Thematische Bibliographien / Electrolyte flow

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Electrolyte flow“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 1. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Electrolyte flow"

Wu, Xiongwei, Jun Liu, Xiaojuan Xiang, Jie Zhang, Junping Hu und Yuping Wu. „Electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, Nr. 5 (19.05.2014): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-1213.

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AbstractVanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) are one of the most practical candidates for large-scale energy storage. Its electrolyte as one key component can intensively influence its electrochemical performance. Recently, much significant research has been carried out to improve the properties of the electrolytes. In this review, we present the optimization on vanadium electrolytes with sulfuric acid as a supporting electrolyte and their effects on the electrochemical performance of VRBs. In addition, other kinds of supporting electrolytes for VRBs are also discussed. Prospective for future development is also proposed.

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Mazúr, Petr, Jiří Charvát, Jindřich Mrlík, Jaromír Pocedič, Jiří Akrman, Lubomír Kubáč, Barbora Řeháková und Juraj Kosek. „Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application“. Molecules 26, Nr. 9 (24.04.2021): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092484.

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Despite intense research in the field of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, low molecular stability of electroactive compounds limits further commercialization. Additionally, currently used methods typically cannot differentiate between individual capacity fade mechanisms, such as degradation of electroactive compound and its cross-over through the membrane. We present a more complex method for in situ evaluation of (electro)chemical stability of electrolytes using a flow electrolyser and a double half-cell including permeation measurements of electrolyte cross-over through a membrane by a UV–VIS spectrometer. The method is employed to study (electro)chemical stability of acidic negolyte based on an anthraquinone sulfonation mixture containing mainly 2,6- and 2,7-anthraquinone disulfonic acid isomers, which can be directly used as an RFB negolyte. The effect of electrolyte state of charge (SoC), current load and operating temperature on electrolyte stability is tested. The results show enhanced capacity decay for fully charged electrolyte (0.9 and 2.45% per day at 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively) while very good stability is observed at 50% SoC and lower, even at 40 °C and under current load (0.02% per day). HPLC analysis conformed deep degradation of AQ derivatives connected with the loss of aromaticity. The developed method can be adopted for stability evaluation of electrolytes of various organic and inorganic RFB chemistries.

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Dabrowski, L., M. Marciniak und T. Szewczyk. „Analysis of Abrasive Flow Machining with an Electrochemical Process Aid“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 220, Nr. 3 (01.03.2006): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440506x77571.

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Electrochemical aided abrasive flow machining (ECAFM) is possible using polymeric electrolytes. The ion conductivity of electrolytes is many times lower than the conductivity of electrolytes employed in ordinary electrochemical machining (ECM). Additions of inorganic fillers to electrolytes in the form of abrasives decrease conductivity even more. These considerations explain why the interelectrode gap through which the polymeric electrolyte is forced should be small. This in turn results in greater flow resistance of polymeric electrolyte, which takes the form of a semi-liquid paste. Rheological properties are also important for performance considerations. Experimental investigations have been carried out for smoothing flat surfaces and process productivity in which polymer electrolytes as gelated polymers and water-gels based on acryloamide were used.

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Küttinger, Michael, Paulette A. Loichet Torres, Emeline Meyer, Peter Fischer und Jens Tübke. „Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries“. Molecules 26, Nr. 9 (06.05.2021): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721.

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Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L−1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.

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Prokhorov, Konstantin, Alexander Burdonov und Peter Henning. „Study of flow regimes and gas holdup in a different potentials medium in an aerated column“. E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202013.

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A generation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles by of aqueous solutions of electrolytes was carried out. Two electrolysis modifications was study: electrolysis without a membrane to production of oxygen and hydrogen and membrane electrolysis with separation of catholyte and anolyte. The influence of the model conditions of the experiment such as electrolyte pH, concentration, and current density and the distribution of bubble sizes and gas holdup in the column are discussed. An inverse dependence of the hydrogen bubbles diameter in the catholyte medium on the current density and a direct dependence on the concentration of electrolytes are experimentally investigated. The oxygen bubbles tend to become larger with increasing current density and electrolyte concentration in anolyte medium. In electrolysis without a membrane, bubbles become smaller with increasing current density and decreasing the electrolyte concentration.

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Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya, Jens Noack, Heiko Mild, Matthias Fühl, Peter Fischer, Karsten Pinkwart, Jens Tübke und Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. „Vanadium Electrolyte for All-Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries: The Effect of the Counter Ion“. Batteries 5, Nr. 1 (18.01.2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010013.

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In this study, 1.6 M vanadium electrolytes in the oxidation forms V(III) and V(V) were prepared from V(IV) in sulfuric (4.7 M total sulphate), V(IV) in hydrochloric (6.1 M total chloride) acids, as well as from 1:1 mol mixture of V(III) and V(IV) (denoted as V3.5+) in hydrochloric (7.6 M total chloride) acid. These electrolyte solutions were investigated in terms of performance in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The half-wave potentials of the V(III)/V(II) and V(V)/V(IV) couples, determined by cyclic voltammetry, and the electronic spectra of V(III) and V(IV) electrolyte samples, are discussed to reveal the effect of electrolyte matrix on charge-discharge behavior of a 40 cm2 cell operated with 1.6 M V3.5+ electrolytes in sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Provided that the total vanadium concentration and the conductivity of electrolytes are comparable for both acids, respective energy efficiencies of 77% and 72–75% were attained at a current density of 50 mA∙cm−2. All electrolytes in the oxidation state V(V) were examined for chemical stability at room temperature and +45 °C by titrimetric determination of the molar ratio V(V):V(IV) and total vanadium concentration.

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Ivanova, A. M., P. A. Arkhipov, A. V. Rudenko, O. Yu Tkacheva und Yu P. Zaikov. „Formation of ledge in aluminum electrolyzer“. Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), Nr. 5 (25.10.2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2019-5-23-31.

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A model unit simulating the actual conditions of electrolytic aluminum production was used to conduct an experimental study of ledge to determine its dynamic behavior (formation/dissolution) depending on the electrolyte overheating temperature, lining thermal resistance and cryolite-alumina electrolyte composition. A window was mounted in the front wall of the unit housing to change the lining material. Ledge is formed due to the heat flow generated by the temperature difference between the electrolyte and electrolyzer walls. The electrolyte cryolite ratio (CR) varied in the range of 2.1–2.5. The alumina concentration in the electrolyte did not exceed 4.5 wt.%. Shape change in the electrolyzer working space during electrolysis was determined by the thickness of the formed ledge on the walls and bottom. The dynamic ledge formation in the experimental cell begins at the overheating of 3–4 degrees. It was found that with a decrease in the thermal resistance of the lining material from 16 to 14 m2/W at the same overheating temperature, the side ledge with a greater thickness was formed, however, the decrease in the thermal resistance hardly affected its thickness when the ledge has been already formed. As in the industrial electrolyzer, the ledge profile formed in the experimental cell can be conditionally divided into three zones: bottom ledge, metal/electrolyte interface ledge and side ledge. The dynamic behavior of the side ledge was different from the bottom ledge: the higher the CR, the thicker the side ledge and the thinner the bottom ledge. Chemical analysis of components in the dry knockout showed that the CR and Al2O3 concentration increase throughout the cell height from top to bottom. It was concluded that the side ledge has a heterogeneous composition depending on the electrolyte composition and cooling rate.

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Zhang, Wenhong, Le Liu und Lin Liu. „An on-line spectroscopic monitoring system for the electrolytes in vanadium redox flow batteries“. RSC Advances 5, Nr. 121 (2015): 100235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21844f.

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Rincón Castrillo, Erick Daniel, José Ricardo Bermúdez Santaella, Luis Emilio Vera Duarte und Juan José García Pabón. „Modeling and simulation of an electrolyser for the production of HHO in Matlab- Simulink®“. Respuestas 24, Nr. 2 (01.05.2019): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.1826.

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The electrolyzers work through an electrochemical process, their derivatives (H2,O2 , and HHO) are used as enriching fuels due to the electrolysis of water, being cleaner than gasoline and diesel. This article presents the dynamic model of an alkaline electrolyzer that uses an electrolyte ( KOH o NaHCO3) dissolved in distilled water to accelerate the production of oxyhydrogen (HHO). The model shows the phase change that occurs inside the electrolytic cell. The EES® software was used to determine the values of enthalpy, entropy, and free energy that vary during the electrochemical reaction; the equations were simulated in Matlab-Simulink® to observe their dynamic behavior. The Simulations presented varying every 5 g the electrolyte until reaching 20 g. The flow rate of HHO with potassium hydroxide (20 g) is higher than 0.02 L / s, and with sodium bicarbonate (20 g) it is above 0.0006 L / s, confirming what the literature of alkaline cells state, that the most efficient electrolyte for its energy conversion is KOH.

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Dresp, Sören, Trung Ngo Thanh, Malte Klingenhof, Sven Brückner, Philipp Hauke und Peter Strasser. „Efficient direct seawater electrolysers using selective alkaline NiFe-LDH as OER catalyst in asymmetric electrolyte feeds“. Energy & Environmental Science 13, Nr. 6 (2020): 1725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01125h.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Electrolyte flow"

Kerekes, Rudolf. „Electrolyte flow rate control for Hydrogen Bromine Flow Batteries“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263240.

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The need for energy storage solutions became more significant with the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in the electricity grid. In the last decades, the flow batteries have gained increasing attention. They have several advantages compared to the conventional battery technologies. Among these, the Hydrogen Bromine Flow Batteries offer a low cost energy storage solution by using globally abundant materials, since Hydrogen and Bromine can be found in large quantities in the oceans. This study was conducted to find out the relation between electrolyte flow rate and electrochemical cell performance and to give a suggestion for dynamic flow rate control to maximize the battery system performance. First, a theoretical model was built to describe the behaviour of the system in various conditions. However, the lack of information of the parameters led the research towards experimental analysis. A small scale system with cell power range of 10 to 14 W and pump power range of 2.6 to 6.8 W was built for the experiments to analyse the cell power at different flow rate values (122 ml/min, 185 ml/min and 230 ml/min). Also, the aim was to observe the gains of using dynamic flow rate (122 ml/min and 230 ml/min used at specific periods of the cycles). The results show that for small scale systems there is no net positive energy gain due to the small power of the battery compared to the power of the pump. However, there were improvements found in battery capacity with 28 % increase, and in Coulombic efficiency with 2.47 % increase, if the largerflow rate was used. Furthermore, a 55% pumping energy saving was reached if the dynamic flow rate was used instead of constant maximum flow rate. In addition, a large scale system was designed, which would be able to integrate a PID control concept for dynamic flow rate control in kW scale batteries. Further work will be required for building and testing the proposed large scale system, which tend to model a commercial size Hydrogen Bromine Flow Battery.
Behovet av energilagringslösningar blev mer betydande med den ökande penetrationen av förnybara energikällor i elnätet. Under de senaste decennierna har flödesbatterierna fått ökad uppmärksamhet. De harflera fördelar jämfört med konventionella batteriteknologier. Då väte och brom finns i stora mängder i haven, erbjuder vätebromflödesbatterier en billig lösning för energilagring genom att använda globalt rikligt förekommande material. Denna studie genomfördes för att ta reda på sambandet mellan elektrolytflödeshastighet och elektrokemisk cellprestanda och för att ge ett förslag för dynamisk flödeshastighetskontroll för att maximera batterisystemets prestanda. Först byggdes en teoretisk modell för att beskriva systemets beteende under olika förhållanden. Emellertid ledde bristen på information om parametrarna forskningen mot experimentell analys. Ett småskaligt system med celleffektintervall från 10till 14 W och pumpeffektintervall på 2.6 till 6.8 W byggdes för experimenten för att analysera celleffekten vid olika flödeshastighetsvärden (122 ml / min, 185 ml / min och 230 ml / min). Syftet var också att observera vinsterna med att använda dynamisk flödeshastighet (122 ml / min och 230 ml / min använd vidspecifika perioder av cyklerna). Resultaten visar att för småskaliga system finns det ingen nettopositiv energivinst på grund av batteriets lilla effekt jämfört med pumpens effekt. Det fanns emellertid förbättringari batterikapacitet med en ökning på 28% och i Coulombic effektivitet med en ökning på 2.47% om den större flödeshastigheten användes. Det uppnåddes även en energibesparing på 55% om den dynamiska flödeshastigheten användes istället för konstant maximal flödeshastighet. Dessutom utformades ett storskaligt system som skulle kunna integrera ett PID-kontrollkoncept för dynamisk flödeshastighetskontroll i kW-skalbatterier. Ytterligare arbete kommer att krävas för att bygga och testa det föreslagna storskaliga systemet, som tenderar att modellera ett kommersiellt vätebromflödesbatteri.

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Feser, Joseph P. „Convective flow through polymer electrolyte fuel cells“. Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.77 Mb., 93 p, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1428199.

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Chivengwa, Tapiwa. „Microchannel flow fields for polymer electrolyte fuel cells“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13674.

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Fuel cell technology represents an efficient and relatively quiet way of generating electricity. Among the various types of fuel cells, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is the leading candidate for portable, automotive and more recently stationary applications. One of the key challenges affecting both the performance and durability of low temperature PEFCs is water management. Various water management strategies in PEFCs have been employed to date ranging from manipulation of operating conditions, fuel cell component design and flow field design to name a few. The optimisation of the flow field design for water removal has primarily focused on the use of flow channels which are in the minichannel range. This study investigated the use of a microchannel flow field design (channel hydraulic diameters of less than or equal to 200 ìm) for a low temperature PEFC. Specifically it focused on the effect of using a microchannel design on overall fuel cell performance, pressure drop and the cell voltage behaviour over time. In addition the effect of different operating conditions was also investigated. The overall aim was to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the use of a microchannel based flow field system with specific focus on water management. Fuel cell testing of two different flow field designs, namely a microchannel design and a more conventional commercial minichannel design, was performed in a single cell set up. Two operating conditions, cathode flow rate and cell compression, were varied and the effect on overall fuel cell performance and limiting current was investigated. Several diagnostic measurements including polarization curve, high frequency resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, pressure drop co-efficient and cell voltage monitoring were conducted to understand the water management behaviour and trends in the two different aforementioned flow field designs.

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Elfrink, Gideon. „Computer simulations of an all-organic electrolyte flow-battery“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nanoteknologi och funktionella material, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-438609.

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Melane, Xolani. „Visualisation of electrolyte flow fields in an electrolysis cell“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57492.

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The performance and efficiency of an electrochemical system with gas evolution can be related to the mass transfer effects which are influenced by the resulting two-phase flow. The aim of this investigation was to develop a better understanding in the effects of current density, anode height and inter-electrode spacing on the electrolyte flow patterns and to validate Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model predictions of the electrolyte flow patterns. The CFD model was developed in a previous study and was applied to the experimental rig developed for this study, in which the electrolysis of copper sulphate was studied. A direct flow visualisation technique was used as the method of investigation in the experimental work. To facilitate the visual observation of the electrolyte flow patterns, O2 gas bubbles evolved on the anode surface were used as the flow followers to track the electrolyte flow patterns. At the bottom of the anode where there was no gas evolution, polyamide seeding particles (PSP) were used as the flow followers. A Photron FASTCAM SA4 high speed camera with a capability of recording up to 5000 fps was used to record the electrolyte flow patterns and circulation. The Photron FASTCAM Viewer (PFV) camera software was used for the post analysis of the recordings and for measuring bubble size, bubble speed and the speed of the PSP tracking particles. The experimental results were then compared with the results obtained from the CFD model simulation in order to validate the CFD model. The electrolysis cell was approximated by a simplified planar two-dimensional domain. The fluid flow patterns were assumed to be affected only by the change in momentum of the two fluids. To simplify the model, other physical, chemical and electro-magnetic phenomena were not modelled in the simulation. The Eulerian multiphase flow model was used to model the multiphase flow problem investigated. The flow fields observed in the experiments and predicted by the model were similar in some of the positions of interest. The gas bubble flow field patterns obtained in the experiment and model were similar to each other in Position A (the top front of the anode), C (the area at the bottom of the cell below the anode), and D (the gap between the anode and the diaphragm), with the only exception being Position B (slightly above the anode top back). The experimental results showed an accumulation of the smaller gas bubbles in Position B with a resulting circulation loop across that region. On the other hand, the model predictions did not show this gas bubble accumulation and circulation in Position B. All the flow patterns predicted for the electrolyte flow illustrated similar flow patterns to the ones observed in the experimental results, including the circulation loop in Position B. The bubble speeds measured at Position A in the experimental work had a reasonable agreement with the bubble speeds predicted by the model. The error between the two results ranged from 6% to 29% for the various cases which were tested. An increase in the current density generated more gas bubbles which resulted in an increase in the bubble speed. Increasing the anode height increased the amount of gas bubbles generated as well as bubble speed while the bubble speed was decreased with an increasing inter-electrode distance.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Chemical Engineering
MEng
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Leahy, Scott B. „Active Flow Control of Lab-Scale Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5188.

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The effects of actively pulsing reactant flow rates into solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells were investigated in this thesis. First, work was conducted to determine the magnitude of voltage response to pulsed reactant flow on a direct hydrogen proton exchange membrane (PEM) cell. The effects of pulsed reactant flow into a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) were then considered. The PEM work showed substantially greater response to pulsed air flow than to pulsed fuel flow. It was found that several parameters affect the magnitude of cell response to active flow control (AFC). Increasing current load, increasing the magnitude of flow oscillation, decreasing the frequency of oscillation, and decreasing the average level of excess reactant supplied were found to maximize both the level of voltage oscillations and the decrease in cell power from steady state performance. Greater response to pulsed oxidant flow is believed to have been observed due to effects brought about by changes in membrane humidity. In contrast, pulsed fuel flow showed the greatest response in the study of DMFC technology. In this case, time averaged cell voltage was found to increase as the time averaged fuel flow rate was reduced. The increase in average cell power is the result of a reduction in methanol crossover; sustainable increases of up to 6% in power output were measured. The parameters found to effect the increase in cell power observed include the frequency of oscillation and the time-averaged NOSfuel. Pulsed air flow on the DMFC did not show any such rise in voltage, supporting the hypothesis that a reduction in methanol crossover is the phenomenon which brings about enhanced performance.

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Takeuchi, Junichi. „Experimental investigation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulent pipe flow of aqueous electrolyte solution“. Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1835497681&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Duranti, Mattia. „Bromine-Based Electrolyte Properties for a Semi-Organic Redox Flow Battery“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/276465.

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Redox Flow Batteries are chemical based energy storage systems that accumulate energy in liquid electrolytes. Dissolved redox active substances undergo redox reactions in an electrochemical cell and so charge and discharge a battery. Recently, the introduction of organic materials as electrolytes raised research interest. Electrolytes that operate with the bromine/bromide redox couple are interesting due to their high energy density and fast reversible kinetics. They are used in combination with several anodic chemistries (e.g. Zinc, Hydrogen, Quinone), including organic materials.Due to the corrosive and volatile nature of bromine, practical electrolytes use Bromine Complexing Agents (BCAs) in order to bind bromine in a less volatile form and deal with safety issues. These additives have a strong influence on the battery’s operation by influencing the concentration of redox active species, the cell voltage and the electrolyte conductivity. Nevertheless, very little is known about the real properties of aqueous acidic bromine electrolytes, both in pure dilution and in presence of BCAs, which influence on the electrolyte is not predictable so far. The aim of this PhD project is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of an electrolyte based on bromine and bromide, with particular reference to the one used in semi-organic flow batteries. Along this work an analysis on the performance of a AQDS-Bromine flow battery cell was executed and an extensive study on the physico-chemical behavior of the positive electrolyte was developed. A review of the flow battery technology and of the metrics and methods available for diagnostics was firstly performed as a basis to define macro characteristics,such as State of Charge (SoC) and State of Health (SoH). The cycling behavior of an AQDS-Bromine flow battery was investigated by cell tests and possible degradation mechanisms have been highlighted and explained by interpretation of electrochemical measurements. Following, a broad characterization of the bromine-based electrolyte was performed, producing extended experimental data on physico-chemical properties and a modeling framework for the prediction of the electrolyte behavior.

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Prifti, Helen Chemical Sciences &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. „Electrolyte and membrane studies of the novel vanadium bromide redox flow cell“. Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Chemical Sciences & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41478.

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The novel Vanadium Bromide (V/Br) redox flow cell employs a V (III)/V (II) couple in the negative half-cell and a Br/Br2 couple in the positive half-cell, with hydrobromic acid and hydrochloric acid as the supporting electrolyte. This study evaluated the chemical and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes and assessed experimental and commercial membranes for use in the V/Br flow cell. A number of techniques were employed to characterise the composition of the V/Br flow cell electrolytes. During charge, the conductivity of the positive half-cell electrolyte increased, whilst the density and viscosity increased. The reverse was observed for the negative half-cell. The UV-visible spectra of the electrolytes showed characteristic peak wavelengths of the vanadium oxidation states and provided and insight into the halogenated species forming during the operation of the V/Br flow cell. The electrochemical properties of the electrolytes were also examined using cyclic voltammetry. NMR studies examined the relationships between the 35CI and 79Br nuclei in the presence of halide and paramagnetic vanadium ions. It was established that the SOC and performance of the V/Br flow cell can be measured by changes in slllectral chemical shifts and line widths. Small-scale cycling experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of ion exchange membranes in the V/Br redox flow cell. Of the membranes evaluated, a number were not suitable for use due to high membrane resistances or low chemical stability. The perfluorinated Nafion?? and Gore Select?? ion exchange membranes proved to be the most chemically inert and showed low resistances. The Gore Select?? membranes did however exhibit blistering during extended cycling. The chemical stability and cycling performance of the HiporeTM microporous separator showed promise for future studies to optimise the selectivity and ion exchange capacity of the membrane. Tests of membrane ion exchange capacity, diffusivity and conductivity mirrored the properties displayed in the cell cycling experiments. Results suggested that the structural characteristics of the membrane (including functionality and crosslinking) greatly influenced membrane properties and performance. Tests of long term stability showed a negative change in membrane properties. These changes did not however reflect measured changes during cell cycling experiments.

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Kramer, Denis. „Mass transport aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cells under two-phase flow conditions“. Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola&quot, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-6973937.

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Die Visualisierung und Quantifizierung von Flüssigwasseransammlungen in Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzellen konnte mittels Neutronenradiographie erreicht werden. Dank dieser neuartigen diagnostischen Methode konnte erstmals die Flüssigwasseransammlung in den porösen Gasdiffusionsschichten direkt nachgewiesen und quantifiziert werden. Die Kombination von Neutronenradiographie mit ortsaufgelösten Stromdichtemessungen bzw. lokaler Impedanzspektroskopie erlaubte die Korrelation des inhomogenen Flüssigwasseranfalls mit dem lokalen elektrochemischen Leistungsverhalten. Systematische Untersuchungen an Polymerelektrolyt- und Direkt-Methanol-Brennstoffzellen verdeutlichen sowohl den Einfluss von Betriebsbedingungen als auch die Auswirkung von Materialeigenschaften auf die Ausbildung zweiphasiger Strömungen.

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Bücher zum Thema "Electrolyte flow"

Najibi, Seyed Hesam. Heat transfer and heat transfer fouling during subcooled flow boiling for electrolyte solutions. 1997.

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Physical modeling of bubble phenomena, electrolyte flow and mass transfer in simulated advanced Hall cells. U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1990.

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Ho, Kwok M. Kidney and acid–base physiology in anaesthetic practice. Herausgegeben von Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0005.

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Anatomically the kidney consists of the cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis. The kidneys have approximately 2 million nephrons and receive 20% of the resting cardiac output making the kidneys the richest blood flow per gram of tissue in the body. A high blood and plasma flow to the kidneys is essential for the generation of a large amount of glomerular filtrate, up to 125 ml min−1, to regulate the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body. The kidneys also have many other important physiological functions, including excretion of metabolic wastes or toxins, regulation of blood volume and pressure, and also production and metabolism of many hormones. Although plasma creatinine concentration has been frequently used to estimate glomerular filtration rate by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation in stable chronic kidney diseases, the MDRD equation has limitations and does not reflect glomerular filtration rate accurately in healthy individuals or patients with acute kidney injury. An optimal acid–base environment is essential for many body functions, including haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation, transcellular shift of electrolytes, membrane excitability, function of many enzymes, and energy production. Based on the concepts of electrochemical neutrality, law of conservation of mass, and law of mass action, according to Stewart’s approach, hydrogen ion concentration is determined by three independent variables: (1) carbon dioxide tension, (2) total concentrations of weak acids such as albumin and phosphate, and (3) strong ion difference, also known as SID. It is important to understand that the main advantage of Stewart over the bicarbonate-centred approach is in the interpretation of metabolic acidosis.

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Schetz, Miet, und Andrew Davenport. Continuous renal replacement therapy. Herausgegeben von Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0234.

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After its introduction, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has found widespread acceptance amongst physicians taking care of critically ill patients. Various modalities (haemofiltration, haemodialysis, haemodiafiltration) are used. As for all types of renal replacement therapy, a good functioning vascular access is an absolute requirement. Whether CRRT is to be preferred over intermittent haemodialysis remains a matter of debate, but haemodynamic instability and risk of cerebral oedema are generally considered indications for CRRT. Whereas under-dosing should certainly be avoided, increasing the dose over an actually delivered effluent flow of 20–25 mL/kg/hour does not appear to improve outcome.One of the major drawbacks of CRRT is the requirement for continuous anticoagulation. Citrate anticoagulation is gaining popularity and represents a valuable alternative, especially in patients with bleeding risk. Other potential complications of CRRT include thermal, nutrient, and drug losses, and acid–base and electrolyte disturbances.

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Fahey, Jefferson Vincent. Electrochemistry at a reticulated vitreous carbon flow electrode. 1989.

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Hasegawa, T., K. Terabe, T. Sakamoto und M. Aono. Nanoionics and its device applications. Herausgegeben von A. V. Narlikar und Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.8.

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This article discusses nanoionics phenomena and their applications for making new types of electronic devices. It begins with an overview of ionic conductive materials, which are classified into two categories in terms of the charged particles: solid electrolytes in which only ions contribute to the current flow, and mixed electronic and ionic conductors in which bothelectrons and ions contribute to the current flow. It then describes the solid electrochemical reaction that controls metal-filament growth and shrinkage in an atomic switch, along with the fundamentals of an atomic switch. It also considers new types of atomic switches and several applications of atomic switches. Finally, it highlights some novel characteristics of the atomic switch such as small size, low power consumption, non-volatility, and low on-resistance. These characteristics enable us to improve the performance of present-day electronic devices.

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Langer, Thomas, und Pietro Caironi. Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy of respiratory alkalosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0114.

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Respiratory alkalosis is a condition characterized by low partial pressure of carbon dioxide and an associated elevation in arterial pH caused by an imbalance between CO2 production and removal, in favour of the latter. Conditions that cause increased alveolar ventilation, without having a reduction in pH as input stimulus, will cause hypocapnia associated with a variable degree of alkalosis. The major effect of hypocapnia is the increase in pH (alkalosis) and the consequent shift of electrolytes that occurs in relation to it. As a general law, in plasma, anions will increase, while cations will decrease. The acute reduction in ionized calcium, due to the change in extracellular pH, may cause neuromuscular symptoms ranging from paraesthesias, to tetany and seizures. The effect on urine is an increase in urinary strong ion difference/urinary anion gap and a consequent increase in urinary pH. Finally, acute hypocapnic alkalosis causes a constriction of cerebral arteries that can lead to a reduction of cerebral blood flow. The clinical approach to respiratory alkalosis is usually directed toward the diagnosis and treatment of the underlying clinical disorder.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Electrolyte flow"

Rahi, Dhruv Kant, Avanish Kumar Dubey und Nisha Gupta. „Analysis of Electrolyte Flow Effects in Surface Micro-ECG“. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 371–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8542-5_32.

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Kim, Hyung-Man, und Vinh Duy Nguyen. „Electrochemical Promotional Role of Under-Rib Convection-Based Flow-Field in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells“. In Organic-Inorganic Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes, 241–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52739-0_10.

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Wang, Hongdan, Wentang Xia, Wenqiang Yang und Bingzhi Ren. „Improving Current Efficiency Through Optimizing Electrolyte Flow in Zinc Electrowinning Cell“. In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 239–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65133-0_29.

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Wang, Hongdan, Wentang Xia, Wenqiang Yang und Bingzhi Ren. „Improving Current Efficiency Through Optimizing Electrolyte Flow in Zinc Electrowinning Cell“. In CFD Modeling and Simulation in Materials Processing 2016, 239–45. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274681.ch29.

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Gupta, Nisha, Avanish Kumar Dubey und Dhruv Kant Rahi. „Analysis of Electrolyte Flow in IEG During Electrochemical Grinding of MMC“. In Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 307–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3639-7_36.

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Buikis, A., und H. Kalis. „Electrolyte Flow and Temperature Calculations in Finite Cylinder Caused by Alternating Current“. In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2004, 119–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28073-1_12.

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Baiteche, Mounir, Seyed Mohammad Taghavi, Donald Ziegler und Mario Fafard. „LES Turbulence Modeling Approach for Molten Aluminium and Electrolyte Flow in Aluminum Electrolysis Cell“. In Light Metals 2017, 679–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_83.

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Andreev, O., A. Kobzev, Yu Kolesnikov und A. Thess. „Optical visualisation of the flow around a cylinder in electrolyte under strong axial magnetic field.“ In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 833–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03085-7_200.

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Sawaguchi, Akiko, Jun-ichi Kotani, Nobuko Nakada und Toshiko Sawguchi. „Studies on Examples of Drowning with Fresh Water Inhalation — Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Electrolyte Levels“. In Acta Medicinæ Legalis Vol. XLIV 1994, 293–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79523-7_97.

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Severo, Dagoberto S., Vanderlei Gusberti, Elton C. V. Pinto und Ronaldo R. Moura. „Modeling the Bubble Driven Flow in the Electrolyte as a Tool for Slotted Anode Design Improvement“. In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 409–14. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647851.ch58.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Electrolyte flow"

Berning, T., und S. K. Kær. „Modelling multiphase flow inside the porous media of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell“. In MULTIPHASE FLOW 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mpf110251.

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Monrós-Andreu, G., R. Martínez-Cuenca, S. Torró, J. L. Muñoz-Cobo und S. Chiva. „Influence of temperature and electrolyte concentration on regime maps in vertical-adiabatic two-phase pipe flow“. In MULTIPHASE FLOW 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mpf150121.

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Shrestha, Pranay, Rupak Banerjee, Jongmin Lee und Aimy Bazylak. „Hydrophilic Microporous Layer Coatings for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells“. In International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer. Avestia Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/ffhmt17.137.

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Y. B, Zeng, Zhu D, Qu N. S, Li H. S und Wang S. H. „Micro Wire Electrochemical Machining with Axial Electrolyte Flow“. In 9th International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-3353-7_281.

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Banerjee, Rupak, Chuzhang Han, Nan Ge und Aimy Bazylak. „Transient Changes in Liquid Water Distribution in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells“. In International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer. Avestia Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/ffhmt17.136.

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Ihara, Tadashi, Yoshito Ikada, Taro Nakamura, Toshiharu Mukai und Kinji Asaka. „Solid polymer electrolyte membrane flow sensor for tracheal tube“. In Smart Structures and Materials, herausgegeben von Daniele Inaudi, Wolfgang Ecke, Brian Culshaw, Kara J. Peters und Eric Udd. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.658928.

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Konig, Sebastian, Michael R. Suriyah und Thomas Leibfried. „Volumetric electrolyte flow rate control in vanadium redox flow batteries using a variable flow factor“. In 2015 Sixth International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2015.7110861.

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Cho, Sung Chan, und Yun Wang. „Two-Phase Flow in a Gas Flow Channel of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells“. In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54118.

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Two-phase flow behavior in a mini channel is studied by both experimental and numerical methods. Various surface conditions are considered to capture the fundamental characteristics of water droplet behavior in a PEMFC gas channel. In the considered rectangular channel with 1 mm height, critical velocity for annular flow type is measured as 1∼2 m/s of superficial air velocity. Two-phase flow pattern shows some uncertainty near transition zone with aluminum surface. With carbon paper GDL, two-phase flow pattern is stabilized. Measured two-phase pressure drop data explains the relation between two-phase flow pattern and two-phase pressure drop. Numerical simulation using VOF technique successfully mimicked the development of water droplet and corner flow as well as formation of a slug. It also explains the possibility of random slug formation with aluminum surface and stabilized two-phase flow pattern with carbon paper GDLs.

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Bucci, Brian A., Jeffrey S. Vipperman, William Clark, J. Peter Hensel, Jimmy Thornton und Sungwhan Kim. „Piezoelectric Microvalve for Flow Control in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells“. In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14064.

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Maldistribution of fuel across the cells of a fuel cell stack is an issue that can contribute to poor cell performance and possible cell failure. It has been proposed that an array of microvalves could promote even distribution of fuel across a fuel cell stack. A piezoelectric microvalve has been developed for this purpose. This valve can be tuned to a nominal flow rate (and failure position) from which the actuator would either increase or decrease the flow rate and fuel. The valve can successfully regulate the flow of fuel from 0.7 to 1.1 slpm of hydrogen in the range of temperatures from 80° to 100°C and has been tested over pressure drops from 0.5 to 1 psi. A bank of these valves is currently being tested in a four-cell stack at the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory.

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Vasilyan, Suren, und Thomas Frohlich. „Direct force compensation on Lorentz force flowmeters for electrolyte flow measurements“. In 2015 IEEE/OES Eleventh Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cwtm.2015.7098115.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Electrolyte flow"

Leung, Kevin, und Ray Shan. Modeling Electric Double Layer Effects on Charge Transfer at Flow Battery Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1562830.

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Small, Leo J., Harry Pratt, Chad Staiger, Rachel Irene Martin, Travis Mark Anderson, Babu Chalamala, Thiagarajan Soundappan, Monika Tiwari und Venkat R. Subarmanian. Vanadium Flow Battery Electrolyte Synthesis via Chemical Reduction of V2O5 in Aqueous HCl and H2SO4. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1342368.

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Evans, J., und R. Shekhar. Physical modeling of bubble phenomena, electrolyte flow and mass transfer in simulated advanced Hall cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), März 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6927204.

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Shadday, M. HYDROGEN ELECTROLYZER FLOW DISTRIBUTOR MODEL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892721.

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