Zeitschriftenartikel: „Electrical sizing“

1

Honsinger, V. B. "Sizing Equations for Electrical Machinery." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion EC-2, no. 1 (1987): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.1987.4765812.

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2

Honsinger, V. B. "Sizing Equations for Electrical Machinery." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-7, no. 3 (1987): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1987.5527371.

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3

Moser, R. L. "Electrical power subsystem initial sizing." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 5, no. 12 (1990): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/62.61956.

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4

Moreno, Yerai, Gaizka Almandoz, Aritz Egea, Patxi Madina, and Ana Julia Escalada. "Multi-Physics Tool for Electrical Machine Sizing." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071651.

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Society is turning to electrification to reduce air pollution, increasing electric machine demand. For industrial mass production, a detailed design of one machine is usually done first, then a design of similar machines, but different ratings are reached by geometry scaling. This design process may be highly time-consuming, so, in this paper, a new sizing method is proposed to reduce this time, maintaining accuracy. It is based on magnetic flux and thermal maps, both linked with an algorithm so that the sizing process of an electrical machine can be carried out in less than one minute. The magnetic flux maps are obtained by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the thermal maps are obtained by analytical models based on Lumped Parameter Circuits (LPC), applying a time-efficient procedure. The proposed methodology is validated in a real case study, sizing 10 different industrial machines. Then, the accuracy of the sizing tool is validated performing the experimental test over the 10 machines. A very good agreement is achieved between the experimental results and the performances calculated by the sizing tools, as the maximum error is around 5%.

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Yu, Hong, Jessica Sun, Dirk Heider, and Suresh Advani. "Experimental investigation of through-thickness resistivity of unidirectional carbon fiber tows." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 21 (2018): 2993–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318809837.

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In this study, the influence of type of carbon fiber, sizing amount on the fiber surface and the degree of compaction on the through-thickness electrical resistivity of dry unidirectional carbon fiber tows is investigated to validate the conduction pathways and mechanisms proposed by our previously reported micromechanics electrical resistivity model. An automated experimental setup has been developed and implemented, which measures the electrical resistivity and fiber volume fraction of carbon fiber tows under compression in real time. An extensive experimental study is conducted with five types of commercial PAN-based carbon fibers which vary in fiber diameter, number of fibers in a tow including two unsized fibers and three sized fibers with sizing amount of 0.25% and 1.0% by weight. The fiber volume fraction was increased by compacting the fiber tows using a mechanical testing system (Instron, Norwood, MA). The results show that the fiber sizing and fiber volume fraction impact the through-thickness electrical resistivity of carbon fiber tows. Sized fibers demonstrate 1–2 orders of magnitude higher electrical resistivity than the unsized fibers at lower fiber volume fractions (below 45%), while at higher fiber volume fraction (60%–70%), the electrical resistivity of the two fiber systems tends to be of similar magnitude. Fibers with more sizing (1 wt.%) demonstrated 10 times larger through-thickness resistivity than those with less sizing (0.25 wt.%), indicating the significant impact of fiber sizing on electrical resistivity. The results show good agreement with our micromechanics electrical resistivity model.

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Nair, M. Pratap, and K. Nithiyananthan. "An Effective Cable Sizing Procedure Model for Industries and Commerial Buildings." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 1 (2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i1.8391.

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<p class="Abstract">This paper mainly focuses on the cable sizing methods and calculation of electrical cables according to the various international standards. For instance, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), National Electrical Code (NEC), British Standard (BS) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The basic philosophy underlying any cable sizing calculations are the same. The main objective of this research work is to develop effective cable sizing model for building services.</p>

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Nair, M. Pratap, and K. Nithiyananthan. "An Effective Cable Sizing Procedure Model for Industries and Commerial Buildings." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 1 (2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i1.pp34-39.

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<p class="Abstract">This paper mainly focuses on the cable sizing methods and calculation of electrical cables according to the various international standards. For instance, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), National Electrical Code (NEC), British Standard (BS) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The basic philosophy underlying any cable sizing calculations are the same. The main objective of this research work is to develop effective cable sizing model for building services.</p>

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Kim, Yong-Chul, Jung-Ho Han, and Ju Lee. "Practical and Rapid Motor Sizing Technique Using Existing Electrical Motor." Actuators 12, no. 12 (2023): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act12120430.

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Electrical motor design requires considerable work and resources. In the field, motor designers need to decide on competitive motor sizing quickly to compete with other motor suppliers. Generally, expensive FEM S/W is required to obtain accurate motor sizing results, but buying and maintaining many licenses is costly. Moreover, patience is required to obtain the results from FEM analysis. In this paper, a motor sizing technique using an existing production motor is presented to enable responding to urgent requests from customers without using FEM analysis. In order to enhance the fidelity of the results, magnetic flux losses due to magnet coatings and non-linear characteristics are considered during the motor sizing process. The proposed sizing method is verified via a comparison with FEM analysis and the test results and shows reasonable performance. Also, this method has the substantial advantage of outputting accurate results instantly. The method can help with the modification design of electrical motors without using expensive FEM S/W and does not require a certain level of skill or experience.

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Al-Motawakel, M. K., J. C. McVeigh, S. D. Probert, and B. Norton. "Photovoltaic array sizing for Yemeni electrical needs." International Journal of Ambient Energy 7, no. 4 (1986): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1986.9675503.

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10

Jones, C. "Software sizing." IEE Review 45, no. 4 (1999): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19990406.

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11

Zulueta, Asier, Decebal Aitor Ispas-Gil, Ekaitz Zulueta, Joseba Garcia-Ortega, and Unai Fernandez-Gamiz. "Battery Sizing Optimization in Power Smoothing Applications." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030729.

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The main objective of this work was to determine the worth of installing an electrical battery in order to reduce peak power consumption. The importance of this question resides in the expensive terms of energy bills when using the maximum power level. If maximum power consumption decreases, it affects not only the revenues of maximum power level bills, but also results in important reductions at the source of the power. This way, the power of the transformer decreases, and other electrical elements can be removed from electrical installations. The authors studied the Spanish electrical system, and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to model battery sizing in peak power smoothing applications for an electrical consumption point. This study proves that, despite not being entirely profitable at present due to current kWh prices, implanting a battery will definitely be an option to consider in the future when these prices come down.

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Predus, M. F., C. M. Muscai, C. Popescu, and C. Hatiegan. "Computer aided design of low voltage electrical installations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2540, no. 1 (2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2540/1/012010.

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Abstract The paper proposes a method of calculation and rapid sizing of power circuits of electrical panels using a program made in-house. The proposed application has a friendly and very intuitive graphical interface, being easy to use due to the intelligent way of making the selection and data entry. This application emerged in response to the real need for fast and accurate sizing of low voltage electrical switchboards used in industry. The real help is provided by the mechanism that allows frequent and rapid modification of the technical solution to adapt to the ever-changing requirements dictated by the stages in the development of electrical projects.The operation of the program is based on the existence of an internal database materialized using several data tables containing various types of electrical consumers, switching and protection equipment and a series of standardized power cables from which they are automatically selected. The selection is made based on sizing and verification calculations with the help of intelligent selection methods so that only the equipment that matches the data provided by the user are selected ensuring an additional verification of the various omissions that may occur.The application is useful for designing of a new installation or for the verification of existing ones, allowing the rapid and even real-time observation of the influence of the various changes made to the project.

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Bielby, Steven, and David A. Lowther. "Neural network approach to sizing an electrical machine." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 32, no. 5 (2013): 1500–1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-04-2013-0127.

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Robinson, Michael C., Sara E. Wallace, David C. Woodward, and Gene Engstrom. "US Navy Power Transformer Sizing Requirements Using Probabilistic Analysis." Journal of Ship Production 22, no. 04 (2006): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2006.22.4.212.

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Sizing power transformers in US Navy ships is an issue that surfaced in the design of a new amphibious assault ship. Previous methods averaged the power output from generators over each transformer and calculated load based on a demand factor curve. This technique is not accurate enough in the contract design stages or for zonal architectures since it artificially averages the electrical loads. The proposed methodology uses a systems engineering approach, applying a probabilistic (Monte Carlo) analysis of the electrical loads at each transformer, based on the electrical load analysis (ELA). This methodology will allow the designer to incorporate risk mitigation into a radial or zonal electrical system design to verify adequacy and reduce cost through probability-based transformer sizing.

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Pool, R. "Super sizing solar." Engineering & Technology 6, no. 3 (2011): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2011.0315.

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Treleaven, P. "Sizing Us Up." IEEE Spectrum 41, no. 4 (2004): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2004.1279190.

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17

Wang, S., JT Economou, and A. Tsourdos. "Indirect engine sizing via distributed hybrid-electric unmanned aerial vehicle state-of-charge-based parametrisation criteria." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 14 (2019): 5360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019843722.

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This paper presents a design process for the challenging problem of sizing the engine pack for a distributed series hybrid-electric propulsion system of unmanned aerial vehicle. Sizing the propulsion system for hybrid-electric unmanned aerial vehicles is a demanding problem because of the two different categories of propulsion (the engine and the motor), and the electrical system characteristics. Furthermore, what adds to the difficulty is that the internal combustion engine does not directly drive the propellers, but it is connected to an electrical generator and therefore provides electrical power to the electric motors and propellers. Hence there is a clear distinction from the traditional engine solutions which are mechanically coupled to the propeller. This paper addresses this specific distinction and proposes an indirect solution based on properties on the electrical part of the system. In particular, a novel parametric characterisation engine sizing approach is presented using the battery pack state-of-charge during a realistic unmanned aerial vehicle flight scenario. Five candidate engine options were considered with different starting conditions for the electrical system. The results show that by using the state-of-charge properties it is possible to select an appropriate size of engine pack while carrying a suitable electrical propulsion pack. However, the solutions are not unique and are appropriate for given design criteria clearly indicated in the paper.

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Han, Xue Yan, Kang Liu, and He Rong Jin. "Design of High Precision Online Sizing Cutter for PC Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.520.

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Along with the development of high-rise buildings and high-speed railways, the straightness and sizing accuracy of PC steel bars is highly demanded. The addition of precision straightening process between traction and shear in the production line of PC steel bars can improve the application performance of products effectively. Moreover, the traditional shear mode is changed to realize high precision sizing and cutting purpose in high-speed production (90m/min). A straightening scheme with large deformation and equal curvature was proposed in this article, which can realize circumferential standstill locking of bars in the perpendicular straightening planes and guarantee straightening precision. Based on mechanical-electro-hydraulic integration technology, optical-mechanical-electrical sizing and conjugate cam cutting method were presented. 9/13 numerical control sizing cutter for PC steel bars is developed in the production line of PC steel bars, which has high automation, better straightening effect, and minor sizing error.

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Alvaro, Ralph G., Eric Kenneth B. Cabrera, Raineir Ryan G. Gutierrez, Joshua D. Punzalan, Louie G. Serrano, and Alma L. Tangcuangco. "Development of Pec Based Electrical Load Schedule Software." International Journal of Informatics, Information System and Computer Engineering (INJIISCOM) 3, no. 1 (2022): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/injiiscom.v3i1.7555.

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This paper presents the development of PEC-based electrical load schedule software for residential electrical services design. All the sources that will be used for the computation and data will be based on PEC. The testing of the project will be carried out in accordance with PEC as well as other approved codes. Calculating tools to help you understand the process of accurately sizing a commercial electrical panel based on proposed loads. To emphasize, accurate load sizing is best performed by an electrical engineer, which is reviewed by the building department in your jurisdiction. The software was developed using Visual Basic (VB. net) programming language. Vb.net, or Visual Basic, is a development of the BASIC programming language. It is intended to be used in conjunction with an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Prior to the development of IDEs, programming languages like BASIC relied significantly on the DOS command-line. A load schedule for different operating scenarios will show when peak consumption occurs and provide an opportunity to find out if all the high loads must operate at this time. It serves as a valuable calculation tool for electrical engineers, students, and technicians by providing a faster, easier, and more accurate means of carrying out some basic calculations, such as determination of the size of wire; conduit sizes; circuit breaker ratings; the main feeder size of wires; main circuit breaker ratings; voltage drop; and riser diagram using Philippine Electrical Code Tables. The results of these calculations help the designer to make vital decisions such as cable sizing and nominal ratings of protective devices required by each circuit and by the entire installation, in line with appropriate standards and regulations.

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Yu, Hong, Suresh Advani, and Dirk Heider. "Impact of resin-rich layer on the through-thickness resistivity of carbon fiber reinforced polymers." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 24 (2019): 3469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319842369.

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Increasing applications of carbon fiber reinforced polymers exploiting its electrical properties demand a good understanding of the electrical conduction mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Resin-rich interface, which is not uncommon to exist between composite laminae, not only affect the mechanical properties, but also the electrical conduction behavior. This study focuses on the impact of resin-rich layer on the through-thickness resistivity of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Electrical characterizations are carried out on dry fiber tow systems as well as cured composites. Through-thickness resistivity changes of dry fibers with the sizing are compared against fibers without the sizing layer, and cured composites with added resin-rich layer against the composite laminates without the resin-rich layer. A localized Joule heating theory is proposed to explain the difference in the electrical responses. The theoretical and experimental investigations should prove useful for the development of quantitative models with Joule heating to describe electrical resistivity behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer.

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Tran, Le Nhat Hoang, Laurent Gerbaud, Nicolas Retière, and Hieu Nguyen Huu. "Use of SQP optimization algorithm to size a multiphysical system." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 2 (2018): 661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2016-0519.

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PurposeStatic converters generate current harmonics in power grids. For numerous studies, analytical frequency modeling is preferred to carry out their harmonic modeling in the context of sizing by optimization. However, a design by optimization has to consider other constraints, e.g. modeling constraints and operating constraints. In this way, this paper aims to focus on applying an analytical frequency modeling on the sizing by optimization of an aircraft electrical power channel. Design/methodology/approachThe paper aims to size a multiphysical system by optimization. In this way, the sizing of an aircraft electrical power channel by optimization has been carried out. The models of all the channel components are analytical. Specifically, the frequency model of the power electronics is based on Tran et al. (2016) and is made of equalities and inequalities. Due to this modeling choice, the optimization satisfies hundreds of constraints, such as modeling constraints and static converter operating constraints. Furthermore, transient constraints are only verified after optimization. FindingsThe difficulty is the modeling of the system by taking into account nonlinear implicit equations having several solutions. A solution is the addition of inequality constraints to the model to guide the implicit solving. Furthermore, this greatly helps the optimization algorithm to find the good operating mode of the static converter, at steady state. This aspect is indispensable to validate the sizing model. Research limitations/implicationsThe number of the configurations per operating period of the static converters is defined a priori and limited. Originality/valueThe analytical model for the sizing is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. Its solving and the sizing by optimization are carried out by the same optimization algorithm.

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Rickel, J. M. Robert, Adam J. Dixon, Alexander L. Klibanov, and John A. Hossack. "A flow focusing microfluidic device with an integrated Coulter particle counter for production, counting and size characterization of monodisperse microbubbles." Lab on a Chip 18, no. 17 (2018): 2653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8lc00496j.

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Alulema, Victor, Esteban Valencia, Edgar Cando, Victor Hidalgo, and Dario Rodriguez. "Propulsion Sizing Correlations for Electrical and Fuel Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Aerospace 8, no. 7 (2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8070171.

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Despite the increasing demand of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for a wide range of civil applications, there are few methodologies for their initial sizing. Nowadays, classical methods, mainly developed for transport aircraft, have been adapted to UAVs. However, these tools are not always suitable because they do not fully adapt to the plethora of geometrical and propulsive configurations that the UAV sector represents. Therefore, this work provides series of correlations based on off-the-shelf components for the preliminary sizing of propulsion systems for UAVs. This study encompassed electric and fuel-powered propulsion systems, considering that they are the most used in the UAV industry and are the basis of novel architectures such as hybrid propulsion. For these systems, weight correlations were derived, and, depending on data availability, correlations regarding their geometry and energy consumption are also provided. Furthermore, a flowchart for the implementation of the correlations in the UAV design procedure and two practical examples are provided to highlight their usability. To summarize, the main contribution of this work is to provide parametric tools to size rapidly the propulsion system components, which can be embedded in a UAV design and optimization framework. This research complements other correlation studies for UAVs, where the initial sizing of the vehicle is discussed. The present correlations suit multiple UAV categories ranging from micro to Medium-Altitude-Long-Endurance (MALE) UAVs.

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Uhlmann, Yannick, Michael Brunner, Lennart Bramlage, Jürgen Scheible, and Cristóbal Curio. "Procedural- and Reinforcement-Learning-Based Automation Methods for Analog Integrated Circuit Sizing in the Electrical Design Space." Electronics 12, no. 2 (2023): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020302.

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Analog integrated circuit sizing is notoriously difficult to automate due to its complexity and scale; thus, it continues to heavily rely on human expert knowledge. This work presents a machine learning-based design automation methodology comprising pre-defined building blocks such as current mirrors or differential pairs and pre-computed look-up tables for electrical characteristics of primitive devices. Modeling the behavior of primitive devices around the operating point with neural networks combines the speed of equation-based methods with the accuracy of simulation-based approaches and, thereby, brings quality of life improvements for analog circuit designers using the gm/Id method. Extending this procedural automation method for human design experts, we present a fully autonomous sizing approach. Related work shows that the convergence properties of conventional optimization approaches improve significantly when acting in the electrical domain instead of the geometrical domain. We, therefore, formulate the circuit sizing task as a sequential decision-making problem in the alternative electrical design space. Our automation approach is based entirely on reinforcement learning, whereby abstract agents learn efficient design space navigation through interaction and without expert guidance. These agents’ learning behavior and performance are evaluated on circuits of varying complexity and different technologies, showing both the feasibility and portability of the work presented here.

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Dejvises, Jackravut. "Energy Storage System Sizing for Peak Shaving in Thailand." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 14, no. 1 (2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2016141.171094.

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This paper presents a mathematical model of energy storage systems (ESSs) to minimise daily electrical peak power demand in Thailand. A daily electrical load curve on a peak day obtained from Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is used to analyse the capability of energy storage system for electrical peak power demand reduction with different ESS sizes. It is found that with power rate of 50 percent of the difference between the minimum and the maximum demands of the daily load curve and with energy capacity of 50 percent of the sum of each time step absolute energy difference between the demand and the average demand of the daily load curve, ESS can decrease daily electrical peak demand approximately 7.4 percent and increase daily load factor approximately 9.9 percent.

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Escobar-Sandoval, José Enrique, and Gabriel Pico Mera. "Sizing strategies for electrical smart microgrids for rural customers." Sapienza: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (2023): e23044. http://dx.doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v4i3.699.

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Micro Smart Grids are configured in the panorama of technological areas related to clean energies, as an alternative for the efficient distribution of electric energy. For this purpose, the present study aimed to carry out a documentary analysis of the sizing strategies of smart microgrids for rural users. The research was carried out from the approach of a documentary-bibliographic research. In this framework, the search was carried out in the Internet database of sites specialized in academic information and reliable sources using the descriptors: electric microgrids, strategies, sizing. For the selection of the material under analysis, the following criteria were taken into consideration: pertinence, relevance, language, place of origin, published in indexed journals during the years 2017 to 2021. Based on this, the content analysis of the information found in the literary sources collected was performed. Of the total number of documents used, seven (07) of them were considered for the analysis as they were considered to be the ones that most accurately matched the interests of this study. The results found show that: The integration of distributed energy resources (distributed generation and energy storage), are resulting in a great revolution in generation, transmission, distribution, operation and energy consumption, among others. It is concluded that microgrids become one of the support strategies for the conventional electrical grid that can help in the purpose of undertaking actions for the development of projects aimed at generating a process of allocation or improvement in the supply of electricity in rural localities.

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Filho, Adiel Teixeira de Almeida, Ana Paula Henriques de Gusmão, Thárcylla Clemente, Jadielson Moura, Ana Paula Cabral Seixas Costa, and Adiel Teixeira de Almeida. "A Decision Support System for Sizing the Call Center of an Electrical Power Distributor." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 6, no. 2 (2014): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2014040104.

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Sizing the capacity of a call center is a well known problem. However, in some cases there are regulatory aspects that must be observed that, combined with specificities of the service provided and how it operates, affects the manner of the process for forecasting the inbound call rate and decisions on sizing capacity. This paper presents a real problem relating to several electric power distributors in Brazil regulated by ANEEL (the Brazilian regulatory agency for electric power companies). Amongst the available data, this kind of call center is affected by commercial actions, debt collection actions, billing activities, the health of the state of the distribution network and maintenance activities, which are not integrated and planned together. Considering the dynamics on the company cash flow these factors may change and adversely affect the demands on the call center. Thus in this article, a description is given of how experts' knowledge has been integrated so as to improve the forecast of incoming calls and the decision process. For this purpose a model to evaluate the sizing of this type of call center is developed in order to comply with regulatory requirements for this service.

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Newman, David. "Right-Sizing the Grid." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 01 (2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-jan-2.

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This article presents a study of various categories of risks associated with the size of power grid and probable solutions to mitigate the risks timely. The researchers believe that engineers must stop looking at the electrical grid solely as an aggregation of components. Instead, they must also view the grid as an entity whose very size and complexity make it behave differently from other types of systems. A systems perspective can help us explain why large blackouts are inevitable and why they occur more frequently than we might expect. It also enables us to consider new ways to reduce risk by restructuring the grid . An analysis shows that a grid with 500 to 700 nodes might be the sweet spot for a grid. It is large enough to let us suppress many small and medium-size outages, yet small enough to avoid the increased probability of massive blackouts. Dividing the grid into independent modules would produce more small and medium-size blackouts. While these events are quickly remedied, they would occur frequently enough to notice and draw complaints from utility customers. It would also make the grid less efficient for operators.

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Hafian, Asmae, Mohammed Benbrahim, and Mohammed Nabil Kabbaj. "A novel algorithm for optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic pumping systems." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 3 (2022): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1833-1842.

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Pumping water is one of the most popular technologies of solar energy for irrigation or drinking water supply. Its performance depends on the characteristics of the site (sunlight, ambient temperature, geographical obstacles), on the performance of the modules, as well as, on the characteristics of other equipment (converter and pump). The optimal sizing of a photovoltaic water pumping system makes it possible to guarantee the satisfaction of the water demand throughout the irrigation period and to model the electrical energy needs to supply the pump to irrigate the crops and water livestock. This paper proposed a novel algorithm for dimensioning the elements of an autonomous photovoltaic system equipped with irrigation water storage. The proposed algorithm determines the optimal surface area of the photovoltaic modules and the electrical power necessary to satisfy the water requirement for irrigation in the observed time. The results obtained from the proposed algorithm for optimal sizing are compared to calculation scenarios to show better results. A case study from the Fez-Meknes region in Morocco has been selected for applying the optimal sizing algorithm.

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Roussel, Jeremy, Marc Budinger, and Laurent Ruet. "Preliminary Sizing of the Electrical Motor and Housing of Electromechanical Actuators Applied on the Primary Flight Control System of Unmanned Helicopters." Aerospace 9, no. 9 (2022): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9090473.

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Helicopter dronization is expanding, for example, the VSR700 project. This leads to the integration of electromechanical actuators (EMAs) into the primary flight control system (PFCS). The PFCS is in charge of controlling the helicopter flight over its four axes (roll, pitch, yaw, and vertical). It controls the blade pitch thanks to mechanical kinematics and actuators. For more than 60 years, the actuators have been conventionally using the hydraulic technology. The EMA technology introduction involves the reconsideration of the design practices. Indeed, an EMA is multidisciplinary. Each of its components introduces new design drivers and new inherent technological imperfections (friction, inertia, and losses). This paper presents a methodology to specify and pre-design critical EMAs. The description will be focused on two components: the electrical motor and the housing. This includes a data-driven specification, scaling laws for motor losses estimation, and surrogate modeling for the housing vibratory sizing. The tools are finally applied to two study cases. The first case considers two potential redundant topologies of actuation. The housing sizing shows that one prevails on the other. The second case considers the actuators of helicopter rotors. The electrical motor sizing highlights the importance of designing two separate actuators.

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Kolanowski, Bernard. "Sizing the Cogenerator." Cogeneration & Distributed Generation Journal 16, no. 1 (2001): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10668680009508925.

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32

Le Guyadec, Mathias, Laurent Gerbaud, Emmanuel Vinot, and Benoit Delinchant. "Sensitivity analysis using Sobol indices for the thermal modelling of an electrical machine for sizing by optimization." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 3 (2019): 965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2018-0360.

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Purpose The thermal modelling of an electrical machine is difficult because the thermal behavior depends on its geometry, the used materials and its manufacturing process. In the paper, such a thermal model is used during the sizing process by optimization of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This paper aims to deal with the sensitivities of thermal parameters on temperatures inside the electrical machine to allow the assessment of the influence of thermal parameters that are hard to assess. Design/methodology/approach A sensitivity analysis by Sobol indices is used to assess the sensitivities of the thermal parameters on electrical machine temperatures. As the optimization process needs fast computations, a lumped parameter thermal network (LPTN) is proposed for the thermal modelling of the machine, because of its fastness. This is also useful for the Sobol method that needs too many calls to this thermal model. This model is also used in a global model of a hybrid vehicle. Findings The difficulty is the thermal modelling of the machine on the validity domain of the sizing problem. The Sobol indices allow to find where a modelling effort has to be carried out. Research limitations/implications The Sobol indices have a significant value according to the number of calls of the model and their type (first-order, total, etc.). Therefore, the quality of the thermal sensitivity analysis is a compromise between computation times and modelling accuracy. Practical implications Thermal modelling of an electrical machine in a sizing process by optimization. Originality/value The use of Sobol indices for the sensitivity analysis of the thermal parameters of an electrical machine.

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Murray, James J., Tom Allen, Simon Bickerton, et al. "Thermoplastic RTM: Impact Properties of Anionically Polymerised Polyamide 6 Composites for Structural Automotive Parts." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185790.

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This study investigates the impact behaviour and post-impact performance of polyamide-6 glass fibre reinforced composites, manufactured by thermoplastic resin transfer moulding. Impact test samples were extracted from quasi-isotropic laminates using two different glass fibre sizings, both with a fibre volume fraction of approximately 52%. A previous study showed that one of these sizings enhanced the interfacial strength and Mode I fracture toughness; however, the effects of the sizing on out-of-plane impact is of greater significance in terms of automotive applications. A drop-weight impact tester was used to determine out-of-plane impact performance for both sizings in terms of impact load-induced and energy returned from the striker. High-speed video of the impact response was simultaneously captured. Testing was carried out at three impact energy levels: two sub-penetration and one full penetration. The impact damage area was observed, and the post-damage compression properties of samples were measured to determine the reduction in their strength and stiffness. Results showed that the use of different sizing technologies had little effect on the post-impact compressive properties and that penetration led to only a 29% drop in compression strength. Overall, the outcomes of this work demonstrate the potential of these materials in automotive applications.

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Capelli-Schellpfeffer, M. "Sizing safety." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 12, no. 2 (2006): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mia.2006.1598018.

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35

Hussain, Akhtar, Van-Hai Bui, Ju-Won Baek, and Hak-Man Kim. "Stationary Energy Storage System for Fast EV Charging Stations: Simultaneous Sizing of Battery and Converter." Energies 12, no. 23 (2019): 4516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234516.

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Optimal sizing of stationary energy storage systems (ESS) is required to reduce the peak load and increase the profit of fast charging stations. Sequential sizing of battery and converter or fixed-size converters are considered in most of the existing studies. However, sequential sizing or fixed-converter sizes may result in under or oversizing of ESS and thus fail to achieve the set targets, such as peak shaving and cost reduction. In order to address these issues, simultaneous sizing of battery and converter is proposed in this study. The proposed method has the ability to avoid the under or oversizing of ESS by considering the converter capacity and battery size as two independence decision variables. A mathematical problem is formulated by considering the stochastic return time of electrical vehicles (EVs), worst-case state of charge at return time, number of registered EVs, charging level of EVs, and other related parameters. The annualized cost of ESS is computed by considering the lifetime of ESS equipment and annual interest rates. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the existing sizing methods for ESS in fast-charging stations. In addition, sensitivity analysis is carried out to analyze the impact of different parameters on the size of the battery and the converter. Simulation results have proved that the proposed method is outperforming the existing sizing methods in terms of the total annual cost of the charging station and the amount of power buying during peak load intervals.

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Schneider, Maximilian, Konstantin Biel, Stephan Pfaller, Hendrik Schaede, Stephan Rinderknecht, and Christoph H. Glock. "Optimal Sizing of Electrical Energy Storage Systems using Inventory Models." Energy Procedia 73 (June 2015): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.559.

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Notton, G., C. Cristofari, P. Poggi, and M. Muselli. "Wind hybrid electrical supply system: behaviour simulation and sizing optimization." Wind Energy 4, no. 2 (2001): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.46.

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Chang, Jih-Hsing, Ya-Shiuan Tsai, and Pei-Yu Yang. "A Review of Glass Fibre Recycling Technology Using Chemical and Mechanical Separation of Surface Sizing Agents." Recycling 6, no. 4 (2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6040079.

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Glass fiber is widely used in various modern industrial applications because it has the advantages of good electrical insulation performance and good process ability. Inevitably, some flawed glass fiber generated during manufacturing processes becomes waste and, in recent years, the treatment or recycling of glass fiber waste has become an environmental concern. Since glass fiber is brittle, non-wearing, and can easily generate static electricity after friction, the surface of glass fiber must be coated with a wetting agent (i.e., surface sizing agent) to overcome these disadvantages. However, glass fiber waste cannot be directly recycled as glass raw materials due to the presence of the surface sizing agent and the high content of sodium element. Therefore, there is a need to develop a feasible technology for removal of surface sizing agent in order to recycle glass fiber waste. In this study, two methods were used to remove surface sizing agent from glass fiber waste. After removing the surface sizing agent, the treated glass fiber waste can replace sand particles for manufacturing controlled low-strength material (CLSM). The first method for removing surface sizing agent used different organic solvents such as ethyl acetate to dissolve the surface coating (i.e., surface sizing agent). Then, an optical microscope was used to observe the surface changes before and after such removal treatments. The second method involved grinding glass fiber waste into a fine powder and heating it to a high temperature. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to analyze the surface characteristics of the glass fiber waste. The experimental results showed that different organic solvents could not effectively remove the surface sizing agent, even if the glass fiber waste was processed by ultrasonic vibration for 5 h. In contrast, after high heating at 800 °C for 2 h, the surface sizing agent could be removed, and glass fiber waste transformed to cristobalite. The CLSM concrete produced by mixing cristobalite with cement in an appropriate proportion can meet the CLSM specification standard in Taiwan.

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Migliaro, M. W. "Sizing Batteries for Generating Stations." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-6, no. 12 (1986): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1986.5528057.

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Perry, Tekla. "Sizing Up Your LCD TV." IEEE Spectrum 44, no. 6 (2007): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2007.369276.

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Diarra, Zié Drissa, Hervé Chazal, Laurent Gerbaud, and Lauric Garbuio. "Sizing by SQP optimization of an electrical drive: Application to a switched capacitor connected to a permanent magnet synchronous generator." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 69, no. 3 (2022): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-210167.

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The paper deals with the design by optimization in pre-sizing step of a drive system that combines a switched capacitor system and a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The sizing of the converter and the machine are considered strongly dependent due to the series quasi-resonant topology. The system modelling is based on a semi-analytical approach validated by finite element (FE) simulations. It involves an analytical modelling of the electrical machine and a numerical time solving of the electrical circuit sub-model because of the natural switching events of diodes. The optimization is carried out by SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming). The model gradients are computed combining mathematical laws, symbolic derivation and automatic differentiation. Finally, trade-offs and gains on the machine power density, the magnet volume and the efficiency are investigated through a Pareto approach.

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Abdul Razak, Muhd Azri, Muhammad Murtadha Othman, Mohd Ainor Yahya, et al. "Two Stage Optimal Capacitors Placement and Sizing Using Differential Evolution Particle Swarm Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.58.

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Installing capacitors in a large unbalanced electrical distribution system will indeed improves the performance of the system in terms of its voltage profile and real power loss stability. However, determining the suitable locations for capacitors installation with an appropriate sizing in an unbalanced electrical distribution system involves an intricate process. This impediment can be resolved by implementing an optimal capacitors placement and sizing. The proposed technique is a highly nonlinear optimization problem which requires discrete and multi-dimensional control variables of capacitor locations and sizes. This paper proposed a new artificial intelligence approach used to reduce the total line real power loss and total real power consumption while maintaining the voltage profile along the feeders. It was done by integrating the circuitry schematic diagram of an unbalanced electrical distribution system modeled in SIMULINK® software with the computational programming based differential evolution particle swarm optimization (DEPSO) for optimal capacitors placement and sizing developed under the MATLAB® software. In this study, pre-selection of the capacitor locations can be considered as the first stage of the proposed concept and it is commenced prior to the optimization process performed by the DEPSO algorithm considered as the second stage of the proposed concept. A modified IEEE 13-bus unbalanced radial distribution system is used verify effectiveness of the proposed technique in solving the problem. The results will be discussed notably through comparative studies on the objective function of total cost and performance of the DEPSO technique.

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Seitz, Arne, Markus Nickl, Anne Stroh, and Patrick C. Vratny. "Conceptual study of a mechanically integrated parallel hybrid electric turbofan." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 14 (2018): 2688–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018790141.

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In the paper, options for mechanically integrated parallel hybrid propulsion are evaluated, and a conceptual sizing and performance study of a mechanically integrated parallel hybrid electric turbofan engine for a short-range aircraft application is presented and discussed. Through a methodical down-selection procedure, a most promising power plant system architectural concept is identified from an initial cloud of concept candidates. The design of the preferred configuration is conceptualized including initial performance analyses, both at the isolated power plant as well as at the integrated aircraft level. Beside the basic power plant definition, the multidisciplinary concept elaboration includes solutions proposed for the electric systems architectural layout, the major electrical components involved as well as important airframe integration aspects. The components of the electrical power management and distribution system are sized, and efficiency and weights are evaluated under special consideration of thermal management requirements. In result, a best and balanced degree of power hybridization is determined for the studied mechanically integrated parallel hybrid power plants taking account of electric system design and weight impacts as well as power plant operational robustness in case of electric system failure. The overall system assessment includes the evaluation of fuel reduction potentials through a parametric aircraft sizing study including the derivation of key technological requirements for onboard electrical energy storage. In the paper, essential design and sizing strategies for mechanically integrated parallel hybrid aero propulsion systems are derived, and a brief characterization of the associated key technological challenges is provided.

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Aryani, Ni Ketut, Adi Soeprijanto, I. Made Yulistya Negara, and Mat Syai’in. "Economic Dispatch Using Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm in Electrical Power System Involving Distributed Generators." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (2017): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2365-2373.

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Unpredictable increase in power demands will overload the supply subsystems and insufficiently powered systems will suffer from instabilities, in which voltages drop below acceptable levels. Additional power sources are needed to satisfy the demand. Small capacity distributed generators (DGs) serve for this purpose well. One advantage of DGs is that they can be installed close to loads, so as to minimise loses. Optimum placements and sizing of DGs are critical to increase system voltages and to reduce loses. This will finally increase the overall system efficiency. This work exploits Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) for the placements and sizing. This optimisation targets the cheapest generation cost. Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm is an Evolutionary Algorithm running on quantum computing, which works based on qubits and states superposition of quantum mechanics. Evolutionary algorithm with qubit representation has a better characteristic of diversity than classical approaches, since it can represent superposition of states.

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Danjuma, Safyanu Bashir, Zamri Omar, and Mohd Noor Abdullah. "Design of Power Device Sizing and Integration for Solar-Powered Aircraft Application." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 3 (2021): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v18i3.15428.

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The power device constitutes the PV cell, rechargeable battery, and maximum power point tracker. Solar aircraft lack proper power device sizing to provide adequate energy to sustain low and high altitude and long endurance flight. This paper conducts the power device sizing and integration for solar-powered aircraft applications (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). The solar radiation model, the aerodynamic model, the energy and mass balance model, and the adopted aircraft configuration were used to determine the power device sizing, integration, and application. The input variables were aircraft mass 3 kg, wingspan 3.2 m, chord 0.3 m, aspect ratio 11.25, solar radiation 825 W/m2, lift coefficient 0.913, total drag coefficient 0.047, day time 12 hour, night time 12 hours, respectively. The input variables were incorporated into the MS Excel program to determine the output variables. The output variables are; the power required 10.92 W, the total electrical power 19.47 W, the total electrical energy 465.5 Wh, the daily solar energy 578.33 Wh, the solar cell area 0.62 m, the number of PV cell 32, and the number of the Rechargeable battery 74 respectively. The power device was developed with the PV cell Maxeon Gen III for high efficiency, the rechargeable battery sulfur-lithium battery for high energy density, and the Maximum power point tracker neural network algorithm for smart and efficient response. The PD sizing was validated with three existing designs. The validation results show that 20% reduction of the required number of PV cells and RB and a 30% increase in flight durations.

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Yahya, Mohd Ainor, Muhammad Murtadha Othman, Muhd Azri Abdul Razak, et al. "Ant Colony Optimization Technique in Optimal Capacitor Placement and Sizing Problem in Unbalanced Electrical Distribution System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.78.

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The optimal capacitor placement problem involves determination on the type, number, location and size of capacitors to be placed in a distribution system for the attainment of energy efficiency. The main objectives of the capacitors placement and sizing are to reduce total line loss and energy consumption while satisfying the operational constraints. This paper presents the optimal capacitor placement and sizing problems solved by using the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique with the integrated of circuitry unbalanced electrical distribution modeled in SIMULINK®MATLAB®software. The proposed technique was tested on a modified IEEE 13-bus unbalanced radial distribution system and the results revealed that the proposed technique has the merit in achieving optimal solution for addressing the problems.

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de Lima, Atilio Caliari, João Philipe Oliveira Motta, and Felipe Machado Lobo. "SISTEMA DE ACIONAMENTO EMBARCADO DE MOTORES CC DO VEÍCULO ELÉTRICO DA FAESA." Revista Científica Faesa 17, no. 2 (2021): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5008/1809.7367.200.

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The present work aimed at researching, sizing and monitoring of FAESA's electric vehicle prototype propulsion system, with the aid of sensors and a low-cost microcontroller. The prototype was incomplete and required electrical resizing and mechanical adjustments. From an Arduino it was possible to perform both the motor activation and measurement of the current and speed sensors.

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Barra, Samir. "Intelligent Optimization of CMOS Operational Amplifier Using 3D Ant Colony Optimization." Electronics ETF 27, no. 2 (2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53314/els2327035b.

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This paper presents the use of an artificial intelligence (AI) tool based on ant colony behavior to design an operational amplifier circuit. The ant colony optimization (ACO) is implemented in a hybrid evolutionary sizing method to automate analog circuit design. This new meta-heuristic approach that combines the artificial intelligence of an ant colony and the 3D matrix method is developed to determine the optimal dimensions and the main influencing performances of fundamental analog circuits and, including operational amplifiers (op-amps). The proposed methodology uses ACO and Cadence Spectre as dimensioning techniques and implementation platform, respectively. The Three Dimensions (3D) ACO algorithm is successfully used for analog circuit sizing, and the obtained results demonstrate its effectiveness in sizing basic and more complicated analog circuits.

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Maciążek, Marcin, Dariusz Grabowski, and Marian Pasko. "Genetic and combinatorial algorithms for optimal sizing and placement of active power filters." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 25, no. 2 (2015): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amcs-2015-0021.

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Abstract The paper deals with cost effective compensator placement and sizing. It becomes one of the most important problems in contemporary electrical networks, in which voltage and current waveform distortions increase year-by-year reaching or even exceeding limit values. The suppression of distortions could be carried out by means of three types of compensators, i.e., passive filters, active power filters and hybrid filters. So far, passive filters have been more popular mainly because of economic reasons, but active and hybrid filters have some advantages which should cause their wider application in the near future. Active power filter placement and sizing could be regarded as an optimization problem. A few objective functions have been proposed for this problem. In this paper we compare solutions obtained by means of combinatorial and genetic approaches. The theoretical discussion is followed by examples of active power filter placement and sizing

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Touré, Baidy, Laurent Gerbaud, Jean-Luc Schanen, and Régis Ruelland. "Optimization of EMI filters for electrical drives in aircraft." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 3 (2014): 793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2012-0217.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to deal with the design of passive filter for power electronics voltage inverters used in aircraft electrical drives (a permanent magnet synchronous machine fed by a six-phase voltage inverter with PMW control), using optimization for both sizing and sensibility analyses. Design/methodology/approach – The approach is generic. An aid allows to modify easily the frequency model and so to check various study cases, and to carry out the filter optimization for different topologies or control strategies. Findings – The approach is generic. An aid allows to modify easily the frequency model and so to check various study cases, and to carry out the filter optimization for different topologies or control strategies. Research limitations/implications – The power electronics load is supposed to be a set of predefined harmonic sources, obtained by experiment or time simulation plus fast fourier transformation before the optimization process. Practical implications – The problem has numerous constraints on the components, mainly technological constraints. The volume is minimized, respecting electromagnetic standards and an electro magnetic interference filter prototype has been made. Originality/value – The frequency model is automatically generated. A complex aircraft application has been studied thanks to the approach. Several sensibility analyses have been carried out. An EMC filter has been sized and an experimental prototype has been made, comforting the sizing by optimization.

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