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1
Yakovenko, U. V. „THE ESSENCE OF MIGRATION AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC CATEGORY AND ITS CLASSIFICATION“. Visnyk of Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, Nr. 1 (72) 2020 (2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4819-2020-72-1-111-120.
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Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the essence of the concept, classification features and types of migration as a socio-economic phenomenon. Methods. In the process of research into the essence of the concept, classification features and types of migration, the general scientific and specific methods of scientific knowledge are used. Grouping and comparison methods are applied in the study of the nature of migration as a socio-economic definition. The table method is used to group the characteristics of the definition «migration». Methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization are used to determine the main characteristics of migration. Methods of induction, concretization and abstraction are applied in the formation of the essence of the concepts of «migration», «emigration», «immigration». Results. The article deals with the essence of the concepts and the main substantive aspects of the definitions of «migration». A detailed analysis of the interpretation of the definition of «migration» in the regulatory and scientific sources is carried out. It has been determined that the main components of migration are emigration and immigration. The main characteristics of the definition of «migration» are formed, specified and generalized. It is determined that the common characteristic for all interpretations of the essence of the definition of «migration» is the obligation of territorial displacement of the population, either within or outside the country. The classification features and main types of migration are outlined. It is suggested to use two classification criteria «by the effects on the economic potential of the country» and «by age group» as criteria for determining particular types of migration. The interpretation of migration terms, which presupposes quantitative changes in population,; emigration and immigration is generalized and improved. It has been determined that migration is the displacement ofpersons, whether permanent or temporary, due to the influence of direct or indirect factors and causes a change in the quantitative, social, age or vocational qualification of the population at local, regional or interstate level. The concept of «emigration» is defined as the movement of citizens of one country by travelling to another country for the purpose ofpermanent residence, employment, education or avoiding political, religious persecution. The term of «immigration» is defined as the movement of citizens from a «donor country» by entry to a «recipient country» for the purpose ofpermanent residence, employment, training or avoiding political, religious persecution, for their further use in forming provisions of migration policy, as a regulatory tool for the development and maintenance of economic relations at the macro and mega-levels.
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Ricucci, Roberta, und Luca Bossi. „From Collectivities to Families and Back to the Individual: Religiosity, Migrations and Civic Engagement at the Beginning of the COVID Period in a Multicultural Italian City“. Religions 13, Nr. 6 (30.05.2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13060497.
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Religions and religiosities are among the various social life spheres being affected by medical and political measures imposed during the health emergency. Involving a wide range of daily life dimensions and intertwining with fundamental aspects of individual and social existence, restrictions hit religions and religiosities in all those spaces where they find expression in our contemporary era. Pandemic restraints induced changes in the use of different public spaces: from school to home, from workplaces to places of worship, from prisons to squares, from hospitals to cemeteries. This also concerned the way religiosity could be performed, lived and shared in everyday life, for communities, families and individuals. In particular, during the pandemic, the role of religious environments became, once again, a place of material as well as spiritual support for migrants. And in this perspective, young people, i.e., second generations, played a prominent role, regaining prestige and recognition from adults. In fact, from being perceived as “far from religion and on the road to secularization”, as one interviewee said, young people have been able to show how it is possible to reinterpret religion in emigration, without abandoning religious values. This paper discusses the results of preliminary research on the topic conducted in the first phase of the pandemic in Turin, a city that, for its history of immigration and consolidated presence of Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox communities, is an emblematic case of the Italian multicultural context.
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Mishra, Manamaya, und Dipendra Bikaram Sijapati. „Spatial Distribution of Population in Nepal: On the Basis of 2078 Census“. Journal of Population and Development 4, Nr. 1 (31.12.2023): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v4i1.64240.
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The indicators of population change, which would affect distribution, include birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration. Significant adjustments to any of these indicators can alter how a population is distributed. The general patterns to the distribution of a population are known as spatial distribution patterns. Spatial distribution patterns can be uniform, random, or clumped. Additionally, population distribution is affected by population density, which is the number of individuals within a given area. This paper based on the major aspects of population changes i.e. size, growth and distribution of population in Nepal and based on censuses data over time. Population size and growth rate has been increasing over the time. It has rapidly increased since 1961—2011. In 2021 census, total population are 29.1 million, which is an increase of 10.1 million when compared to 26.4 million population recorded in 2011 census with an average annual growth rate of 0.93 percent (2021) lower than 1.35 percent growth rate reported in 2011 census. Tarai accounts 53.6 percent of the total population with percentage of average annual growth rate 1.56. By province level, Madhesh province holds more than twenty percent of the population of the country (i.e. 20.99 %) and an average annual growth rate 1.20 percent. It may be due to the inclusion Tarai in this region. The highest population growth rate is found in Bhaktapur district (3.32 %) and while the least is in Ramechhap (- 1.65 %). Overall the current dramatic decline in the population growth rate may be attributed to the absence heavy cause behind migration in various reasons.
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Bade, Klaus J. „Immigration and integration in Germany since 1945“. European Review 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 1993): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000405.
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The immigration pattern in Germany has changed from emigration to immigration. The state has yet to recognize this fact and to come to terms with the social requirements that this entails. Public attitudes emphasize the difficulties that emigrants bring but are insufficiently attuned to the positive economic and cultural aspects of emigration.
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Abernethy, Virginia. „Environmental and Ethical Aspects of International Migration“. International Migration Review 30, Nr. 1 (März 1996): 132–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000111.
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U.S. immigration policy has a beneficent intent. However, recent work suggests that the signal it sends internationally – that emigration can be relied upon to relieve local (Third World) population pressure – tends to maintain high fertility rates in the sending country. This effect is counterproductive because high fertility is the primary driver of rapid population growth. In addition, it appears that the relatively open U.S. immigration policy has resulted in a rate of domestic population growth that threatens both the well-being of American labor and cherished environmental values.
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Fratsea, Loukia Maria, und Apostolos G. Papadopoulos. „Making sense of the constellations of (im) mobility of Bangladeshi migrants in Greece“. Migration Letters 18, Nr. 1 (28.01.2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i1.1092.
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Over the last three decades of the 20th century, Greece was transformed from an emigration into an immigration countryand, more recently, into a country combining emigration and immigration. Initially, immigration from the ‘Balkans’ wasat the heart of the country’s migration debates. However, since the early 2000s, migration inflows have been highlydifferentiated, and the numbers have increased for both Asian and African migrants. During the era of austerity,Bangladeshis have followed diverse employment pathways and spatial trajectories. Their so-called ‘constellations of(im)mobility’ cover an array of socio-spatial mobility patterns, ranging from being entrapped in precarious jobs to gainingaccess to/ striving towards more prestigious occupational positions (self-employed occupations). Drawing on recent empirical research, this paper seeks to explore the multidimensional precarity of Bangladeshi migrants living in Greek urban and rural areas. Given the dynamic interplay between macro- and micro-level processes, it also discusses aspects of agency along with practices and strategies for improving the well-being of Bangladeshi migrants in the host society.
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Liu, John M. „The Contours of Asian Professional, Technical and Kindred Work Immigration, 1965–1988“. Sociological Perspectives 35, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1992): 673–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389304.
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This paper examines the nature of Asian professional, technical, and kindred (PTK) immigration to the United States since 1965. While many recent studies have noted the significant increase of Asian PTK immigration since 1965, analyses of who these PTKs are have been lacking. To address this omission, this paper focuses on three aspects of Asian PTK immigration: (1) the conditions underlying emigration from Asia; (2) the occupational composition of Asian PTKs; and (3) the impact of this immigration on understanding Asian American communities. The paper examines the patterns of PTK immigration from the Philippines, three Chinese-speaking regions, India, and Korea. The published reports and public-use data of the United States Naturalization and Immigration Service (1972–1986) are the primary source for this examination. Analysis of specific immigration patterns show the similarities and contrasts embedded in the Asian American experience.
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Poot, Jacques. „Adaptation of Migrants in the New Zealand Labor Market“. International Migration Review 27, Nr. 1 (März 1993): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700106.
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This article addresses economic aspects of New Zealand immigration during the 1980s. General features are overall net emigration coinciding with high levels of immigration from Asia and Pacific Island countries. Earnings by years in New Zealand profiles for immigrants with selected occupations are steeper for Pacific Island-born males than for other immigrant groups. Although there are few data, there is some evidence that profiles differ between cohorts. Since the level of controlled immigration is likely to be increased and the perceived labor market outcomes are an input in the selection criteria, further research is needed.
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Marcus, Alan P. „Convenient Liaisons: Brazilian Immigration/Emigration and the Spatial-relationships of Religious Networks“. Espace populations sociétés, Nr. 2014/2-3 (12.01.2015): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/eps.5766.
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Lasinska, Marianna. „Permanent and temporary migrations of european jews late XIXth - early XXth century“. Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, Nr. 2 (2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-59-65.
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Big part of European Jewry emigrated to other continents in late XIXth – early XXth century. Jews from Russian Empire started their first emigration wave in 1881. The main reason of this wave was Pogroms, according to traditional historiography. Other reasons were: low social level of life in Russian Empire; restrictions on Jewish rights («Pale of Settlement»); religious and ideological ideas of Zionism; networks of relatives and friends with information about wonderful life in other countries; Jewish hometown-based associations in foreign countries with their help to new immigrants etc. One more reason of Jewish migration – the work of recruiting agents network. The Number of recruiting agents was too big in Russian Empire in late XIXth – early XXth century. The business with recruiting of new emigrants was a very profitable. Mass of Jewish people coming out from Russian Empire to other countries and continents with recruiting agents services. There were many scammers in association of recruiting agents. Two waves of Jewish emigration caused irreparable damage economic system and demography of Russian Empire. Situation with Jewish immigration into Russian Empire was quite different. It`s character was not such mass. The main reasons of immigration were: business, finance and Zionism. This study is based on archival materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire of the Vilnius Governor-General, which are stored in the holdings of the Central Archives for the History of Jewish People Jerusalem (State of Israel). These archival materials are about permanent and temporary migration of European Jewry that took place across the northwestern border of the Russian Empire to the territories of Western European countries, England and the North American continent during 1881-1903. Circumstances of crossing the specified border by foreigner Jews in the opposite direction (immigration) for staying within the Russian Empire are covered. It is noted that one of the reasons for the mass emigration movements of the Jewish population outside the Russian Empire was the active actions of emigration agents and their societies.
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Richmond, Anthony H. „Socio-demographic aspects of globalization: Canadian perspectives on migration“. Canadian Studies in Population 29, Nr. 1 (31.12.2002): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p65p5b.
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Trends in Canadian immigration and emigration in the last decade are examined, distinguishing ‘temporary’ and ‘permanent’ movements, economic migrants and refugees. Comparisons are made with those of other OECD countries. Global migration patterns have changed as a result of post-industrial technologies. Although money, goods and services may move relatively freely, people do not. Processes of inclusion and exclusion occur within and between countries and regions. A typology of migrant incorporation is presented. Questions of human security and border controls are considered. Recommendations are made concerning the protection of migrant human rights.
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Drbohlav, Dušan. „International Migration: Key Factors and Main Consequences“. Geografie 99, Nr. 3 (1994): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1994099030151.
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The article deals with international migration. Two basic topics from this broad theme are examined: 1) The key determinants of international migration movements and other factors and barriers which influence the character of such processes; 2) positive and negative aspects which are at any time typical of emigration and/or immigration societies. The analysis is largely based on rich sources of literature. Though being generally oriented, it puts a bit more stress on the European reality.
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Nowicka, Ewa, und Sławomir Łodziński. „Better Migrants, Worse Migrants: Young, Educated Poles Look at New Incomers to Poland“. Władza Sądzenia, Nr. 18 (01.01.2020): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2300-1690.18.01.
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This article concerns select aspects of social perceptions and categorizations of foreigners settling in Poland. The core of this work is an analysis of a series of qualitative interviews conducted with young, educated residents of Warsaw. Herein the authors draw attention to a significant change in the consciousness of Polish society: a recognition of the permanent presence of migrants in Poland as well as discernment of the sociocultural problems associated with that presence. In the eyes of our interlocutors, the past two decades have been a time in which the attitude of Poles towards incoming aliens has shifted. Influencing opinions have been personal or familial experiences of emigration, particularly after the 2004 accession of Poland into the European Union. Also affecting attitudes have been an immigration wave from Ukraine as well as the tangible consequences of the 2015 migrant crisis. On the one hand, all these factors together have caused Poland to be seen today as not only an emigration, but also an immigration country. On the other hand, these have also provoked a conscious classification of various categories of migrants with regards to their geographic and cultural background along with the roles they might possibly fill in this country.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, und Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. „Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola“. DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, Nr. 1 (23.03.2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.
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The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Johnson, Todd M., und Gina A. Bellofatto. „Migration, Religious Diasporas, and Religious Diversity: A Global Survey“. Mission Studies 29, Nr. 1 (2012): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338312x637993.
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Abstract Vast efforts are put into the collection of statistics in every country of the world relating to religious adherence. Quantitative tools in the context of demography – births, deaths, conversions, defections, immigration, and emigration – provide a comprehensive view of demographic changes in religious diasporas, which are created by the migration of people worldwide. Utilizing the taxonomies of religions and peoples from the World Christian Database (WCD) and World Religion Database (WRD), a preliminary examination of religious diasporas shows 859 million people (12.5% of the world’s population) from 327 peoples in diasporas around the world. The continuing trend of religious migration around the world is both increasing and intensifying religious diversity, especially in the former Christian West. This paper outlines some key issues relating to religious diversity in the twenty-first century and how the movement of peoples worldwide contributes to those issues.
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Grimes, Seamus, und Michael Connolly. „The Migration Link between Cois Fharraige and Portland, Maine, 1880s to 1920s“. Irish Geography 22, Nr. 1 (20.12.2016): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1989.652.
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From the 1880s onwards, the west coast of Ireland — particularly the Congested Districts — formed a major source area of emigration to North America. This paper focuses on part of that outflow from Cois Fharraige. west of Galway city, which ended in Portland, Maine. A distinctive pattern of immigration characterised these Irish-speaking migrants in this relatively small east coast port, with occupational specialisation in longshore work for men and domestic service for women. An analysis of the migration link between these two coastal locations provides a useful insight into aspects of the diaspora of Irish-speakers.
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Mousavi Dalini, Javad, und Arash Yousefi. „Exploring Push-Pull Factors Affecting Iranian Jews’ Emigration to Palestine, 1925-1954: A Social History Approach“. Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 61, Nr. 1 (21.01.2024): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2023.611.181-208.
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One of the controversial issues in the twentieth century was the mass immigration of Jews around the world to Palestine/Israel. For the majority of Jews who immigrated from Europe to Palestine/Israel, immigration represented an ideological paradigm constituted by two significant factors, namely race/religion and land. However, for the large proportion of Jews coming from eastern territories, such as Iranian Jews, immigration was mainly a phenomenon affected by conflicts between socio-economic conditions in their countries of origin and those in the destination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the emigration of Iranian Jews to Palestine by relying on a pull-push framework. The study argues that socio-economic turmoil in Iran and the unfavourable economic conditions affecting Jews, along with discrimination against them, were the push factors in their country of origin. Meanwhile, the pull factors in the destination were Palestine’s economic attractiveness, Jews’ need for an increasing Jewish population in Palestine to deal with Arab nations’ sanctions, and the importance of employing an incoming workforce to handle the country’s domestic problems in terms of economy, agriculture, and materials management in the first six years after the establishment of the Israel state.[Salah satu isu kontroversial di abad kedua puluh adalah imigrasi massal orang-orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia ke Palestina/Israel. Bagi mayoritas orang Yahudi yang berimigrasi dari Eropa ke Palestina/Israel, imigrasi mewakili paradigma ideologis yang dibentuk oleh dua faktor penting, yaitu ras/agama dan tanah. Namun, bagi sebagian besar orang Yahudi yang datang dari wilayah timur, seperti orang Yahudi Iran, imigrasi terutama merupakan fenomena yang dipengaruhi oleh kesenjangan antara kondisi sosial ekonomi di negara asal dan negara tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui emigrasi Yahudi Iran ke Palestina berdasarkan faktor-faktor pendorong-penariknya. Penulis berpendapat bahwa gejolak sosial-ekonomi di Iran dan kondisi ekonomi yang tidak menguntungkan orang-orang Yahudi, serta diskriminasi terhadap mereka, merupakan faktor pendorong di negara asal mereka. Sementara itu, faktor penarik dari destinasinya adalah daya tarik ekonomi Israel, kebutuhan masyarakat Yahudi akan peningkatan populasi Yahudi di Israel untuk menghadapi sanksi negara-negara Arab, dan pentingnya menambah tenaga kerja baru untuk menangani permasalahan domestik negara tersebut dari segi perekonomian. pertanian, dan pengelolaan material dalam enam tahun pertama setelah berdirinya negara Israel.]
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Tabib, F., F. Guermazi, A. Zouari, M. Ben Abdallah, S. Hentati, I. Baati und J. Masmoudi. „Emigration intentionality among Tunisian interns and residents in medicine“. European Psychiatry 65, S1 (Juni 2022): S217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.564.
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Introduction Emigration is the act of leaving one’s country of nationality or habitual residence to settle in another nation. In Tunisia, this phenomenon is increasing in particular for doctors. Objectives Evaluating the intentionality of emigration among interns and medical residents in Tunisia while studying the factors related to it. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of interns and medical residents who participated in our study through the social network ’Facebook’ by an anonymous self-questionnaire. The level of satisfaction with the different aspects of life were assessed by a 5-point Likert scale, from “not at all satisfied” to “very satisfied”. Results The total number of participants was 56 of which 64.3% were medical residents. More than 50% of the participants expressed dissatisfaction with the distribution of tasks and organization of work (66.1%), safety at work (53.6%), comfort (57.2%), time allocated to personal life (53.6%) and salary (69.6%). The political, health and educational situation in the country was considered unsatisfactory by the majority of participants (90% to 95%). Among our participants, 44.6% regretted having chosen the profession of medicine and 53.6% had plans to immigrate to work abroad. The intentionality of immigration was significantly higher among men (p=0.02), those with siblings abroad (p=0.047) and those without dependent relatives (p=0.040). Conclusions Young physicians are strongly looking for emigration. This decision could emanate from professional, personal and political factors. Further studies seem to be necessary to explain this emigration phenomenon. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Falletti, E. „The Cultural Impact of Islamic Mass Immigration on the Italian Legal System“. Journal of Law, Religion and State 6, Nr. 1 (06.03.2018): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-00601001.
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Although Italy is a country with a strong tradition of emigration, only in the last twenty- five years have Italians had to face new and pressing social, juridical and cultural problems related to a surge in immigration. The majority of immigrants during this period have been from areas steeped in with a Muslim majority such as Northern and Central Africa and the Middle East. The cultural encounter between the Italian Catholic tradition and the newcomers’ faith and customs has been very pronounced, and often problematic. The aim of this paper is to investigate the most relevant issues that arise from the interface between the cultural and legal aspects of Islamic culture pertaining to immigrants living in Italy with the Italian legal system. The areas considered are related to self-determination, personal integrity and family law, and were selected for their relevance to analyzing the impact of cultural differences on public policies and social behavior. The methodology used draws from both a comparative and a multidisciplinary approach.
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Urdarevic, Bojan. „Implications of labour migration on the european labour market - labour law aspects“. Stanovnistvo 61, Nr. 1 (2023): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv2301091u.
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During the 21st century, migrations have become increasing-ly intense, since they are often planned with a specific goal and could cause major social changes. Unfortunately, since there is no definition of the term ?migrant?, countries face a particular challenge in protecting migrant workers? right to work. The International Labour Organization, the Council of Europe, and the European Union have made significant contributions to establishing and developing the migrant worker protection system. At the national level, governments and trade unions contribute to migrant workers? protection by adopting laws to control migrations. However, with many social, political, and economic factors at play, countries can?t always control immigration within their own territory. The author?s hypothesis is that the position of migrant workers depends significantly on the host country?s im-migration and labour policies. The paper concludes that the application of general provisions prescribed at the international level cannot and does not fully protect the rights of migrant workers. Given this, it is not surprising that certain countries and trade unions have begun to protect their interests by adopting legal regulations to manage mi-gration within their territory. The paper identifies the fear that labour migration will negatively affect trade unions? image in those countries where trade unions are weak and disjointed, without real power to influence decision-makers. Finally, when analysing the position of migrant workers in the Republic of Serbia, the author points that the motives for labour force emigration from Serbia are extremely strong, so even if certain changes were to be made to labour con-ditions, there would be no reduction in emigration. This is because workers? motives for emigration go beyond mere dissatisfaction with labour conditions, but are rather linked to their general dissatisfaction with the quality of life in Serbia
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Georgiana, Noja Gratiela, und Moroc Andrei. „Labour Mobility Within the Eu: Major Effects and Implications for the Main Sending and Receiving Economies“. European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 5, Nr. 1 (30.08.2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v5i1.p87-100.
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The paper aims to analyse the effects induced by labour mobility within the European Union, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects for major sending and host economies in terms of the overall economic activity, empowering the business enterprise sector and labour market, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, asylum seekers) migration. Labour mobility within the European Union is an important coordinate of the economic integration process and one of the freedoms granted to the member states, with significant consequences upon their economies. Nevertheless, the international labour migration mainly resides from wage differentials, working conditions or opportunities between sending and host economies, thus proving to be an important symbol of global economic inequality. Taking into consideration all these aspects, our analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed (LSDV) and random (ECM) effects models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries and ten New EU Member States, respectively a complex set of indicators compiled during 2000-2014 and 2006-2015. The models are processed through OLS and GLS methods of estimation, as well as by using the correlated panels corrected standard errors (PCSE) method, being completed by in-sample and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances both for natives and foreign population (decreases in employment rates and lowering wage levels). Still, one of the most important positive effects of immigration reflected by the results obtained is represented by an increase in the number of innovative enterprises in the host country, thus confirming the theories linking migration to innovation. In terms of labour emigration, there is evidence to attest that it generates positive effects on the main sending economies from Central and Eastern Europe on the GDP per capita, earnings and exports, especially through remittances, but the overall negative impact is predominant.
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Krabbendam, Hans. „‘Het is al heel veel als hij blijft, die hij was’.“ Religie & Samenleving 6, Nr. 2 (01.09.2011): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54195/rs.13008.
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This essay analyzes the relation between conservatism and immigration among Dutch immigrants in nineteenth century America. It challenges the idea that especially those Dutch immigrants were prime examples of this religious traditionalism, which is said to be necessary to balance the many changes that the immigrants have to cope with. A careful distinction between five phases of immigration and settlement reveals that this alleged conservatism was hardly prominent in the first phase in which most changes occurred, but more in the third phase of consolidation. In this phase the new immigrants arrived in a more established situation, which made them expect similar circumstances in the area that they could control best, the church. Moreover, the two main Dutch immigrant churches competed with each other for the sympathy of the newcomers from the Netherlands. Both tried in the second phase to present themselves in an orthodox cloak, since that neutralized the fear that emigration inevitably led to a lapse into disbelief. Therefore, if the immigrant communities showed signs of traditionalism, it was tied to a certain phase and to a conscious strategy.
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Zukowski, Arkadiusz. „Emigration of Polish Jews to South Africa during the second Polish republic (1919–1939)“. Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 17, Nr. 1-2 (01.09.1996): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69530.
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The term “the wandering Jew” could be properly referred to the situation of Polish Jews during the Second Polish Republic. Polish Jews constituted the largest separate ethnic group within overseas emigration from Poland during the years 1918–1939. They left Poland mainly for economic, and later for political reasons. The settlement schemes were supported and sponsored by Polish governmental agencies and Jewish societies in Poland and abroad. During the years 1918–1939 about several thousand Polish Jews emigrated to South Africa. A new immigration law implemented after 1930 had seriously reduced the influx of Polish Jews. That emigration had a very permanent character and included mainly members of the lower middle class. From the great variety of social, cultural, religious and professional activity of Polish Jews who settled in South Africa a pro-Polish attitude and activity was only evident in a tiny proportion of immigrants. The pro-Polish activity of Polish Jews was focused in Johannesburg (e.g. The Polish-Hebrew Benevolent Association) and in Cape Town (e.g. The Federation of Polish Jews in the Cape). An integrating role in that activity was played by Polish consular posts.
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Slobozhan, Igor. „THE NATIONAL MINORITIES EMIGRATION FROM THE UkSSR DURING THE NEP PERIOD (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VOLHYNIA PASSENGER AGENCY "RUSCAPA")“. Intermarum history policy culture, Nr. 13 (21.12.2023): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112061.
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Abstract
The purpose of the article is to study the main problems and factors of the ethnic minorities emigration, in particular, Germans and Jews, from Volhynia-Zhytomyr region in the 1920s; to reveal the peculiarities of the activities of the Russian-Canadian-American Passenger Agency (RUSCAPA) that helped USSR citizens to emigrate legally during the NEP period. Methodology of the study was general scientific methods (analysis of the available archival documents, synthesis of other sources that allowed to recreate the picture of the organization of migration flows), historical research methods (historical-comparative: parallels were drawn with previous periods and the causes of various migration waves), methods of classification and typology (to study the categories of citizens who could obtain permission to leave and enter another country). Scientific novelty. New documents from the archival fund «The Volhynia passenger agency «RUSCAPA»», stored in the State Archives of Zhytomyr region, are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The conditions of emigration during the NEP period and the methods of its regulation by the Soviet authorities are systematized.
Conclusions. The second wave of emigration among the representatives of national minorities (primarily Jews and Germans) was an indicative form of protest against the conditions of economic, religious life, and other restrictions imposed by the Soviet political system. The former Volhynia province, with its center in Zhytomyr, was a region with a compact population of German and Jewish communities, whose representatives made up the highest percentage of those who took advantage of the short «window of opportunity» to travel abroad that existed in the USSR during the NEP period. That was a reason for the presence in Zhytomyr a representative office of a private company that organized emigration. However, it was not easy to leave the USSR, nor was it easy to get to the country of immigration, due to significant bureaucratic obstacles and arguments for the expediency of permits/prohibitions for the departure/entry of representatives of different social categories and national groups. Restrictions were created by the Soviet government that sought to prove to the world the advantages of the young «proletarian» state and by the immigration policy of «overseas» states that were interested in attracting physically, socially and financially prosperous citizens to their countries. RUSCAPA helped to bypass the restrictions, and its liquidation was a consequence of the collapse of the NEP and the transformation of the USSR into a totalitarian system closed by the Iron Curtain.
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Schweigert, Jacob F., und Carl J. Schwarz. „Estimating Migration Rates for Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasi) Using Tag-Recovery Data“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, Nr. 7 (01.07.1993): 1530–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-174.
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Tag-recovery data can be used to estimate migration rates among a set of strata provided that both tagging and recoveries occur on all the strata over a number of years. The model formulation described here is a simple matrix extension of a tag-recovery experiment where individual recaptures are replaced by a matrix of recoveries representing movement between release and recovery sites. Derived parameters of emigration, immigration, and overall net survival can also be estimated. The models are applied to estimate the migration of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) between spawning grounds in the Prince Rupert District and Central District of British Columbia. Effects of the violation of assumptions and aspects of the planning of capture–recapture experiments are also presented.
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Och, Jarosław. „Specific aspects of European and Polish migrations at the begging of the 21st century“. Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 9, Nr. 4 (31.12.2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.4.07.
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The text focuses on the migration in the European Union and in Poland at the begging of the 21st century. It aims to prove that even if the reasons and consequences of migration are varied, they have significantly shaped the development of human civilization and have been a part of human socialization. Furthermore, this text points out that the phenomena of globalization and democratization have affected the population movement and caused new patterns of contemporary migration. The European Union is a great example of cooperation between different countries in order to realize the principle of free population movement, which was put to the test over past years. Additionally, this article characterizes the Polish migration, especially the inflow of immigrants to Poland. Poland has become an emigration and an attractive immigration country. This text revels also the consequences of migration in modern Europe.
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Fruzińska, Justyna. „From Physical to Spiritual Errand: The Immigrant Experience in John Winthrop, William Bradford, and Samuel Danforth“. Text Matters, Nr. 5 (17.11.2015): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/texmat-2015-0011.
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The paper analyzes early colonial representations of the New World, connected with immigration of the first- and second-generation religious dissenters in what was to become America. Taking into account the well-documented influence of Puritans on American identity (often noticed by scholars since Tocqueville), the paper elaborates on the Puritans’ and Pilgrims’ mindsets as they arrived in the New World, connected not only with their religious beliefs but most of all with a practical need to organize themselves effectively. Be it in John Winthrop’s “A Modell of Christian Charity,” William Bradford’s “Of Plymouth Plantation” or Samuel Danforth’s “New England’s Errand into the Wilderness,” the authors of these works clearly show how the Pilgrims and Puritans had to confront the experience of emigration/immigration and construct not only new ways of social organization but also new identity. The paper focuses on the immigrants’ perception of the New World, their own role and challenges they were faced with, and their thinking about the society they came from and were about to construct. It deals with their process of adjusting to the surroundings and discussing values they decided to promote for the sake of communal survival in the adverse conditions of the New World.
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Menhem, Suzanne. „The Migration of Qualified Lebanese Women to France“. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 58 (September 2015): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.58.8.
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Lebanon is defined as a country of emigration and immigration. Whereas previously, emigration was considered a male migration. Gradually, in recent years emigration has evolved and is becoming feminine also. Independent female migration is a growing phenomenon in the Lebanese society although men still play an important role in the migration project.In the past, women were emigrating most often in the context of family reunification, accompanying their husbands to join a member of their families. The majority of migrant women today are leaving the country for so many reasons (further education, work, etc.) and not only to join their husbands. This article examines highly skilled female migration from Lebanon.In France, the migration of skilled workers from Lebanon has experienced very rapid growth in the last decade. However, female migration does not seem to have been the subject of a sociological reading. The study includes qualitative analysis of twenty five cases studied of Lebanese skilled migrant women in France, especially a university degree or equivalent (nurses, architects, teachers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, researchers ...) who were not married or go join their family when they have emigrated, and they have a good command of French language, and who were not dual nationality holders.This article aims to fill some gaps in this area, examining the reasons for change: migration path, the link with the country of origin, the impact of female migration on their personal, social, cultural and family, their return project, exchanges on the remittances levels, career transition path and entrepreneurship, adaptations, their social networks, their identity reconstruction, etc. Besides, there are also non-measurable aspects noted as the autonomy of women to discuss.
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Khliborob, N. Ye. „CONTROL OF THE PROVISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES IN THE SPHERE OF MIGRATION (EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION): THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS“. Juridical scientific and electronic journal, Nr. 2 (2023): 634–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2023-2/151.
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Андрющенко, К. Д. „SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL PECULIARITIES OF THE MIGRATION POLICY OF RUSSIA“. Финансовые Исследования, Nr. 1(74) (24.06.2022): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.54220/finis.1991-0525.2022.74.1.010.
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Цель. Представленная статья направлена на исследование возможности разработки качественно нового подхода к понятию эмиграции как приоритетной области миграционного регулирования Российской Федерации. Структура/методология/подход. Основные положения современной миграционной политики России в большинстве своем затрагивают вопросы регулирования иммиграционных процессов, в то время как усиливающийся из года в год эмиграционный отток российских граждан остается без должного внимания. В связи с этим возникает объективная необходимость в качественно новом подходе к понятию эмиграции, предусматривающем конкретные рекомендации по урегулированию эмиграционных процессов. Исследование основано на оценке и статистическом анализе официальных фактических и прогнозируемых данных Росстата о тенденциях развития эмиграционных процессов России. Методологической основой исследования послужили ключевые положения Концепции национальной миграционной политики на 2019-2025 гг., а также предложения к миграционной стратегии России до 2035 г. Результаты. В исследовании определены и охарактеризованы основные вызовы социально-экономическому и финансовому развитию России от продолжающейся эскалации масштабов эмиграционного оттока граждан за рубеж. Выявлены проблемные аспекты национального миграционного регулирования в области эмиграции, предложены конкретные рекомендации по их возможной нейтрализации, а также принципы, на основе которых может осуществляться практическое внедрение предлагаемых рекомендаций. Практические последствия. Выводы и обобщения исследования могут быть использованы при формулировании отдельных положений миграционной стратегии, а также при разработке конкретных предложений по совершенствованию национальной миграционной политики в области регулирования эмиграционных процессов. Оригинальность/значение. Научная значимость состоит в том, что представленные в работе результаты могут послужить для дальнейших теоретических разработок проблем развития эмиграционных процессов России. Практическая значимость состоит в разработке рекомендаций по совершенствованию национального миграционного законодательства в области регулирования эмиграции. The presented article is aimed at exploring the possibility of developing a qualitatively new approach to the concept of emigration as a priority area of migration regulation in the Russian Federation. The main provisions of the modern Russia’s migration policy, for the most part, affect the regulation of immigration processes, while the emigration outflow of Russian citizens, which is increasing from year to year, actually remains without due attention. In this regard, there is an objective need for a qualitatively new approach to the concept of emigration, which provides for specific measures to regulate emigration processes. The study is based on an assessment and statistical analysis of official actual and forecasted data from Rosstat on the trends in the development of Russia’s emigration processes. The methodological basis of the study was the key provisions of the National Migration Policy Concept for 2019-2025, as well as proposals for the Russian migration strategy until 2035. The study identifies and characterizes the main challenges to the socio-economic and financial development of Russia from the ongoing escalation of the scale of the emigration outflow of citizens abroad. The problematic aspects of national migration regulation in the field of emigration are identified, specific recommendations are proposed for their possible neutralization, as well as the principles on the basis of which the proposed recommendations can be implemented in practice. The conclusions and generalizations of the study can be used in the formulation of certain provisions of the migration strategy, as well as in the development of specific proposals for improving the national migration policy in the field of regulating emigration processes. The scientific significance lies in the fact that the results presented in the work can serve for further theoretical development of the problems of the development of emigration processes in Russia. The practical significance lies in the development of recommendations for improving the national migration legislation in the field of emigration processes regulation.
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Vlasenko, Valerii. „Interwar Ukrainian Political Emigrants in Yugoslavia: Relations with the Authorities“. Diplomatic Ukraine, Nr. XX (2019): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-8.
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This article is devoted to the relationship between interwar Ukrainian political emigrants and local authorities in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). A comparative analysis of the attitude of the Yugoslav authorities towards Russian and Ukrainian emigrants was conducted. The Russophilia of Yugoslav authorities, who viewed the Ukrainian question through the lense of the Russian emigrants, was described. The idea of Pan-Slavism had been spreading in the Balkans for a long time, which facilitated the legitimization of friendly relations between the southern Slavs (primarily Serbs) and Russians, whom Serbs considered as protectors from the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Yugoslavia sided with the anti-Bolshevik White Movement, an ally of the Entente, which had a positive impact on the situation of Russian emigrants. The young state was in need of professionals with a good command of foreign languages and European culture. Many emigrants met those requirements. Therefore, in the early 1920s, several thousands of emigrants worked in the public service. The reigning Karadjordjević dynasty had marital ties with the Romanov dynasty. A former Russian diplomat was among advisers to the king and the head of government. The immigration from the former Russian Empire was addressed by the Royal Court as well as several ministries and central government institutions. Direct support to the immigrants was provided by the State Commission for Assistance to Russian Refugees. Yugoslavia was a center of political and religious immigration for Russians and a provincial center for Ukrainian emigration. It is concluded that the Yugoslav authorities did not distinguish Ukrainians from Russian emigrants, therefore, any specific policy towards them was not carried out. The degree of interaction of Ukrainian emigrants with local authorities in Yugoslavia varied geographically (Slovenia and Croatia, on the one hand, and Serbia and Macedonia, on the other) and in time (in the first half of the 1920s and from the mid-1920s until the beginning of World War II). Keywords: authorities, emigration, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Yugoslavia.
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Rykova, D. V. „Russian imprint in the peculiar mosaic of Argentine identity“. Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 11, Nr. 1 (24.04.2023): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2023-11-1-81-98.
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The article deals with the impact of the Russian immigration and the activities undertaken by the Russian Orthodox Church on the Argentine Republic. The aim of the article is to assess the contribution made by the Russian migrants to the formation and history of the Argentine nation. From 1881 to 1914, more than 4.2 million migrants moved to Argentina, with the Russians being the fourth largest group. By 1914, the migrants accounted for 30% of the population (3.9% were Russians); thus, Argentina was developing as a country of immigration. Today, by contrast, Argentina is becoming a country of emigration, as there is a worrying human capital outflow. Therefore, it is useful to recall and evaluate the positive potential of the Russian migration to Argentina. The methodological basis of the article comprises the induction, the logical intuitive method, the method of periodization, the historical interpretative method and the institutional approach. The article examines Argentina’s policy of attracting migrants, its reasons and the response to this policy in the form of six waves of migration from Russia to Argentina. It analyses the contribution of the representatives of the waves to the industrial and intellectual areas in Argentina, and the impact of the immigration flows on the country’s identity. It also considers the historical and contemporary influence of the Russian Orthodox Church on the Argentine religious field. It is concluded that the Russian migration contributed to the development of the Argentine rural and urban areas, culture and science, as well as reinforced Argentina’s identity as a multi-ethnic and multicultural, arrogant and self-critical country. The Russian Orthodox Church historically has been the centre of the Russian diaspora´s cultural life in Argentina, and at present it has undertaken numerous cultural and religious initiatives facilitating the intercultural dialogue.
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Way, Raymond Tint. „Burmese Culture, Personality and Mental Health“. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19, Nr. 3 (September 1985): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678509158832.
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As Australia, shaped by new policies of immigration and multiculturalism, grows more cosmopolitan, the challenge for psychiatry is to gain greater familiarity with the new ethnic minority groups, including their cultural personalities and backgrounds. The problem faced by the Burmese group in Australia is distinctive and poignant. Some 20,000 Burmese immigrated following World War II, chiefly to Western Australia in the first place, uniting and consolidating their families. Following the military coup and the Revolutionary Council Government of the early 60s, further emigration from Burma was cut off. This meant that the Burmese in Australia, already under stress arising from cultural differences, were prevented from developing the extensive internal social support systems that characterise other major ethnic groups. The author, a Burmese doctor working in a psychiatric setting in Sydney, draws attention to aspects of his country and its people which should be helpful for psychiatric and related professions.
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Giguashvili, Giuli. „Challenges of international migration in Georgia“. InterConf, Nr. 37(171) (20.09.2023): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.09.2023.004.
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In the era of globalization, international migration has become massive. International labor and education markets allow people to study and work in a country of their choice. The right to move freely between countries is an essential human rights element. However, if migration processes are illegal, it can turn into a severe problem. Evaluating the political, cultural, and socio-economic consequences of international migration processes, promoting legal migration, developing a migration policy tailored to the country's interests, and creating the legal basis for its implementation are significant priorities of the state policy in any country. The paper identifies the main challenges of international migration in Georgia and discusses the legislation regulating migration processes. The dynamics of international migration, its positive and negative aspects, and the socio-economic problems of emigration and immigration are analyzed based on statistical-quantitative research methods. Opinions are expressed to perfect migration policy and overcome its challenges.
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Remennick, Larissa I., und Naomi Ottenstein-Eisen. „Reaction of New Soviet Immigrants to Primary Health Care Services in Israel“. International Journal of Health Services 28, Nr. 3 (Juli 1998): 555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jl9e-xhh9-xc5y-5na4.
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The post-1989 immigration wave from the former U.S.S.R. has increased the Israeli population by over 12 percent, seriously affecting the host health care system. This study draws on semi-structured interviews with the immigrants visiting outpatient clinics in the Tel-Aviv area in order to explore organizational and cultural aspects of their encounter with the Israeli medical services. While instrumental aspects of care were seen as an improvement over the Soviet standards, communication between providers and clients was seriously flawed, reflecting both a language barrier and diverse cultures of illness and cure. Many interviewees complained of the impersonal, “technical” attitude of Israeli physicians toward patients and the lack of holism in care, which they allegedly enjoyed before emigration. Some immigrant patients feel deprived of the paternalism of the Soviet medical system, complaining that Israeli providers “forego responsibility” for patients' health. A consumerist approach to medical services is also a novelty, and immigrants have to learn to be informed and assertive clients. Most problems are experienced by the elderly patients; overall, women seem to adjust to the new system better than men.
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Khomutenko, L., und O. Ieremenko. „MULTICULTURALISM AS A DERIVATIVE PHENOMENON OF LABOR MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION“. Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, Nr. 1 (2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.1-9.
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The article explores the essence of multiculturalism and its place in the politics of the European Union. This article looks at aspects of the impact of migration flows on countries of the world and world politics. It reveals the scope and main directions of international labor migration. The purpose of the article is to investigate the economic indicators of the countries most affected by irregular migration flows and to develop practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of employment in international relations. Analyzing and summarizing the results of scientific works and research of domestic and foreign scholars, the tendency of characteristic changes of multiculturalism as part of cultural relations was considered. Several consequences of international labor migration from different countries are described. The importance of multiculturalism policy for international economic relations has been proved. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of multicultural policy development in EU countries. Keywords: multiculturalism, migration, labor migration, emigration, immigration, economic migrants.
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Bobic, Mirjana, und Marija Babovic. „International migration in Serbia: Facts and policies“. Sociologija 55, Nr. 2 (2013): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302209b.
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In the absence of comprehensive, systematic and precize data on international migration in Serbia, and consequently the analysis of migration trends, their drivers and outcomes, the objective of this paper is to offer the review of contemporary migration flows in Serbia. International migration flows are observed in the context of semi-peripheral position of Serbia in the global system, and hindered transformation and development. Migrations are analyzed at the macro level, according to the key dimensions, such as the intensity, directions of flows and characteristics of migrants. The analysis is grounded in the basic classification to outward and inward migration flows (emigration and immigration), including some that include both aspects as they are transit migrations from underdeveloped to developed countries through the territory of Serbia. Within this basic division, migration flows are analyzed separately depending on their legal status as defined by present international and national normative frameworks, as well as by motivation for migration. In addition to the analysis of main migratory trends, the attention is focused to the actual migration management policies.
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Matkovsky, Andrey. „One of the effective ways to determine the catchability coefficients of fry seines“. Fisheries 2022, Nr. 3 (14.06.2022): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2022-3-66-72.
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One of the methods of conducting experimental work to determine the coefficient of catchability of juvenile seines in relation to different-sized whitefish juveniles is considered. The method is based on fencing off part of the water area with a business curtain. The positive aspects of the method are associated with the exclusion of the influence of emigration, immigration and natural mortality of fish, as well as with the possibility of using several methods for calculating the catch coefficient (accumulated catch, catch per effort, Leslie). The comparability of the results obtained by different methods is noted, improvement of calculations by the Leslie method taking into account natural mortality is proposed. The relatively high sensitivity of the Leslie method to the degree of overgrowth of the experimental site was revealed. In general, the catch coefficient decreases with the growth of juveniles, a decrease in the size of the fishing gear and an increase in the presence of macrophytes. It has been established that whitefish juveniles prefer to stay clean of aquatic vegetation with growth.
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Holmes, A. R. „Religion, anti-slavery, and identity: Irish Presbyterians, the United States, and transatlantic evangelicalism, c.1820–1914“. Irish Historical Studies 39, Nr. 155 (Mai 2015): 378–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2014.6.
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Abstract Scholars have devoted much attention to the causes and consequences of Presbyterian emigration from Ulster to the thirteen colonies before 1776. This article moves beyond the eighteenth century to examine the continued religious links between Presbyterians in Ireland and the United States in the nineteenth century. It begins with an examination of the influence of evangelicalism on both sides of the Atlantic and how this promoted unity in denominational identity, missionary activity to convert Catholics, and revivalist religion during the first half of the century. Though Irish Presbyterians had great affection for their American co-religionists, they were not uncritical, and significant tensions did develop over slavery. The article then examines the religious character of Scotch-Irish or Ulster-Scots identity in the late nineteenth century, which was articulated in response to the alleged demoralising influence of large-scale Irish immigration during and after the Famine of the 1840s, the so-called Romanisation of Catholicism, and the threat of Home Rule in Ireland. The importance of identity politics should not obscure religious developments, and the article ends with a consideration of the origins and character of fundamentalism, perhaps one of the most important cultural connections between Protestants in Northern Ireland and the United States in the twentieth century.
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Karpov, Grigory. „Migration trends in Postcolonial Kenya: Positive and negative aspects (1960-2010)“. Социодинамика, Nr. 4 (April 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2022.4.37814.
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The article analyzes migration processes in Kenya during the independence era. Internal and external trends were analyzed in detail, including the relocation of the population within the country. The main channels and composition of emigration and immigration are highlighted. The factors causing the increasing outflow of qualified specialists from the country and the constant influx of refugees from neighboring African states with Kenya have been studied. The author paid special attention to the problem of illegal migration and the slave trade in modern Kenya. During the work on the material, a broad methodological base was used, including comparative analysis, problem-historical and civilizational approaches. The key factors provoking large-scale migration from Kenya include demographic pressure, high unemployment, ethnopolitical conflicts and environmental problems. The backbone of Kenyan emigrants is made up of highly qualified specialists. The bulk of people coming to the country are refugees from neighboring African States. The transit of migrants through Kenya is also very noticeable and has an obvious criminal and corruption connotation. Kenyan communities abroad do not lose touch with their historical homeland and serve as an important source of foreign exchange earnings for the country's economy. The Kenyan authorities do not see a threat to security in migration processes, consistently and pragmatically extracting maximum preferences from the current situation in this area in order to comply with national interests.
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Siedlanowski, Paweł. „Emigration to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as a Perceived Opportunity by Young People“. Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 14, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2021-0015.
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Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The article is devoted to factors influencing the migration decisions of young Poles to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and to showing the differences in their perception of the country of emigration and the country of immigration. The elements of youth policy in Poland and the Netherlands were also presented. The hypothesis adopted in the paper was that the decisions of young people in the labor market are mainly influenced by short-term financial aspects. Materials and methods: The observations and assessments used in the article were formulated based on the research literature on the subject, the statistical data collected by the institutions of Poland, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the European Union, a questionnaire survey and own experiences gained from mobility. Results: The article outlines the course of migration trends of Poles and presents the causes of changes in the choice of the destination country for migration. It presents factors encouraging young people to take up employment in the country and those encouraging them to search a job abroad, specifically in the Netherlands. The barriers and facilities that may be encountered by young people seeking employment in the labor market in both countries were indicated. The reasons for the emigration of young people from Poland were discussed based on the results of the current study, that is a 400-person research sample obtained from an online survey. The aim of the study was to identify three important factors influencing the decision to emigrate and to evaluate this decision. Conclusions: The conducted analysis shows the complexity of the problems of migration of young people. Economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental factors have a significant influence on the decisions made. From the point of view of young people, the unattractive domestic labor market in terms of finance and development, and all the resulting consequences are the biggest problems.
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Chochiev, Georgy V. „IMMIGRATION OF DAGESTANIS TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE CAUCASIAN WAR (1820S–1850S)“. History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 19, Nr. 1 (08.04.2023): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1155-66.
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Long before the beginning of the mass exodus of representatives of the mountain peoples to the Ottoman Empire at the turn of the 1850s–1860s, there were episodic group and individual migrations of North Caucasians, including Dagestanis, to the Sultan’s possessions, directly or indirectly caused by Russian military-political expansion in the region. In particular, at a fairly early stage of the Caucasian War the Ottoman state became attractive as a place of emigration for some members of the Dagestan elite involved in the confrontation with the Russian forces, due not only to the current international-political situation, but also to the long-standing ties of many khanates and jamaats with Istanbul and the corresponding expectations for a favorable reception. A noticeable category of migrants was also made up of persons of clergy, who enjoyed the special care of the Porte and included both purely religious immigrants who aspired to settle in the Hijaz and other Muslim centers of the empire, and Sufi communities presumably involved in the resistance movement in the Caucasus with certain revanchist aspirations in relation to their abandoned homeland. From the beginning of the 1850s, agrarian (peasant) groups came to the fore among the Dagestan muhajirs, usually led by the ulemas, but often settled by the authorities separately from them in rural areas with limited material assistance. Despite the trend towards a gradual increase during the period under review of the influx of Dagestanis into Ottoman territory, the total number of immigrants hardly exceeded 1–2 thousand people settled in the cities and villages of Anatolia, the Arab provinces and the Balkans. This article, based mainly on Turkish archival sources, reveals the facts of immigration of people of Dagestani origin that took place against the backdrop of the ongoing Caucasian War, the main areas of their settlement and some features of the Porte’s policy for their reception and adaptation.
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Chochiev, Georgy V. „IMMIGRATION OF DAGESTANIS TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE CAUCASIAN WAR (1820S–1850S)“. History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 19, Nr. 1 (08.04.2023): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch19155-66.
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Long before the beginning of the mass exodus of representatives of the mountain peoples to the Ottoman Empire at the turn of the 1850s–1860s, there were episodic group and individual migrations of North Caucasians, including Dagestanis, to the Sultan’s possessions, directly or indirectly caused by Russian military-political expansion in the region. In particular, at a fairly early stage of the Caucasian War the Ottoman state became attractive as a place of emigration for some members of the Dagestan elite involved in the confrontation with the Russian forces, due not only to the current international-political situation, but also to the long-standing ties of many khanates and jamaats with Istanbul and the corresponding expectations for a favorable reception. A noticeable category of migrants was also made up of persons of clergy, who enjoyed the special care of the Porte and included both purely religious immigrants who aspired to settle in the Hijaz and other Muslim centers of the empire, and Sufi communities presumably involved in the resistance movement in the Caucasus with certain revanchist aspirations in relation to their abandoned homeland. From the beginning of the 1850s, agrarian (peasant) groups came to the fore among the Dagestan muhajirs, usually led by the ulemas, but often settled by the authorities separately from them in rural areas with limited material assistance. Despite the trend towards a gradual increase during the period under review of the influx of Dagestanis into Ottoman territory, the total number of immigrants hardly exceeded 1–2 thousand people settled in the cities and villages of Anatolia, the Arab provinces and the Balkans. This article, based mainly on Turkish archival sources, reveals the facts of immigration of people of Dagestani origin that took place against the backdrop of the ongoing Caucasian War, the main areas of their settlement and some features of the Porte’s policy for their reception and adaptation.
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Malatsai, Iryna. „IMMIGRATION OF CZECHS TO UKRAINIAN LANDS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY“. European Historical Studies, Nr. 28 (2024): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2024.28.6.
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The late 60s and early 70s of the nineteenth century were a favorable period for the settlement of Czechs in the Volyn lands. The immigration of Czechs from Moravia to Volyn was caused primarily by economic factors. The impoverishment of Czech peasants, artisans, and workers forced them to seek a better life outside of the Czech lands. Ukrainian lands, in particular Volyn, became one of the destinations of emigration at that time. The appearance of Czech settlers in Volyn was connected with the desire of some Polish nobility to get rid of their property and leave the Russian Empire. The situation in the Ukrainian lands after the January Uprising opened up the possibility for Czechs to buy land for settlement. At first, land purchases were uncontrolled and often took place in violation of the law. Unfair treatment by intermediaries who tried to profit from those wishing to buy land was not uncommon. For the Russian authorities, the appearance of Czechs in Volyn became a form of pressure on Catholic Polish people. Support, benefits, preferences, and accelerated acquisition of Russian citizenship by the Czechs were steps taken by the Russian government. Separate settlements and districts were created for the Czechs. As for the religious issue, there was a “soft coercion” to convert from the Roman Catholic to the Orthodox Church. However, the Czechs were not particularly concerned about the religious issue, as the arrangement of their own economy, the establishment of private small industries, and the creation of decent living conditions were the priority tasks they set for themselves. Over time, the Russian authorities began to gradually limit benefits and reduce concessions to the Czechs. Seeing that the political plans to create a powerful anti-Catholic force out of the Czechs did not materialize, in 1884 a decree was issued prohibiting Czech immigrants from buying land in Volyn. For a time, Czech immigration to Ukrainian lands stopped, but at the same time, Czech immigrants who had already settled down became an important component of the development of industry and entrepreneurship in the late nineteenth century.
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KURYLIAK, Vitalina, und Maksym KURYLIAK. „«NEW ECONOMY» IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, INFORMATION AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT“. Vol 18, No 4 (2019) 18, Vol 18, No 4 (2019) (Dezember 2019): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2019.04.397.
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The article deals with the innovative mechanism of the new economy in the aspects of regional and national peculiarities of its functioning in the global and EU space. The general tendency of strengthening the orientation of national economies towards international trade in services, internationalization of research networks and expansion of creative human resources have been determined. Contrarily, evaluating the results of the Lisbon Strategy has demonstrated the need to prioritize employment, productivity and social cohesion to achieve global leadership. The concentration of scientific and technical potential of the leading countries of the international market on breakthroughs for economic development is an important tendency in the conditions of globalization. It has been shown that the implementation of new economy ideas sharpens competition for the skilled labour as a major component in research, innovation and entrepreneurship. At the same time, there are processes of transition from being an emigration country to being an immigration one. A comparison of EU and Chinese investment policy has been made, demonstrating the potential of using national sources, community mutual funds and fiscal federalization. It has been argued that the development of innovative products through the integration of science and production is an important factor in the development of new economy.
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Baru, Florina. „Change starts from within: Migration and processes of social and cultural change. A Romanian case“. Social Change Review 20, Nr. 1 (01.12.2022): 127–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scr-2022-0007.
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Abstract This paper analyzes Romania’s dynamic migratory process with a focus on the return migration from Norway and the sociocultural changes that it might involve for Romanian migrants and their home societies. The focus on Norway as a case study can bring a valuable, accurate, and deep understanding of Romanian immigration. These indicate that Romanians faced many challenges in their migratory journey in Norway, but that for a source country like Romania, return migration could, in the long term, contribute to its social and cultural changes. This research resulted in three key findings. Firstly, through their migratory experience from Norway, Romanian returnees internalized social remittances, and changed their attitudes, behavior, values, and expectations before disseminating their knowledge in their family -and social environment. Secondly, the prevalence of social remittances might be dependent on the motivation of returnees to transfer their knowledge, ideas, and practices in the scope of contributing to social change. The prevalence of social remittances might also be dependent on the way the societies of origin receive the resources that returnees attempt to transmit and culturally diffuse. Thirdly, Romania, as an emigration society, has had a relaxed attitude towards change. However, repatriated Romanians maintain a confident outlook on the potential of their skills and know-how conferring them influence over certain cultural aspects in the spheres of work and social relationships.
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Vecoli, Rudolph J. „Italian Immigrants and Working-Class Movements in the United States: A Personal Reflection on Class and Ethnicity“. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 4, Nr. 1 (09.02.2006): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031067ar.
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Abstract The article argues that the locus of the most interesting and important work in the fields of immigration and labor history lies precisely at the intersection of class and ethnicity. In developing this thesis, particularly with respect to Italian immigrant working-class movements in the United States, the author draws on his experiences as a working-class ethnic and historian as well as his readings of the literature. In the course of his research on Italian immigrants in Chicago, the author stumbled upon the submerged, indeed suppressed, history of the Italian American left. Italian-American working-class history has since been the focus of his work. Since mainstream institutions had neglected the records of this history, the recovery of rich documentation on Italian American radicalism has been a source of particular satisfaction. These movements had also been "forgotten" by the Italian Americans themselves. Despite important work by a handful of American scholars, relatively few Italian American historians have given attention to this dimension of the Italian American experience. Curiously the topic has received more attention from scholars in Italy. Mass emigration as much as revolutionary movements was an expression of the social upheavals of turn-of-the-century Italy. As participants in those events, the immigrants brought more or less inchoate ideas of class and ethnicity to America with them. Here they developed class and ethnic identities as Italian-American workers. The construction of those identities has been a process in which the Italian immigrants have been protagonists, filtering cultural messages through the sieve of their own experiences, memories, and values. Historians of labor and immigration need to plumb the sources of class and ethnic identity more imaginatively and sensitively, recognizing that personal identity is a whole of which class and ethnicity are inseparable aspects. The author calls upon historians to salvage and restore the concepts of class and ethnicity as useful categories of analysis.
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Apsite-Berina, Elina, Liga Daniela Robate, Maris Berzins, Girts Burgmanis und Zaiga Krisjane. „International student mobility to non-traditional destination countries: evidence from a host country“. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 72, Nr. 2 (30.06.2023): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.72.2.3.
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Since the early 1990s, Latvia has experienced high levels of emigration. Still, current dynamics show that net migration has nearly ceased and that a growing share of new immigrant populations are from non-European countries. One of the leading causes of a sizable share of recent immigration is the globalisation of higher education and the mobility of international students. However, in recent decades, international student mobility (ISM) has brought attention to various aspects of higher education, educational export, and migration trends. This has captured the interest of academics and practitioners worldwide. Receiving countries recognise the importance of attracting international students as potential residents, especially as they undergo unfavourable demographic changes. The paper aims to present empirical evidence on ISM in Latvia by assessing international student daily life and study experiences. The focus is on examining the perspective of a host country. The study utilises statistical data, survey data and a case study of the University of Latvia to analyse the link between the origin of the student and their choosing Latvia as a non-traditional destination for quality higher education. The findings indicate that Latvia is an attractive destination for young migrants from diverse geographies, including Europe and Southeast Asia and consistent flows of students from former Soviet countries. One of the main factors that draw international students to Latvia is the affordability of education offered in English, providing a “second chance” for achieving success and specific clusters of degree students from European countries studying medicine.
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Stankiewicz, Wojciech. „Integracja emigrantów muzułmańskich ze społeczeństwem przyjmującym na przykładzie Francji“. Sprawy Narodowościowe, Nr. 36 (18.02.2022): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.008.
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Incorporating Muslim Migrants in the West: The French Model of IntegrationThe Muslim emigration to France is connected with many social, religious and political problems. The worshippers of Islam were admitted to settle, but not to integrate with French society and the national economy. Although, according to the French scheme of integration, all people are equal before the law and it is unlawful to emphasise differences, life in France does not reflect the Republican idea any more, and instead of creating the French nation as one community, a multicultural society unable to assimilate newcomers is being born.There are numerous stereotypes in French society that push aside Algerians and Moroccans, especially those living in the suburbs, and put them in conflict with the French legal system. This approach should change and the French must cease perceiving Muslims as strangers and realise they are lawful citizens, an inseparable part of their everyday life. The successive generations of Muslim immigrants should no longer be pushed to the margins of social life because of their ethnic origin, name, religion, and culture.The violent riots in France in 2005 and 2007, however, were caused not only by cultural conflict but also by the recession of the French economy. The main problem in the French suburbs is the high level of unemployment (40%) caused by the numerous meanders of the immigration policy. Instead of facilitating employment for immigrants, the government demands special professional training even for jobs which do not require such qualifications.
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Mijatovic, Bosko. „The inception of demographic theory in Serbia“. Stanovnistvo, Nr. 00 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv220922006m.
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This text contains an account of the first work on theoretical demography in Serbia, which was written in 1862 by Kosta Cukic, a doctor of philosophy from Heidelberg and the first widely recognised Serbian economist. He dealt with this topic in the second volume of his State Economy textbook, the title of which was Economic Policy. Writing about population problems in economic textbooks was a common European practice at that time. Although he wrote for a textbook, his work was not a retelling of generally accepted theories, but a critical discussion of issues that had not been resolved in contemporary science. Therefore, his work can be considered original in the full sense of the word. In the theoretical sense, Cukic relied on Malthus, but also provided significantly different perspectives on many issues. He accepted Malthus?s position that the amount of food is a limiting factor in population growth and that natural fertility is very high due to people?s strong sexual drive. But there were also important differences: in Cukic?s theoretical framework, the iron law of wages does not apply, i.e. wages do not always strive for the existential minimum, as Malthus argued. Cukic also argues that capital affects fertility, since it affects the amount of available resources. Cukic was not a pessimist like Malthus, and instead observed a significant population growth in Europe at the time, without mass famine and pestilence. As we can see, Cukic dealt a lot with Malthus and his theory. This is understandable considering that Malthus was the preeminent theoretician whose work focused on the population problem in those decades, and therefore determination according to his theory and discussion with him was inevitable for anyone who intended to write about population problems. Cukic also dealt with population policy and those aspects of it that were available to the governments of the time: immigration, emigration, and marriage. The basis of his views was strong and consistent liberalism in every respect. Cukic advocated for expanding personal freedoms, such as free decision-making about marriage, and free immigration to the country and emigration from it. In some places he would set minimum technical conditions. ?Personal freedom... is the ideal of the political consciousness of the present time?. Accordingly, he claimed that ?citizens are not just means for governmental purposes?, but on the contrary, it is the government?s duty to ?facilitate and support the aspirations of citizens to particular and general happiness?, thus repeating John Locke?s idea that the state exists for the sake of citizens, and not citizens for the sake of the state. Cukic belonged to a wide circle of authors in the mid-19th century who fundamentally rejected Malthus?s theory: on the one hand, economists who claimed that technological progress and a deepened division of labour would lead to economic progress that would forever postpone the existential crisis that Malthus feared; and on the other, demographers who believed that workers would control their fertility to preserve living standards to a greater extent than Malthus thought possible. Towards the end of the 19th century, the decline of fertility in Western countries provided strong evidence in favour of the latter.