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Gaubatz, Julie A., und David C. Ensminger. „Department chairs as change agents“. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 45, Nr. 1 (10.07.2016): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143215587307.
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Change process research often discusses barriers that impede organizational change (e.g., Banta, 1997; Cavacuiti and Locke, 2013; Mutchler, 1990; Stewart et al., 2012); however, no empirical research has addressed how behaviors established in leadership models counteract these barriers. This study explored these two interconnected constructs of leadership and change in stories of secondary school department chair change attempts, and identified specific leadership behaviors described within their stories that aided the conversion of change barriers into conditions that enhanced the change process. Leadership behavior identification within department chair stories of change was guided by Blake and Mouton’s (1962) leadership theory, which has been further delineated by Yukl et al. (2002), and identification of change process barriers was guided by Ely’s (1990a) eight conditions for change. From the combined descriptions of six successful and four unsuccessful narratives of department chair-led change emerged essential conditions for change and commonly occurring change barriers. Specific leadership behaviors capable of overcoming these change barriers were also identified. Unexpectedly, this investigation also unearthed a change barrier seemingly unrelated to previously identified conditions of change: the contentious resistor. The contentious resistor was described as the most detrimental barrier to department chairs’ leadership of the change process.
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Fitzgerald, Karen, und Louise Biddle. „Creating the conditions for change: an NHS perspective“. Journal of Health Organization and Management 34, Nr. 3 (19.12.2019): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-02-2019-0031.
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Purpose Improving early diagnosis of cancer through system change initiatives is endemic in England’s NHS cancer services. These initiatives, however, often fail to gain traction due to the complexities of health system structures. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether using a change framework grounded in systems thinking could be of help to system leaders. Design/methodology/approach A portfolio of geographically independent projects, all implementing cancer service changes as part of the Accelerate, Coordinate, Evaluate Programme, was used for the study. Eight projects were purposively selected to give a varied case-mix. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with each project. Analysis of interviews was carried out using the Framework Method. Findings Processes working for (growth processes) and against (limiting processes) change were evident in and common across all eight projects. Projects commonly encountered challenges of relevance, time and bounded thinking. Having a network of committed people was vital for both initiating and sustaining change. Furthermore, understanding stakeholders’ emotional responses to change helped mitigate emergent challenges. Practical implications Leaders should pay constant attention to the dynamics of change, taking time to anticipate and diffuse challenges whilst simultaneously working to create the conditions that help change flourish. A change framework rooted in complex systems theory can help leaders understand the contradictory and non-linear processes inherent in transformational change. Originality/value Few studies seek to understand change dynamics by comparing the experiences of separate change initiatives implemented contemporaneously. The findings offer leaders practical insights on how to implement transformation.
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Wang, Sheng-lin, Qing-feng Lv, Hassan Baaj, Xiao-yuan Li und Yan-xu Zhao. „Volume change behaviour and microstructure of stabilized loess under cyclic freeze–thaw conditions“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2016): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0052.
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Freeze–thaw action is considered to be one of the most destructive actions that can induce significant damage in stabilized subgrades in seasonally frozen loess areas. Laboratory tests including frost heave – thaw shrinkage and microstructure change during freeze–thaw cycles were conducted to evaluate the volume change rate of loess stabilized with cement, lime, and fly ash under the impact of cyclic freeze–thaw conditions. The loess specimens collapsed after eight freeze–thaw cycles (192 h), but most stabilized loess specimens had no visible damage after all freeze–thaw cycles were completed. All of the stabilized loess samples underwent a much smaller volume change than the loess alone after the freeze–thaw cycles. Although surface porosity and equivalent diameter of stabilized loess samples increased, the stabilized loess can retain its microstructure during freeze–thaw cycles when the cement content was less than 6%. To ensure freeze–thaw resistance of stabilized loess subgrades, the mix proportions of the three additives was recommended to be 4 to 5% cement, 6% lime, and 10% fly ash.
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Pan, Bing Hong, und Ling Chen Kong. „Research on Calculation Model of Minimum Net Distance between Interchanges on Eight-Lane Expressway“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.121.
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According to traffic operation characteristics and lane changing maneuvers, combining with the export notice signs and considering the worst driving conditions, the gap acceptance theory and kinematics are employed to establish the length of lane change operation between interchanges with probability theory. To operating speed as the premise, the necessary length that drivers change to the inside lane from the nearside lane is analyzed in terms of waiting for the gap acceptance, and the necessary length that drivers change to the nearside lane from the inside lane is also analyzed in terms of running for the gap acceptance, then calculation model of minimum net distance between interchanges on eight-lane expressway is constructed. The recommended value is then put forward.
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Węsławski, Jan Marcin, Maria Włodarska−Kowalczuk, Monika Kędra, Joanna Legeżyńska und Lech Kotwicki. „Eight species that rule today’s European Arctic fjord benthos“. Polish Polar Research 33, Nr. 3 (01.10.2012): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10183-012-0016-1.
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Abstract : The eight most abundant species (mean density >20 ind. m−2), which occurred at high frequencies (mean >30%) were selected from grab samples in the three Svalbard fjords: Hornsund, van Mijenfjord, and Kongsfjord, in the summer seasons between 1997 and 2007. Six polychaete and two bivalve species comprised more than 47% of the individ− uals and the biomass in all the samples examined. Four species are cosmopolitan, while the others are widely distributed Arctic−boreal species, and none has Arctic origin. Their den− sity, frequency of occurrence, and biology are very similar across the wide geographical range from boreal to Arctic conditions. As the diversity of benthic fauna in the fjords stud− ied increases (from 172 to 238 species), the dominance of the eight species in the soft bot− tom community diminishes from 76% to 47%. In times of hydrological regime shift, i.e., the warming of the European Arctic, it is unlikely that the abundancy of these species in the soft bottom fjordic ecosystems will change. The most common soft bottom species are not good indicators of environmental change in the Arctic, and rare, specialized species are better op− tion for indicative purposes.
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Potoski, Matthew, R. Urbatsch und Cindy Yu. „Temperature Biases in Public Opinion Surveys*“. Weather, Climate, and Society 7, Nr. 2 (01.04.2015): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-15-0001.1.
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Abstract The quasi experiment of deviations from normal temperatures shows how local temperature conditions bias selected survey results. Responses in eight CBS News surveys from 2001 to 2007 change with the weather, with unseasonable temperatures reducing concern about climate change and unusually warm temperatures increasing presidential approval. Unusual temperatures also influence who answers surveys; wealthier respondents are overrepresented in warmer conditions. These results jointly suggest that surveys are at risk for temperature-induced response bias. Weighting-based methods can account for survey results’ temperature-induced differences in samples.
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Bielza, P., V. Quinto, C. Grávalos, E. Fernández, J. Abellán und J. Contreras. „Stability of spinosad resistance inFrankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) under laboratory conditions“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, Nr. 4 (18.02.2008): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308005658.
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AbstractThe stability of spinosad resistance in western flower thrips (WFT),Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), populations with differing initial frequencies of resistance was studied in laboratory conditions. The stability of resistance was assessed in bimonthly residual bioassays in five populations with initial frequencies of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of resistant individuals. There were no consistent changes in susceptibility of the susceptible strain after eight months without insecticide pressure. In the resistant strain, very highly resistant to spinosad (RF50>23,000-fold), resistance was maintained up to eight months without further exposure to spinosad. In the absence of any immigration of susceptible genes into the population, resistance was stable. In the case of the population with different initial frequency of resistant thrips, spinosad resistance declined significantly two months later in the absence of selection pressure. With successive generations, these strains did not change significantly in sensitivity. Spinosad resistance inF. occidentalisdeclined significantly in the absence of selection pressure and the presence of susceptible WFT. These results suggest that spinosad resistance probably is unstable under field conditions, primarily due to the immigration of susceptible WFT. Factors influencing stability or reversion of spinosad resistance are discussed.
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Singh, Amar Paul, Kritish De, Virendra Prasad Uniyal und Sambandam Sathyakumar. „A preliminary assessment of odonate diversity along the river Tirthan, Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area, India with reference to the impact of climate change“. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, Nr. 11 (26.09.2021): 19611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5427.13.11.19611-19615.
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A total of 19 species of odonates, including eight species of Anisoptera (dragonflies) and 11 species of Zygoptera (damselflies), were recorded along the Tirthan River, Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (GHNPCA), Himachal Pradesh. Among these species, 17 were reported from the area for the first time. With the addition of these new records the number of odonates known from the GHNPCA is increased to 23 species representing 18 genera and eight families. Indothemis carnatica, Agriocnemis femina, and Argiocnemis rubescens are reported for the first time from the western Himalayan region. The study found a significant change in the species composition of odonates over a period of 18 years in the area, which may be due to changes in microhabitat conditions associated with climate change.
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Guan, Hongwei, und David M. Koceja. „Effects of Long-Term Tai Chi Practice on Balance and H-Reflex Characteristics“. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 39, Nr. 02 (Januar 2011): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x11008798.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of long-term Tai Chi practice on postural balance and H-reflex. Sixteen healthy volunteers, eight with three or more years of experience in Tai Chi training (Tai Chi Group-TCG), and eight with no experience in Tai Chi training (Control Group-CG) participated in the study. Postural sways were measured under four experimental conditions: (1) Standing still with eyes open (EO); (2) Standing still with eyes closed (EC); (3) Standing and turning head to left and right with eyes open (EOT); and (4) Standing and turning head to left and right with eyes closed (ECT). Paired reflex depression (PRD) of the soleus muscle was measured under two conditions: supine and standing. Less significant postural sway was observed in the TCG than in the CG under four conditions including EO, EC, EOT, and ECT (p < 0.01). The TCG demonstrated 14.1%, 30.6%, 33.3% and 22.7% less postural sway, respectively. Significant PRD change from a supine to standing position was observed between TCG and CG (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between PRD change (from supine to standing) and years of Tai Chi practice was observed (r = 0.80, p < 0.05). The findings of this study support the positive effects of Tai Chi exercise on balance control under different conditions. Long-term Tai Chi exercisers also demonstrated different reflex modulation from a supine to standing position, and long-term Tai Chi practice may lead to a change of PRD modulation as neuroadaptation.
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Bennie, Kirsty J., Vincent M. Ciriello, Peter W. Johnson und Jack Tigh Dennerlein. „EMG Changes of the ECU Muscle with Exposure to Repetitive Ulnar Deviation“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, Nr. 13 (September 2002): 1086–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601317.
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Our objective was to quantify changes in muscle EMG activity due to repetitive work. Using a repeated measures design, 13 females participated in 3 conditions, each lasting two eight-hour days: a control inactive condition, and two repetitive work conditions with ulnar deviation tasks at 20 and 25 repetitions per minute. EMG of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (ECU) was recorded during voluntary isometric contractions (20% and 60% MVC) eight times throughout the work and control days. The amplitude of the EMG signal was lower on workdays compared to the control days. Initial median frequency of the EMG signal showed no change between the control and workdays; however, the decline of the median frequency with respect to time over the course of each isometric contraction was steeper during workdays compared to control days. These changes suggest that the muscles are in an early stage of fatigue when working for an eight-hour workday.
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Rouault, Fabien, Felipe Ossio, Paulina González-Levín und Francisco Meza. „Impact of Climate Change on the Energy Needs of Houses in Chile“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 24 (10.12.2019): 7068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247068.
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Global warming will affect the heating and cooling energy demands of houses. Thus, it is necessary to measure this impact in different areas of a country to influence future public policies, guidelines, and regulations. This paper proposes to forecast the energy demand for five house archetypes located in eight cities in Chile. These archetypes are thermally insulated according to current regulatory standards given by the country. They were simulated using the simplified hourly model from the international standards ISO 13790, considering climatic conditions between 1990 and 2010 and projected climatic conditions between 2045 and 2054. Three climatology models: a) Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-ESM), b) Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Climate System Model 5 (IPSL-CM5A), and c) Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) in the context of two representative concentration pathways: 4.5 and 8.5 W/m2 are used to forecast future climate. The most significant results show that energy demand for heating could decrease by 35% on average while cooling energy demand could significantly increase for cities such as Antofagasta and Santiago.
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Casazza, Lorraine R. „Pleistocene reefs of the Egyptian Red Sea: environmental change and community persistence“. PeerJ 5 (28.06.2017): e3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3504.
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The fossil record of Red Sea fringing reefs provides an opportunity to study the history of coral-reef survival and recovery in the context of extreme environmental change. The Middle Pleistocene, the Late Pleistocene, and modern reefs represent three periods of reef growth separated by glacial low stands during which conditions became difficult for symbiotic reef fauna. Coral diversity and paleoenvironments of eight Middle and Late Pleistocene fossil terraces are described and characterized here. Pleistocene reef zones closely resemble reef zones of the modern Red Sea. All but one species identified from Middle and Late Pleistocene outcrops are also found on modern Red Sea reefs despite the possible extinction of most coral over two-thirds of the Red Sea basin during glacial low stands. Refugia in the Gulf of Aqaba and southern Red Sea may have allowed for the persistence of coral communities across glaciation events. Stability of coral communities across these extreme climate events indicates that even small populations of survivors can repopulate large areas given appropriate water conditions and time.
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Łopuszańska-Dawid, Monika, und Alicja Szklarska. „Growth change in Polish women: Reduction of the secular trends?“ PLOS ONE 15, Nr. 11 (30.11.2020): e0242074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242074.
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The aim of the study was to analyse changes in the average height of adult Polish women born in 1931–2001 in the aspect of dynamically changing economic and socio-economic conditions of the living environment. An ethnically homogeneous group of 6,028 adult women from large Polish cities, born in 1931–2001, living between 1931 and 2020, were examined using the same research methods and research equipment. All women were divided into eight birth cohorts. The Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple regression analyses were used. Root Mean Square Standardized Effect (RMSSE), critical value of the test, and test power were calculated. The average height of women born during 70 years of the study increased by 9.63 cm, from 158.22 cm (SD = 5.57 cm) to 167.85 cm (SD = 6.91 cm) (H = 1084.84, p<0.001). The intensity of the intergenerational trend in subsequent cohorts of years of birth varied strongly between decades, averaging 1.34 cm/decade. The body height in women increased significantly up to the height of those born between 1970 and 1979 and then the trend weakened noticeably, although it remained positive. The observed secular trend confirms positive changes in the standard of living of Polish women between 1931 and 2020. Improving living conditions allow people to fully achieve their genetically determined growth potential.
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SCHUMACHER, INGMAR. „THE AGGREGATION DILEMMA IN CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY EVALUATION“. Climate Change Economics 09, Nr. 03 (August 2018): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007818500082.
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We show that a policy maker who ignores regional data and instead relies on aggregated integrated assessment models is likely underestimating the carbon price and thus the required climate policy. Based on a simple theoretical model, we give conditions under which the Aggregation Dilemma is expected to play a role in climate change cost-benefit analysis. We then study the importance of the Aggregation Dilemma with the integrated assessment model RICE [Nordhaus and Boyer, (2000) Warning the World: Economic Models of Global Warming. MA: MIT Press]. Aggregating all regions of the RICE-99 model into one region yields a 40% lower social cost of carbon than the RICE model itself predicts. Based on extrapolating the results, a country-level integrated assessment model would give a more than eight times higher social cost of carbon compared to a fully aggregated model. We suggest that these tentative results require researchers to rethink the aggregation level used in integrated assessment models and to develop models at much lower levels of aggregation than currently available.
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Fraga, Helder, Nathalie Guimarães und João A. Santos. „Future Changes in Rice Bioclimatic Growing Conditions in Portugal“. Agronomy 9, Nr. 11 (24.10.2019): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110674.
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Rice is a historically important crop in Portugal. This crop development and production strongly depend on atmospheric conditions in the growing season. Given the strong dependence of climatic conditions, climate change may pose a significant risk for future rice production. In the present study, a high spatial resolution bioclimatic characterization over the main rice producing region in Portugal was performed for the recent past (1950–2000) and for the future (2041–2060) under four different anthropogenic forcing scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). This zoning is performed by using eight bioclimatic indices, based on temperature and precipitation, using a very high resolution gridded dataset (Worldclim). For the future period, an 11-member global climate model ensemble was used, also taking into account model/scenario uncertainties and bias. Additionally, a new index was developed to incorporate the main features of temperature and precipitation at each rice field level. Under recent past climates, a clear north–south gradient in temperature and precipitation is apparent, with the regions of Tejo and Sado presenting higher temperatures and lower precipitation than the Mondego and Vouga regions. Additionally, there is a coastal–inland effect due to the Atlantic Ocean influence. Under anthropogenic climate change, all indices point to annual higher temperatures and lower precipitations across all rice producing regions, accompanied by increased seasonality. Furthermore, the rise of summertime temperatures may substantially increase water demands, which, when unmitigated, may bring physiological problems in the crop development. We conclude that climate change may negatively impact the viability of rice production in Portugal, particularly taking into account the national grown varieties. Thus, adequate and timely planning of suitable adaptation measures are needed to ensure the sustainability of this historically important food sector.
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Redondo-Gómez, Susana, Jennifer Mesa-Marín, Jesús A. Pérez-Romero, Javier López-Jurado, Jesús V. García-López, Vicente Mariscal, Fernando P. Molina-Heredia et al. „Consortia of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Halophytes Improve Response of Eight Crops to Soil Salinization and Climate Change Conditions“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 8 (13.08.2021): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081609.
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Soil salinization is an environmental problem that adversely affects plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. As an alternative to the conventional approach of breeding salt-tolerant plant cultivars, we explored the use of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from halophytic plants to enhance crop growth under saline conditions. Here, we report the effect of five PGPR consortia from halophytes on the growth of eight (alfalfa, flax, maize, millet, rice, strawberry, sunflower, and wheat) of the crops most commonly produced on salinized soils worldwide. To test the efficiency of halotolerant consortia, we designed a complex environmental matrix simulating future climate-change scenarios, including increased CO2 levels and temperature. Overall, biofertilizers enhanced growth of most crops with respect to non-inoculated control plants under different CO2 concentrations (400/700 ppm), temperatures (25/+4 °C), and salinity conditions (0 and 85 mM NaCl). Biofertilizers counteracted the detrimental effect of salinity on crop growth. Specifically, strawberry and rice showed the greatest positive additive response to inoculation in the presence of salt; above-ground biomasses were 35% and 3% greater, respectively, than their respective control grown without salt. Furthermore, depending on the interaction of environmental factors (salinity × CO2 × temperature) analyzed, the results varied—influencing the most effective biofertilizer determined for each crop now, or in the future. Our findings highlight the importance of conducting studies that consider stress interaction for realistic assessments of the potential of biofertilizers in a climate-changed world.
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Pickel, Andreas. „Is Cuba Different? Regime Stability, Social Change, and the Problem of Reform Strategy“. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31, Nr. 1 (01.03.1998): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(97)00029-9.
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The survival of socialism in Cuba eight years after the collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe has come as a surprise to many observers. This analysis surveys Cuba's current economic, political and social conditions, discusses regime stability and reform pressures in light of the Eastern European experience, and identifies the major processes and sources of social change. The same factors that account for the survival of the regime—charismatic leadership and the fusion of nationalism and socialism, reinforced by a confrontationist US foreign policy—open a window of opportunity for an approach to fundamental reform that could avoid the costs of both neoliberal radicalism and political immobilism. The analysis concludes by sketching the main elements of such an alternative reform strategy.
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Fuhrmann, Florian, Benedikt Diensberg, Xun Gong, Gerrit Lohmann und Frank Sirocko. „Aridity synthesis for eight selected key regions of the global climate system during the last 60 000 years“. Climate of the Past 16, Nr. 6 (16.11.2020): 2221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2221-2020.
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Abstract. A compilation of the published literature on dust content in terrestrial and marine sediment cores was synchronized with pollen data and speleothem growth phases on the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) time axis. Aridity patterns for eight key areas of the global climate system have been reconstructed for the last 60 000 years. These records have different time resolutions and different dating methods, i.e. different types of stratigraphy. Nevertheless, all regions analysed in this study show humid conditions during early Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) and the early Holocene or deglaciation, but not always at the same time. Such discrepancies have been interpreted as regional effects, although stratigraphic uncertainties may affect some of the proposed interpretations. In comparison, most of the MIS2 interval becomes arid in all of the Northern Hemisphere records, but the peak arid conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Heinrich event 1 differ in duration and intensity among regions. In addition, we also compare the aridity synthesis with modelling results using a global climate model (GCM). Indeed, geological archives and GCMs show agreement on the aridity pattern for the Holocene or deglaciation, for the LGM and for late MIS3.
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Stager, Sheila V., und Christy L. Ludlow. „Speech Production Changes Under Fluency-Evoking Conditions in Nonstuttering Speakers“. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, Nr. 2 (April 1993): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3602.245.
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Changes in airflow and intraoral pressure between baseline and four fluency-evoking Conditions—choral reading (CR), metronome pacing (MET), delayed auditory feedback (DAF), and masking noise (NOISE)—were studied in 12 American English nonstuttering speakers. The duration, amplitude, and velocity of airflow and intraoral pressure development during the initial plosive and the duration and intensity of the following vowel were measured in eight target CVC words. Speech rate was computed for each sentence. Comparisons between baseline and the corresponding production in each condition revealed significant changes in peak flow, pressure rise time, peak instantaneous pressure velocity, speech rate, intensity, and vowel duration. Vowel duration increased under DAF, MET, and NOISE conditions. Peak pressure and pressure velocity decreased during CR and MET and increased during NOISE, but did not change during DAF. Subjects were consistent in the variables they modified across conditions. Changes in the aerodynamic variables were not related to intensity or rate changes. Thus, nonstuttering speakers modify intraoral pressure and flow under fluency-evoking conditions.
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Shultz, Kenneth S., und Mo Wang. „The Influence of Specific Physical Health Conditions on Retirement Decisions“. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 65, Nr. 2 (September 2007): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ag.65.2.c.
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Physical health has consistently been shown to strongly influence the retirement decision-making process. Unfortunately, “physical health” is typically operationalized in global terms. As a result, we know little about the specific aspects of physical health that influence the decision to retire. Therefore, in the present study, data from three waves of the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) data set was examined to determine which specific health conditions are associated with retirement, continued work in the same job, or continued work but in a different job. The major health conditions most strongly related to retirement were lung disease and cancer, while only lung disease was predictive of job change at older ages. In contrast, arthritis and diabetes were the minor health conditions most strongly related to both changing jobs and retiring over an eight-year period. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of better understanding why specific health factors are associated with retirement and job changes during one's late career.
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MacDonald, Joanne E., und John N. Owens. „Bud development in coastal Douglas-fir seedlings under controlled-environment conditions“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, Nr. 6 (01.06.1993): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-152.
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Bud development under controlled-environment conditions in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings was investigated. In eight dormancy induction treatments, type of short, day, temperature, and moisture varied. Photoperiod was decreased to 8 h either abruptly (abrupt short day) or gradually (gradual short day). Temperature was either constant at a high temperature or gradually decreased to a low temperature. Moisture was controlled either to result in no moisture stress or to cause moisture stress. Once a dormancy induction signal was perceived by seedlings, neoformed-leaf initiation stopped and bud development began. Bud development involved two stages of primordial initiation (bud scale and leaf) separated by a transitional phase. The change from neoformed-leaf to bud-scale initiation was faster, fewer bud scales were initiated, and the development of the bud-scale complex was faster under abrupt short day than under gradual short day. The transitional phase was shorter and hence leaf initiation began earlier under abrupt short day than under gradual short day and under no moisture stress than under moisture stress. More leaf primordia were initiated under abrupt short day than under gradual short day and under no moisture stress than under moisture stress. The bud-scale receptacle was concave under abrupt short day and convex under gradual short day. Crown height was greater under abrupt short day than under gradual short day.
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McWilliams, E. R. G., und T. E. Burk. „Evaluation of eight forest fertilizer response estimators by means of a simulation study“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, Nr. 1 (01.01.1994): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-016.
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Eight estimators of total fertilizer response (simple difference, ratio, covariance, and regression estimators) commonly used to determine the results of fertilization experiments were evaluated using a simulation study. An individual tree model based on equations developed for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was used to project the growth of fertilized and unfertilized plots under several different experimental conditions. The effects of number of plots, plot size, initial plot variability, stand age at the time of fertilization, length of response period, and differing growth responses to fertilization on the relative performance of the estimators were evaluated. Covariance and regression estimators provided the best estimates as long as there was sufficient data to determine model parameters. In almost all cases measures of growth were preferable to measures of yield. For the simple difference and ratio estimators strong linear relationships were observed between bias and pre-treatment differences in yield or growth between fertilized and unfertilized experimental units. Variability in growth response to fertilization did not influence the relative performance of the estimators. The more critical factor was the variability in unfertilized growth as this is what must be predicted in order to estimate fertilizer response.
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Wang, Ting, Donna Surge und Karen Jo Walker. „Isotopic evidence for climate change during the Vandal Minimum from Ariopsis felis otoliths and Mercenaria campechiensis shells, southwest Florida, USA“. Holocene 21, Nr. 7 (11.04.2011): 1081–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400458.
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Archaeological evidence from coastal southwest Florida suggests this region and its local inhabitants (the Calusa) were affected by drought and cooling during the Vandal Minimum climate episode (ad 500–800). To test this hypothesis, we reconstructed seasonal-scale climate conditions using stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios (δ18O and δ13C) preserved in Ariopsis felis otoliths and Mercenaria campechiensis shells. Comparing δ18O records from both species distinguishes between cool versus warm and wet versus dry conditions. δ18O values from four otoliths indicate cooling of winter temperatures occurred in the early Vandal Minimum (ad 500–600) and late half of the middle Vandal Minimum (ad 650–700). Persistent dry summers punctuated by occasional years with wet summers throughout the Vandal Minimum were detected from δ18O values of eight archaeological shells. Our climate reconstructions are in good agreement with archaeological observations and with the cool and dry conditions documented in Europe.
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Kräuchi, Kurt, Christian Cajochen und Anna Wirz-Justice. „A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: effects of postural change and melatonin administration“. Journal of Applied Physiology 83, Nr. 1 (01.07.1997): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.134.
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Kräuchi, Kurt, Christian Cajochen, and Anna Wirz-Justice. A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: effects of postural change and melatonin administration. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 134–139, 1997.—Both the pineal hormone melatonin (Mel) and postural changes have thermoregulatory sequelae. The purpose of the study was to evaluate their relationship to subjective sleepiness. Eight healthy young men were investigated under the unmasking conditions of a constant routine protocol. Heart rate, rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperatures (foot, Tfo; and stomach), and subjective sleepiness ratings were continuously recorded from 1000 to 1700. Mel (5 mg po) was administered at 1300, a time when Mel should not phase shift the circadian system. Both the postural change at 1000 from upright to a supine position (lying down in bed) and Mel administration at 1300 reduced Treand increased Tfo in parallel with increased sleepiness. These findings suggest that under comfortable ambient temperature conditions, heat loss via the distal skin regions (e.g., feet) is a key mechanism for induction of sleepiness as core body temperature declines.
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Maloney, Sean J., Anthony N. Turner und Stuart Miller. „Acute Effects of a Loaded Warm-Up Protocol on Change of Direction Speed in Professional Badminton Players“. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2014): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0048.
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It has previously been shown that a loaded warm-up may improve power performances. We examined the acute effects of loaded dynamic warm-up on change of direction speed (CODS), which had not been previously investigated. Eight elite badminton players participated in three sessions during which they performed vertical countermovement jump and CODS tests before and after undertaking the dynamic warm-up. The three warm-up conditions involved wearing a weighted vest (a) equivalent to 5% body mass, (b) equivalent to 10% body mass, and (c) a control where a weighted vest was not worn. Vertical jump and CODS performances were then tested at 15 seconds and 2, 4, and 6 minutes post warm-up. Vertical jump and CODS significantly improved following all warm-up conditions (P< .05). Post warm-up vertical jump performance was not different between conditions (P= .430). Post warm-up CODS was significantly faster following the 5% (P= .02) and 10% (P< .001) loaded conditions compared with the control condition. In addition, peak CODS test performances, independent of recovery time, were faster than the control condition following the 10% loaded condition (P= .012). In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that a loaded warm-up augmented CODS, but not vertical jump performance, in elite badminton players.
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Stuckey, Sandra J., Alfred Jacobs und Jack Goldfarb. „EMG Biofeedback Training, Relaxation Training, and Placebo for the Relief of Chronic Back Pain“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1986): 1023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.3.1023.
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24 patients with chronic low back pain were randomly assigned to three treatment conditions: (a) EMG biofeedback, (b) relaxation training, and (c) a placebo condition. Patients were seen for eight sessions and were evaluated before Session 1 and after Session 8. Eight analyses of covariance which were adjusted for age and pretest scores were computed on the final scores to find which variables could detect significant difference between treatments. Age was included as a covariate because the differences in age between conditions were significant. Four variables with significant and nearly significant differences were chosen for analysis. The second set of analyses identified the nature of the differences among the three conditions. These included a priori planned comparisons among conditions, and paired t tests. Relaxation-trained subjects were significantly superior to subjects in the placebo condition, in decreasing pain during the function test, increasing relaxation, and decreasing Upper Trapezius EMG. They were superior to EMG Biofeedback training in increasing reported activity. Both Relaxation and EMG trained subjects were able to reduce Upper Trapezius EMG by Session 8 Relaxation-trained subjects showed significant change on eight of the 14 possible comparisons for each treatment condition. EMG biofeedback training showed significant favorable results in only one condition; the placebo condition showed no significant results. Relaxation training gave better results in reducing EMG and pain, and in increasing relaxation and activity than either EMG biofeedback alone or a placebo condition.
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Morden, Andrew, Lauren Brooks, Clare Jinks, Mark Porcheret, Bie Nio Ong und Krysia Dziedzic. „Research “push”, long term-change, and general practice“. Journal of Health Organization and Management 29, Nr. 7 (16.11.2015): 798–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-07-2014-0119.
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Purpose – Intervention evaluations have not always accounted for long-term implementation of interventions. The purpose of this paper is to explore implementation of a primary care intervention during the lifespan of the trial and beyond. Design/methodology/approach – Eight general practices participated in the trial (four control and four intervention). In-depth interviews (with nine GPs and four practices nurses who delivered the intervention) and observation methods were employed. Thematic analysis was utilized and Normalization Process Theory (NPT) constructs were compared with emergent themes. Findings – Macro-level policy imperatives shaped practice priorities which resulted in the “whole system” new intervention not being perceived to be sustainable. Continued routinization of the intervention into usual care beyond the lifespan of the funded study was dependent on individualized monitoring and taking forward tacit knowledge. Research limitations/implications – The authors discuss the implications of these findings for sociological theories of implementation and understanding outcomes of research led complex interventions. Originality/value – The study describes the complex interplay between macro processes and individual situated practices and contributes to understanding if, how, and why interventions are sustained beyond initial “research push”. The value of the study lies in describing the conditions and potential consequences of long-term implementation, which might be translated to other contexts.
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Savelieva, Julia N., und Andrey Yu Guzhikov. „Kimmeridgian–Volgian ostracods of Samarskaya Luka: Paleoecological analysis and reflection of sedimentation conditions in rock magnetism“. Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Earth Sciences 21, Nr. 2 (24.06.2021): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7663-2021-21-2-118-136.
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The analysis of the distribution of the Kimmeridgian–Volgian ostracods in the section near the village Valy made it possible to establish a sequence of eight communities, the change of which reflects changes in the ecological conditions in the basin. Changes in sea level fluctuations, the main physical and chemical parameters of the ostracod habitat – temperature, salinity of water, oxygen content in it, eutrophy and concentration of organic matter in sediment – are reconstructed. Information on the magnetic susceptibility and its increase after heating was obtained. Statistically significant relationships between the petromagnetic characteristics and some conditions of sedimentation were established. The conclusion about the relevance of continuing such studies at objects of different ages and genesis was made.
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McQuestion, Michael J., Ana Quijano Calle, Christopher Drasbek, Thomas Harkins und Lourdes J. Sagastume. „Social Integration and Health Behavioral Change in San Luis, Honduras“. Health Education & Behavior 37, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2010): 694–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198110363880.
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This study explores the effects of social integration on behavioral change in the course of an intensive, community-based public health intervention. The intervention trained volunteers and mobilized local organizations to promote 16 key family health practices in rural San Luis, Honduras, during 2004 to 2006. A mixed methods approach is used. Standard household sample surveys were performed in 22 villages before and after the intervention. Eight villages were then resurveyed. A household survey, focus groups, and key informant interviews measured health behaviors and several social structural and psychosocial variables. The villages were then ranked on their mean behavioral and social integration scores. The quantitative and qualitative rankings were in close agreement (Kendall’s coefficient of concordance = .707, p < .001). Behaviors changed most markedly in the villages where respondents participated in local organizations, observed that others performed those behaviors, and depended on their neighbors for support. The results show that social integration conditions health behavioral change. Health interventions can be made more effective by analyzing these features a priori.
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Takahashi, Koichi, Tatsuyuki Seino und Takashi Kohyama. „Responses to canopy openings in architectural development of saplings in eight deciduous broad-leaved tree species“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, Nr. 8 (01.08.2001): 1336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-069.
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Crown-architectural responses to small canopy openings, in relation to relative height growth rate (RHGR), were examined in saplings (0.52.3 m tall) of eight deciduous broad-leaved tree species in northern Japan. Five species were lateral-growth type with high leaf-support cost (branch mass per leaf area) to display many small leaves over a wide area, while three species were vertical-growth type with low leaf-support cost due to a small number of large leaves along a main trunk. In closed-canopy conditions, the lateral-growth species showed a greater increase in leaf area with increasing sapling size than the vertical-growth species. Net production rate (NP) per leaf area was not clearly different between the two groups. As a result, NP per sapling also increased to a greater extent with increasing sapling size for the lateral-growth species. The NP per leaf area was increased in canopy openings for the two groups, but this increase was not clearly distinguished between the two groups. The vertical-growth species supported greater leaf area per sapling in canopy openings because of the low cost of leaf support, which resulted in a greater increase in NP per sapling compared with the lateral-growth species. The lateral-growth species allocated more to trunk in canopy openings, keeping leaf area constant and decreasing the cost of leaf support. The RHGR of the vertical-growth species tended to be greater than that of the lateral-growth species in closed-canopy conditions. RHGR of all species was increased in canopy openings to a similar degree in both groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that RHGR of the lateral-growth species depended on both NP per sapling and allocation to trunk, while that of the vertical-growth species depended strongly on NP per sapling alone. Thus, saplings of each group responded to canopy openings in contrasting ways to increase RHGR.
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Cheng, Chad Shouquan, Edwina Lopes, Chao Fu und Zhiyong Huang. „Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Wind Gusts under Downscaled Future Climate Conditions: Updated for Canada“. Journal of Climate 27, Nr. 3 (24.01.2014): 1255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00020.1.
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Abstract The methods used in earlier research focusing on the province of Ontario, Canada, were adapted for the current paper to expand the study area over the entire nation of Canada where various industries (e.g., transportation, agriculture, energy, and commerce) and infrastructure are at risk of being impacted by extreme wind gust events. The possible impacts of climate change on future wind gust events across Canada were assessed using a three-step process: 1) development and validation of hourly and daily wind gust simulation models, 2) statistical downscaling to derive future station-scale hourly wind speed data, and 3) projection of changes in the frequency of future wind gust events. The wind gust simulation models could capture the historically observed daily and hourly wind gust events. For example, the percentage of excellent and good validations for hourly wind gust events ≥90 km h−1 ranges from 62% to 85% across Canada; the corresponding percentage for wind gust events ≥40 km h−1 is about 90%. For future projection, the modeled results indicated that the frequencies of the wind gust events could increase late this century over Canada using the ensemble of the downscaled eight-GCM simulations [Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B1]. For example, the percentage increases in future daily wind gust events ≥70 km h−1 from the current condition could be 10%–20% in most of the regions across Canada; the corresponding increases in future hourly wind gust events ≥70 km h−1 are projected to be 20%–30%. In addition, the inter-GCM and interscenario uncertainties of future wind gust projections were quantitatively assessed.
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Punna, Mari, Tarja Kettunen, Anne-Marie Bagnall und Kirsti Kasila. „Implementation and Outcomes of Lay Health Worker–Led Self-Management Interventions for Long-Term Conditions and Prevention: A Systematic Review“. Health Education & Behavior 46, Nr. 6 (06.08.2019): 1045–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863842.
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The aim of this study was to systematically review lay health worker (LHW)–led self-management interventions for adults with long-term conditions to see how the interventions have been implemented and to compose a synthesis of research findings, taking into consideration the intervention components that have been applied. We conducted systematic searches for articles published between January 2010 and December 2015 in five databases: Cochrane, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Forty original studies were found that met the inclusion criteria: self-management with diabetes ( n = 29), cardiovascular diseases ( n = 8), and those at risk of cardiovascular diseases ( n = 3). These consisted of 22 randomized controlled trials and 18 other trials, with durations of 1 day to 24 months. The findings showed that the training of LHWs and the implementation of interventions varied widely. A synthesis of the implementation methods covers the background of the LHWs and the interventions as well as the components applied in each. Eight interventions had effects on physical activity and eight on nutrition behavior. The review also includes preliminary findings on intervention components effective in improving physical activity and nutrition behavior, including self-monitoring as a behavior change technique and group meetings as an intervention format. The same components and behavior change techniques were applied in effective and noneffective interventions. The review found that LHW-led interventions have potential in promoting self-management in long-term condition. In the future, a qualified and evidence-based structure for LHW-led interventions is suggested in order to improve the systematization of interventions and their effects.
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Dare Kolawole, Oluwatoyin, Piotr Wolski, Barbara Ngwenya, Gagoitseope Mmopelwa und Olekae Thakadu. „Responding to climate change through joint partnership“. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 11, Nr. 3 (29.07.2014): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-06-2014-0010.
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Purpose – Climate change continues to pose a serious challenge to mankind. Given their socio-economic and vulnerable situations, resource-poor farmers will be hard hit and likely to be the most affected group in Africa – a continent that will bear the full brunt of inclement weather conditions. The purpose of this paper is to address the questions of how local farmers read and predict the weather, and how best they can collaborate with weather scientists in adapting to climate change and variability in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Design/methodology/approach – A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in sampling a total of 592 households heads (both men and women) in eight rural communities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Findings – Analysis indicates that about 80 per cent of the farmers had a good knowledge of weather forecasting. In a knowledge validation workshop organised and implemented in early August 2012, farmers and scientists identified a nine-point agenda and strategies for addressing the challenges posed by climate change to community well-being and agricultural production. Knowledge sharing, installation of community weather stations and local-level capacity building are amongst the strategies identified. Research limitations/implications – The research is only limited to the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Originality/value – The paper emanates from original field research. The outcome of the paper provides pertinent information for policy formulation on how best to enhance small farmers’ adaptation to climate change.
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Zafar, Muhammad Mubashar, Abdul Manan, Abdul Razzaq, Misbah Zulfqar, Asif Saeed, Muhammad Kashif, Azeem Iqbal Khan et al. „Exploiting Agronomic and Biochemical Traits to Develop Heat Resilient Cotton Cultivars under Climate Change Scenarios“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 9 (20.09.2021): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091885.
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The development of high-yielding heat-tolerant cotton cultivars harboring plastic phenotypes across warming climatic regions is prime objectives of today’s cotton breeding programs. We evaluated eight parents and 15 F1 hybrids under normal and heat stress conditions. Agronomic and biochemical characters were analyzed using standard least square, correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering. The results explained a significant reduction in all traits except hydrogen peroxide contents, catalase, and peroxidase activities with a prominent increase under heat stress. A significant positive correlation was observed among all agronomic and biochemical traits. POD was found to have a maximum positive correlation with CAT (0.947) and minimum with boll weight (0.050). PCA showed first two components accounting for 78.64% of the total variation, with 55.83% and 22.80% of the total variation, respectively. Based on multivariate analyses methods 23 genotypes have been placed in 3 groups: tolerant (cluster-3), moderately tolerant (cluster-2), and susceptible (cluster-1). In a general perspective hybrids have better performance across normal and heat stress supports the idea of hybrid adaptability across stress environments. In specific FH-458 × FH-313 cross performed best across both conditions for yield and physiological traits. Hence, the generated information from the present study would support breeders in developing heat-resilient cultivars to endure the prevailing extreme environmental conditions.
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Cheng, Chad Shouquan, Guilong Li, Qian Li, Heather Auld und Chao Fu. „Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Wind Gusts under Downscaled Future Climate Conditions over Ontario, Canada“. Journal of Climate 25, Nr. 9 (Mai 2012): 3390–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00198.1.
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Hourly/daily wind gust simulation models and regression-based downscaling methods were developed to assess possible impacts of climate change on future hourly/daily wind gust events over the province of Ontario, Canada. Since the climate/weather validation process is critical, a formal model result verification process has been built into the analysis to ascertain whether the methods are suitable for future projections. The percentage of excellent and good simulations among all studied seven wind gust categories ranges from 94% to 100% and from 69% to 95%, respectively, for hourly and daily wind gusts, for both model development and validation. The modeled results indicate that frequencies of future hourly/daily wind gust events are projected to increase late this century over the study area under a changing climate. For example, across the study area, the annual mean frequency of future hourly wind gust events ≥28, ≥40, and ≥70 km h−1 for the period 2081–2100 derived from the ensemble of downscaled eight-GCM A2 simulations is projected to be about 10%–15%, 10%–20%, and 20%–40% greater than the observed average during the period 1994–2007, respectively. The corresponding percentage increase for future daily wind gust events is projected to be <10%, ~10%, and 15%–25%. Inter-GCM-model and interscenario uncertainties of future wind gust projections were quantitatively assessed. On average, projected percentage increases in frequencies of future hourly/daily wind gust events ≥28 and ≥40 km h−1 are about 90%–100% and 60%–80% greater than inter-GCM-model–interscenario uncertainties, respectively. For wind gust events ≥70 km h−1, the corresponding projected percentage increases are about 25%–35% greater than the interscenario uncertainties and are generally similar to inter-GCM-model uncertainties.
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Candau, Jean-Noël, und Richard A. Fleming. „Landscape-scale spatial distribution of spruce budworm defoliation in relation to bioclimatic conditions“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, Nr. 9 (01.09.2005): 2218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-078.
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Two empirical statistical models were developed to describe the spatial variation in defoliation by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.), as recorded by Ontario's Forest Health Survey from 1967 to 1998. These models revealed a number of relationships between the spatial distributions of aerially detectable spruce budworm defoliation and bioclimatic conditions over the landscape. A classification tree model relates the northern and southern boundaries of defoliation to the relative abundance of different tree species that host spruce budworm. Between these boundaries, the classification tree uses the maximum winter temperature and the minimum temperature in May to describe where detectable defoliation occurred. A regression tree model uses a total of eight variables related to winter temperatures, forest composition, spring temperatures, summer temperatures, and precipitation to estimate the defoliation frequency in areas where defoliation was detected at least once from 1967 to 1998. High defoliation frequencies were associated with dry Junes (precipitation, <86 mm) and cool springs (mean minimum temperature < 2.7 °C). Conversely, low frequencies were associated with cold winters (mean minimum temperature < 23.3 °C; mean maximum temperature > 11.0 °C) in the north and a low abundance of host species (percentage of the basal area occupied by balsam fir, white spruce, and black spruce, <14.3%) in the south. Spatial autocorrelation in the bioclimatic variables had little effect on their relationships with the spatial distribution of the defoliation frequency.
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Mansour, Elsayed, Ehab S. A. Moustafa, Nehal Z. A. El-Naggar, Asmaa Abdelsalam und Ernesto Igartua. „Grain yield stability of high-yielding barley genotypes under Egyptian conditions for enhancing resilience to climate change“. Crop and Pasture Science 69, Nr. 7 (2018): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18144.
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Identifying stable, high-yielding genotypes is essential for food security. This is particularly relevant in the current climate change scenario, which results in increasing occurrence of adverse conditions in the Mediterranean region. The objective of this study was to evaluate stability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yield, and its relationship to the duration of the growth cycle and its stability under Mediterranean conditions in Egypt. Nineteen genotypes were evaluated during three growing seasons (2013–14 to 2015–16) at two locations (Elkhatara, Ghazala) and two growing seasons (2014–15 and 2015–16) at a third location (Ras-Sudr), i.e. eight environments (location–year combinations) in total. The linear regression explained a significant 48.2% and 22.8% of GEI variation for days to heading and grain yield, respectively, and the genotypic linear slopes were highly related to the first principal component of the AMMI model. Although all genotypes were well adapted to the region, there were different GEI responses, with changes in ranking across locations. Some stable and broadly adapted genotypes were identified, as well as unstable genotypes with specific adaptations. High yields across environments were attained by very stable (G4, G5), intermediate and stable (G1, G9) and highly responsive (G18, G19) genotypes. In general, responsiveness (b values) of yield and days to heading were negatively correlated, and high yielding genotypes showed different patterns of responses of days to heading. Genotypes G1, G4, G5 and G9 seemed best adapted overall, with longer season genotypes (e.g. G18 and G19) offering prospects to explore other formats of varieties in breeding, particularly for situations of climate instability.
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Früh, Barbara, Paul Becker, Thomas Deutschländer, Johann-Dirk Hessel, Meinolf Kossmann, Ingrid Mieskes, Joachim Namyslo et al. „Estimation of Climate-Change Impacts on the Urban Heat Load Using an Urban Climate Model and Regional Climate Projections“. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, Nr. 1 (01.01.2011): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2377.1.
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Abstract A pragmatic approach to estimate the impact of climate change on the urban environment, here called the cuboid method, is presented. This method allows one to simulate the urban heat load and the frequency of air temperature threshold exceedances using only eight microscale urban climate simulations for each relevant wind direction and time series of daily meteorological parameters either from observations or regional climate projections. Eight representative simulations are designed to encompass all major potential urban heat-stress conditions. From these representative simulations, the urban-heat-load conditions in any weather situation are derived by interpolation. The presented approach is applied to study possible future heat load in Frankfurt, Germany, using the high-resolution Microscale Urban Climate Model in three dimensions (MUKLIMO_3). To estimate future changes in heat-load-related climate indices in Frankfurt, climate projections from the regional climate models Max Planck Institute Regional Model (REMO), Climate Limited-Area Model (CLM), Wetterlagen-basierte Regionalisierungsmethode (WETTREG), and Statistical Regional Model (STAR) are used. These regional climate models are driven by the “ECHAM5” general circulation model and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario A1B. For the mean annual number of days with a maximum daily temperature exceeding 25°C, a comparison between the cuboid method results from observed and projected regional climate time series of the period 1971–2000 shows good agreement, except for CLM for which a clear underestimation is found. On the basis of the 90% significance level of all four regional climate models, the mean annual number of days with a maximum daily temperature exceeding 25°C in Frankfurt is expected to increase by 5–32 days for 2021–50 as compared with 1971–2000.
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Williamsson, Anna, Andrea Eriksson und Lotta Dellve. „Organization of change agents during care process redesign in Swedish health care“. Journal of Hospital Administration 5, Nr. 3 (24.02.2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n3p20.
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Background: Swedish health care organizations (HCOs) are changing using management concepts such as Lean, in attempts of improving efficiency, quality of care and work environment. Since there are pre-conditional challenges for operative managers to engage in change, HCOs tend to assign supportive functions such as change agents (CAs) to facilitate change. Research on the use of CAs in HCOs is sparse, thus the aim of this study explores role assignments and conditions of formally appointed CAs contributing to care process redesign.Methods: A purposive sample of three Swedish hospitals initiating Lean-inspired care process redesign during 2010–2011 was done. In-depth interviews were held with fifty-one key functions during change. Focus group interviews were conducted with thirty-eight health care professionals. Data were analysed by content analysis.Results: Top managers’ goal was to have operative management responsible for change during care process redesign, with support from assigned CAs. Organizing of CAs varied concerning, e.g. their hierarchical positions, job descriptions and practices, and conditions to act as driving forces towards change. Being granted formal power, having earned legitimacy and credibility, clarity regarding roles and responsibilities in change; a good sense of timing and ability to build relationships and trust, were identified as beneficial for CAs to support change.Conclusions: Role assignment and organizing of CAs varies. A position closer to the operative levels, formalized and clarified responsibilities, earned legitimacy and timing support adaptation and alignment of planned change, such as Lean-inspired care process redesign.
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Coeurderoy, Regis, Nathalie Guilmot und Alain Vas. „Explaining factors affecting technological change adoption“. Management Decision 52, Nr. 6 (08.07.2014): 1082–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-10-2013-0540.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how drivers differentially speed up the change process adoption in the perspective of a technological change. More specifically, the paper aims to answer the following question: “Which factors impact the technological change adoption speed of an information system?” Based on an empirical study, our results identify three factors that have a direct influence on the speed of technological change adoption. Design/methodology/approach – Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model as a point of departure, the paper analyzes the impact of eight variables grouped in four categories: the perceived attributes of change (performance expectancy and effort expectancy), social influence (peer influence and supervisor influence), facilitating conditions (initial training and helpdesk) and individual characteristics (receptivity to change and self-efficacy). To evaluate which factors accelerate or inhibit change adoption, the paper uses a statistical model of survival analysis. Findings – Based on a 15-month longitudinal study of a workflow system implementation in a telecommunications firm, the results highlight that performance expectancy, supervisor influence and self-efficacy have a direct influence on the speed of technological change adoption. Research limitations/implications – As a case study, the research findings may only be valid in the particular organization in which it is developed. Indeed, the organizational culture, the company's internal rules, and the history of the organization are factors which significantly influence the speed of change. Practical implications – The results may help project leaders to be aware of the elements that must be dealt with effectively if a change process is to succeed within the allotted time. Originality/value – The statistical model of survival analysis allows analyzing change adoption from a dynamic perspective. This statistical approach is quite new and complementary with most of the studies which are qualitative in the field.
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Darainy, Mohammad, Nicole Malfait, Paul L. Gribble, Farzad Towhidkhah und David J. Ostry. „Learning to Control Arm Stiffness Under Static Conditions“. Journal of Neurophysiology 92, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2004): 3344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00596.2004.
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We used a robotic device to test the idea that impedance control involves a process of learning or adaptation that is acquired over time and permits the voluntary control of the pattern of stiffness at the hand. The tests were conducted in statics. Subjects were trained over the course of 3 successive days to resist the effects of one of three different kinds of mechanical loads: single axis loads acting in the lateral direction, single axis loads acting in the forward/backward direction, and isotropic loads that perturbed the limb in eight directions about a circle. We found that subjects in contact with single axis loads voluntarily modified their hand stiffness orientation such that changes to the direction of maximum stiffness mirrored the direction of applied load. In the case of isotropic loads, a uniform increase in endpoint stiffness was observed. Using a physiologically realistic model of two-joint arm movement, the experimentally determined pattern of impedance change could be replicated by assuming that coactivation of elbow and double joint muscles was independent of coactivation of muscles at the shoulder. Moreover, using this pattern of coactivation control we were able to replicate an asymmetric pattern of rotation of the stiffness ellipse that was observed empirically. These findings are consistent with the idea that arm stiffness is controlled through the use of at least two independent co-contraction commands.
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Minore, Don. „Effects of madrone, chinkapin, and tanoak sprouts on light intensity, soil moisture, and soil temperature“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, Nr. 3 (01.06.1986): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-113.
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Light, moisture, and temperature measurements beneath sprout clumps were compared with similar measurements outside the clumps on eight clear-cuttings in southwestern Oregon. Light intensity was higher beneath madrone than beneath tanoak or chinkapin. Soil moisture was higher beneath the clumps and soil temperature was lower than outside them during the cool moist summer of 1983. Soil temperature remained lower beneath the clumps during the warm dry summer of 1985, but moisture conditions were similar beneath and outside the clumps after the prolonged 1985 drought.
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Adamcová, Dana, František Toman, Magdalena Vaverková und Jana Kotovicová. „THE EFFECT OF BIODEGRADATION/DEGRADATION OF DEGRADABLE PLASTIC MATERIAL ON COMPOST QUALITY“. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, Nr. 4 (01.12.2013): 783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0054.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to find out whether the quality of compost would change during the process of composting carrier bags claimed by manufacturers as compostable or biodegradable in terms of parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 Industrial composts. Eight samples were subjected to the composting process in laboratory conditions. The compost samples were analyzed in the accredited laboratory. All samples met parameters stipulated for Class II. Seven samples of the eight met parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 for Class I. The samples had no influence on compost characteristics: strength, content of water and salt, pH value, content of nutrients or proportion of organic substances; other components of the compost remained unchanged. Optical changes of the compost did not occur either.
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Nicholson, Geoff, Gregory P. Jenkins, John Sherwood und Andy Longmore. „Physical environmental conditions, spawning and early-life stages of an estuarine fish: climate change implications for recruitment in intermittently open estuaries“. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, Nr. 8 (2008): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07197.
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Significant variation in the egg and larval survival and juvenile recruitment of estuarine fishes has been linked to fluctuating environmental conditions. This present study compared the distribution and abundance of black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) eggs and yolk-sac larvae between two microtidal estuaries of different flow regimes, where the riverine flow into the Glenelg estuary was around eight times the flow volume into the Hopkins estuary. Samples were collected monthly from September to November at sites along each estuary where vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured, and vertically stratified sampling of black bream eggs and yolk-sac larvae was conducted using a Schindler sampler. Salt wedge formation was apparent in both estuaries, with significant de-oxygenation of deeper, saline waters. Eggs occurred in a wide range of DO levels but yolk-sac larvae were less common at the lowest levels. Most eggs and yolk-sac larvae were collected in salinities greater than 10. Results suggested that egg mortality was higher in the Hopkins than the Glenelg estuary, which may be associated with the hypoxic conditions characteristic of low-flow conditions. The results have significant implications in terms of climate change that is predicted to lead to warmer, drier conditions in south-eastern Australia, potentially increasing stratification and subsequent hypoxic zones.
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Liu, Xingcai, Qiuhong Tang, Nathalie Voisin und Huijuan Cui. „Projected impacts of climate change on hydropower potential in China“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, Nr. 8 (22.08.2016): 3343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3343-2016.
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Abstract. Hydropower is an important renewable energy source in China, but it is sensitive to climate change, because the changing climate may alter hydrological conditions (e.g., river flow and reservoir storage). Future changes and associated uncertainties in China's gross hydropower potential (GHP) and developed hydropower potential (DHP) are projected using simulations from eight global hydrological models (GHMs), including a large-scale reservoir regulation model, forced by five general circulation models (GCMs) with climate data under two representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). Results show that the estimation of the present GHP of China is comparable to other studies; overall, the annual GHP is projected to change by −1.7 to 2 % in the near future (2020–2050) and increase by 3 to 6 % in the late 21st century (2070–2099). The annual DHP is projected to change by −2.2 to −5.4 % (0.7–1.7 % of the total installed hydropower capacity (IHC)) and −1.3 to −4 % (0.4–1.3 % of total IHC) for 2020–2050 and 2070–2099, respectively. Regional variations emerge: GHP will increase in northern China but decrease in southern China – mostly in south central China and eastern China – where numerous reservoirs and large IHCs currently are located. The area with the highest GHP in southwest China will have more GHP, while DHP will reduce in the regions with high IHC (e.g., Sichuan and Hubei) in the future. The largest decrease in DHP (in %) will occur in autumn or winter, when streamflow is relatively low and water use is competitive. Large ranges in hydropower estimates across GHMs and GCMs highlight the necessity of using multimodel assessments under climate change conditions. This study prompts the consideration of climate change in planning for hydropower development and operations in China, to be further combined with a socioeconomic analysis for strategic expansion.
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Wallace, Juliane Poock, Eric Wiedenman und Robert J. McDermott. „Physical Activity and Climate Change: Clear and Present Danger?“ Health Behavior and Policy Review 6, Nr. 5 (01.09.2019): 534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14485/hbpr.6.5.11.
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Objective: By the year 2100, the Earth's mean temperature could increase 1.8°C to 4.0°C, in part due to the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This increase may negatively influence personal health, directly through GHG emissions and increased temperature, and indirectly through climate change's impact on the environment. The potential effect of climate change on physical activity (PA), and in turn, obesity, is less clearly understood. Methods: We carried out an integrative review of English-language peer-reviewed published papers to improve understanding of how climate change may influence PA and obesity. Results: From an initial retrieval of 4587 papers, we condensed the search to 19 using a PRISMA approach. Eight papers reported individual physiological responses to excessive heat during PA, primarily among elderly persons, with 11 others providing broad implications for PA trends over time in conjunction with climate change. Conclusion: Overall, excessive heat exposure during PA has greater impact on the elderly whose bodies are less able to thermoregulate core temperature, placing increased strain on cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Because elderly individuals report more cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses than the overall population, climate change may exacerbate these conditions during PA. Rising temperature may decrease PA prevalence, especially during summer, thereby increasing sedentariness. Rising temperature could decrease PA frequency and intensity, and concomitantly, place already vulnerable populations in life-threatening situations.
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de Groot, W. J., und Ross W. Wein. „Betula glandulosa Michx. Response to burning and postfire growth temperature and implications of climate change“. International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, Nr. 1 (1999): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf99005.
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Plants collected from eight fire-prone sites in western and northern Canada were tested in a greenhouse experiment for response to low fire severity and growing temperatures of 14-24˚C. The combined data showed that burning interacted with growth temperature during the first 42 days after treatment to significantly reduce sprout height at low temperatures and increase sprout height at the highest temperature. Burning significantly increased sprout height growth at all temperature treatments after 84 days although this effect was most apparent at the highest growth temperature. Burning significantly reduced sprout production after 42 days and had no significant influence on sprout production or aboveground biomass production after 84 days. Separate analysis of individual site data showed two populations with significant fire-stimulated sprout height growth and two other populations with similar, but slightly less significant response. The populations showed no geographic or topographic trend in fire response. The warmer growing conditions of postfire microsites appear to provide this shade intolerant plant with a competitive advantage over other invading pioneer and resprouting species by enhancing fire-stimulated height growth response. Due to its fire ecology, Betula glandulosa populations are expected to expand and thrive in this region under future climate change conditions.
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Tymstra, Cordy, Mike D. Flannigan, Owen B. Armitage und Kimberley Logan. „Impact of climate change on area burned in Alberta's boreal forest“. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, Nr. 2 (2007): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06084.
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Eight years of fire weather data from sixteen representative weather stations within the Boreal Forest Natural Region of Alberta were used to compile reference weather streams for low, moderate, high, very high and extreme Fire Weather Index (FWI) conditions. These reference weather streams were adjusted to create daily weather streams for input into Prometheus – the Canadian Wildland Fire Growth Model. Similar fire weather analyses were completed using Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) output for northern Alberta (174 grid cells) to generate FWI class datasets (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, Fine Fuel Moisture Code, Duff Moisture Code and Drought Code) for 1 ×, 2 × and 3 × CO2 scenarios. The relative differences between the CRCM scenario outputs were then used to adjust the reference weather streams for northern Alberta. Area burned was calculated for 21 fires, fire weather classes and climate change scenarios. The area burned estimates were weighted based on the historical frequency of area burned by FWI class, and then normalized to derive relative area burned estimates for each climate change scenario. The 2 × and 3 × CO2 scenarios resulted in a relative increase in area burned of 12.9 and 29.4% from the reference 1 × CO2 scenario.
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Borges, José G., und Howard M. Hoganson. „Assessing the impact of management unit design and adjacency constraints on forestwide spatial conditions and timber revenues“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, Nr. 11 (01.12.1999): 1764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-131.
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Spatial considerations in ecosystem management are addressed within the framework of the forest management scheduling adjacency problem. Emphasis is on both the effectiveness of adjacency regulations and the consequences of strategies for management unit design. Four strategies are presented that subdivide stands into maximum-sized harvest units. A dynamic-programming heuristic is used to plan harvest schedules that comply with adjacency constraints over temporal horizons extending up to eight 10-year periods. The impact of stand design and adjacency constraints upon the output of the forest management problem is assessed. Specifically, timber revenues and spatial conditions generated by combining adjacency constraints with alternative strategies are analyzed. Results from test computer runs are discussed for applications in nine scenarios. Results suggest that timber adjacency costs are not overly sensitive to alternative strategies for management unit design that emphasize the generation of specific spatial conditions (e.g., amount of edge and interior space). They further indicate that emphasis on timber production when designing the management units' boundaries substantially reduces adjacency costs. They show that adjacency constraints contribute to maintain spatial heterogeneity and yet may be inadequate for addressing other spatial concerns.
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Matuszkiewicz, Jan M. „Ground water as the main factor differentiating the natural vegetion in a landscape phytocomplex ("Grabowy" range in the Kampinos Forest Complex)“. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, Nr. 2 (2014): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.028.
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In the period 1973-1975 the depth of the ground water level and the moisture of the surface soil layer were investigated in various plant communities of the "Grabowy" range in the Kampinos Forest Complex (central Poland). The studies included a fragment of a landscape phytocomplex within which eight types of forest plant communities were distinguished. It was found that the plant communities change parallelly to the differences in the soil-water conditions (ground water level, physical properties and moisture of soils) in space.