocan expression as the only independent risk factor for ARDS development in SP patients (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.14–2.25, P=0.021). ROC curve analysis of plasma endocan resulted in an AUC of 0.754, 95% CI of 0.642–0.866, a cutoff value of 11.6 ng/mL, a sensitivity of 78.7%, and a specificity of 70.3%, respectively (P<0.01). Conclusions. Endocan expression at ICU admission is a reliable predictive factor in predicting ARDS in patients with SP.
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Aciksari, Gonul, Murat Kavas, Adem Atici, Seref Kul, Hayriye Erman, Yusuf Yilmaz, Kenan Demircioglu, Emre Yalcinkaya, Asiye Kanbay und Mustafa Caliskan. „Endocan Levels and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Sarcoidosis“. Angiology 69, Nr. 10 (10.05.2018): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319718775283.
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A systemic inflammatory reaction is a common feature of both sarcoidosis and atherosclerosis. Endothelial-cell specific molecule 1 (endocan) is a marker of vascular pathology which also shows a correlation with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vascular involvement in sarcoidosis using serum endocan levels and brachial artery flow–mediated dilation (FMD), a marker of endothelial dysfunction. We included 53 patients with sarcoidosis without conventional cardiovascular risk factors and 40 healthy controls. Endothelial function was assessed using FMD. Endocan concentrations were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay. Patients with sarcoidosis had significantly higher endocan levels (306 [68] ng/mL vs 269 [73] ng/mL; P = .039) and lower FMD (2.7% [2.3%-3.2%] vs 8% [5%-13%]; P < .001) compared with the healthy group. A negative correlation was found between endocan levels and FMD in the sarcoidosis group ( r = −.325, P < .007). We conclude that sarcoidosis is associated with high levels of endocan and lower FMD values, which may indicate endothelial dysfunction and an early stage of atherosclerosis.
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Sherief, Laila M., Elhamy R. Abd El-khalek, Ibrahim A. Libda, Osama A. Gaber, Naglaa M. Kamal, Basma K. Soliman, Wesam A. Mokhtar et al. „Serum endocan and endothelial dysfunction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors: a tertiary center experience“. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 12 (Januar 2021): 204062232110159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20406223211015963.
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Background: An increased risk of cardiovascular complications is reported in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Early identification of impaired vascular health may allow for early interventions to improve outcomes. Aim: The study was conducted to assess the endothelial dysfunction in ALL survivors using a new marker, serum endocan, and measurement of the mean common carotid arteries intima media thickness (cIMT). Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 100 childhood ALL survivors (aged 6–18 years), with 80 healthy age and sex-matched children as a control group. Lipid profile, hepatitis markers, and serum ferritin where measured, in addition to the measurement of serum endocan. and cIMT by B-mode high-resolution ultrasonography for all study participants. Results: Triglycerides, total cholesterol, post prandial glucose, and serum ferritin were significantly higher in ALL survivors than controls ( p < 0.05). Dyslipidemia was detected in 6% of ALL survivors. ALL survivors showed statistically higher serum endocan levels (470.41 ± 556.1 ng/l, versus, 225.94 ± 185.2 ng/l, respectively) and increased cIMT levels compared with the control group (0.650 ± 0.129 mm versus 0.320 ± 0.095 mm, respectively) p < 0.05. Serum endocan was positively correlated with cIMT and blood cholesterol. Conclusions: The survivors of childhood ALL demonstrated an elevated level of serum endocan and increased cIMT. These can be used as predictors of endothelial dysfunction, and, as a consequence, the risk of developing premature atherosclerosis.
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Kosir, Gorazd, Borut Jug, Marko Novakovic, Mojca Bozic Mijovski und Jus Ksela. „Endocan Is an Independent Predictor of Heart Failure-Related Mortality and Hospitalizations in Patients with Chronic Stable Heart Failure“. Disease Markers 2019 (04.04.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9134096.
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Background. Heart failure (HF) is characterized by unfavorable prognosis. Disease trajectory of HF, however, may vary, and risk assessment of patients remains elusive. In our study, we sought to determine the prognostic impact of endocan—a novel biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation—in patients with heart failure. Methods. In outpatients with chronic HF, baseline values of endocan were determined and clinical follow-up for a minimum of 18 months obtained. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was built for HF-related death or hospitalization requiring inotropic support. Results. A total of 120 patients (mean age 71 years, 64% male, mean LVEF 36%) were included. During a mean follow-up of 656±109 days, 50 patients (41.6%) experienced an event. On Cox multivariate analysis, endocan values emerged as an independent predictor of HF prognosis (HR, 1.471 CI 95% 1.183-1.829, p=0.001, for each 1 ng/mL increase) even after adjustment for age, gender, HF etiology, LVEF, NYHA class, NT-proBNP, and exercise tolerance. Conclusions. Endocan is an independent predictor of HF-related events in chronic HF individuals and represents a promising tool for risk assessment of HF patients.
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Wilkens, M. „Anwendungen des endogenen Thrombinpotenzials“. Hämostaseologie 31, Nr. 02 (2011): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5482/ha-1130.
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SummaryAn overview is given on the method and the applications of thrombin generation assays. Thrombin generation assays provide a tool which can be used to trace the entire thrombin formation and inactivation of a plasma sample. Therefore they are principally different from traditional global assays like PT and aPTT and promise new opportunities for the assessment of bleeding or thrombotic risks.
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Nalbantoğlu, Ayşin, Özgür Kızılca, Savaş Güzel, Hamdi Cihan Emeksiz und Burçin Nalbantoğlu. „Increased Carotid Intima–Media Thickness and Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 (Endocan) Levels in Obese Children“. Angiology 72, Nr. 7 (10.03.2021): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319721995664.
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Obesity in children appears to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in life. Early development of insulin resistance (IR) may lead to endothelial dysfunction and increased carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) even in childhood. We compared endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (endocan) levels in pediatric obese patients with those in healthy controls to determine whether endocan could be used as a biological marker of complications caused by endothelial damage. In 80 obese pubertal children (44 males [M] and 36 females [F], mean age: 12.8 ± 2.5 years), anthropometric measurements, cIMT, endocan levels, and IR indices (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) were evaluated and compared with 80 healthy pubertal patients (42M/38F, mean age: 12.3 ± 3.2 years). High-resolution ultrasound was used to measure the cIMT. Obese children had higher levels of endocan compared with the controls ( P < .001). Fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR were also higher in obese children ( P < .001 for both). In addition, obese children had an increased cIMT ( P < .001). In obese children, there was a significant correlation between cIMT and HOMA-IR (β = −1.314, P = .002) and between cIMT and endocan (β = .483, P = .004). Measuring cIMT and endocan levels (noninvasive investigations) in obese children, together with early preventive measures, could significantly decrease morbidity and mortality in adulthood.
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Turgunova, L., B. Baidildina, Y. Laryushina, B. Koichubekov, A. Turmukhambetova und L. Akhmaltdinova. „Association of Biomarker Level with Cardiovascular Events: Results of a 4-Year Follow-Up Study“. Cardiology Research and Practice 2020 (23.06.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8020674.
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Background. Given the high rates of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), the primary and secondary CVD prevention is one of the public health priority. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are the major drivers of atherosclerosis development and progression. In this regard, the study of the biomarker application as a tool to better identify high-risk individuals is an up-to-date sector of modern cardiology. The simultaneous measurement of multiple biomarkers can increase the risk stratification for people who are not known to have cardiovascular events in their history. The study aimed to investigate the predictive value of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16), endocan, and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) in the cardiovascular event development in people who are not known to have cardiovascular events in their history. Method. We examined 363 people aged 30 to 65 who have been living permanently in the city of Saran, Karaganda region. The selected participants were people registered at a clinic at the city of Saran, who were screened between August and September 2014. Results. The follow-up period was 48 months (from August-September 2014 to November 2018). The results showed that CXCL16 (p<0.001), endocan (p<0.001), and H-FABP (p=0.002) biomarker levels are significantly higher in outcome groups compared with those of the no-outcome group. Univariate regression analysis proved the prognostic significance of all biomarkers in cardiovascular events development. The multivariate regression analysis after the adjustment confirmed that the CXCL16 increase was associated with the “composite endpoint” (CE) development (p<0.001) while the endocan increased due to the development of major cardiovascular events (MACE) (p=0.008); we did not find the association of the risks of event development with the H-FABP level increase (p=0.83).
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Erman, Hande, Engin Beydogan, Seher Irem Cetin und Banu Boyuk. „Endocan: A Biomarker for Hepatosteatosis in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome“. Mediators of Inflammation 2020 (01.04.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3534042.
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Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases, which has recently been mentioned as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Objectives. Endocan is a novel molecule of endothelial dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate the associations of serum endocan levels with the hepatic steatosis index (HSI), fatty liver index (FLI), and degrees of hepatosteatosis in patients with metabolic syndrome with NAFLD. Design and Setting. This cross-sectional prospective study was performed in the outpatient clinic of an internal medicine department. Methods. The study included 40 patients with metabolic syndrome with NAFLD as noted using hepatic ultrasound and 20 healthy controls. Secondary causes of fatty liver were excluded. FLI and HSI calculations were recorded. Serum endocan level values were obtained after overnight fasting. Results. Higher values of HSI and FLI were found in the NAFLD groups than in the control groups (p<0.001). Five (12.5%) of 20 patients with liver steatosis had grade 1 liver steatosis, 15 (37.5%) patients had grade 2 liver steatosis, and 20 (50%) patients had grade 3 liver steatosis. Serum endocan levels were lower in patients with NAFLD compared with the healthy controls (146.56±133.29 pg/mL vs. 433.71±298.01 pg/mL, p<0.001). ROC curve analysis suggested that the optimum endocan value cutoff point for NAFLD was 122.583 pg/mL (sensitivity: 71.79%, specificity: 90%, PPV: 93.3%, and NPV: 62.1%). Conclusion. Serum endocan concentrations are low in patients with NAFLD, and the optimum cutoff point is 122.583 pg/mL. HSI and FLI were higher in patients with NAFLD; however, there was no correlation with serum endocan.
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Erdal, Yuksel, Nurettin Yavuz, Osman Oguz, Abdullah Soydan Mahmutoglu und Ufuk Emre. „Endocan: A Novel Predictor of Endothelial Dysfunction in Silent Brain Infarction“. Angiology 72, Nr. 9 (27.04.2021): 850–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00033197211012135.
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Silent brain infarction (SBI) has been considered as a subclinical risk factor for symptomatic possible future stroke. We investigated the association between serum inflammatory markers and SBI. Patients (n = 54) diagnosed with SBI as the study group and 52 individuals as the control group were included in this study. Silent brain infarction is defined as a hyperintense lesion that was ≥3 mm in 1 dimension on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery T2-weighted magnetic resonance image, if the patient had normal neurological examination or had an abnormality that was not consistent with the brain lesion locations, after being evaluated by a neurologist. Serum endocan levels ( P = .036) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; P = .022) were significantly higher in patients with SBI than the controls. Pentraxin 3, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood count, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels were not significantly different when comparing the groups with and without SBI. There was a significant correlation ( r = −0.196; P = .16) between hsCRP and endocan levels in the SBI group. Endocan, a novel biomarker of endothelial pathology, was significantly increased in patients with SBI and may be useful to predict the future risk of stroke.
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Balamir, Ilhan, Ihsan Ates, Canan Topcuoglu und Turan Turhan. „Association of Endocan, Ischemia-Modified Albumin, and hsCRP Levels With Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus“. Angiology 69, Nr. 7 (26.11.2017): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319717740781.
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We investigated the relationship of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels with direct (endocan) and indirect (carotid intima–media thickness [cIMT] and 24 hours urine protein excretion) endothelial dysfunction indicators in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with T2DM (n = 88) and 88 healthy individuals were included in the study. The median endocan (475.15 vs 216.37 pg/mL; P < .001, respectively) and hsCRP (10.74 vs 3.11 mg/L; P < .001, respectively) and the mean IMA (0.64 ± 0.12 vs 0.51 ± 0.12 absorbance units; P < .001, respectively) levels were higher in participants with endothelial dysfunction compared to those without endothelial dysfunction in T2DM. The 24-hour urine protein excretion and cIMT levels had a positive correlation with hsCRP ( r = .357; P = .001 and r = .592; P < .001, respectively), IMA ( r = .519; P < .001 and r = .495; P < .001, respectively) and endocan ( r = .347; P = .001 and r = .583; P < .001, respectively) levels in the T2DM group. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis, which included laboratory findings found to be associated with endothelial dysfunction, showed that endocan (odds ratio [OR] = 1.456; P = .004), hsCRP (OR = 1.298; P = .008), and IMA (OR = 2.270, P = .003) were independent risk factors. It was found that none of these markers were superior in terms of diagnostic discrimination for endothelial dysfunction. Endocan, IMA, and hsCRP levels were found to be associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2DM.
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Dallio, Marcello, Mario Masarone, Giuseppe Gerardo Caprio, Rosa Di Sarno, Concetta Tuccillo, Ferdinando Carlo Sasso, Marcello Persico, Carmela Loguercio und Alessandro Federico. „Endocan Serum Levels in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with or without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study“. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 26, Nr. 3 (01.09.2017): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.263.dal.
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Background & Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Recently, Endocan has been studied as an early marker of endothelial dysfunction. Our aim was to evaluate Endocan serum levels in patients with NAFLD with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus.Method: We enrolled 56 patients: 19 with NAFLD and 37 with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without NAFLD, and compared them to 25 healthy controls. Endocan serum level was measured by using the ELISA EndoMark assay.Results: Endocan level was significantly higher in NAFLD subjects, compared to controls (1.23±1.51 vs 0.68±0.4 ng/mL; p=0.016). It was higher in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (1.12±1.11, 1.49±2.16 and 0.68±0.4 ng/ml vs controls, respectively), independently from presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The increase was more marked in patients with NASH and in those with NAFL versus controls (p=0.001 and p=0.004, respectively), but not statistically different between the two groups (p=0.448). Finally, we found a statistically relevant increase of this marker in diabetic NAFLD patients compared to those non diabetic (1.56±0.81 vs 0.72±0.58 ng/ml; p=0.01).Conclusion: We demonstrated an increased Endocan serum level in NAFLD patients, higher in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or NASH because of an endothelial dysfunction in these pathologies.Abbreviations: BMI: Body Mass Index; CCBS: calcium channel blockers; ED: endothelial dysfunction; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ESM-1: Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance; ICAM: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule; LFA-1: Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen 1; NAFL: non-alcoholic fatty liver; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NAS: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; ROS: reactive oxigen species; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TNF-alpha: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
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Damayanti, Sari. „Analisis Penerapan Kebijakan Moneter Suku Bunga Jangka Pendek pada Variabel-variabel Endogen MakroEkonomi Indonesia“. Binus Business Review 5, Nr. 2 (28.11.2014): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v5i2.1187.
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This study analyzed the impact of the implementation of monetary policy through short-term interest rates setting on the variation that occurs in the endogenous variables of Indonesian macro economy in the period of 2000-2009 by implementing the Structural Vector Autoregressive approach (SVAR) which is the development of Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modelling with Eviews program. By careful examination of the results, this study indicates that the value of interest rate changes is significantly associated with shocks that are associated with monetary policy. The monetary sector is heavily influenced by real GDP shock, liquidity, and inflation shock. However, the monetary sector is only slightly affected by the decomposition of the variance of the exchange rate, which is very sensitive to the inflation shock. The study also indicates that the endogenous variables in the value of changes in interest rates and real exchange rate of rupiah will be close to convergence in the long term. The endogenous variables are more susceptible to changes in variables derived from domestic, such as the level of demand for domestic currency liquidity, compared to variables derived from international capital exposure. Thus, the value of the variable interest rate changes can be used to reduce the potential risks derived from domestic money demand shock.
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Zonda, Gabriela I., Radu Zonda, Andrei T. Cernomaz, Luminita Paduraru und Bogdan D. Grigoriu. „Endocan serum concentration in uninfected newborn infants“. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, Nr. 09 (30.09.2019): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11660.
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Introduction: Endocan is a specific endothelial mediator involved in the inflammatory response. Its role in the diagnosis of sepsis has been studied in adult patients and late onset neonatal sepsis. The clinical signs of early onset sepsis (EOS) are nonspecific and routinely used biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, have low sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. Endocan could be useful as a biomarker for diagnosis of EOS, but at present normal range values for this molecule have not been reported. The aim of this study is to establish the normal values range for serum endocan in term and preterm newborns without risk factors for EOS and to characterize the variation pattern of its levels at different postnatal moments.
Methodology: Mean endocan serum concentration (ESC) was measured in term and preterm newborns without clinical suspicion of EOS at different moments from birth.
Results: ESC (ng/mL) in term newborns was 1.74+/-0.13 on day 1 and 2.02+/-0.41 on day 3 respectively, (p=0.09). In preterm newborns ESC (ng/mL) was 2.02+/-0.11 and 1.97+/-0.18, (p=0.8) for day 1 and 3 respectively. ESC was not significantly influenced by sex, mode of delivery, evidence of fetal distress or presence of minor birth trauma.
Conclusions: ESC (ng/mL) between the first and third day of life in either term or preterm infants don’t appear to be significantly influenced by factors that are associated with elevation of inflammatory markers, thus using this biomarker for the diagnosis of EOS might reduce the false positive results.
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Lindås, Roald, Tor Henrik Andersson Tvedt, Kimberley Joanne Hatfield, Håkon Reikvam und Øystein Bruserud. „Preconditioning Serum Levels of Endothelial Cell-Derived Molecules and the Risk of Posttransplant Complications in Patients Treated with Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation“. Journal of Transplantation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/404096.
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Endothelial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These cells express several molecules that can be detected as biologically active soluble forms; serum levels of these molecules may thereby reflect the functional status of endothelial cells. Furthermore, acute GVHD is an inflammatory reaction and endothelial cells function as local regulators of inflammation. We therefore investigated whether differences in preconditioning/pretransplant serum levels of endothelium-expressed molecules (i.e., endocan, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin) were associated with a risk of posttransplant GVHD. Our study should be regarded as a population-based study of consecutive and thereby unselected patients (n=56). Analysis of this pretreatment endothelium biomarker profile by unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified a subset of patients with increased early nonrelapse mortality. Furthermore, low endocan levels were significantly associated with acute GVHD in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, whereas high VCAM-1 levels were associated with acute GVHD in the skin only. Our study suggests that the preconditioning/pretransplant status of endothelial cells (possibly through altered trafficking of immunocompetent cells) is important for the risk and the organ involvement of later acute GVHD.
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Elkamshoushi, Abdel Aal M., Eman M. Hassan, Amr M. El Abd, Seham Z. Hassan und Amer A. Maher. „Serum endocan as a predictive biomarker of cardiovascular risk in erectile dysfunction patients“. Andrologia 50, Nr. 10 (23.07.2018): e13113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/and.13113.
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Yıldız, Şükrü, Cihan Kaya, Asuman Gedikbaşı, Hüseyin Cengiz, İsmail Alay, Emine Öztürk, Aysun Fendal Tunca und Levent Yaşar. „Endocan as a predictor of increased cardiovascular risk during the menopausal transition period“. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 301, Nr. 6 (08.04.2020): 1553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05520-7.
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Candrayani, Yeli, und Asikum Wirataatmadja. „PENGARUH RESOURCES, COUNTERPARTY DAN WEATHER RISKS TERHADAP KETEPATAN WAKTU PENYELESAIAN PROYEK SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PROJECT COST PERFORMANCE“. JURNAL INFORMASI, PERPAJAKAN, AKUNTANSI, DAN KEUANGAN PUBLIK 10, Nr. 2 (10.05.2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jipak.v10i2.4552.
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<p class="Style1"><em>This research aims to prove the direct and indirect influence of resource, counterparty, and weather risks on the timeliness of projects completion and its </em><em>implications to the project costs performance by using path analysis so that can be seen </em><em>the percentage of each observed exogenous variables, namely resource, counterparty and weather risks against both endogcn variables namely the timeliness of project completion and the project costs performance. The results showed a direct effect of </em><em>variable resources against project costs performance and to the timeliness of the </em><em>project completion. Similarly, counterparty and weather risk showed a direct influence </em><em>on project cost performance but have no direct impact on the timeliness of project </em><em>completion. Further research showed an indirect positive influence between variable of </em><em>resources to the project cost performance through the timely completion of the project </em><em>while the counterparty and the weather did not reveal any indirect influence on the </em><em>project cost performance.</em></p>
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Bicer, Merve, Aslı Guler, Gokcen Unal Kocabas, Cetin Imamoglu, Ali Baloglu, Oktay Bilgir, Arif Yuksel, Giray Bozkaya und Mehmet Calan. „Endocan is a predictor of increased cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome“. Endocrine Research 42, Nr. 2 (02.12.2016): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07435800.2016.1255896.
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Walborn, Amanda, Daniel Kahn, Debra Hoppensteadt und Jawed Fareed. „Biomarkers of Hemostatic Dysregulation, Inflammation, and Infection in Patients Diagnosed with Sepsis Associated Coagulopathy“. Blood 126, Nr. 23 (03.12.2015): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2281.2281.
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Abstract Introduction: Sepsis associated coagulopathy (SAC) is one of the major pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis and has been shown to greatly increase mortality in septic patients. SAC is characterized by the inappropriate activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of microthrombi and the potential for multiple organ failure. Additionally, the excessive consumption of platelets and coagulation factors can create a risk of excessive bleeding. SAC is a complex syndrome, involving coagulation factors, inflammatory cytokines, and several other notable factors of varied origin. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the levels of endocan, pentraxin, and procalcitonin in individuals with SAC diagnosed according to the ISTH criteria in comparison to healthy individuals. Endocan is a soluble, circulating proteoglycan that normally binds to LFA-1 and inhibits leukocyte diapedesis. It is produced by vascular endothelial cells as well as the lung and kidney and has been proposed as a marker of endothelial dysfunction and disease severity in patients with sepsis. Endocan may be useful in the evaluation and tracking of SAC as a marker of endothelial damage caused by excessive inflammation and coagulation. Pentraxin (PTX3) is a protein structurally similar to CRP that is produced by several cell types in response to inflammatory signals and is known to be a marker of inflammation in a number of disease processes. In addition to being the precursor of the hormone calcitonin, procalcitonin is produced by a variety of tissues and may correlate with degree of infection and response to treatment in individuals with sepsis. Taken together, endocan, pentraxin, and procalcitonin may be useful in the evaluation and monitoring of SAC as they are representative of endothelial damage, inflammation, and systemic infection, respectively. Materials and Methods: Blood from 50 patients with SAC and 33 normal individuals obtained from a commercial source (George King Biomedical, Overland Park, KS) were evaluated. Levels of pentraxin, procalcitonin, endocan, and coagulation factors VII, IX, and X were measured using commercially available ELISA kits from Stago (Parsippany, NJ), Lunginnov (Lillie, France) and R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). All results are compiled as group mean and expressed as average mean + SD. These values are compared with normal and results were computed as percent increase or decrease. Results: The levels of coagulation factors VII and X were found to be reduced in patients with SAC compared to normal individuals (p < 0.05); the level of factor IX was statistically unchanged. The reduction in factor X was relatively modest, less than a 20% reduction compared to normal, while the reduction in factor VII was more marked, with a greater than 40% reduction compared to normal. The levels of pentraxin, proxalcitonin, and endocan were all found to be significantly elevated in blood from SAC patients compared to blood from normal healthy individuals (p < 0.05). All three markers exhibited a greater than 100% average increase when compared to normal. Discussion: These results indicate that endocan, pentraxin, procalcitonin, and factor VII are all candidates for further investigation in the identification of a more comprehensive molecular profile of SAC and in the development of diagnostic or prognostic tests. The significant degree of change observed in each marker from normal provides a baseline for future studies of these markers in SAC patients. Although these factors individually are not specific markers of SAC, each is a marker for a specific system that is dysregulated in SAC; endocan for endothelial damage, pentraxin for inflammation, procalcitonin for infection, and factor VII for coagulation. Taken together, these biomarkers may be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of SAC. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Türker, Perim F. „Kronik Böbrek Yetmezliği Gelişen Diyabetli Bireylerde Beslenme Tedavisi“. Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 47 (31.12.2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33076/2019.bdd.1318.
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Kronik böbrek yetmezliği (KBY), glomerül filtrasyon hızının (GFH) böbrek fonksiyonlarında tespit edilebilir düzeyde değişikliklere neden olacak kadar, kalıcı bir şekilde azaldığı durum olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu durum genellikle GFH 60 mL/dk/1.73 m2’nın altına indiğinde ortaya çıkar. Son dönem böbrek yetmezliği (SDBY), endojen renal fonksiyonunun irreversibl kaybı ile karakterize ve hayatı tehdit eden üremiden korunmak için hastaya devamlı olarak diyaliz veya transplantasyon gibi renal replasman tedavilerinin uygulandığı klinik tabloyu oluşturur. Diyabetik nefropati, son dönem böbrek yetmezliği nedenleri arasında birinci sırada yer almaktadır. Diyabetik nefropati, idrarla anormal albumin/protein atılımı, giderek azalan renal fonksiyonlara eşlik eden hipertansiyon (HT), GFH devamlı düşme, kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerinin artmasıyla karakterize son dönem böbrek yetmezliği ile sonuçlanan klinik durumdur. Diyabetik nefropatide kan glukozu, kan basıncı, kan lipidlerinin kontrolü ve tıbbi beslenme tedavisi özellikle diyet proteinin kontrolü hastaların yaşam kalitesini arttırmaktadır.
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Hüfner, M., P. Georgi und G. Berding. „Thyreoglobulin, 131J-Ganzkörperszintigraphie und Risikofaktoren in der Nachsorge des differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinoms“. Nuklearmedizin 31, Nr. 01 (1992): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629597.
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ZusammenfassungIn einer retrospektiven Studie wurden Ergebnisse der 131J-Ganzkörperszintigraphie und der Bestimmung des Thyreoglobulins (Tg) in der Nachsorge von 85 Patienten mit differenziertem Schilddrüsenkarzinom untersucht. Alle Patienten waren nach abgeschlossener Therapie zunächst als tumorfrei eingestuft worden. Bei 11 Patienten trat jedoch im weiteren Verlauf ein Rezidiv auf. Von 24 wegen Rezidivverdachts durchgeführten 131J-Szintigraphien ergaben 5 die Lokalisation eines Rezidivs. Im Rahmen von 71 Routineuntersuchungen unter endogener TSH-Stimulation konnte in zwei Fällen jeweils ein Jahr nach abgeschlossener Therapie ein neuer pathologischer Befund erhoben werden. 10 der 11 Rezidive traten in einer high-risk Gruppe von 40 Patienten mit follikulärer Histologie oder Stadium III oder IV (UICC 1987) auf. Nur ein Rezidiv wurde in einer low-risk Gruppe von 41 Patienten mit papillärer Histologie und UICC-Stadium I oder II beobachtet. Später als ein Jahr nach Abschluß der Therapie wurde kein Rezidiv bei einem Patienten der low-risk Gruppe beobachtet. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse sprechen für die Notwendigkeit von 131J-Szintigraphie und Tg-Bestimmung unter endogener TSH-Stimulation bei Rezidivverdacht und routinemäßig etwa ein Jahr nach der letzten Therapie bei allen Patienten. Bei unauffälligem Verlauf sollte jedoch später diese Diagnostik routinemäßig nur bei erhöhtem Rezidivrisiko durchgeführt werden. Mit einer cut-off Grenze zur Bewertung des Tg-Spiegels von 5 ng/ml im Vergleich zung/ml nahm die Zahl der falsch-negativen Tg-Befunde unter Suppressionstherapie deutlicher ab, als diejenige der »falsch-positiven« Befunde zunahm. Eine cut-off Grenze von 5 ng/ml dürfte notwendig sein, um die Zahl der falschnegativen Tg-Befunde zu minimieren; es ist zu hoffen, daß durch die neuen sensitiven IRMA-Methoden die Zahl der »falsch-positiven« Befunde verringert werden wird.
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Opryshko, V. I., V. I. Мamchur, D. S. Nosivets, A. V. Prokhach und A. S. Kurt-Ametova. „Effective, safe and rational pharmacotherapy of endogenic progesterone deficiency“. Reproductive health of woman 1 (26.02.2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.1.2021.229705.
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Today, the most frequent complication of pharmacotherapy is an allergic reaction, the so-called drug or drug allergy. An allergic reaction can be caused both by the active ingredients and by the excipients included in the composition of the drug to provide a certain dosage form and its physicochemical properties. Vaginal progesterone preparations are characterized by a large variety of dosage forms: gels, tablets and gelatin capsules for intravaginal administration. It is known that the safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapy depend on the active substance, the dosage form, and the base of the intravaginal preparation, as well as the indices of adherence to medication therapy. At the same time, the base - excipients can cause the development of adverse reactions.The authors of the article, based on an analytical review of domestic and foreign literature, analyzed effective, safe and rational pharmacotherapy of endogenous progesterone deficiency.It is shown that micronization is currently used to improve the bioavailability of natural progesterone – a method of increasing solubility by reducing the particle size of the drug substance. Due to the high solubility of the substance, the risk of possible side effects is reduced, which allows increasing the safety of the drug.The peculiarity of the dosage form for vaginal administration is described. On the basis of the analysis of various forms of progesterone, the clinical efficacy of natural progesterone for vaginal administration has been substantiated.The authors found that the use of progesterone in sublingual and vaginal forms is the most rational in terms of convenience, efficacy and safety.
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Krošnjar, Sanja, Maida Todić, Sanela Bakić, Begler Begović, Irfan Zulić und Midhat Vehabović. „Oral Acute Toxicity of Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) in Rats“. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 5, Nr. 3 (20.08.2005): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2005.3273.
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Endogen phospholipids play a major role in determining the structure and nature of cell membranes. A deficiency of phospholipids in cellular membranes makes it almost impossible for the cell membrane to perform its function as a selective barrier between what passes in and out of the cell. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine chemical structure corresponds to that of endogen phospholipids, but it possesses functional superiority because of its content of unsaturated fatty acids. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine integrates in the cell membrane and organelle systems while becoming their constitutive elements. A healthy cell membrane leads to healthy cells and then healthy tissue and then to healthy organs or body systems and finally, healthy bodies and minds. For a long time, polyenylphosphatidylcholine in combination with vitamins has been used in the treatment of numerous health problems such as liver diseases, dyslipoproteinaemias and different intoxications with consequent liver failure. The main aim of toxicology studies is evaluation of the toxic potential and risks of human exposition to the substance. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) acute oral toxicity refers to those adverse effects occurring following oraladministration of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses given within 24 hours. LD50 (median lethal dose), oral, is a statistically derived single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50 per cent of animals when administered by the oral route. Our acute toxicity study was performed on albino Wistar rats. Animals were randomised in three experimental and one control group, each of 5 males and 5 females. Study was based on the administration of a single oral dose of the test substance (polyenylphosphatidylcholine) to each experimental animal. There were three dose-levels of the test substance: 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Test substance administration day was the first day of the observation period that lasted 14 days. Control animals were given milk vehicle. At the end of the study, no statistically significant differences between experimental and control animals were observed concerning the recorded parameters: body weight, respiratory rate, tremor, faeces and phonation quality, indicating the absence of the test substance acute toxicity.
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Zhao, Tianming, Yao Kecheng, Xuelei Zhao, Xuehua Hu, Jing Zhu, Yingnan Wang und Jixiang Ni. „The higher serum endocan levels may be a risk factor for the onset of cardiovascular disease“. Medicine 97, Nr. 49 (Dezember 2018): e13407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000013407.
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Sigurdardottir, Gunnthorunn, Anna-Karin Ekman, Deepti Verma und Charlotta Enerbäck. „Decreased Systemic Levels of Endocan-1 and CXCL16 in Psoriasis Are Restored following Narrowband UVB Treatment“. Dermatology 234, Nr. 5-6 (2018): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491819.
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Background: In psoriasis, a common immune-mediated disease affecting 2–3% of the population worldwide, there is an increased prevalence of extracutaneous diseases including obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. This is believed to be linked to systemic inflammation. In previous studies, we have explored various markers in plasma and serum to characterize the ongoing systemic inflammation in psoriasis patients compared to controls. We have identified several markers that were altered in psoriasis patients, but which all were unresponsive to narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) treatment. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of NB-UVB treatment on markers of cardiovascular risk and systemic inflammation in psoriasis. Methods: The levels of 17 potential biomarkers with an association with cardiovascular risk were quantitated in plasma from 37 age- and gender-matched psoriasis patients and controls at baseline and in 21 psoriasis patients after 12 weeks of NB-UVB treatment to identify a systemic treatment response. Results: We identified the mediators endocan-1, CXCL16, and sVEGFR1, which were systemically decreased in psoriasis at baseline, as well as FABP3, FABP4, and sIL-1R1, which showed normal baseline levels. After 10–12 weeks of NB-UVB treatment, endocan-1 and CXCL16 were restored to normal levels, while sVEGFR1, FABP3, FABP4, and sIL-1R1 showed a significant reduction. Conclusion: The current study expands the number of potential biomarkers in psoriasis by including a greater number and variety of mediators, approaching the systemic inflammation from additional vantage points, including soluble immune receptors and adipocyte contribution, to provide a more complete picture of the systemic inflammatory state in psoriasis.
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Petrova, A. A., O. V. Latysheva und Yu A. Kopytenko. „NATURAL PHENOMENA OF ENDOGENIC ORIGIN IN THE ARCTIC BASIN“. Bulletin of Kamchatka Regional Association «Educational-Scientific Center». Earth Sciences 4(48) (2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2020-4-48-49-63.
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The results of the study of the influence of the deep factor on the process of melting of the ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and the formation of dangerous natural phenomena are presented. The peculiarities of the structure of the earth’s crust contributing to the ice destruction are visualized based on the interpretation of anomalies of the magnetic field and gravity. Density and magnetic sections of the bottom structures are constructed taking into account seismic and seismological data. Two-dimensional density calculations of the Arctic crust density have been performed to detect fluid-saturated layers. Analysis of satellite observations of ice condition together with interpretation of gravity and magnetic data made it possible to identify natural phenomena of endogenous origin, caused by influence of thermo fluid flows of the earth’s crust. The study of annual and seasonal changes in the thickness of multiyear ice over the period 2007–2020 has shown that a decisive role in the thawing process is played by fluid-supplying channels of deep-seated fault zones. The role of an endogenous factor in the destruction of ice of different ages and in the emergence of dangerous phenomena in the areas of hydrate development has been revealed. This makes it possible to predict the localization of zones of variability in the thickness of multiyear ice, the nature of the destruction of its edges and reduce the risks of navigation.
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Hesselton, A. Kathleen, Michael Mosier, Debra Hoppensteadt, Walter Jeske und Jawed Fareed. „Cellular and Functional Characterization of Microparticles in Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy“. Blood 126, Nr. 23 (03.12.2015): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2297.2297.
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Abstract Background: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complex pathology characterized by microvascular thrombosis, dysregulated fibrinolysis, endothelial activation, and endothelial disruption. It is the endpoint of the coagulopathy commonly associated with sepsis and is clinically associated with multi-organ failure and/or significant bleeding. Inflammatory processes mediated by chemokines and cytokines including soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endocan, and tissue factor play an important role in DIC pathogenesis; and in turn, dysregulation of coagulation factors effects further inflammation. Cellular damage and apoptotic processes result in the generation of microparticles, a diverse population of small, cell-derived phospholipid vesicles displaying characteristic surface proteins. Microparticles are associated with inflammation and coagulation in sepsis; however, the precise role they play remains unclear. Methods: Plasma samples from 75 patients with confirmed DIC were included in this study. 50 plasma samples from normal healthy individuals were obtained from a commercial source (George King Biomedical, Overland Park, KS). Endocan, VEGF, sCD40L, and IL-6 were measured using commercially available sandwich ELISA assays (Lunginnov, Lillie, France/R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Microparticles, and microparticles expressing tissue factor were measured using commercially available functional assays (Hyphen Biomedical, Paris, France). Results: All inflammatory biomarkers were significantly elevated in DIC MP-TF (DIC-1.85±1.3 pg/ml; N-0.39.6±0.2 pg/ml, p<0.001), sCD40L (DIC-618±571 pg/ml; N-177.6±221.4 pg/ml, p<0.00) VEGF (DIC->740 pg/ml; N-32.6±50.9 pg/ml, p=0.007), endocan (DIC-10.6 ng/ml±10.9; N-1.81±0.36 ng/ml, p<0.001) and IL-6 (DIC-4968±5719 pg/ml; N-59.2±118.1 pg/ml, p<0.001). Microparticles were elevated compared to normal (p<0.001) and correlated significantly with sCD40L (p=0.0005) and VEGF (0.039). sCD40L and VEGF also correlated significantly (p=0.001) Discussion: The correlation between microparticles, sCD40L and VEGF found in these patients strongly supports the widespread activation of platelets in DIC. It is possible that this process contributes to the thrombocytopenia often seen in sepsis. In addition there was an elevation in both endocan and VEGF suggesting that, while endocan may have an effect on the level of VEGF in vivo, platelets appear to be the major source. Interestingly, microparticles specifically carrying tissue factor did not show correlation with any of the other biomarkers. This may be because these microparticles may be shed from multiple sources, particularly both activated monocytes and endothelial cells, and this may have been a confounding factor. Thus, these results provide further evidence of the widespread inflammatory milieu present in patients with DIC, particularly elucidating possible cross-talk between platelets and endothelium. Profiling of these biomarkers may be helpful in the risk stratification of patients with sepsis associated coagulopathy and following their clinical progress. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Bessa, João, António Albino-Teixeira, Marta Reina-Couto und Teresa Sousa. „Endocan: A novel biomarker for risk stratification, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring in human cardiovascular and renal diseases“. Clinica Chimica Acta 509 (Oktober 2020): 310–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.041.
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Tomayeva, Kristina G. „Prediction of placental insufficiency in pregnant women with different somatotypes“. Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 69, Nr. 4 (28.09.2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd69423-28.
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Hypothesis/aims of study. Poor placental vascularization can lead to placental insufficiency, due to which the metabolism of nutrients and microelements between the maternal and fetal blood circulations subsequently decreases. Due to poor perfusion of placental vessels, placental dysfunction occurs. Chronic fetal hypoxia causes fetal growth retardation. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of placental insufficiency in women with different somatotypes and to develop a model for predicting the risk of this pathology.
Study design, materials and methods. A total of 390 women were examined, of whom 110 were macrosomatic, 173 mesosomatic, and 107 microsomatic. Somatometry was performed according to R.N. Dorokhov for women in the early stages of pregnancy (up to 9-10 weeks). Placental insufficiency markers (VEGF, PlGF, IL-6, and endocan-1) were determined spectrophotometrically in blood serum at the gestational age of 1213 and 2223 weeks using ELISA methods.
Results. Placental insufficiency was significantly more prevalent among the women of the macro- and microsomatic body type compared with those of mesosomatotypes (p 0.05). In pregnant women with subsequent placental insufficiency, VEGF and PlGF serum levels at 1213 weeks were lower, when compared to those in patients who did not develop pathology (p 0.05), and the levels of serum endocan-1 and IL-6 were higher in comparison with those in individuals who did not develop pathology (p 0.05). Using multiple regression analysis, we obtained the regression equation (formula), which predicts the development of placental insufficiency in women of different somatotypes.
Conclusion. The resulting formula allows us to accurately predict the development of placental insufficiency and to form high-risk groups among women for the development of this disease. This will contribute to the effective implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures to avert the development of this pathology.
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Ozlu, Emin, Ayse Serap Karadag, Aybala E. Toprak, Tugba K. Uzuncakmak, Fethullah Gerin, Feyza Aksu, Ozlem Ozakpınar und Necmettin Akdeniz. „Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters, and Serum Endocan Levels in Patients with Lichen Planus“. Dermatology 232, Nr. 4 (2016): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447587.
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Balta, I., S. Balta, S. Demirkol, D. P. Mikhailidis, T. Celik, M. Akhan, O. Kurt, Y. G. Kurt, I. Aydin und S. Kilic. „Elevated serum levels of endocan in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: correlations with cardiovascular risk and activity of disease“. British Journal of Dermatology 169, Nr. 5 (31.10.2013): 1066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12525.
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Abdurakhmanov, Z. M., B. Y. Umarov und M. M. Abdurakhmanov. „Novel Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases“. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 17, Nr. 4 (03.09.2021): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2021-08-08.
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The review analyzes the role of assessing the state of the endothelium in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases, stratification of their risks, since endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a crucial predictor of this pathologies. In this regard, this paper presents the modern understanding of the methods for assessing ED, presents the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques. Despite the fact that flow-mediated dilation is widely used as a classical method for studying endothelial function, this technique depends on the physiological state of sensory nerves and calcium-activated potassium channels, cardiac output. This review focuses on new biomarkers for ED such as endothelial microparticles, endoglin and endocan, and discusses the relevance of the criteria for their use in clinical practice. Based on current scientific advances, the authors concluded that among these three newest biomarkers, today, endocan can be considered a more informative and reliable cellular marker of ED. Moreover, the authors have shown that when measured separately, many of the studied classical circulating biomarkers do not provide reliable information about the state of the endothelium, since the endothelial function has a complex physiological nature which therefore raises the question of the advisability of considering a combination of classical and new biomarkers for improving the assessment of the endothelial state.
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Botta, Amy, Anik Forest, Caroline Daneault, Kostas Pantopoulos, Adisak Tantiworawit, Arintaya Phrommintikul, Siriporn Chattipakorn, Nipon Chattipakorn, Christine Des Rosiers und Gary Sweeney. „Identification of Circulating Endocan-1 and Ether Phospholipids as Biomarkers for Complications in Thalassemia Patients“. Metabolites 11, Nr. 2 (26.01.2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11020070.
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Despite advances in our knowledge and attempts to improve therapies, β-thalassemia remains a prevalent disorder with increased risk for the development of cardiomyopathy. Using an untargeted discovery-based lipidomic workflow, we uncovered that transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) patients had a unique circulating lipidomic signature consisting of 387 lipid features, allowing their significant discrimination from healthy controls (Q-value < 0.01). In particular, TDT patients had elevated triacylglycerols and long-chain acylcarnitines, albeit lower ether phospholipids or plasmalogens, sphingomyelins, and cholesterol esters, reminiscent of that previously characterized in cardiometabolic diseases resulting from mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction. Discriminating lipid (sub)classes correlated differentially with clinical parameters, reflecting blood (ether phospholipids) and iron (cholesterol ester) status or heart function (triacylglycerols). We also tested 15 potential serum biomarkers related to cardiometabolic disease and found that both lipocalin-2 and, for the first time, endocan-1 levels were significantly elevated in TDT patients and showed a strong correlation with blood parameters and three ether diacylglycerophosphatidylcholine species. In conclusion, this study identifies new characteristics of TDT patients which may have relevance in developing biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Leite, Ana Rita, Marta Borges-Canha, Rita Cardoso, João Sérgio Neves, Ricardo Castro-Ferreira und Adelino Leite-Moreira. „Novel Biomarkers for Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction“. Angiology 71, Nr. 5 (20.02.2020): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319720903586.
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Endothelial dysfunction is one of the earliest indicators of cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction, and its evaluation would be of considerable importance to stratify CV risk of many diseases and to assess the efficacy of atheroprotective treatments. Flow-mediated dilation is the most widely used method to study endothelial function. However, it is operator-dependent and can be influenced by physiological variations. Circulating biomarkers are a promising alternative. Due to the complexity of endothelial function, many of the biomarkers studied do not provide consistent information about the endothelium when measured alone. New circulating markers are being explored and some of them are thought to be suitable for the clinical setting. In this review, we focus on novel biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, particularly endothelial microparticles, endocan, and endoglin, and discuss whether they fulfill the criteria to be applied in clinical practice.
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Todić, Maida, Sanela Bakić, Irfan Zulić, Sanja Krošnjar, Begler Begović, Mirsad Dorić und Mirsad Babić. „Oral acute toxicity of HEPALIP FORTE in rats“. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 3, Nr. 4 (20.11.2003): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2003.3489.
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he main active component of preparation HEPALIP FORTE is EPL--essential phospholipids. Their chemical structure corresponds to that of endogen phospholipids, but they have functional superiority because of the content of unsaturated fatty acids. Essential phospholipids in combination with the vitamins have been used in the treatment of liver diseases, dyslipoproteinaemias and intoxications with consequent liver failure. Acute toxicity study on HEPALIP FORTE was performed on Wistar rats. The main aim of toxicology studies for the drug registration process is evaluation of the toxic potential and risks of human exposition to the substance (Gelbke et al., 1999). Acute toxicity is an orientation point of the test substance toxicity and represents a starting test for the toxicological evaluation. Study included one oral dose of the substance, applied with oesophageal intubations. There were three dose-levels: 300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. No lethality was recorded and statistical analysis of body weight variations failed to show any significant difference between the groups. Reversible tremor was more frequently recorded in females and was not present in control animals. After the planed sacrifice, no changes related to the test substance were recorded. We noticed a statistically significant difference in the liver weights between males of 3M and 2M groups in comparison to the control. Similar (not significant) tendency was noticed in females. Significant differences in organ weights might be suggestive of a toxic effect that experimental animal managed to recover from in partial manner. The histopathological analysis detected no changes in the structure and morphology of liver parenchyma.
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Elyamine, Ali, Javaria Afzal, Muhammad Rana, Muhammad Imran, Miaomiao Cai und Chengxiao Hu. „Phenanthrene Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity in Earthworms Eisenia fetida (Epigeic Specie) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Endogeic Specie) in Soil“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, Nr. 11 (27.10.2018): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112384.
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In classical toxicology studies, the interaction of combined doses of chemicals with dissimilar modes of toxic action in soil is complex and depending on the end point investigated and the experimental protocol employed. This study was used to examine the interactive effect of phenanthrene and Cadmium on two ecologically different species of earthworms; Eisenia. fetida and Aporrectodea. caliginosa. This interactive effect was scrutinized by using the acute toxicity test with the concentrations of 2.51 mg kg−1 and 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively, being lethal for 50% of E. fetida and A. caliginosa. The results showed that in the mixture treatment, phenanthrene at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg−1 significantly mitigated both earthworms species mortality and body-mass loss. Moreover, the factor of Cd accumulated in E. fetida and A. caliginosa tissues was significantly decreased by about 12% and 16%, respectively. Linear regression correlation coefficient revealed that the reduction of both earthworm species mortality was negatively and significantly correlated (r2 = 0.98 ± 0.40 and 1 ± 3.9 p < 0.001) with phenanthrene concentration in soil. However, over 20 mg kg−1 of phenanthrene, both organisms mortality rate increased again, as was the Bioaccumulation factor of phenanthrene. Thus, this study proposes that the antagonistical effect of phenanthrene on Cd at a degree of concentration can be used to mitigate Cd effect on soil living organisms. However, as an implication of these results, the interpretation of standardized toxicity bioassays, including whole effluent toxicity tests and single-compound toxicity tests, should be performed with caution. In addition, risk assessment protocols for environment pollution by a mixture of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons should include robust methods that can detect possible interactive effects between contaminants to optimize environmental protection.
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Tutak, Magdalena. „Influence of the Volumetric Expenditure of Air Supplied to the Longwall Through the “Y” Ventilation System on the Location of an Area at the Risk of an Endogenic Fire“. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 3, Nr. 1 (01.09.2020): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0018.
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AbstractIn the case of longwall ventilation, in the underground hard coal mines, a phenomenon related to the migration of a certain amount of the air stream supplied to the longwall deep into goaf zones occurs. One of the wall ventilation systems, in which this phenomenon is quite intense, is the so called “Y” ventilation system. This migration is immensely unfavorable because it can lead to the self-heating process of coal left in a goaf and, consequently, to an endogenous fire. Such a fire is a great threat to both the safety and continuity of operation processes. For this reason, various activities are undertaken to prevent such a fire from occurring in goaf zones. One solution is a method presented in this article. It aims at determining an area in goaf zones, where an endogenous fire may occur. The study focused on the longwall ventilated with the Y system. This area was determined based on two criteria, namely air velocity and oxygen content. The study was carried out for various volumes of air supplied to the longwall. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to develop research methodology and determine the location of an area at the risk of an endogenous fire. The location of this area was determined for three different volume expenditures of air supplied to the longwall ventilated with the Y system.
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Giachino, Pier Mauro, Stefan Eberhard und Giulia Perina. „A rich fauna of subterranean short-range endemic Anillini (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae) from semi-arid regions of Western Australia“. ZooKeys 1044 (16.06.2021): 269–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.58844.
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Globally, the great majority of Anillini species are endogean, adapted to live in the interstices of soil and leaf litter, while the extremely low vagility of these minute ground beetles gives rise to numerous shortrange endemic species. Until recently the Australian Anillini fauna was known only from leaf litter in rain forests and eucalypt forests in the wetter, forested regions of eastern and south eastern Australia, as well as Lord Howe and Norfolk islands. The first hypogean Anillini in Australia (17 species in six genera) were described in 2016 from mineral exploration drill holes in iron-ore bearing rocks of the Pilbara region in Western Australia, representing the first finding of the tribe deep underground in a semi-arid climate region. A further eight new genera and 20 new species are described herein, mostly from the Pilbara region as well as the semi-arid Kimberley and Goldfields regions; all were collected in mineral exploration drill holes. The following new genera are described: Erwinanillusgen. nov., Gregorydytesgen. nov., Pilbaraphanusgen. nov., Neoillaphanusgen. nov., Kimberleytyphlusgen. nov., Gilesdytesgen. nov., Pilbaradytesgen. nov., and Bylibaraphanusgen. nov. The following new species are described: Erwinanillus baehrisp. nov.; Gracilanillus hirsutussp. nov., G. pannawonicanussp. nov.; Gregorydytes ophthalmianussp. nov.; Pilbaraphanus chichesterianussp. nov., P. bilybarianussp. nov.; Magnanillus firetalianussp. nov., M. sabaesp. nov., M. salomonissp. nov., M. regalissp. nov., M. serenitatissp. nov.; Neoillaphanus callawanussp. nov.; Kimberleytyphlus carrboydianussp. nov.; Austranillus jinayrianussp. nov.; Gilesdytes pardooanussp. nov., G. ethelianussp. nov.; Pilbaradytes abydosianussp. nov., P. webberianussp. nov.; Bylibaraphanus cundalinianussp. nov.; and Angustanillus armatussp. nov. Identification keys are provided for all Australian anilline genera, and Western Australian species. All the described species are known from a single locality and qualify as short-range endemics. The Anillini are recognised as a significant and diverse element making up part of Western Australia’s remarkable subterranean fauna, and whose conservation may potentially be impacted by mining developments.
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Ermel, Marcelo Daniel Araujo, und Vanessa Medeiros. „Stock-based compensation plan: an analysis of the determinants of its use“. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 31, Nr. 82 (April 2020): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201907620.
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ABSTRACT This study’s aim was to investigate the main aspects that determined the use of the stock-based compensation model and the variables that influence the amount paid. The article fills the gap in the previous debate regarding the variables that affect the decision to offer stock-based remuneration, as well as revealing the factors that impact its magnitude and providing a more robust statistical treatment with regards to endogeny. Brazil is known to be a country where the agency conflict between controlling and minority shareholders predominates, and so it is important to understand the determinants of adoption and of the amount paid to managers using stock options, since remuneration can be used as a form of tunneling. This study identified a possible trade-off between cash and stock compensation, in view of increased company indebtedness. It also found that in the Brazilian market this type of remuneration is not related to governance and performance. A panel data regression was used with fixed effects in the firm and industry*year to eliminate the possible bias arising from constant heterogeneities in time for the firms and shocks in the industries in a particular year. In addition, to identify the determinants, we used a logistic regression with panel data and fixed effect in industry*year. The study sample comprised 287 companies listed on the Bolsa, Brasil, Balcão (B3) exchange. This research shows that 40% of the companies in the period from 2010 to 2016 adopted stock-based compensation plans; however, the amount paid is still low, at 0.03% of total company assets. The results indicate that in the Brazilian market variables such as investment opportunities and company size increase the likelihood of adopting the employee stock options plan (ESOP). In addition, regarding the amount paid, this is negatively related to company leverage, indicating that in possible liquidity shocks the companies opt to compensate managers with shares to reduce their exposure to systematic risks.