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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Électroencéphalographie – Dissertation universitaire“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Électroencéphalographie – Dissertation universitaire"
Bayot, Madli. „Interaction attention-motricité chez le sujet sain et parkinsonien : mécanismes et modulation“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGait initiation is a motor program not fully automatized which varies according to attentional capacities. Motor deficits and cognitive decline, including attention, develops with ageing and Parkinson’s disease and may lead to risk of falls.The main objective was to better characterize and modulate the interaction between step initiation and visuospatial attention at behavioral and cortical level.We first produced a state of the art in the literature on dual tasks’ paradigms with gait initiation and a cognitive task. A very limited number of studies on this topic were carried out despite a promising potential for risk of falls’ prediction.To analyze the attention-locomotion interplay, we tested a paradigm combining the Attention Network Test with gait initiation on young subjects. Accordingly, the interaction could be characterized.After validating abnormal coupling between initial posture, preparation phases and gait execution in patients with freezing of gait, the attention-step initiation interplay was investigated. An impairment in executive control does exist, but without any specific repercussion on step initiation.A functional connectivity EEG analysis at resting state and during an attentional task allowed to investigate further cognitive decline in patients with freezing of gait. An overdependence on the environment as potential compensatory mechanism was observed.Eventually, a research protocol that aims to modulate the attention-locomotion interaction via a combination of structured cognitive training and methylphenidate treatment was initiated
Sauvignon, Michel. „Approche objective de l'état de vigilance chez l'homme : Relation avec le comportement moteur et incidence sur la mise au point d'un système de sécurité appliqué a la conduite ferroviaire“. Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05S020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBourel-Ponchel, Emilie. „Exploration de l'unité neurovasculaire dans l'épilepsie de l'enfant : approche multimodale haute densité couplant l'EEG à l'imagerie optique fonctionnelle“. Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIED011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe explored the epileptogenic neurovascular unit using a multimodal approach, coupling functional optical imaging and high density EEG. In an animal model, optical imaging highlighted hemodynamic changes which preceded interictal spikes. In children, complex hemodynamic changes, involving variations in cerebral blood volume (which could begin before epileptic spikes) and neurovascular coupling, which differed with the classical model described by Buxton, were observed, either in idiopathic or not idiopathic partial epilepsy. In time frequency domain, complex changes, consisted of alternating sequences of hyper-desynchronization, around epileptic spikes, in both mesial and neocortical structures were observed, regardless of the epileptic syndrome considered. Neuronal synchronization and hemodynamic changes were spatially concordant with the epileptogenic focus and provided additional information according to the temporo-spatial dynamic of interictal networks, like in pathophysiological processes associated with spikes. Our approach, applied to infantile spasms found initial changes in cerebral blood volume which could be followed by a neurovascular coupling suggesting the involvement of a complex cortico- subcortical network. In total, the multimodal approach developed about the epileptogenic neurovascular unit brought new understanding about the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in interictal spikes and in epileptic networks. In addition, the electro- hemodynamic approach opens new perspectives on clinical applications including the identification of epileptogenic focus and interictal network for pre-surgical assessment of partial refractory epilepsy
Annic, Agnès. „Physiopathologie des troubles de la sélectivité attentionnelle dans la maladie de Parkinson : rôle des processus de capture et de contrôle volontaire de l'attention“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S046/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParkinson’s disease (PD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, causing a progressive loss of dopamine neurotransmission within the basal ganglia. Apart from motor symptoms, PD patients have cognitive disorders. Namely, focused attention is impaired and PD patients fail to select task-relevant information, leading sometimes to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The origin of this impairment is still debated: PD-related selective attention deficit may be due either to a failure of goal-directed or stimulus-driven attention. Sensory gating helps the individuals to selectively allocate their attentional resources to salient stimuli and to inhibit irrelevant information. One of the physiological marker of this process is referred to as prepulse inhibition (PPI). It corresponds to the attenuation of the motor and cortical responses to a startling stimulus (pulse) when a non-startling stimulus (the prepulse) precedes the pulse by few milliseconds. PPI can be modulated by attention, its magnitude being greater after a to-be attended prepulse. Moreover, PPI is mediated by basal ganglia.The main aim of this work was to better identify the mechanisms involved in selective attention deficits in PD. We used an active PPI paradigm and recorded the cortical response to the pulse. We assumed that PD patients would exhibit a lower inhibition of the cortical response than healthy controls. If attention deficits in PD are related to an impairment of goal-directed attention, PD patients would exhibit lower inhibition after a to-be attended prepulse than in the other conditions. At the opposite, if it is due to a failure of stimulus-driven attention, inhibition would be lower after a prepulse which involuntarily captures attention than in the other conditions.In order to reach this objective, we have first developed and validated a new active PPI paradigm in order to investigate the role of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention on sensory-cognitive gating. To this end, high resolution electroencephalogram was recorded in 26 young healthy subjects. They performed a selective attention task combined with an active PPI paradigm and the auditory-evoked and induced cortical response to the pulse was recorded. Then, the same procedure was administered in 16 elderly healthy subjects, 16 PD patients without MCI and 16 PD patients with MCI. In young healthy subjects, we found that stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention each had specific effects on the inhibition of the evoked and induced response to the pulse. The investigation of age-related changes on sensory gating revealed that the induced cortical response was more sensitive for assessing age-related changes than the evoked response. Then, we chose this cortical marker to investigate sensory gating in PD. Our results showed that PD patients with MCI exhibit lower inhibition of induced cortical response to the pulse than healthy controls. This finding confirms previous results showing a high distractibility in these patients. Moreover, PD patients exhibit impaired theta synchronization when focused attention was engaged
Plomhause, Lucie. „Troubles du comportement en sommeil paradoxal idiopathiques et associés à la maladie de Parkinson : analyse comportementale et neurophysiologique du traitement des informations visuelles“. Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017086.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeroy, Christopher. „L’électroencéphalographie : un bio-marqueur pour le développement clinique de nouveaux traitements pharmacologiques de la maladie d’Alzheimer“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S057/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSymptomatic pharmacological treatments currently marketed for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have a modest effect on cognitive functioning. In addition, the clinical development of new and more effective compounds is hampered by the lack of predictive criteria to judge their early clinical efficacy.In this context, electroencephalography (EEG) could be a sufficiently sensitive biomarker to identify in an early stage (i.e. Phase I) the therapeutic potential of a new molecule on cognitive functioning. In addition, the difficulty to detect subtle improvements in cognitive performance in Phase I (i.e. in healthy subjects) could be overcome by the development of experimental paradigms such as sleep deprivation (SD), to induce cognitive deficits, still reversible in healthy subjects.EEG and EEG coupled with sleep deprivation (SD) would be innovative and relevant strategies to determine and predict the clinical effectiveness of a molecule in Phase I.In this work, we try to determine the relevance of such strategies by identifying, in healthy subjects, EEG markers of cognitive functioning related to (1) either the taking of a cognitive drug, (2) or the induction of a reversible cognitive decline, (3) or concomitant effects of the two parameters. In order to do that, two studies were performed.In a first study, the effect of donepezil on cortical electrical activity was studied in 30 young, healthy adult volunteers. These volunteers were treated with donepezil (5 mg/day orally) (vs. placebo) for 15 days following a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial.At the end of the treatment period, an EEG (58 electrodes) was performed during two attentional tasks (auditory and visual). Event-related potentials (ERP), the inter-trial coherence (ITC) and the event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) were then calculated.In a second study, the effect of SD was studied in 36 young, healthy adult volunteers. In addition, the effect of a cognitive drug (involving high alertness), the modafinil was also studied on this SD._x000D_Following a SD of 24 h, the participants were administered a dose of modafinil (200 mg in a single dose) (vs. placebo) in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. An EEG (25 electrodes) was performed in a hearing attentional task (identical to that of Study 1) before and after the PS. The ERP, ITC and ERSP were then calculated.Through these two studies, we have found, at the group level, cognitive EEG markers related either to the induction of cognitive decline (SD) or pharmacological intervention targeting cholinergic system (donepezil) or several neurotransmitters (modafinil). All these markers would concern the modulation of cortical activity in the ventral frontoparietal network, known to regulate attentional and executive processes. We also confirmed that the network is underlying by δ/θ and α oscillatory activities. The cognitive efficiency would reflect the integrity of the network.We conclude that EEG is a sufficiently sensitive tool to detect subtle changes in neurocognitive processes of young, healthy adult volunteers, following the administration of a treatment of AD and more generally following the administration of a drug having an effect on cognition when cognitive decline is caused (SD).EEG and EEG coupled with SD could constitute additional tools to the current cognitive assessment for predicting the efficacy of new drug candidates for AD before initiation Phases II/III clinical trials. However, the present works needs to be replicated so that the EEG markers described here can be validated so as to be used in drug trials
Delannoy, Julien. „Émotions et sommeil : effets d’une induction émotionnelle diurne sur le sommeil et la réactivité émotionnelle au réveil“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S005/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSleep constitutes a major component of adaptation and survival in evolved organisms. In humans, sleep could have a role in the integration of daytime experiences, preparing by this way individuals for consecutive wake period. Due to the adaptive relevance of emotions, it has recently been proposed that pre-hypnic emotions could influence the sleep course, which could modulate emotional reactivity at awakening. However, the bi-directional link between emotion and sleep remains unclear, this being explained by the complexity of such link and by the difficulty of reconciling the diversity of methodological approaches. In this context, the aim of this thesis was twofold: first, determine the impact of induced daytime emotional states on sleep characteristics; second, assess the influence of these states on the emotional reactivity at the awakening.The experimental program led to the presentation of three types of emotional movies, negative, neutral or positive, in order to induce a diurnal emotional state, in French or Japanese participants. Two experiments were carried out: one tested the impact of the emotional movies on the individual emotional states; the other determined the influence of pre-hypnic induced emotional states on sleep parameters and responsiveness to emotional facial expressions, presented to the participant at the subsequent awakening.These experiments allowed to obtain several new results. Firstly, it was shown that emotional movies induced congruent emotional states during the pre-hypnic period. Secondly, these pre-hypnic emotional states influenced the distribution of sleep stages and associated autonomic activity during the consecutive night of sleep. Thirdly, we observed that the pre-hypnic emotional induction modulated the emotional reactivity after the sleep period, during the presentation of faces expressing emotions at different intensities. The interpretation of main results can lead to the speculation that the increase of time spent in REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage, following the pre-hypnic emotional stimulations, can be a marker of central processes related to daytime emotional experiences. Based on this assumption, such processes could be a required mediator for emotional reactivity changes observed upon awakening.In conclusion, researches presented in this thesis, subtended by a new and standardized methodology of emotional induction, provide original information about the bi-directional links between diurnal emotions and sleep course. Subject to additional experimentations, this work brings new questions about the role of emotions, particularly positive ones, on sleep and subsequent emotional states. From a prospective point of view, reported data reinforces the idea that considers the sleep as an efficient lever to regulate emotions
Rocha, Felix Tiago Manuel. „Inhibition périsomatique dans les oscillations gamma et dans l'apprentissage auditif“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ098/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConvergent evidence has attributed to perisoma-inhibiting interneurons (PIIs) a key role in the generation of gamma oscillations (GO). I optogenetically probed the effect of reduced perisomatic inhibition on GO and associative learning in the auditory cortex of freely behaving mice. Contrary to expectations, I did not observe a reduction in GO during inhibition of PIIs, but rather a strong increase in the amplitude of GO. The amplification of the auditory-evoked potential (AEP) N15, together with the absence of an increase in synchrony between the cortex and the thalamus, suggest that decreased perisomatic inhibition disinhibits the auditory cortex and promotes the intracortical generation of GO. In a different experiment, I showed that inhibition of PIIs impaired learning and produced an experience-related reduction in the AEP N15. Lastly, I found that lowering the optogenetic inhibition delivered to PIIs and retraining mice enhanced auditory-induced GO