Zeitschriftenartikel: „Electron holes“

1

Schamel, Hans. „Electron holes, ion holes and double layers“. Physics Reports 140, Nr. 3 (Juli 1986): 161–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(86)90043-8.

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2

Eliasson, B., und P. K. Shukla. „The dynamics of electron and ion holes in a collisionless plasma“. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 12, Nr. 2 (11.02.2005): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-12-269-2005.

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Abstract. We present a review of recent analytical and numerical studies of the dynamics of electron and ion holes in a collisionless plasma. The new results are based on the class of analytic solutions which were found by Schamel more than three decades ago, and which here work as initial conditions to numerical simulations of the dynamics of ion and electron holes and their interaction with radiation and the background plasma. Our analytic and numerical studies reveal that ion holes in an electron-ion plasma can trap Langmuir waves, due the local electron density depletion associated with the negative ion hole potential. Since the scale-length of the ion holes are on a relatively small Debye scale, the trapped Langmuir waves are Landau damped. We also find that colliding ion holes accelerate electron streams by the negative ion hole potentials, and that these streams of electrons excite Langmuir waves due to a streaming instability. In our Vlasov simulation of two colliding ion holes, the holes survive the collision and after the collision, the electron distribution becomes flat-topped between the two ion holes due to the ion hole potentials which work as potential barriers for low-energy electrons. Our study of the dynamics between electron holes and the ion background reveals that standing electron holes can be accelerated by the self-created ion cavity owing to the positive electron hole potential. Vlasov simulations show that electron holes are repelled by ion density minima and attracted by ion density maxima. We also present an extension of Schamel's theory to relativistically hot plasmas, where the relativistic mass increase of the accelerated electrons have a dramatic effect on the electron hole, with an increase in the electron hole potential and in the width of the electron hole. A study of the interaction between electromagnetic waves with relativistic electron holes shows that electromagnetic waves can be both linearly and nonlinearly trapped in the electron hole, which widens further due to the relativistic mass increase and ponderomotive force in the oscillating electromagnetic field. The results of our simulations could be helpful to understand the nonlinear dynamics of electron and ion holes in space and laboratory plasmas.

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3

Jovanović, D., F. Califano und F. Pegoraro. „Magnetized electron-whistler holes“. Physics Letters A 303, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2002): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(02)01202-1.

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4

Luque, A., H. Schamel und R. Fedele. „Quantum corrected electron holes“. Physics Letters A 324, Nr. 2-3 (April 2004): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2004.02.049.

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5

Muschietti, L., I. Roth, R. E. Ergun und C. W. Carlson. „Analysis and simulation of BGK electron holes“. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 6, Nr. 3/4 (31.12.1999): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-6-211-1999.

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Abstract. Recent observations from satellites crossing regions of magnetic-field-aligned electron streams reveal solitary potential structures that move at speeds much greater than the ion acoustic/thermal velocity. The structures appear as positive potential pulses rapidly drifting along the magnetic field, and are electrostatic in their rest frame. We interpret them as BGK electron holes supported by a drifting population of trapped electrons. Using Laplace transforms, we analyse the behavior of one phase-space electron hole. The resulting potential shapes and electron distribution functions are self-consistent and compatible with the field and particle data associated with the observed pulses. In particular, the spatial width increases with increasing amplitude. The stability of the analytic solution is tested by means of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation code with open boundaries. We consider a strongly magnetized parameter regime in which the bounce frequency of the trapped electrons is much less than their gyrofrequency. Our investigation includes the influence of the ions, which in the frame of the hole appear as an incident beam, and impinge on the BGK potential with considerable energy. The nonlinear structure is remarkably resilient

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6

Treumann, R. A., W. Baumjohann und R. Pottelette. „Electron-cylotron maser radiation from electron holes: downward current region“. Annales Geophysicae 30, Nr. 1 (13.01.2012): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-119-2012.

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Abstract. The electron-cyclotron maser emission theory from electron holes is applied to holes generated in the downward current region of the aurora. It is argued that the main background auroral kilometric radiation source may still be located in the upward current region electron-ring (horseshoe) distribution while the fine structure is caused by electron holes predominantly in the downward current region. There the existence of electron holes is well established and electron densities are high enough for substantial maser growth rates. Trapping of radiation by the holes provides strong amplification. Upward motion of holes favours the escape of radiation both, from the holes and from the downward current region, into the upward current region. Since upward and downward current regions always exist simultaneously, they are acting in tandem in generating auroral kilometric radiation and its fine structure by the same mechanism though in different ways. This mechanism solves the long-standing problem of auroral kilometric radiation fine structure.

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Treumann, R. A., W. Baumjohann und R. Pottelette. „Electron-cylotron maser radiation from electron holes: upward current region“. Annales Geophysicae 29, Nr. 10 (25.10.2011): 1885–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1885-2011.

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Abstract. Electron holes are suggested to be an important source for generation of electron-cyclotron maser radiation. We demonstrate that electron holes generated in a ring-horseshoe distribution in the auroral-kilometric radiation source region have the capacity to emit band-limited radiation. The radiation is calculated in the proper frame of a circular model hole and shown to be strictly perpendicular in this frame. Its bandwidth under auroral conditions is of the order of ~1 kHz, which is a reasonable value. It is also shown that much of the drift of fine structure in the radiation can be interpreted as Doppler shift. Estimates based on data are in good agreement with theory. Growth and absorption rates have been obtained for the emitted radiation. However, the growth rate of a single hole obtained under conservative conditions is small, too small for reproducing the observed fine structure flux. Trapping of radiation inside the hole for the hole's lifetime helps amplifying the radiation additionally but introduces other problems. This entire set of questions is discussed at length and compared to radiation from the global horseshoe distribution. The interior of the hole produces a weak absorption at slightly higher frequency than emission. The absorptivity is roughly two orders of magnitude below the growth rate of the radiation thus being weak even when the emission and absorption bands overlap. Transforming to the stationary observer's frame it is found that the radiation becomes oblique against the magnetic field. For approaching holes the radiated frequencies may even exceed the local electron cyclotron frequency.

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8

HIRSCH, J. E. „WHY HOLES ARE NOT LIKE ELECTRONS III: HOW HOLES IN THE NORMAL STATE TURN INTO ELECTRONS IN THE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, Nr. 14 (10.06.2009): 3035–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209052765.

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In recent work, we discussed the difference between electrons and holes in energy band in solids from a many-particle point of view, originating in the electron–electron interaction,1 and from a single particle point of view, originating in the electron–ion interaction.2 We proposed that superconductivity in solids only occurs when the Fermi level is close to the top of a band (hole carriers), that it originates in "undressing" of carriers from both the electron–electron and the electron–ion interaction, and that as a consequence holes in the normal state behave like electrons in the superconducting state.3 However, the connection between both undressing effects was left unclear, as was left unclear how the transformation from hole behavior to electron behavior occurs. Here, we clarify these questions by showing that the same electron–electron interaction physics that promotes pairing of hole carriers and undressing of carriers from the electron–electron interaction leads to undressing of carriers from the electron–ion interaction and transforms the behavior of carriers from hole-like to electron-like. A complete reorganization of the occupation of single-particle energy levels occurs. Furthermore this phenomenon is connected with the expulsion of negative charge that we predict to occur in superconductors. These unexpected connections support the validity of our theoretical framework, the theory of hole superconductivity, to explain superconductivity in solids.

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9

Steinvall, K., Yu V. Khotyaintsev, D. B. Graham, A. Vaivads, P. ‐A Lindqvist, C. T. Russell und J. L. Burch. „Multispacecraft Analysis of Electron Holes“. Geophysical Research Letters 46, Nr. 1 (11.01.2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080757.

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10

Piris, Mario, Xabier Lopez und Jesus M. Ugalde. „Electron-pair density relaxation holes“. Journal of Chemical Physics 128, Nr. 21 (07.06.2008): 214105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2937456.

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11

Naveh, Y., und B. Laikhtman. „Magnetotransport of coupled electron-holes“. Europhysics Letters (EPL) 55, Nr. 4 (August 2001): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2001-00450-8.

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12

Treumann, R. A., und W. Baumjohann. „Magnetic susceptibility from electron holes“. Annales Geophysicae 31, Nr. 7 (03.07.2013): 1191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1191-2013.

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Abstract. A recent theory of magnetic field amplification in electron holes is extended to derive the magnetic susceptibility of an electron-hole gas propagating in a magnetic flux tube along the ambient magnetic field. It is shown that the hole gas behaves diamagnetic adding some small amount to the well-known Landau susceptibility in the hole-carrying volume.

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13

García-Iriepa, Cristina, und Luis Manuel Frutos. „Molecular Switching by Electron Holes“. Chem 4, Nr. 7 (Juli 2018): 1488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.06.010.

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14

Chiu, Chih-Wei, Yue-Lin Chung, Cheng-Hsueh Yang, Chang-Ting Liu und Chiun-Yan Lin. „Coulomb decay rates in monolayer doped graphene“. RSC Advances 10, Nr. 4 (2020): 2337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05953a.

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15

Gulyamov, G., A. G. Gulyamov, A. B. Davlatov und Kh N. Juraev. „Energy Levels in Nanowires and Nanorods with a Finite Potential Well“. Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2020 (07.11.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4945080.

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The energy of electrons and holes in cylindrical quantum wires with a finite potential well was calculated by two methods. An analytical expression is approximately determined that allows one to calculate the energy of electrons and holes at the first discrete level in a cylindrical quantum wire. The electron energy was calculated by two methods for cylindrical layers of different radius. In the calculations, the nonparabolicity of the electron energy spectrum is taken into account. The dependence of the effective masses of electrons and holes on the radius of a quantum wires is determined. An analysis is made of the dependence of the energy of electrons and holes on the internal and external radii, and it is determined that the energy of electrons and holes in cylindrical layers with a constant thickness weakly depends on the internal radius. The results were obtained for the InP/InAs heterostructures.

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16

Gu, Yitong, Ting Wang, Yi-na Dong, He Zhang, Di Wu und Weilin Chen. „Ferroelectric polyoxometalate-modified nano semiconductor TiO2 for increasing electron lifetime and inhibiting electron recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells“. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 7, Nr. 17 (2020): 3072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qi00488j.

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17

Lakhina, G. S., B. T. Tsurutani und J. Pickett. „Association of Alfvén waves and proton cyclotron waves with electrostatic bipolar pulses: magnetic hole events observed by Polar“. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 11, Nr. 2 (14.04.2004): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-11-205-2004.

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Abstract. Two magnetic hole events observed by Polar on 20 May 1996 when it was in the polar cap/polar cusp boundary layer are studied. Low-frequency waves, consisting of nonlinear Alfvén waves and large amplitude (±14nT peak-to-peak) obliquely propagating proton cyclotron waves (with frequency f~0.6 to 0.7 fcp), accompanied by electric bipolar pulses (electron holes) and electron heating have been observed located within magnetic holes. It is shown that low-frequency waves can provide free energy to drive some high frequency instabilities which saturate by trapping electrons, thus, leading to the generation of electron holes.

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18

Singh, N. „Space-time evolution of electron-beam driven electron holes and their effects on the plasma“. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 10, Nr. 1/2 (30.04.2003): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-10-53-2003.

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Abstract. We report here further results from the three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of the electron-beam driven electron holes. We focus here on (i) the transformation of oscillatory waves driven by the electron-beam instability into electron holes, (ii) the continued evolution and propagation of electron holes after their formation, including merging of electron holes, and (iii) the effects of the evolution on the plasma density and ion velocity distribution function. We find that initially electron-beam modes with perpendicular wave numbers k^ = 0 and as well as k^ ≠ 0 are driven resonantly below the electron plasma frequency of the target plasma. The modes interact nonlinearly and modulate each other both in space and time, producing wave structures with finite perpendicular scale lengths. Nonlinear evolution of such wave structures generates the electron holes in the simulations. Initially, a large number of electron holes form in the plasma. Their merging yields continuously a decreasing number of electron holes. The propagation velocity of the electron holes evolves dynamically and is affected by their merging. At late times only a few electron holes are left in the simulation and they decay by emitting low-frequency electrostatic whistler waves just above the lower hybrid (LH) frequency vlh . These waves, which are long structures parallel to the ambient magnetic field B0 and quite short transverse to B0, are associated with similar structures in the plasma density, producing density filaments. It turns out that electron-beam driven plasmas, in general, develop such filaments at some stage of the evolution of the beam-driven waves. In view of the excitation of the LH waves near vlh, which could resonate with the ions, an analysis shows that it is possible to heat transversely the ions in a time scale of a few seconds in the auroral return current plasma, in which electron holes and transversely heated ions have been simultaneously observed.

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19

Saharia, K., und K. S. Goswami. „Evolution of electron holes in two electron population plasmas“. Physics of Plasmas 15, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2008): 122311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3050065.

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20

SAEKI, Koichi. „Electrostatic Localized Structures and Electron Holes.“ Journal of Plasma and Fusion Research 78, Nr. 10 (2002): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf.78.1037.

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21

Muschietti, L., I. Roth, C. W. Carlson und R. E. Ergun. „Transverse Instability of Magnetized Electron Holes“. Physical Review Letters 85, Nr. 1 (03.07.2000): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.85.94.

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22

Vasko, I. Y., O. V. Agapitov, F. Mozer, A. V. Artemyev und D. Jovanovic. „Magnetic field depression within electron holes“. Geophysical Research Letters 42, Nr. 7 (14.04.2015): 2123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063370.

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23

Norgren, C., M. André, D. B. Graham, Yu V. Khotyaintsev und A. Vaivads. „Slow electron holes in multicomponent plasmas“. Geophysical Research Letters 42, Nr. 18 (24.09.2015): 7264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065390.

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24

van Putten, Maurice H. P. M. „Electron-Positron Outflow from Black Holes“. Physical Review Letters 84, Nr. 17 (24.04.2000): 3752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.84.3752.

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25

Berthomier, M., G. Dubois und L. Muschietti. „Stability of three-dimensional electron holes“. Physics of Plasmas 15, Nr. 11 (November 2008): 112901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3013452.

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26

Maslov, V., und H. Schamel. „Growing electron holes in drifting plasmas“. Physics Letters A 178, Nr. 1-2 (Juli 1993): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(93)90746-m.

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27

Vasko, I. Y., O. V. Agapitov, F. S. Mozer, A. V. Artemyev, V. V. Krasnoselskikh und J. W. Bonnell. „Diffusive scattering of electrons by electron holes around injection fronts“. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122, Nr. 3 (März 2017): 3163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023337.

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28

Goldman, M. V., D. L. Newman und R. E. Ergun. „Phase-space holes due to electron and ion beams accelerated by a current-driven potential ramp“. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 10, Nr. 1/2 (30.04.2003): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-10-37-2003.

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Abstract. One-dimensional open-boundary simulations have been carried out in a current-carrying plasma seeded with a neutral density depression and with no initial electric field. These simulations show the development of a variety of nonlinear localized electric field structures: double layers (unipolar localized fields), fast electron phase-space holes (bipolar fields) moving in the direction of electrons accelerated by the double layer and trains of slow alternating electron and ion phase-space holes (wave-like fields) moving in the direction of ions accelerated by the double layer. The principal new result in this paper is to show by means of a linear stability analysis that the slow-moving trains of electron and ion holes are likely to be the result of saturation via trapping of a kinetic-Buneman instability driven by the interaction of accelerated ions with unaccelerated electrons.

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29

Grigorenko, Ilya, und Roman Ya. Kezerashvili. „Superfluidity of electron–hole pairs between two critical temperatures“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, Nr. 27 (27.10.2015): 1550188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921550188x.

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We study a system of spatially separated electrons and holes, assuming the carriers are confined to two parallel planes. The existence of the superfluid state of electron–hole pairs between two critical temperatures is predicted for such system in a case of electron–hole asymmetry caused by the difference in the carrier masses and their chemical potentials. The stability of the superfluid state is studied with respect to the changes of the asymmetry between electrons and holes. It is found that one type of the asymmetry can compensate another one, so the superfluid state is possible in a wide range of the asymmetry parameters when they satisfy a simple linear equation.

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Klotins, E. „Finding Electron-Hole Interaction in Quantum Kinetic Framework“. Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 55, Nr. 3 (01.06.2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2018-0020.

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Abstract The article presents a quantum kinetic framework to study interacting quan¬tum systems. Having the constituting model Hamiltonians of two-band semiconductor and the photoexcited electron-hole pair, their quantum kinetic evolution has been revi-sited. Solution to this nonlinear problem of electron-hole interaction is obtained making use of the self-consistency loop between the densities of photoexcited electrons and holes and the pairwise interaction terms in the constituting model Hamiltonians. In the leading order, this approach supports the required isomorphism between the pairwise interaction and the birth and annihilation operators of the photoexcited electrons and holes as a desirable property. The approach implies the Hilbert space and the tensor product mathematical techniques as an appropriate generalization of the noninteracting electron-hole pair toward several-body systems.

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Pham, Van Thi Bich, Hao Minh Hoang, Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen und Xuan Thi Hong Cao. „Decolorization of textile dyes by TiO2 -based photocatalyst using polyol as electron donor“. Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, Nr. 5 (02.07.2019): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i5.782.

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Decolorization of textile dyes including 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), congo red (CR) and methyl orange (MO) by using TiO2-based photocatalyst in the presence of polyols such as glycerol and ethylene glycol was investigated. Polyols were used as sacrificial electron donors (SEDs). The results showed that the polyols improved the rate and yield of a light-induced decolorization of dyes in comparison with a photocatalytic reaction without polyols. A possible reaction mechanism of dye decolorization by the photocatalyst in the presence of electron donors was proposed. TiO2 photocatalyst absorbed light to generate electrons (e-) and holes (h+). The electrons and holes were prevented from recombining by the presence of SEDs. The free electrons and holes then involved in decolorization processes through reduction or oxidation reactions. The effects of TiO2 catalyst amounts, irradiation time and polyol concentrations on dye decolorization were investigated. The decolorization efficiency significantly increased with the increasing irradiation time, SED concentrations and certain amounts of TiO2.

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KVON, Z. D., E. B. OLSHANETSKY, D. A. KOZLOV, N. N. MIKHAILOV und S. A. DVORETSKII. „A NEW TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON-HOLE SYSTEM“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, Nr. 12n13 (20.05.2009): 2888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209062499.

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A two-dimensional electron-hole system consisting of light high-mobility electrons with a density of Ns = (4 - 7) × 1010 cm -2 and heavier lower-mobility holes with a density Ps = (0.7 - 1.6) × 1011 cm -2 has been discovered in a quantum well based on mercury telluride with the (013) surface orientation. The system exhibits a number of specific magnetotransport properties in both the classical magnetotransport (positive magnetoresistance and sign-variable Hall effect) and the quantum Hall effect regime. These properties are associated with the coexistence of two-dimensional electrons and holes and actually manifest the first realization of a two-dimensional semimetal.

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Ghorbanalilu, Mohammad, Elahe Abdollahzadeh und S. H. Ebrahimnazhad Rahbari. „Particle-in-cell simulation of two stream instability in the non-extensive statistics“. Laser and Particle Beams 32, Nr. 3 (06.06.2014): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000275.

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AbstractWe have performed extensive one dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to explore generation of electrostatic waves driven by two-stream instability (TSI) that arises due to the interaction between two symmetric counterstreaming electron beams. The electron beams are considered to be cold, collisionless and magnetic-field-free in the presence of neutralizing background of static ions. Here, electrons are described by the non-extensive q-distributions of the Tsallis statistics. Results shows that the electron holes structures are different for various q values such that: (i) for q > 1 cavitation of electron holes are more visible and the excited waves were more strong (ii) for q < 1 the degree of cavitation decreases and for q = 0.5 the holes are not distinguishable. Furthermore, time development of the velocity root-mean-square (VRMS) of electrons for different q-values demonstrate that the maximum energy conversion is increased upon increasing the non-extensivity parameter q up to the values q > 1. The normalized total energy history for a arbitrary entropic index q = 1.5, approves the energy conserving in our PIC simulation.

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Tsurutani, B. T., B. Dasgupta, J. K. Arballo, G. S. Lakhina und J. S. Pickett. „Magnetic field turbulence, electron heating, magnetic holes, proton cyclotron waves, and the onsets of bipolar pulse (electron hole) events: a possible unifying scenario“. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 10, Nr. 1/2 (30.04.2003): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-10-27-2003.

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Abstract. Two electron heating events have been identified on 20 May 1996 when Polar was in the polar cap/polar cusp boundary layer. The electron heating events were located within magnetic holes/cavities/bubbles and were accompanied by nonlinear ± 14 nT peak-to-peak (f ~ 0.6 to 0.7 fcp) obliquely propagating proton cyclotron waves. The electrons appear to be heated isotropically. Electric bipolar pulse (electron hole) onset events were also detected within the heating events. We propose a scenario which can link the above phenomena. Nonlinear Alfvén waves, generated through cusp magnetic reconnection, propagate down magnetic field lines and locally heat electrons through the ponderomotive force. The magnetic cavity is created through the diamagnetic effect of the heated electrons. Ion heating also occurs through ponderomotive acceleration (but much less than the electrons) and the protons generate the electromagnetic proton cyclotron waves through the loss cone instability. The obliquely propagating electromagnetic proton cyclotron waves accelerate bi-streaming electrons, which are the source of free energy for the electron holes.

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Vasko, I. Y., O. V. Agapitov, F. S. Mozer, A. V. Artemyev und J. F. Drake. „Electron holes in inhomogeneous magnetic field: Electron heating and electron hole evolution“. Physics of Plasmas 23, Nr. 5 (Mai 2016): 052306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4950834.

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36

Shukla, Padma Kant, und Bengt Eliasson. „Localization of intense electromagnetic waves in plasmas“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, Nr. 1871 (24.01.2008): 1757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2184.

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We present theoretical and numerical studies of the interaction between relativistically intense laser light and a two-temperature plasma consisting of one relativistically hot and one cold component of electrons. Such plasmas are frequently encountered in intense laser–plasma experiments where collisionless heating via Raman instabilities leads to a high-energetic tail in the electron distribution function. The electromagnetic waves (EMWs) are governed by the Maxwell equations, and the plasma is governed by the relativistic Vlasov and hydrodynamic equations. Owing to the interaction between the laser light and the plasma, we can have trapping of electrons in the intense wakefield of the laser pulse and the formation of relativistic electron holes (REHs) in which laser light is trapped. Such electron holes are characterized by a non-Maxwellian distribution of electrons where we have trapped and free electron populations. We present a model for the interaction between laser light and REHs, and computer simulations that show the stability and dynamics of the coupled electron hole and EMW envelopes.

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Hellsing, B., A. Eiguren, F. Reinert, G. Nicolay, E. V. Chulkov, V. M. Silkin, S. Hüfner und P. M. Echenique. „Lifetime of holes and electrons at metal surfaces; electron–phonon coupling“. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 129, Nr. 2-3 (Juni 2003): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2048(03)00056-2.

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38

Chen, I. C., S. Holland und C. Hu. „Electron‐trap generation by recombination of electrons and holes in SiO2“. Journal of Applied Physics 61, Nr. 9 (Mai 1987): 4544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338388.

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Singh, S. R., und B. B. Pal. „Ionization rates of electrons and holes in GaAs considering electron-electron and hole-hole interactions“. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 32, Nr. 3 (März 1985): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/t-ed.1985.21984.

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40

Guo, Fei, Zhe Liu, Mingfeng Zhu und Yisong Zheng. „Electron–phonon scattering limited hole mobility at room temperature in a MoS2 monolayer: first-principles calculations“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, Nr. 41 (2019): 22879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp04418c.

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41

Norgren, C., M. André, A. Vaivads und Y. V. Khotyaintsev. „Slow electron phase space holes: Magnetotail observations“. Geophysical Research Letters 42, Nr. 6 (24.03.2015): 1654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063218.

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42

Lynov, J. P., P. Michelsen, H. L. Pécseli, J. Juul Rasmussen und S. H. Sørensen. „Phase-Space Models of Solitary Electron Holes“. Physica Scripta 31, Nr. 6 (01.06.1985): 596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/31/6/023.

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43

Schamel, H., und V. Maslov. „Langmuir Wave Contraction Caused by Electron Holes“. Physica Scripta T82, Nr. 1 (1999): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1238/physica.topical.082a00122.

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44

SHUKLA, P. K., und G. E. MORFILL. „Low-frequency electrostatic wave in a metallic electron-hole-ion plasma with nanoparticles“. Journal of Plasma Physics 75, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2009): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990080.

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AbstractWe investigate the dispersion property of a low-frequency electrostatic wave in a dense metallic electron-hole-ion plasma with nanoparticles. The latter are charged due to the field emission, and hence the metallic nanoparticles/nanotubes can be regarded as charged dust rods surrounded by degenerate electrons and holes, and non-degenerate ions. By using a quantum hydrodynamic model for the electrons and holes, we obtain the electron and hole number density perturbations, while the ion and dust rod number density perturbations follow the classical expressions. A dispersion relation for the low-frequency electrostatic wave in our multi-species dense metallic plasma is derived and analyzed. The possibility of exciting non-thermal electrostatic waves is also discussed.

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Iizuka, Satoru, und Hiroshi Tanaca. „Electron hole and electron wave excitation in a plasma with transverse effects“. Journal of Plasma Physics 36, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1986): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800011909.

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Excitation of electron holes and electron wave pulses is investigated numerically in a single-ended plasma by computer simulation using a particle model. The transverse effects are taken into account by introducing the perpendicular wavenumber in the Poisson equation. Increase in the plasma potential in front of a plasma source, resulting from propagation of the rarefaction pulse from an end boundary, gives rise to the excitation of electron holes, while the rarefaction pulse reflects back as the compression pulse toward the boundary. The qualitative properties are in good agreement with experiment.

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Zhou, Jia, und Xiaofeng Zhen. „A theoretical perspective of the enhanced photocatalytic properties achieved by forming tetragonal ZnS/ZnSe hetero-bilayer“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, Nr. 15 (2018): 9950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00874d.

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Трухин, В. Н., А. Д. Буравлев, И. А. Мустафин, Г. Э. Цырлин, J. P. Kakko und H. Lipsanen. „Сверхбыстрая динамика электронно-дырочной плазмы в полупроводниковых нитевидных нанокристаллах -=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-“. Физика и техника полупроводников 52, Nr. 1 (2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.01.45313.40.

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AbstractExperimental results obtained in a study of the effect of electron–hole plasma on the generation of terahertz (THz) radiation in semiconductor nanowires grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) are presented. It is shown that the temporal dynamics of photoexcited charge carriers in semiconductor nanowires is determined by the transport of carriers, both electrons and holes, and by the time of capture of electrons and holes at surface levels.

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Aravindakshan, Harikrishnan, Amar Kakad, Bharati Kakad und Peter H. Yoon. „Structural Characteristics of Ion Holes in Plasma“. Plasma 4, Nr. 3 (02.09.2021): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma4030032.

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Ion holes refer to the phase-space structures where the trapped ion density is lower at the center than at the rim. These structures are commonly observed in collisionless plasmas, such as the Earth’s magnetosphere. This paper investigates the role of multiple parameters in the generation and structure of ion holes. We find that the ion-to-electron temperature ratio and the background plasma distribution function of the species play a pivotal role in determining the physical plausibility of ion holes. It is found that the range of width and amplitude that defines the existence of ion holes splits into two separate domains as the ion temperature exceeds that of the electrons. Additionally, the present study reveals that the ion holes formed in a plasma with ion temperature higher than that of the electrons have a hump at its center.

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Treumann, R. A., und W. Baumjohann. „Magnetic field amplification in electron phase-space holes and related effects“. Annales Geophysicae 30, Nr. 4 (19.04.2012): 711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-711-2012.

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Abstract. Three-dimensional electron phase-space holes are shown to have positive charges on the plasma background, which produce a radial electric field and force the trapped electron component into an azimuthal drift. In this way electron holes generate magnetic fields in the hole. We solve the cylindrical hole model exactly for the hole charge, electric potential and magnetic field. In electron holes, the magnetic field is amplified on the flux tube of the hole; equivalently, in ion holes the field would be decreased. The flux tube adjacent to the electron hole is magnetically depleted by the external hole dipole field. This causes magnetic filamentation. It is also shown that holes are massive objects, each carrying a finite magnetic moment. Binary magnetic dipole interaction of these moments will cause alignment of the holes into chains along the magnetic field or, in the three-dimensional case, produce a magnetic fabric in the volume of hole formation. Since holes, in addition to being carriers of charges and magnetic moments, also have finite masses, they behave like quasi-particles, performing E × B, magnetic field, and diamagnetic drifts. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field, their magnetic moments experience torque, which causes nutation of the hole around the direction of the magnetic field, presumably giving rise to low frequency magnetic modulations like pulsations. A gas of many such holes may allow for a kinetic description, in which holes undergo binary dipole interactions. This resembles the polymeric behaviour. Both magnetic field generation and magnetic structure formation are of interest in auroral, solar coronal and shock physics, in particular in the problem of magnetic field filamentation in relativistic foreshocks and cosmic ray acceleration.

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Singh, Nagendra, S. M. Loo, B. Earl Wells und C. Deverapalli. „Three-dimensional structure of electron holes driven by an electron beam“. Geophysical Research Letters 27, Nr. 16 (15.08.2000): 2469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl003766.

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