Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Emotional co-activation“

BackgroundDepression has been associated with limbic hyperactivation and frontal hypoactivation in response to negative facial stimuli. Anxiety disorders have also been associated with increased activation of emotional structures such as the amygdala and insula. This study examined to what extent activation of brain regions involved in perception of emotional faces is specific to depression and anxiety disorders in a large community-based sample of out-patients.MethodAn event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was used including angry, fearful, sad, happy and neutral facial expressions. One hundred and eighty-two out-patients (59 depressed, 57 anxiety and 66 co-morbid depression-anxiety) and 56 healthy controls selected from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were included in the present study. Whole-brain analyses were conducted. The temporal profile of amygdala activation was also investigated.ResultsFacial expressions activated the amygdala and fusiform gyrus in depressed patients with or without anxiety and in healthy controls, relative to scrambled faces, but this was less evident in patients with anxiety disorders. The response shape of the amygdala did not differ between groups. Depressed patients showed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) hyperactivation in response to happy faces compared to healthy controls.ConclusionsWe suggest that stronger frontal activation to happy faces in depressed patients may reflect increased demands on effortful emotion regulation processes triggered by mood-incongruent stimuli. The lack of strong differences in neural activation to negative emotional faces, relative to healthy controls, may be characteristic of the mild-to-moderate severity of illness in this sample and may be indicative of a certain cognitive-emotional processing reserve.

This article looks at how applications of Forum theatre process and related approaches in India may operate in terms of activation of particular modes of learning centred in the body. It discusses the body: as context (individual and collective, embedded in social, political, physical and emotional practices); with reference to process (activation, multiplication of kinds of knowing through theatre work); as extended beyond everyday operation and beyond the individual/egoic towards collective experience and action, including co-creativity and ‘rational collective action’. The article explores the operation of forms of embodied learning in Forum practice, with particular reference to the work of Jana Sanskriti, in India.

Abstract An important task in adolescence is to achieve autonomy while preserving a positive relationship with parents. Previous fMRI studies showed largely overlapping activation in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for evaluating self and close-other traits but separable activation for self and non-close other. Possibly, more similar mPFC activation reflects closeness or warmth in relationships. We investigated neural indicators of the mother–adolescent relationship in adolescents between 11 and 21 years (N = 143). Mother–adolescent relationship was measured using (i) mothers’ and adolescents’ trait evaluations about each other, (ii) observations of warmth, negativity and emotional support in mother–adolescent conversation and (iii) similarity in adolescents’ neural activation for evaluating self vs mother traits. Results showed relatively more similar mPFC activation in adolescents who evaluated their mothers’ traits more positively, suggesting that this is possibly a neural indicator of mother–adolescent relationship quality. Furthermore, mid-adolescence was characterized by more negative mother–adolescent interaction compared to early and late adolescence. This effect co-occurred with mid-adolescent peaks in dorsal striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and superior temporal sulcus activation in evaluating traits of self vs mother. These results suggest more negative relationships and stronger self-focus in mid-adolescence.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a chronic condition that occurs following a traumatic experience. Information processing models of PTSD focus on integrating situationally triggered sensory-emotional memories with consciously accessible autobiographical memories. Review of the nature of implicit memory supports the view that sensory-emotional memories are implicit in nature. Dissociation was also found to be associated with the development and severity of PTSD, as well as deficits in autobiographical memory. Moreover, disorganized attachment (DA) was associated with greater degrees of dissociation and PTSD, and like the defining neural activation in PTSD, was found to be associated with basal ganglia activity. In addition, subcortical neuroception of safety promotes a neurophysiological substrate supportive of social engagement and inhibition of fear-based responses. Furthermore, activation of representations of co-created imagined scenes of safety and secure attachment are associated with increases in this neurophysiological substrate. Repeated priming of secure attachment imagery was associated with modification of internal working models of DA along with reductions in dissociation and recovery from complex PTSD. In conclusion, it is posited that adequate recovery from extensive trauma experiences requires more than conscious elaboration of traumatic autobiographical memories and that the application of implicit nonconscious memory modification strategies will facilitate more optimal recovery.

Prominent theories suggest that disruptions in amygdala reactivity and connectivity when processing emotional cues are key to the etiology of youth antisocial behavior (AB) and that these associations may be dependent on co-occurring levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits. We examined the associations among AB, CU traits, and amygdala reactivity and functional connectivity while viewing emotional faces (fearful, angry, sad, happy) in 165 adolescents (46% male; 73.3% African American) from a representative, predominantly low-income community sample. AB was associated with increased amygdala activation in response to all emotions and was associated with greater amygdala reactivity to emotion only at low levels of CU traits. AB and CU traits were also associated with distinct patterns of amygdala connectivity. These findings demonstrate that AB-related deficits in amygdala functioning may extend across all emotions and highlight the need for further research on amygdala connectivity during emotion processing in relation to AB and CU traits within community populations.

Socially-relevant decisions are based on clearly recognizable but also not consciously accessible affective stimuli. We studied the role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) in decision-making on masked affect expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our paradigm permitted us to capture brain activity during a pre-decision phase when the subjects viewed emotional expressions below the threshold of subjective awareness, and during the decision phase, which was based on verbal descriptions as the choice criterion. Using meta-analytic connectivity modeling, we found that the preparatory phase of the decision was associated with activity in a right-posterior portion of the DLFC featuring co-activations in the left-inferior frontal cortex. During the subsequent decision a right-anterior and more dorsal portion of the DLFC became activated, exhibiting a different co-activation pattern. These results provide evidence for partially independent sub-regions within the DLFC, supporting the notion of dual associative processes in intuitive judgments.

Socially-relevant decisions are based on clearly recognizable but also not consciously accessible affective stimuli. We studied the role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) in decision-making on masked affect expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our paradigm permitted us to capture brain activity during a pre-decision phase when the subjects viewed emotional expressions below the threshold of subjective awareness, and during the decision phase, which was based on verbal descriptions as the choice criterion. Using meta-analytic connectivity modeling, we found that the preparatory phase of the decision was associated with activity in a right-posterior portion of the DLFC featuring co-activations in the left-inferior frontal cortex. During the subsequent decision a right-anterior and more dorsal portion of the DLFC became activated, exhibiting a different co-activation pattern. These results provide evidence for partially independent sub-regions within the DLFC, supporting the notion of dual associative processes in intuitive judgments.

Socially-relevant decisions are based on clearly recognizable but also not consciously accessible affective stimuli. We studied the role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) in decision-making on masked affect expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our paradigm permitted us to capture brain activity during a pre-decision phase when the subjects viewed emotional expressions below the threshold of subjective awareness, and during the decision phase, which was based on verbal descriptions as the choice criterion. Using meta-analytic connectivity modeling, we found that the preparatory phase of the decision was associated with activity in a right-posterior portion of the DLFC featuring co-activations in the left-inferior frontal cortex. During the subsequent decision a right-anterior and more dorsal portion of the DLFC became activated, exhibiting a different co-activation pattern. These results provide evidence for partially independent sub-regions within the DLFC, supporting the notion of dual associative processes in intuitive judgments.

Background: Activation of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor with its co-agonist D-serine has been shown to improve subjective mood in healthy volunteers. D-alanine is another potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor co-agonist which arises from the natural breakdown of host gut microbes, and is predominantly sequestered in the pituitary. This may suggest that D-alanine influences the neuroendocrine stress response which may then impact on emotion. Aims: The current study explored the effects of D-serine and D-alanine on emotional processing, cognition and the levels of the stress hormone cortisol in healthy volunteers. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised study, participants ( n=63) received a single oral dose of either D-serine, D-alanine (60 mg/kg) or placebo and then performed the Emotional Test Battery and N-back task (two hours post-administration) and provided saliva samples at fixed intervals. Results: Subjects administered with D-alanine were faster at identifying facial expressions of fear, surprise and anger, and at categorising negative self-referential words. Participants on D-alanine also showed a trend to recall more words than placebo in a memory task. D-serine did not have any meaningful effects in any of the tasks. Neither amino acid had a significant effect on salivary cortisol or working memory. Conclusion: This study is the first to suggest that D-alanine can modulate emotional cognitive processing after a single dose. The lack of findings for D-serine nevertheless contrasts a previous study, emphasising a need for further investigation to clarify discrepancies. A better understanding of the physiological actions of D-amino acids would be beneficial in evaluating their therapeutic potential.

The acquisition, integration and storage of exogenous associated signals are termed as associative learning and memory. The consequences and processes of associative thinking and logical reasoning based on these stored exogenous signals can be memorized as endogenous signals, which are essential for decision making, intention, and planning. Associative memory cells recruited in these primary and secondary associative memories are presumably the foundation for the brain to fulfill cognition events and emotional reactions in life, though the plasticity of synaptic connectivity and neuronal activity has been believed to be involved in learning and memory. Current reports indicate that associative memory cells are recruited by their mutual synapse innervations among co-activated brain regions to fulfill the integration, storage and retrieval of associated signals. The activation of these associative memory cells initiates information recall in the mind, and the successful activation of their downstream neurons endorses memory presentations through behaviors and emotion reactions. In this review, we aim to draw a comprehensive diagram for associative memory cells, working principle and modulation, as well as propose their roles in cognition, emotion and behaviors.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) frequently co-occurs during a major depressive episode (i.e., Major depressive disorder, MDD). Concurrent depressive episodes may present additional challenges and barriers in OCD treatment; therefore, clinicians should address both symptom domains simultaneously. The present case study illustrates an example of an individual presenting with OCD symptoms falling under aggressive and sexual domains. The treatment utilized was exposure and response prevention (ERP), which is empirically supported to address OCD symptoms. Additional treatment elements, such as behavioral activation, building self-concept through mastery, and emotional processing were incorporated to specifically address depression symptoms, which enhanced the efficacy of ERP. The current case presentation provides evidence that the utilized combination of treatment modalities is feasible to implement and may effectively reduce OCD symptoms during a depressive episode.

One of the key questions in understanding human morality is how central are emotions in influencing our decisions and in our moral judgments. Theoretical work has proposed that empathy could play an important role in guiding our tendencies to behave altruistically or selfishly. Neurosciences suggest that one of the core elements of empathic behaviour in human and nonhuman primates is the capacity to internally mimic the behaviour of others, through the activation of shared motor representations. Part of the neural circuits involves parietal and premotor cortical regions (mirror system), in conjunction with other areas, such as the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. Together with this embodied neural mechanism, there is a cognitive route in which individuals can evaluate the social situation without necessary sharing the emotional state of others. For example, several brain areas of the prefrontal cortex track the effects of one’s own behaviour and of the value of one’s own actions in social contexts. It is here proposed that, moral cognition could emerge as the consequence of the activity of emotional processing brain networks, probably involving mirror mechanisms, and of brain regions that, through abstract-inferential processing, evaluate the social context and the value of actions in terms of abstract representations. A comparative-based approach to the neurobiology of social relations and decision-making may explain how complex mental faculties, such as moral judgments, have their foundations in brain networks endowed with functions related to emotional and abstract-evaluation processing of goods. It is proposed that in primate evolution these brain circuits have been co-opted in the social domain to integrate mechanisms of self-reward, estimation of negative outcomes, with emotional engagement.

AbstractWith targeted childcare initiatives and welfare-to-work programmes policy-makers have sought to address employment activation of lone mothers and negative outcomes for children in lone parent households. The present study examines non-parental childcare use and maternal employment among children living in lone and co-parent family situations at ages three and four and emotional and behavioural difficulties at ages four and five. The results demonstrate that negative outcomes associated with lone motherhood are explained largely by mother's age, education, material circumstances and area deprivation; and that maternal employment does not relieve lone mothers’ disadvantages in a way that alleviates the risks of difficulties to their children. However, in any family constellation, mainly group-based formal pre-school childcare does have a positive impact on child difficulties compared to drawing on informal childcare arrangements as main provider. In addition, and specifically for the difficulties of children in lone mother family situations, any non-parental childcare – formal or informal − for at least twenty-five hours per week is beneficial. Study findings support policy agendas which tackle families’ material hardship beyond promoting mothers’ employment, and through investment in formal childcare provision, and also through arrangements allowing lone mothers to divide their weekly load of childcare with another main provider.

BackgroundMental health morbidity in post-conflict settings is high. Nevertheless, randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy on site are rare. Our aim was to integrate rigorous research procedures into a humanitarian programme and test the efficacy of resource activation (ROTATE) in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), co-morbid symptoms and impaired functioning in Cambodia.MethodA total of 86 out-patients with PTSD were randomly assigned to five sessions of ROTATE (n= 53) or a 5-week waiting-list control (WLC) condition (n= 33). Treatment was provided by six Cambodian psychologists who had received extensive training in ROTATE. Masked assessments were made before and after therapy.ResultsPTSD remission rates according to the DSM-IV algorithm of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were 95.9% in ROTATE and 24.1% in the WLC condition. Thus, patients receiving ROTATE had a significantly higher likelihood of PTSD remission (odds ratio 0.012, 95% confidence interval 0.002–0.071,p< 0.00001). Additionally, levels of anxiety, depression and impaired functioning were significantly reduced compared with the WLC condition (p< 0.00001, between-group effect sizesd= 2.41, 2.26 and 2.54, respectively). No harms were reported.ConclusionsROTATE was efficacious in treating Cambodian patients with high symptom levels of PTSD, emotional distress and impaired functioning. ROTATE is a brief, culturally adaptable intervention focusing on stabilization and strengthening resources rather than trauma confrontation. It can be taught to local professionals and paraprofessionals and enhance access to mental health care for patients in need.

The amygdala and dopaminergic innervation thereunto are considered to cooperatively regulate emotional states and behaviors. The present experiments examined effects of dopamine on lateral amygdala (LA) neuron excitability by whole cell recordings. Bath application of dopamine induced slow afterdepolarization (sADP). This sADP lasted for >5 s, and its magnitude varied in a concentration-dependent manner. Co-application of the D1 receptor antagonist SKF83566 reduced its amplitude. The D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 , applied alone, induced sADP of a smaller amplitude. Induction of the full sADP required 5-HT2 and noradrenalin α1 receptor activation as well. D2 receptor activation or blockade did not affect sADP induction. The calcium channel blocker cadmium or intracellular calcium chelator bis-( o-aminophenoxy)- N, N, N′, N′ tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) blocked induction of the sADP, which was suggested to be triggered by calcium influx. Under voltage clamp, membrane conductance decreased at the peak of sADP current ( IsADP). IsADP was suppressed by cesium included in pipettes. The I-V curve of the net IsADP was shifted as the external concentration of potassium was raised, and the reversal potential was identical to that of potassium, suggesting that dopamine decreases potassium conductance to induce the sADP. The present sADP may serve as a positive-feedback regulator of excitability in LA neurons.

Background. Separate lines of research link lowered serotonin tone to interpersonal submissiveness and bulimia nervosa (BN). We explored the impact of co-morbid avoidant personality disorder (APD), as a proxy for submissiveness, on behavioural inhibition and serotonin function in women with BN.Method. Participants included women with BN with co-morbid APD (BNA+, N=13); women with BN but without APD (BNA−, N=23), and control women with neither BN nor APD (N=23). The women were assessed for psychopathological tendencies and eating disorder symptoms, and participated in a computerized laboratory task that measured behavioural inhibition and disinhibition. Participants also provided blood samples for measurement of serial prolactin responses following oral administration of the partial 5-HT agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP).Results. The BNA+ group had higher scores than the other groups on self-report measures of submissiveness, social avoidance, restricted emotional expression, affective instability and self-harming behaviours. Compared with the other groups, the BNA+ group tended to be more inhibited under cues for punishment on the computerized task and to have blunted prolactin response following m-CPP. The bulimic groups did not differ from each other on current eating symptoms or on frequencies of other mental disorders.Conclusions. Findings indicate that women with BN and co-morbid APD may be characterized by interpersonal submissiveness and avoidance, affective instability, self-harm, behavioural inhibition in response to threat and lower sensitivity to serotonergic activation. These findings may indicate common, serotonergic factors, associated with social submissiveness, behavioural inhibition to threat and BN.

The lecture is one of the main components of the didactic cycle of education in higher educational institutions. At the same time, the majority of interviewed students of the Master’s educational qualifi cation level believe that they receive up to 60% of the educational material from lectures.Aim of the work. To optimize the teaching of lecture material by forming of professionally oriented basis for the subsequent mastering of educational material by students.Main part. During preparation of a lecture for intern doctors, the lecturer must follow the next stages: analysis and selection of the main key material that forms the logical basis of the topic; selection of main problems and their transformation into problematic situations; substantiation of the logic and method of solving of each problem situation; the combination of lecture content into a integrated system of knowledge and its methodical support, aimed to predict the success of the application of methodical techniques for activation of the attention and thinking of intern doctors.Conclusions. Lecture classes contribute to the creative communication of the lecturer with the audience in the context of co-creation, emotional interaction and are the eff ective way to obtain professional knowledge through an individualized form of reading the lecture, depending on the topic, the preparedness of the audience, the availability of technical means, which contributes to the activation of the spatial meaningful activity of intern doctors.

Abstract Due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the significant pollution produced during their combustion and the increasing costs, biodiesel sources have gained recognition as an attractive alternative energy source. The integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a catalyst with biofuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol has the potential to optimize engine performance and reduce emissions when used in conjunction with diesel fuel. An emissions and performance prediction model for diesel engines is introduced in this research, utilizing biodiesel and CNTs in conjunction with machine learning. Due to its proficiency in forecasting systems with limited data, the emotional artificial neural network (EANN) model of machine learning was implemented. As an innovative approach, this study considers the following variables: fuel calorific value, fuel speed, engine density, viscosity, fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, oil temperature, oxygen output from exhaust gas, humidity, ambient temperature and ambient air pressure. The model was informed of every effective technical and functional environment parameter. This study additionally assessed the pollution and engine performance forecasts generated by the EANN model. Adding 5% biodiesel to gasoline fuel decreased carbon monoxide emissions while increasing torque and braking power, according to the findings. The fuel’s specific consumption increased. These findings were consistent with previous investigations. Moreover, as the concentration of CNTs in the fuel mixture increased, NOx, NO, CO2 and CO emissions decreased. The addition of 120 ppm of CNT to biodiesel–diesel fuel decreased emissions of CO, NO, NO2 and NO by 12.90%, 14.53%, 18.80% and 47.68%, respectively. The performance of the EANN model was found to be optimal when trained with the rectified linear unit activation function, as demonstrated by the evaluation results using various neurons.

Pain after an acute Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition (post-COVID pain) is becoming a new healthcare emergency. Precision medicine refers to an evidence-based method of grouping patients based on their diagnostic/symptom presentation and then tailoring specific treatments accordingly. Evidence suggests that post-COVID pain can be categorized as nociceptive (i.e., pain attributable to the activation of the peripheral receptive terminals of primary afferent neurons in response to noxious chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli), neuropathic (i.e., pain associated with a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system and limited to a “neuroanatomically plausible” distribution of the system), nociplastic (i.e., pain arising from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence for disease or lesion of the somatosensory system causing the pain), or mixed type (when two pain phenotypes co-exist). Each of these pain phenotypes may require a different treatment approach to maximize treatment effectiveness. Accordingly, the ability to classify post-COVID pain patients into one of these phenotypes would likely be critical for producing successful treatment outcomes. The 2021 International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) clinical criteria and grading system provide a framework for classifying pain within a precision pain medicine approach. Here we present data supporting the possibility of grouping patients with post-COVID pain into pain phenotypes, using the 2021 IASP classification criteria, with a specific focus on nociplastic pain, which is probably the primary mechanism involved in post-COVID pain. Nociplastic pain, which is usually associated with comorbid symptomology (e.g., poor sleep quality, fatigue, cognitive–emotional disturbances, etc.) and is considered to be more difficult to treat than other pain types, may require a more nuanced multimodal treatment approach to achieve better treatment outcomes.

Technological developments can optimize therapy for depression. However, early client or user involvement is crucial. The smartphone application and dashboard ‘plaTfOrm using evidence-based inTervEntions for (Mental) health’ (TOTEM), based on cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral activation, is being developed together with clients from the start. Objective monitoring (e.g., activity/travel-related behavior) and human-in-the-loop AI machine learning allow tailored blended care, combining face-to-face therapy with online modules and Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions. As a first co-creation step, clients with (prior) depression or depressive complaints and psychologists evaluated the usefulness of an existing Health for Travel Behaviour (HTB) application and feedback report developed for cardio patients, which monitors and improves travel-related physical activity. Online semi-structured interviews followed an HTB demonstration. In total, 16 interviews (14 clients and 2 psychologists) were transcribed and analyzed. Participants perceived the application as user-friendly, relevant, useful, attractive, and a supplement to standard care. It encourages people to engage in activities. The feedback report was also perceived as transparent, useful, and relevant. Emotional aspects are underemphasized (e.g., assessment of feelings and mental health-related psycho-education). When tailored to depression (with attention for different recovery phases), monitoring and improving travel-related physical activity was considered helpful in supplementing standard care for depression.

The ability of oxytocin (OT) to interact with the dopaminergic system through facilitatory D2-OT receptor (OTR) receptor-receptor interaction in the limbic system is increasingly considered to play roles in social or emotional behavior, and suggested to serve as a potential therapeutic target. Although roles of astrocytes in the modulatory effects of OT and dopamine in the central nervous system are well recognized, the possibility of D2-OTR receptor-receptor interaction in astrocytes has been neglected. In purified astrocyte processes from adult rat striatum, we assessed OTR and dopamine D2 receptor expression by confocal analysis. The effects of activation of these receptors were evaluated in the processes through a neurochemical study of glutamate release evoked by 4-aminopyridine; D2-OTR heteromerization was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay (PLA). The structure of the possible D2-OTR heterodimer was estimated by a bioinformatic approach. We found that both D2 and OTR were expressed on the same astrocyte processes and controlled the release of glutamate, showing a facilitatory receptor-receptor interaction in the D2-OTR heteromers. Biochemical and biophysical evidence confirmed D2-OTR heterodimers on striatal astrocytes. The residues in the transmembrane domains four and five of both receptors are predicted to be mainly involved in the heteromerization. In conclusion, roles for astrocytic D2-OTR in the control of glutamatergic synapse functioning through modulation of astrocytic glutamate release should be taken into consideration when considering interactions between oxytocinergic and dopaminergic systems in striatum.

Poor ovarian response (POR) occurs in approximately 9-24% of patients in ART. It presents a challenge to the reproductive consultant and causes immense emotional distress to the couple. Over the last few decades, ART has seen an improvement on both the clinical and embryological front however, adequate management of POR remains elusive. Etio-pathogenesis of the condition is poorly understood and varying definitions of POR have been used in studies. In recent years the POSEIDON criteria have been proposed to define this group of ‘low-prognosis’ patients and to optimize management. POSEIDON groups are assigned based on age and ovarian reserve. The patient groups are thus the unexpected poor responder’s having a normal ovarian reserve and the expected poor responders who have a poor ovarian reserve, to begin with. Management strategies to improve oocyte numbers and quality include manipulation of pituitary suppression and OS regimes, addition of LH and use of mild stimulation. The Duo- stim protocol has proved successful in increasing egg numbers, using the follicular and luteal phases of the same cycle. Adjuvant therapies which have shown promise in recent years are the use of Testosterone gel, Growth hormone, Co-enzyme Q10. Ovarian rejuvenation using Intra-ovarian platelet-rich plasma, ovarian activation and use of autologous stem cells is exciting and ongoing research in this area may yield evidence in future. The speaker will share her experience with the use of IOPRP for improving ovarian reserve during the lecture.

The goal of this study was to determine the association between workload and occupational stress among public primary school teachers. The study's goal was to see if there was a link between workload and stress at work. The Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress provided the theoretical underpinning for this study (CATS). Questionnaires were used to collect, analyze, and interpret data in this study, which followed quantitative research technique. The study took place in Kasarani, Nairobi County, Kenya. All Kasarani public primary school teachers were the study's target group In order to pick the sample, the researcher employed a basic random sampling method. Using Nassiuma's formula, the sample size was estimated (2002). 155 teachers from six schools were studied out of 728 teachers in 25 public schools. A random sample of eight respondents was surveyed at two public primary schools in Kasarani, Nairobi County, which were not part of the study region. The correlation research design was used in this study. Frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential analysis, were used for descriptive and co-relational analysis. There is no significant association between workload and occupational stress among public primary school teachers, according to the null hypothesis examined. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the hypothesis. The data demonstrated that a high level of occupational stress is connected with a high level of workload, with a significant connection of p = 0.001. The study concluded that primary school teachers should be relieved of their severe workload. Counsellors should collaborate with Head teachers to develop advice and counseling programs to assist teachers in reducing occupational stress. Teachers will be protected from emotional and cognitive injury as a result of this, and will be more effective in their jobs.

Background. Cancer survivors must manage a range of adverse symptoms and side effects postdiagnosis. These effects often co-occur with preexisting comorbid conditions. Recognizing the complex chronicity of the disease, self-management support interventions have been developed to promote cancer survivors’ knowledge, skills, and confidence to self-manage their health. Though shown to be beneficial, the processes underlying self-management have yet to be explicated. Aim. To explore how a community-based self-management support intervention fosters cancer survivors’ knowledge, confidence, and skills to self-manage their health. Method. A qualitative case study adopting multiple viewpoints was utilized. Seventeen cancer survivors who participated in a self-management support intervention (referred to as a cancer coaching program) were interviewed and six program staff took part in a focus group. Transcripts from the interviews and focus group were analyzed using a hybrid inductive–deductive approach guided by principles of qualitative description. Results. Cancer survivors and program staff offered complementary perspectives that enhanced our understanding of how the self-management support intervention fosters cancer survivors’ knowledge, confidence, and skills to self-manage their health. Four themes captured strategies necessary to promote self-management: (1) looking beyond the disease: the importance of holistic person-centered care, (2) cocreating plans: the key to effective and meaningful self-management support, (3) fostering activation via tailored, targeted, and expert-sourced information and resources, and (4) having dependable and impartial emotional support. Within each theme, pertinent self-management support strategies were described by cancer survivors and program staff. Discussion and Conclusion. Findings offer an understanding of how one community-based self-management support intervention promotes self-management and highlight valuable self-management support strategies that could be incorporated into existing and future interventions.

Over the past three decades, the Canadian healthcare system has undergone significant reform and restructuring. As a result, healthcare and healthcare costs are relocated from hospitals to the community (McGregor, 2001). Text-based technology is increasingly used to standardize care and contain healthcare spending. This paper examines an example of a text-based technology used in the School Health Support Services programme for students with diabetes in Ontario, Canada. Using institutional ethnography, the inquiry starts with parents’ concerns regarding the premature termination of nursing care for their children with diabetes at school. The exploration shows how these parents’ concerns are hooked into the institutional work of assessment for service discharge conducted by the Community Care Access Centre (CCAC) care coordinators. The analysis shows how the institutional category of ‘independence’ coordinates the service discharge work of the CCAC care coordinators with that of the nursing work of community nurses at school. The activation of the category of ‘independence’ by the nurses mediates their work, orienting their focus away from providing direct nursing care, and towards transferring primary care to children with diabetes. Children doing diabetes self-care work at school is then written up in nursing texts to stand in for children’s ability to manage diabetes ‘independently’. The textual production of ‘independence’ enables the next institutional course of action, that is, the discharge of children from nursing services at school. In this process, children with diabetes are drawn into doing the discharge work that ultimately serves the cost-containment interests of the institution. This institutional process also functions to obscure important actualities: It obscures how children’s ‘independence’ is co-created on a daily basis with their parents and relies on their parents’ work, and it discounts the significance of children with diabetes coming to their own embodied and emotional readiness for diabetes self-care.

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide (Kessler et al., 2003). Despite rapid-acting antidepressants ketamine elicits rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, chronic use causes side effects like addiction or hallucinogenic(Smith-Apeldoorn et al., 2022). Emerging clinical studies have demonstrated the rapid onset of antidepressant effects of single-bout physical exercise (Brush et al., 2021, Ge et al., 2021). However, the neural mechanisms underlying this action have not been identified. Aims & Objectives We investigated whether enhanced glutamatergic system activity in the frontal cortex underlies the rapid antidepressant action of a single bout of physical exercise in animal models. Method We used CAMKII-cre transgenic mice and two-photon calcium imaging to examine the involvement of glutamatergic neurons in the frontal cortex in the rapid antidepressant effects of a single bout of high- intensity treadmill training. Behavioral despair was assessed by splash test, tail suspension test, and forced swim test post-exercise. Neural activation was examined by quantifying c-FOS-positive cells in different brain regions. Chemogenetic activation and inhibition of glutamatergic neurons were examined respectively in mice with a single bout of physical exercise. Results Our pilot data have shown that a single bout of physical exercise elicited a rapid (30 min post-exercise) and sustained antidepressant effect (last to 24 hours post-exercise). Whole brain c-fos mapping indicated that the anterior cingular cortex (ACC) could be a key brain region mediating the rapid onset of the antidepressant effect of a single bout of exercise, as evidenced by a significant increase in c-Fos positive cells when compared to non-exercised control. Co-labeling has identified glutamatergic neurons as the major neuronal type responding to exercise training. Acute chemogenetic activation of glutamatergic neurons in the ACC mimicked the effects of exercise whereas inhibition of glutamatergic neurons abolished the rapid antidepressant effects of exercise. Discussion and conclusion This study has suggested the critical role of ACC-glutamatergic neurons in the rapid antidepressant effect induced by a single bout of exercise. References BRUSH, C. J., BURANI, K., SCHMIDT, K. M., SANTOPETRO, N. J. &HAJCAK, G. 2021. The impact of a single session of aerobic exercise on positive emotional reactivity in depression: Insight into individual differences from the late positive potential. Behav Res Ther, 144, 103914. GE, L. K., HU, Z., WANG, W., SIU, P. M. &WEI, G. X. 2021. Aerobic Exercise Decreases Negative Affect by Modulating Orbitofrontal-Amygdala Connectivity in Adolescents. Life (Basel), 11. KESSLER, R. C., BERGLUND, P., DEMLER, O., JIN, R., KORETZ, D., MERIKANGAS, K. R., RUSH, A. J.,WALTERS, E. E. &WANG, P. S. 2003. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289, 3095-3105. SMITH-APELDOORN, S. Y., VERAART, J. K., SPIJKER, J., KAMPHUIS, J. &SCHOEVERS, R. A. 2022. Maintenance ketamine treatment for depression: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 9, 907-921.

The presented article is a study dealing with the role and characteristics of youth political online activism in modern Russia. The relevance, main aspects and criteria of the effectiveness of youth policy in the field of communication are considered. There are following basic steps suggested: to improve the effectiveness of such communication associated with a clear articulation of the needs of various groups of people through competent socio-political monitoring with independent quantitative and qualitative research. Building a constructive dialogue to promote positive, constructive and conventional activation of the political behavior of youth groups; work to overcome the apolitical and absentee tendencies of young people, as well as the expansion of the political and managerial concept of Electronic state not only formally, but also substantively, are among these steps. Further, the study analyzes the structure of protest behavior, distinguishes several levels of protest consideration, each of which has its own specifics and features for the analysis. This is the level of deep reasons and specific motive for the emergence of a public protest; the level of the dominant style of public manifestation of any protest moods, which has its basis in the predominantly psycho-emotional sphere; and, finally, the level of peculiarities of political behavior with very specific tactics and strategies of protest behavior. It draws attention to the fact that youth as a social group is heterogeneous and it seems appropriate to divide its age structure into three stages (from 14 to 20, years old, from 21 to 24 years old, and from 25 to 30 years old). The final part of the article deals with the models of virtual protest behavior. The model of a complete unstructured protest is highlighted; activity-target co-optation; proactive-loyalist; adaptation and frustration; politicized civil and local models. The results obtained to date make it possible to record the essential features of online mobilization, both based on the features of the functioning of the virtual space, and from the point of view of the main object of research: youth and the specifics of its identity and algorithms of political behavior. All this allows us to speak about the relevance of the constructed classification models for various mobilization mechanisms, which determines the practical significance of the study.

Background. The analysis is based on the thesis that prayer is not only dialogue in the context of man-God relationship but also a kind of mental state characterized by empathy and synergy of both exclusively human and divine. The main prayer's nuance of meaning-appeal, response, insight, on the one hand, form the dialogue as an opportunity to accept the existence of God in the subjective dimension of I-You, and on the other-contribute to transcendence and self-construction of personality. In this prayer process, the perception of self as Other and Other as self is carried out. our study The purpose of the research is to find out Self-Other relationship in the context of prayer, its psychological and religious capabilities, which reveal its functional aspects Methods. Analysis, comparison, synthesis, generalization and systematization Results. Prayer, opening the prospects of overcoming existential problems, firstly, satisfies the spiritual needs of man through dialogue with the Deity. Secondly, it forms sensitivity to the Other. Thirdly, it performs the function of centering of consciousness, thanks to which centering individuality is transformed into an integral personality. Attention is paid to the functional relationship of faith and prayer, their role in constructing the prayer experience as a kind of empathic life strategy and as a religious and spiritual space of coexistence of I and Other. Prayer experience promotes forming the basis, life affirmation of a person and contains significant psychotherapeutic potential, as its carrier is aimed at effective and practical overcoming of the finiteness of human existence in the pursuit of eternal, absolute existence. Conclusion. Prayer as a dialogue motivates the activation of a people's essential forces, enriching their experience, personal growth and optimizing spiritual self-transcendence. Prayer intentionally contains the Other in itself, ensures co-involvement with Him. Its intensity depends on the emotional palette, which enhances the dialogue and constructs self. Prayer not only "focuses" consciousness, but also acts as a powerful means of centring it. This ability of prayer, enabling the process of unity of the human and the Divine, contributes to the formation of a harmonious, integral personality. The essence of prayer is most clearly revealed in prayer¬empathy when the boundaries of self are overcome and problems, the feelings of the Other find a response in self, a kind of personal overflow takes place. Prayer contains a significant psychotherapeutic potential, helps to overcome difficult life situations and contributes to the improvement of mental health, and during periods of life crises, ensure moral survival and affirmation of a personality.

Abstract Background The era of Internet entrepreneurship is an era of “technology orientation, knowledge iteration, highly skilled talents and mode fission”, which challenges the original entrepreneurial education modes of experience (family), imitation (enterprise) and knowledge (University). Under the background of “structural entrepreneurship”, we need to break the threshold of “value creation” within the main body of education. Therefore, the emotional regulation ability and mental health of educational groups in the network era are particularly important. Research Objects and Methods This paper takes the theme of entrepreneurship education as the research object. From the perspective of value network theory and mental health, through case study and theoretical analysis, this paper theoretically deduces the “reconstruction of logical starting point relationship and value co creation” under the background of entrepreneurship education, mainly focusing on three aspects: (1) logical starting point: the driven change of innovation and entrepreneurship market; (2) Relationship reconstruction: the structural connection of the main body of entrepreneurship education; (3) Value co creation: benign improvement of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education. This paper also uses the method of questionnaire to investigate the emotional micro behavior of entrepreneurship themes in different regions of China. The adoption of entrepreneurial anxiety scale is produced in the process of compiling self-awareness scale, which contains 6 items. A score of 0 indicates a low degree of focal deficiency and 24 indicates a high degree of focal deficiency. Cheier and Carver (1985) noticed that subjects without college education often have difficulties in understanding some items in the original scale, so they revised the scale to make it more understandable. The contents of the items in the social anxiety scale in the new scale have not changed, but their words have some minor modifications. At the same time, the score is also changed to 4-level system (0: not like me at all, 3: very like me). The scale scores range from. (low anxiety) to 18 (high anxiety). The correlation coefficient between the revised scale and the original scale was 0.86. This chapter includes the original scale and the revised scale respectively. The average of 179 male college students assessed by the original scale (5-level scoring system) was 12.5 (SD = 4.1). When using the revised scale (4-level scoring system), the mean of 213 men was 8.8 (SD = 4.3), while the mean of 85 women was 8.6 (SD = 4.7). Another sample, 396 middle-aged women, scored slightly lower. The mean is 7.3 (SD = 3.9). Cronbach of the original scale α the coefficient is the sum of Cronbach of the revised scale of 0.700 α The coefficient is 0.79. The two-week test-retest reliability of the original scale was 0.730, and the four-week test-retest correlation coefficient of the revised version was 0.77. Results (1) Entrepreneurship education in China has roughly experienced the development process of “family blood Network Entrepreneurship Education - cluster enterprise interactive Entrepreneurship Education - popularization of innovation and entrepreneurship concept education in Colleges and universities”. In the era of entrepreneurship, the original experiential, imitative and knowledge-based entrepreneurship education model is facing the dilemma of low efficiency or even ineffective: first, the “technology driven” weakens the experience advantage of family entrepreneurship education; Second, “model driven” weakens the imitation advantage of social entrepreneurship education; Third, “utility driven” breaks the knowledge advantage of entrepreneurship education in Colleges and universities. (2) In order to meet the new needs of the entrepreneurship market, under the background of “decentralization”, the main body of entrepreneurship education should actively break through the boundary, find the structural connection point and interactive intersection with other disciplines, embed core resources and advantages into the entrepreneurship education network, reconstruct the deeply integrated network relationship, promote the process reengineering of entrepreneurship education, and change the organizational form and content output of entrepreneurship education, Establish a multi-dimensional network coupling of multi-disciplinary cooperation guided by market demand: the first is the induced Association of “agglomeration” of core enterprises, the second is the “diffusion” of spillover Association of top universities, and the third is the interactive association “integration” of sharing platforms. At the same time, the correlation analysis between emotion regulation ability and health behavior of online education subjects under the “three drivers” shows that this study further finds that online learning efficacy plays a complete mediating role and a partial mediating role in the impact of positive academic emotion and negative academic emotion on online academic investment, respectively. Specifically, after introducing the mediating variable of learning efficacy, the path coefficient of “positive academic emotion online academic investment” decreased from significant to insignificant, indicating that online learning efficacy plays a complete mediating role in the influence of positive academic emotion on online learning investment; The relationship between negative academic emotion and online learning investment is still significant even after the introduction of mediating variables, which shows that online learning efficacy plays a partial mediating role in the impact of negative academic emotion on online learning investment. This result does not support Fredrickson's view that “positive emotions are associated with specific action tendencies”. In addition to the particularity of online learning environment, the difference of emotional nature plays an important role in the direct impact of positive academic emotion and negative academic emotion on online learning investment. This study believes that emotion is generated by individuals adapting to the environment. It is worth mentioning that negative emotions evolve gradually in the environment of dealing with survival threats, and are more closely related to specific action trends; Positive emotions are only accompanied by general activation, not specific action trends, and do not produce specific actions. Therefore, in the online learning environment, the positive academic emotion mainly affects the online learning investment by activating the individual's sense of learning efficacy, while the negative academic emotion not only directly affects the individual's online learning investment, but also indirectly affects the online learning investment by weakening the sense of learning efficacy. Conclusion The change of entrepreneurial market driving force gradually weakens the central advantage of the original subject of entrepreneurial education, making the experience advantage, imitation advantage and knowledge advantage in various entrepreneurial education unable to support the entrepreneurial behavior in the network era. Driven by “technology, mode and utility”, it is necessary to reconstruct the three interrelated modes of entrepreneurship education, Namely “core enterprise introduction (agglomeration), first-class university spillover (diffusion), sharing platform interaction (integration) So as to create three benefits after reconstructing the subject relationship of entrepreneurship education: rapid response to the advantages of network structure, symbiotic and mutual ecological effect, and multiple superimposed value creation system. Finally, strengthen positive cognitive education, carry out targeted psychological counseling for online educators, correctly guide positive emotions, turn some blind and optimistic impulsive emotions into rational motives, and guide them to carry out relevant activities according to their own advantages and characteristics. Set an example, clarify the incentive objectives, regularly hold successful model sharing, experience introduction, project display and other activities, set a successful example for positive emotions, clarify the specific objectives of entrepreneurial activities, form strong psychological motivation, stimulate internal potential and help realize positive behavior. Strengthen professional guidance and make the motivation of winning the bid behavioral. Give full play to the talent advantages under the Internet mode, enhance the degree of group intelligence, professionalize the knowledge in the business field, and form obvious talent and intellectual advantages. Experts and scholars can also be organized to establish professional staff psychological counseling teams, give full play to the business projects of experts and scholars in their respective fields, and carry out scientific research on entrepreneurship projects. Acknowledgements Supported by the Planning Project of Philosophy and Social Science in Zhejiang Province ”Research on Enterprise Education Model of Deep Integration and Stratification Promotion between School and Enterprise Based on Mass Innovation Platform“ (Project No.: 17NDJC285YB).

The synchronized co-activation of multiple responses—motivational, behavioral, and physiological—has been taken as a defining feature of emotion. Such response coherence has been observed inconsistently however, and this has led some to view emotion programs as lacking biological reality. Yet, response coherence is not always expected or desirable if an emotion program is to carry out its adaptive function. Rather, the hallmark of emotion is the capacity to orchestrate multiple mechanisms adaptively—responses will co-activate in stereotypical fashion or not depending on how the emotion orchestrator interacts with the situation. Nevertheless, might responses cohere in the general case where input variables are specified minimally? Here we focus on shame as a case study. We measure participants’ responses regarding each of 27 socially devalued actions and personal characteristics. We observe internal and external coherence: The intensities of felt shame and of various motivations of shame (hiding, lying, destroying evidence, and threatening witnesses) vary in proportion ( i) to one another, and ( ii) to the degree to which audiences devalue the disgraced individual—the threat shame defends against. These responses cohere both within and between the United States and India. Further, alternative explanations involving the low-level variable of arousal do not seem to account for these results, suggesting that coherence is imparted by a shame system. These findings indicate that coherence can be observed at multiple levels and raise the possibility that emotion programs orchestrate responses, even in those situations where coherence is low.

Abstract Intro: Compared to white men, Black men bear the highest burden of prostate cancer, experiencing a higher incidence and mortality rate, and poorer survivorship outcomes. Although prioritized, survivorship and quality of life (QOL) are under-studied in the fight against prostate cancer disparities. To address this issue, clinicians, researchers, and community advocates have formed the Inclusive Cancer Care Research Equity (iCCaRE) Consortium for Black Men. iCCaRE’s goal is to advance the science and practice of survivorship focused on the needs of Black men and their loved ones affected by prostate cancer. Methods: We developed a survivorship care plan (SCP) tailored to the whole person's needs. IRB-approved qualitative methods to preliminarily gain evaluation and guidance on the SCP. The SCP presented content in the following areas: diagnosis and treatment, follow-up care/surveillance, family history, care team, major co-morbidities, symptoms and quality of life, survivorship concerns, and health advisories. Results: 23 Black prostate cancer survivors (PCS) participated and provided feedback on the SCP Mean age was 64 years. PCS diagnosed between 2018-2023 between stages 1-4. The Majority of PCS were provided information for follow-up and side effects. But none had received a comprehensive SCP All agreed that the SCP would contribute to enhancing cancer knowledge, patient activation, and shared decision, and their QOL, if the SCP was obtained. A survivor noted “having inspirational quotes throughout the SCP is important”. An unforeseen consequence to the interviews was the emotional release for the men, justifying the need for the SCP and an expansion of its scope. Domains that the men wanted more contents were social support, sexuality, masculinity, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. All PCS understood the value of having trusted family and friends to bear the burden of the disease despite some not having a solid support system. PCS emphasized the role of family support stating, “my wife and children helped me stay positive”. Another critical lifestyle component that survivors mentioned was their sexuality and how it directly reflects their masculinity. Although PCS adapted to other forms of intimacy like couples’ activities and stronger communication with their partners, majority of men struggle with adapting to their sexual performance. A quote by a survivor encompasses the mindset expressed by many of the men fear “Like a track star in his prime who can’t run anymore”. Erectile Dysfunction can lead to fear and anxiety among survivors, ultimately affecting QOL. Lastly, PCS wanted more options to stay fit and healthy. Further research and resources are needed to address survivor concerns in this area. Discussion: Overall, PCS have acknowledged that the SCP can assist them in these areas of concern, but more research is required. Life after prostate cancer treatment is an ongoing process; while some survivors cope better than others, it is evident a need for more information and guidance is not being provided to all those affected. Citation Format: James Morrison, Kimlin Ashing, Gaole Song, John McCall, Timethia J. Bonner, Che Ngufor, Getachew A. Dagne, Arnold Merriweather, Ewan Cobran, Cassandra N. Moore, Fornati Bedell, Rotimi Oladapo, Floyd B. Willis, JoAnne S. Oliver, Ernie Kaninjing, Roxana Dronca, Folakemi T. Odedina. iCCaRE qualitative interviews for Black prostate cancer survivors and quality of life [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C042.

In the article the features of interactive methods of teaching, are analyzed and the rules of using interactive methods of teaching, as well as different approaches to their classification, are examined. The article reveals the essence and features of interactive teaching methods, describes the characteristics of their varieties and the theoretical substantiation of these methods as effective means of enhancing students' cognitive activity in the educational process of the university. The difference between interactive learning and any other, more traditional, is that it provides learning interaction not only between teacher and students. Students themselves also actively interact with each other in search and creation of new knowledge or in the process of formation and development of new skills and abilities. Feature of interactive forms of learning – a high level of mutually directed activity of the subjects of interaction, emotional, spiritual unity of the participants. The expediency of introducing interactive learning technologies is due to the possibility of transforming the educational process (due to their implementation) into co-learning, mutual learning (collective, microgroup, group, collaborative learning), where student and teacher are equal, equal subjects of learning. The teacher's choice of one or another interactive learning technology is determined by the specialty that students acquire, the content of the discipline, the subjective, professional experience of the teacher, as well as the stage of professional training of students. As a research result it is noted that the use of role-playing games promotes students' cognitive activity, increased interest, etc. Participation in the project work facilitates the acquisition of skills such as searching, highlighting, analyzing, structuring the necessary information; ability to integrate information from different fields of knowledge.

Abstract Inhibitory control is crucial for regulating emotions and may also enable memory control. However, evidence for their shared neurobiological correlates is limited. Here, we report meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on emotion regulation, or memory control and link neural commonalities to transcriptional commonalities using the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA). Based on 95 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, we reveal a role of the right inferior parietal lobule embedded in a frontal–parietal–insular network during emotion regulation and memory control, which is similarly recruited during response inhibition. These co-activation patterns also overlap with the networks associated with ‘inhibition’, ‘cognitive control’ and ‘working memory’ when consulting the Neurosynth. Using the AHBA, we demonstrate that emotion regulation- and memory control-related brain activity patterns are associated with transcriptional profiles of a specific set of ‘inhibition-related’ genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of these ‘inhibition-related’ genes reveal associations with the neuronal transmission and risk for major psychiatric disorders as well as seizures and alcoholic dependence. In summary, this study identified a neural network and a set of genes associated with inhibitory control across emotion regulation and memory control. These findings facilitate our understanding of the neurobiological correlates of inhibitory control and may contribute to the development of brain stimulation and pharmacological interventions.

Abstract Background Stress is responsible for impacting brain regions’ synaptic changes and functional connectivity modifications that hesitate in several cognitive processes such as spatial and declarative memory, fear, and memories of emotionally charged events, executive functions and fear extinction that are all cross-functional in the functioning of neurodevelopmental disorders. Aims We investigated the transcript of Homer1a, an Immediate Early Gene, which encodes a crucial molecule of the dendritic spine involved in synaptic plasticity processes. It represents a molecular sensor of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity events relevant for monitoring potential changes and activity in brain network and regional interactivity among brain regions of male rats exposed and not exposed to perinatal stress. Methods We performed a quantitation of Homer1a transcripts derived by in situ hybridization protocol and analyzed the pattern of expression in a connectivity-based framework. Pregnant female Sprague– Dawley rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups: one exposed to three 45-minute stress sessions daily until delivery and the other one represented a control group without stress exposure. Homer1 expression was evaluated in 88 brain regions of interest (ROIs) in the brain of male offspring defining perinatal stress group (PRS) (n=5) and control group (n=5) and differences were evaluated through Student’ s t-test via IBM SPSS 26. We computed all possible pairwise Spearmann’ s correlations and generated the adjacency matrices and network for each experimental group via RStudio and Cytoscape software to define differences in brain network properties. Finally, we studied brain network centrality measures. Results We found a reduction in Homer1a expression in PRS cortical, thalamic, and striatal ROIs involved in executive control, strongly impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders. The study of adjacency matrices showed a tendency to aberrant functional connectivity among several insular and cortical ROIs (in the PRS group compared to CTRL which could be responsible for learning and memory impairment, hippocampal dysfunctions, sociability, memory, and motor control and lack of the integration of information in the whole brain. The study of centrality misuses among networks showed an increase in anteroventral thalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part degree of CTRL group compared to PRS; an increase in betweenness centrality of the claustrum and several striatal regions (such as dorsomedial caudate putamen, accumbens nucleus, core, accumbens nucleus, shell, and amygdaloid nuclei) as well as a decrease in nucleus of ventral anterior thalamic nucleus of PRS group compared to CTRL. Finally, we found a significant increase in eigenvector centrality in thalamic nuclei of PRS group, and an increase in the same parameter in amygdaloid nuclei of CTRL group. Discussion and conclusion By examining the effects on neuronal circuits that we explored through the evaluation of co-activation of brain areas, the current work has confirmed that perinatal-stress exposure strongly impacts synaptic plasticity processes. It has also demonstrated that changes in functional connectivity could help to predict aberrant behavioral phenotype of male stress-exposed rats compared to control group leading to the conclusion that perinatal stress exposure represents a significant vulnerable factor for psychiatric disorders in translational point of view.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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In the past decades, a growing body of evidence has suggested that some individuals may exhibit antisocial behaviors following brain lesions. Recently, some authors have shown that lesions underpinning antisocial behaviors may disrupt a particular brain network during resting-state. However, it remains unknown whether these brain lesions may alter specific mental processes during tasks. Therefore, we conducted meta-analytic co-activation analyses on lesion masks of 17 individuals who acquired antisocial behaviors following their brain lesions. Each lesion mask was used as a seed of interest to examine their aberrant co-activation network using a database of 143 whole-brain neuroimaging studies on antisocial behaviors (n = 5,913 subjects). We aimed to map the lesion brain network that shows deficient activity in antisocial population against a null distribution derived from 655 control lesions. We further characterized the lesion-based meta-analytic network using term-based decoding (Neurosynth) as well as receptor/transporter density maps (JuSpace). We found that the lesion meta-analytic network included the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, ventro- and dorso-medial prefrontal cortex, fusiform face area, and supplementary motor area (SMA), which correlated mainly with emotional face processing and serotoninergic system (5-HT1A and 5-HTT). We also investigated the heterogeneity in co-activation networks through data-driven methods and found that lesions could be grouped in four main networks, encompassing emotional face processing, general emotion processing, and reward processing. Our study shows that the heterogeneous brain lesions underpinning antisocial behaviors may disrupt specific mental processes, which further increases the risk for distinct antisocial symptoms. It also highlights the importance and complexity of studying brain lesions in relationship with antisocial behaviors.

Abstract The amygdala is known to modulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity. One role could be an immediate effect of basolateral amygdala (BLA) in priming synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Another role could be through associative synaptic co-operation and competition that triggers events involved in the maintenance of synaptic potentiation. We present evidence that the timing and activity level of BLA stimulation are important factors for the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) in ventral hippocampal area CA1. A 100 Hz BLA co-stimulation facilitated the induction of LTP, whereas 200 Hz co-stimulation attenuated induction. A 100 Hz BLA co-stimulation also caused enhanced persistence, sufficient to prevent synaptic competition. This maintenance effect is likely through translational mechanisms, as mRNA expression of primary response genes was unaffected, whereas protein level of plasticity-related products was increased. Further understanding of the neural mechanisms of amygdala modulation on hippocampus could provide insights into the mechanisms of emotional disorders.

Abstract Background Disruptions in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation (ER) may be a mechanism linking child maltreatment with psychopathology. We examined the associations of maltreatment with neural responses during passive viewing of negative emotional stimuli and attempts to modulate emotional responses. We investigated whether the influence of maltreatment on neural activation during ER differed across development and whether alterations in brain function mediated the association between maltreatment and a latent general psychopathology (‘p’) factor. Methods Youth aged 8–16 years with (n = 79) and without (n = 72) exposure to maltreatment completed an ER task assessing neural responses during passive viewing of negative and neutral images and effortful attempts to regulate emotional responses to negative stimuli. P-factor scores were defined by a bi-factor model encompassing internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Results Maltreated youth had greater activation in left amygdala and salience processing regions and reduced activation in multiple regions involved in cognitive control (bilateral superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) when viewing negative v. neutral images than youth without maltreatment exposure. Reduced neural recruitment in cognitive control regions mediated the association of maltreatment with p-factor in whole-brain analysis. Maltreated youth exhibited increasing recruitment with age in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during reappraisal while control participants exhibited decreasing recruitment with age. Findings were similar after adjusting for co-occurring neglect. Conclusions Child maltreatment influences the development of regions associated with salience processing and cognitive control during ER in ways that contribute to psychopathology.

AbstractTrauma-related intrusive memories (TR-IMs) possess unique phenomenological properties that contribute to adverse post-traumatic outcomes, positioning them as critical intervention targets. However, transdiagnostic treatments for TR-IMs are scarce, as their underlying mechanisms have been investigated separate from their unique phenomenological properties. Extant models of more general episodic memory highlight dynamic hippocampal-cortical interactions that vary along the anterior-posterior axis of the hippocampus (HPC) to support different cognitive-affective and sensory-perceptual features of memory. Extending this work into the unique properties of TR-IMs, we conducted a study of eighty-four trauma-exposed adults who completed daily ecological momentary assessments of TR-IM properties followed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Spatiotemporal dynamics of anterior and posterior hippocampal (a/pHPC)-cortical networks were assessed using co-activation pattern analysis to investigate their associations with different properties of TR-IMs. Emotional intensity of TR-IMs was inversely associated with the frequency and persistence of an aHPC-default mode network co-activation pattern. Conversely, sensory features of TR-IMs were associated with more frequent co-activation of the HPC with sensory cortices and the ventral attention network, and the reliving of TR-IMs in the “here-and-now” was associated with more persistent co-activation of the pHPC and the visual cortex. Notably, no associations were found between HPC-cortical network dynamics and conventional symptom measures, including TR-IM frequency or retrospective recall, underscoring the utility of ecological assessments of memory properties in identifying their neural substrates. These findings provide novel insights into the neural correlates of the unique features of TR-IMs that are critical for the development of individualized, transdiagnostic treatments for this pervasive, difficult-to-treat symptom.

Emotions in collaborative learning both originate from and are externalized in students’ socio-emotional interactions, and individual group members evidently contribute to these interactions to varying degrees. Research indicates that socio-emotional interactions within a group are related with the occurrence of co- and socially shared regulation of learning, which poses a need to study individual contributions to these interactions via a person-centered approach. This study implements multimodal data (video and electrodermal activity) and sequence mining methods to explore how secondary school students’ (n = 54, 18 groups) participation in socio-emotional interactions evolved across a series of collaborative tasks. On this basis, it identifies subgroups of students with distinct longitudinal profiles. Furthermore, it investigates how students with different socio-emotional interaction profiles contributed to their groups’ regulation of learning. Three profiles were identified: negative, neutral, and diverse. Each profile represents a particular socio-emotional interaction pattern with unique characteristics regarding the emotional valence of participation and physiological emotional activation. The profiles relate to students’ contributions to group regulation of learning. Students with the diverse profile were more likely to contribute to regulation, whereas the neutral profile students were less likely to contribute. The results highlight the importance of person-centered methods to account for individual differences and participation dynamics in collaborative learning and consequently clarify how they relate to and influence group regulation of learning.

Disproportionate, maladapted, and generalized fear are essential hallmarks of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which develops upon severe trauma in a subset of exposed individuals. Among the brain areas that are processing fear memories, the hippocampal formation exerts a central role linking emotional-affective with cognitive aspects. In the hippocampus, neuronal excitability is constrained by multiple GABAergic interneurons with highly specialized functions and an extensive repertoire of co-released neuromodulators. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of these co-transmitters that significantly affects hippocampal signaling, with ample evidence supporting its fundamental role in emotional, cognitive, and metabolic circuitries. Here we investigated the role of NPY in relation to GABA, both released from the same interneurons of the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG), in different aspects of fear conditioning. We demonstrated that activation of dentate GABA neurons specifically during fear recall reduced cue-related as well as trace-related freezing behavior, whereas inhibition of the same neurons had no significant effects. Interestingly, concomitant overexpression of NPY in these neurons did not further modify fear recall, neither under baseline conditions nor upon chemogenetic stimulation. However, potentially increased co-release of NPY substantially reduced contextual fear, promoted extinction learning, and long-term suppression of fear in a foreground context–conditioning paradigm. Importantly, NPY in the dorsal DG was not only expressed in somatostatin neurons, but also in parvalbumin-positive basket cells and axoaxonic cells, indicating intense feedback and feedforward modulation of hippocampal signaling and precise curtailing of neuronal engrams. Thus, these findings suggest that co-release of NPY from specific interneuron populations of the dorsal DG modifies dedicated aspects of hippocampal processing by sharpening the activation of neural engrams and the consecutive fear response. Since inappropriate and generalized fear is the major impediment in the treatment of PTSD patients, the dentate NPY system may be a suitable access point to ameliorate PTSD symptoms and improve the inherent disease course.

Takotsuba Syndrome (TTS) is a type of emotional/physical stress-induced heart failure (HF). Stress-elevated catecholamines activate adrenergic signaling. Cardiac A-Kinase Anchoring Protein-1 (AKAP1) is known to regulate the adrenergic signaling via protein complex formation and phosphorylation. We recently discovered that activation of the stress response kinase JNK2 is critical in HF onset. Whether AKAP1 is involved with stress-activated JNK2 and HF onset remains completely unknown. Isoproterenol (Iso; synthetic catecholamine) effects on JNK2 activation were assessed in left ventricles (LV) from Iso-treated wildtype (WT) mice (67 mg/kg i.p., 2 days) and in heterologous HEK-RyR2 cells (inducible cardiac ryanodine receptor-2; myocyte mimic; 5 mM Iso, 24 h). A JNK2 effect on cardiac function was reflected by cardiac output (CO) using echocardiography in cardiac-specific MKK7D (inducible overexpression of active MKK7D; a JNK upstream activator) and MKK7D-JNK2KD (50% JNK2 knockdown in MKK7D) mice. The AKAP1-JNK2 link was assessed using immunoprecipitation (IP) and immunoblotting in tGFP -JNK2 and/or FLAG -AKAP1 transfected HEK293 cells. Iso-WT LV had increased JNK phosphorylation (JNK-p, activated) and reduced SERCA2 (a hallmark of HF) vs controls. Likely, MKK7-induction in MKK7D LV increased JNK2 and JNK-p (vs WT-littermates; p<0.05, n=5,4), which led to reduced CO by 68% (n=5,6, p<0.01) and downregulated SERCA2 by 79% (p<0.01, n=4,8), also evidenced by preserved CO and SERCA2 in MKK7D-JNK2KD mice (50% ablated JNK2; n=9). Moreover, Iso treatment in HEK-RyR2 cells activated JNK2, but not JNK1, compared to sham controls. Intriguingly, we found that JNK2 was associated with AKAP1, given the co-IP of tGFP -JNK2 with anti- FLAG antibody pulldown of FLAG -AKAP1 co-transfected HEK293 cells (n=3). Further, overexpressed FLAG -AKAP1 increased the phosphorylation of co-transfected tGFP -JNK2 as well as endogenous JNK (p<0.01 & p<0.001, n=3,3), while the notable JNK downstream target c-Jun also showed increased phosphorylation (c-Jun-p; p<0.05, n=3,3), supporting a previously unrecognized role for AKAP1 in JNK2 activation. In total, our findings suggest that stress activates JNK2 via an adrenergic-AKAP1 activation pathway to drive HF/TTS onset.

Abstract Learning which stimuli in our environment co-occur with painful or pleasurable events is critical for survival. Previous research has established the basic neural and behavioural mechanisms of aversive and appetitive conditioning; however, it is unclear precisely what information content is learned. Here we examined the degree to which aspects of the unconditioned stimulus (US)— sensory information vs. affective salience - are transferred to the conditioned stimulus (CS). To decode what stimuli features (e.g., valence vs. discriminative somatosensation) are represented in patterns of brain activation elicited during appetitive (soft touch) and aversive (painful touch) conditioning to faces, a novel approach to using modeling with representational similarity analysis (RSA) based on theoretically driven representational patterns of interest (POIs) was applied to fMRI data. Once associations were learned through conditioning, globally, the CS reactivated US representational patterns showing conditioning-dependent reactivation in specific high order brain regions: In the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex the CS reactivated patterns associated with the affective salience of the US— suggesting that, with affective conditioning, these regions carry forward the affective associations of the experience.

Abstract Social comparisons are a core feature of human life. Theories posit that social comparisons play a critical role in depression and social anxiety triggering negative evaluations about the self, as well as negative emotions. We investigated the neural basis of social comparisons in participants with depression and/or social anxiety (MD-SA, n=56) and healthy controls (n=47) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). While being scanned participants performed a social comparison task, during which they received feedback about their performance and the performance of a co-player. Upward social comparisons (being worse than the co-player) elicited high levels of negative emotions (shame, guilt, nervousness) across participants, with this effect being enhanced in the MD-SA group. Notably, during upward comparison the MD-SA group showed greater activation than the control group in regions of the Default Mode Network (DMN). Specifically, for upward comparison MD-SA participants demonstrated increased activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and reduced deactivation in the posteromedial cortex, regions linked to self-referential processing, inferences about other people’s thoughts and rumination. Findings suggest that people with depression and social anxiety react to upward comparisons with a more negative emotional response, which may be linked to introspective processes related to the DMN.

Abstract Adolescence is a period of rapid biological and psychological development, characterized by increasing emotional reactivity and risk-taking, especially in peer contexts. Theories of adolescent neural development suggest that the balance in sensitivity across neural threat, reward, and regulatory systems contributes to these changes. Building on prior research, this study used a novel social feedback task to explore activation and functional connectivity in the context of social threat and reward in a sample of mid-adolescent girls (n = 86, Mage = 16.32). When receiving negative peer feedback, adolescents showed elevated activation in, and amygdala connectivity with, social processing regions (e.g. medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC], temporoparietal junction [TPJ]). When receiving positive feedback, adolescents showed elevated activation in social and reward (e.g. mPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex) processing regions and less striatum-cerebellum connectivity. To understand the psychological implications of neural activation and co-activation, we examined associations between neural processing of threat and reward and self-reported social goals. Avoidance goals predicted elevated amygdala and striatum connectivity with social processing regions (e.g. medial temporal gyrus [MTG]), whereas approach goals predicted deactivation in social processing regions (e.g. MTG/TPJ, precuneus), highlighting the importance of considering individual differences in sensitivity to social threat and reward in adolescence.

AbstractImpaired emotion recognition is common in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may, via deficient emotion self-regulation, relate to the frequently co-occurring affective and social problems. The present study used an emotional face-matching task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural responses during the processing of angry and fearful faces and visuo-spatial control stimuli. Additionally, measures for emotion dysregulation, ADHD type, and age were investigated in relation to the behavioral and neural fMRI data. We utilized a sample of 61 adolescents/young adults with ADHD and 51 age-matched healthy controls (age range: 12–28 years). Participants with ADHD had higher emotion dysregulation scores than controls. They also reacted slower and less accurate in response to emotional but not visuo-spatial control stimuli. Neural response differences between emotional and visuo-spatial trials were significantly smaller in cases, particularly in the left amygdala. While coupling between the right amygdala and bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex was stronger for emotional than visuo-spatial stimuli in control subjects, levels of positive coupling between the trial types did not significantly differ in participants with ADHD. Neither emotion dysregulation scores, nor ADHD type or age were related to the behavioral and neural processing alterations during the emotional face-matching task. Results indicate that emotion recognition deficits in ADHD are particularly associated with lower amygdala activation to emotional stimuli and alterations in the functional connections of the amygdala to medial prefrontal areas. Emotion recognition deficits and associated neural alterations were unrelated to emotion dysregulation, ADHD type, or age.

Abstract Background Children born very preterm (VPT; <32 weeks’ gestation) are at high risk of neurodevelopmental and behavioural difficulties associated with atypical brain maturation, including socio-emotional difficulties. The analysis of large-scale brain network dynamics during rest allows us to investigate brain functional connectivity and its association with behavioural outcomes. Methods Dynamic functional connectivity was extracted by using the innovation-driven co-activation patterns framework in VPT and full-term children aged 6–9 to explore changes in spatial organisation, laterality and temporal dynamics of spontaneous large-scale brain activity (VPT, n = 28; full-term, n = 12). Multivariate analysis was used to explore potential biomarkers for socio-emotional difficulties in VPT children. Results The spatial organisation of the 13 retrieved functional networks was comparable across groups. Dynamic features and lateralisation of network brain activity were also comparable for all brain networks. Multivariate analysis unveiled group differences in associations between dynamical functional connectivity parameters with socio-emotional abilities. Conclusion In this exploratory study, the group differences observed might reflect reduced degrees of maturation of functional architecture in the VPT group in regard to socio-emotional abilities. Dynamic features of functional connectivity could represent relevant neuroimaging markers and inform on potential mechanisms through which preterm birth leads to neurodevelopmental and behavioural disorders. Impact Spatial organisation of the retrieved resting-state networks was comparable between school-aged very preterm and full-term children. Dynamic features and lateralisation of network brain activity were also comparable across groups. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed different patterns of association between dynamical functional connectivity parameters and socio-emotional abilities in the very preterm and full-term groups. Findings suggest a reduced degree of maturation of the functional architecture in the very preterm group in association with socio-emotional abilities.

IntroductionPain catastrophizing, a measure of an individual's negative emotional and cognitive appraisals of pain, has been included as a key treatment target in many psychological interventions for pain. However, the neural correlates of pain catastrophizing have been understudied. Prior neuroimaging evidence suggests that adults with pain show altered reward processing throughout the mesocorticolimbic reward circuitry.MethodsIn this study, we tested the association between Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) scores and neural activation to the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) reward neuroimaging task in 94 adults reporting a range of pain, insomnia, and mood symptoms.ResultsResults indicated that PCS score but not pain intensity was significantly associated with blunted activation in the caudate and putamen in response to feedback of successful vs. unsuccessful trials on the MID task. Mediation analyses indicated that PCS score fully mediated the relationship between depression symptoms and reward activation.DiscussionThese findings provide evidence that pain catastrophizing is independently associated with altered striatal function apart from depression symptoms and pain intensity. Thus, in individuals experiencing pain and/or co- morbid conditions, reward dysfunction is directly related to pain catastrophizing.

AbstractDespite the fact that literature regarding the implications of envy in the work environment has generated growing interest in recent years, the role of malicious and benign envy in the workplace has scarcely been studied. Therefore, the present study, using an experimental design, N = 213 (140 female and 73 male; Mage = 31.05, SD = 10.01; range from 18 to 68), aims to examine the effects of malicious (vs. benign) envy on perceived injustice, negative emotions, and the individual tendency to express counterproductive work behaviors. The results obtained showed that the mere activation of malicious envy (vs. benign envy) leads to an increased perceived injustice (p < .001, ηp2= .15), and to higher levels of negative emotions (p < .001, ηp2= .18) and counterproductive (harmful) behaviors toward the envied co-worker (p < .001, ηp2= .16). Additionally, we found that perceptions of injustice and negative emotions mediated the effect of malicious (vs. benign) envy on the inclination to express counterproductive work behaviors (Indirect Effect (IE) = .227, SE = .064, 95% CI [.127, .386]. Finally, these findings and their possible implications are discussed.