Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „El (The Hebrew word)“
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1
Geary, Jonathan, und Adam Ussishkin. „Morphological priming without semantic relationship in Hebrew spoken word recognition“. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, Nr. 1 (15.03.2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4509.
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We report on an auditory masked priming study designed to test the contributions of semantics and morphology to spoken word recognition in Hebrew. Thirty-one native Hebrew speakers judged the lexicality of Hebrew words that were primed by words which either share their root morpheme and a transparent semantic relationship with the target (e.g. poreʦ פּורץ ‘burglar’ priming priʦa פּריצה ‘burglary’) or share their root morpheme but lack a transparent semantic relationship with the target (e.g. mifraʦ מפרץ ‘gulf’ priming priʦa פּריצה ‘burglary’). We found facilitatory priming by both types of morphological relatives, supporting that semantic overlap is not required for morphological priming in Hebrew spoken word recognition. Thus, our results extend the findings of Frost, Forster, & Deutsch’s (1997) Experiment 5 to the auditory modality, while avoiding confounds between root priming and Hebrew’s abjad orthography associated with the visual masked priming paradigm. Further, our results are inconsistent with models of word processing which treat morphological priming as reflecting form and semantic coactivation, and instead support an independent role for root morphology in Hebrew lexical processing.
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Norman, Tal, Tamar Degani und Orna Peleg. „Transfer of L1 visual word recognition strategies during early stages of L2 learning: Evidence from Hebrew learners whose first language is either Semitic or Indo-European“. Second Language Research 32, Nr. 1 (11.10.2015): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315608913.
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The present study examined visual word recognition processes in Hebrew (a Semitic language) among beginning learners whose first language (L1) was either Semitic (Arabic) or Indo-European (e.g. English). To examine if learners, like native Hebrew speakers, exhibit morphological sensitivity to root and word-pattern morphemes, learners made an off-line graded lexical decision task on unfamiliar letter strings. Critically, these letter strings were manipulated to include or exclude familiar Hebrew morphemes. The results demonstrate differential morphological sensitivity as a function of participants’ language background. In particular, Indo-European-L1 learners exhibited increased sensitivity to word-pattern familiarity, with little effect of root familiarity. In contrast, Semitic-L1 learners exhibited non-additive sensitivity to both morphemes. Specifically, letter strings with a familiar root and a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to be judged as real words by this L1-Semitic group, whereas strings with a familiar root in the absence of a familiar word-pattern were the most likely to lead to a non-word decision. These findings show that both groups of learners activate their morphological knowledge in Hebrew in order to process unfamiliar Hebrew words. Critically, the findings further demonstrate transfer of L1 word recognition processes during the initial stages of second language (L2) learning.
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Ingraham, Loring J., Frances Chard, Marcia Wood und Allan F. Mirsky. „An Hebrew Language Version of the Stroop Test“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, Nr. 1 (August 1988): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.187.
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We present normative data from a Hebrew language version of the Stroop color-word test. In this sample of college-educated Israeli young adults, 18 women and 28 men with a mean age of 28.4 yr. completed a Hebrew language Stroop test. When compared with 1978 English language norms of Golden, Hebrew speakers were slower on color-word reading and color naming, similar on naming the color of incongruently colored names of colors, and showed less interference. Slowed color-word reading and color-naming may reflect the two-syllable length of the Hebrew names for one-syllable length English language colors; reduced interference may reflect the exclusion of vowels in much Hebrew printing and subjects' ability to provide competing, nonconflicting words while naming the color of words in which the hue and the lexical content do not match.
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Kuperman, Aaron Wolfe. „Hebrew Word Processing“. Judaica Librarianship 3, Nr. 1-2 (01.01.1987): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14263/3/1987/915.
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Ryzhik, Michael. „The Lexical Impact of Hebrew in the Judeo-Italian of Medieval and Renaissance Siddur Translations“. Journal of Jewish Languages 8, Nr. 1-2 (27.11.2020): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10003.
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Abstract General traits of the Hebrew components of Judeo-Italian Siddur translations are analyzed. The most interesting cases are those where the same Hebrew component is used differently in different contexts: (1) the same Hebrew word remains untranslated in the title and is translated by the Romance lexical unit in the text of the prayer (שבת/sabbeto; כהן/sacerdote); (2) the same Hebrew word in the divine (mystic) sense remains untranslated, while in the secular sense it is translated as the Italian word (צבאות/osti); (3) one Hebrew component lexical unit translates another Hebrew word (אִשִּׁים > קרבנות ;נשך > רבית ;חולק < טענה); (4) one form of the Hebrew word is translated by another form of the same word (עולמות > עולמים). The two latter categories are especially instructive in studying the Hebrew component of spoken and written Judeo-Italian.
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Pugazhendhi, D. „Tamil, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit: Sandalwood (Σανταλόξυλο) and its Semantics in Classical Literatures“. ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, Nr. 3 (30.07.2021): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-3-3.
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The Greek and Tamil people did sea trade from the pre-historic times. Sandalwood is seen only in Tamil land and surrounding places. It is also one of the items included in the trade. The Greek word ‘σανταλίνων’ is first mentioned in the ancient Greek works around the middle of the first century CE. The fact that the word is related to Tamil, but the etymologist did not acknowledge the same, rather they relate it to other languages. As far as its uses are concerned, it is not found in the ancient Greek literatures. One another type of wood ‘κέδρου’ cedar is also mentioned in the ancient Greek literature with the medicinal properties similar to ‘σανταλίνων’. In the same way the use of the Hebrew Biblical word ‘Almuggim -אַלְמֻגִּ֛ים’ which is the word used for sandalwood, also denotes teak wood. This shows that in these words, there are possibilities of some semantic changes such as semantic shift or broadening. Keywords: biblical word, Greek, Hebrew, Sandalwood, Tamil
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ياسين المعضادي, أحمد طه. „Linguistic, historical, and religious connotations of the term "Hebrew" in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic sources“. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, Nr. 2 (31.01.2023): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.2.20.
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There is no doubt that the Hebrew language, which is an important part of the Semitic languages to which our Arabic language belongs, has become one of the important languages in the Arab region, and it is time for Arabs to learn it and understand what is going on around them and from within them in terms of plans that reflect on the future of the region as a whole. Therefore, it was our duty as specialists in the study of Semitic languages and the Hebrew language in particular to write research on the origins and divisions of this language. From this point of view, this research was prepared to complement the great scientific research and studies in the field of Semitic studies, especially the Hebrew side of it, the research has been addressed to several topics, the most important of which was the definition of the term "Hebrew" in Arabic and Hebrew, and knowing the origin of this term with mentioning the most important opinions that touched on the hadith about its origin and interpretation, and also the origin of the word labels (Jews - Israelites - Hebrews), and then it was proven whether the words "Hebrew" and "Arabic" are one word? Or is there a difference between them, hence the historical and religious connotations of the term "Hebrew" are mentioned in Jewish sources, and then in Jewish sources and finally in Islamic sources, where these connotations are the main axes around which this research revolves. In the end, there was the conclusion in which we mentioned the most important results we reached through the preparation of this research.
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DEGANI, TAMAR, ANAT PRIOR und WALAA HAJAJRA. „Cross-language semantic influences in different script bilinguals“. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, Nr. 4 (24.07.2017): 782–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000311.
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The current study examined automatic activation and semantic influences from the non-target language of different-script bilinguals during visual word processing. Thirty-four Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals and 34 native Hebrew controls performed a semantic relatedness task on visually presented Hebrew word pairs. In one type of critical trials, cognate primes between Arabic and Hebrew preceded related Hebrew target words. In a second type, false-cognate primes preceded Hebrew targets related to the Arabic meaning (but not the Hebrew meaning) of the false-cognate. Although Hebrew orthography is a fully reliable cue of language membership, facilitation on cognate trials and interference on false-cognate trials were observed for Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals. The activation of the non-target language was sufficient to influence participants’ semantic decisions in the target language, demonstrating simultaneous activation of both languages even for different-script bilinguals in a single language context. To discuss the findings we refine existing models of bilingual processing to accommodate different-script bilinguals.
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Elimelech, Adi, und Dorit Aram. „Evaluating preschoolers’ references to characteristics of the Hebrew orthography via a computerized early spelling game“. Written Language and Literacy 25, Nr. 2 (06.12.2022): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00065.ara.
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Abstract The current study evaluated how characteristics of Hebrew, a Semitic language with an abjad writing system, are manifested in Hebrew-speaking preschoolers’ play with a computerized spelling game adapted for Hebrew. The game words were of different lengths and structures so as to include the entire Hebrew alphabet and all the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) in all possible positions in the word (first, last, second). We analyzed the 18,720 spellings typed by 96 preschoolers aged 5;7 years (on average) who played the game during eight sessions (about 20 minutes per session) in one month. The study indicated a greater difficulty in spelling א, ה, ו, י letters as consonants than as vowels, and more success in spelling ב, כ, פ letters that are pronounced as stops, as compared to the same letters that are pronounced as spirants. The success in spelling consonants and consonant-vowel letters was identical. Within a word, there was greater success in spelling the first letter, than in spelling the last letter, and the second letter. The length of the word did not influence success in spelling the first, second, or last letter in the word. At the same time, spelling an entire shorter word was easier than spelling an entire longer word. Lastly, spelling of words to which children had more exposures was easier than spelling words with only a single exposure. The discussion focuses on the implications of the study and refers to the nature of appropriate literacy-oriented digital Hebrew games and activities with preschoolers.
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Chia, Philip Suciadi. „Divided by the Translation, But United in the Concept? The Word Study of מִכְתָּם“. Perichoresis 21, Nr. 3 (01.07.2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2023-0024.
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Abstract The Hebrew word מִכְתָּם creates a problem because the meaning is controversy. The Hebrew lexicon, BDB (1906) and TWOT lexicon (2003), confirm this difficulty, saying, “the meaning of this word is unknown.” PONS Kompaktwörterbuch Althebräisch (2015) records that this word is untranslated, while the other sources translate as song, prayer, or epigram. Allen P. Ross (2012:48), a Hebrew scholar, indicates that its meaning is disputed. Ibn Ezra (Strickman 2009:112) interprets that this word refers to a very precious Psalm. He compares with ketem paz or the finest gold in Song of Songs 5:11 because both words are derived from the same root. This perplexity also occurs in ancient texts as they differ in their translations. This article, therefore, attempts to study and solve this dilemmatic word in ancient texts with textual criticism of its methodology. This study argues that the word מִכְתָּם is not only different in translation, but also the concept in ancient texts.
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Weinberg, Bella Hass. „Index structures in early Hebrew Biblical word lists“. Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 22, Issue 4 22, Nr. 4 (01.10.2001): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2001.22.4.5.
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The earliest Hebrew Masoretic Bibles and word lists are analyzed from the perspective of index structure. Masoretic Bibles and word lists may have served as models for the first complete Biblical concordances, which were produced in France, in the Latin language, in the 13th century. The thematic Hebrew Biblical word lists compiled by the Masoretes several centuries earlier contain concordance-like structures - words arranged alphabetically, juxtaposed with the Biblical phrases in which they occur. The Hebrew lists lack numeric locators, but the locations of the phrases in the Bible would have been familiar to learned people. The indexing methods of the Masoretes are not known, but their products contain many structures commonly thought to date from the modern era of information systems, among them word frequency counts, distinction of homographs, positional indexing, truncation, adjacency, and permuted indexes. It is documented that Hebrew Bibles were consulted by the Latin concorders; since Masoretic Bibles had the most accurate text, they were probably the editions consulted. This suggests the likely influence of Masoretic lists on the Latin concorders.
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Guledani, Lali. „Peculiarities of Formation of Abstract Nouns in Hebrew“. Kadmos 1 (2009): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/1/67-83.
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One of the sources of enriching of Hebrew vocabulary is creating of the new words by already established stems and models of word deriving models in the grammar (including the cases of borrowing from the other languages), though, there are some cases of filling of the vocabulary artificially as well. Permanent process of renovation of the vocabulary develops in three directions: a) new lexical units are created; b) words useless for the language are moved into the passive vocabulary; c) number of meanings of the words change; as a result, neologisms and archaisms are created in the language [Kornienko 1979:11]. In Hebrew, great number of neologisms (in particular, nouns) is result of the above morphological word-formation. Abstract nouns are distinguished with their great number and abstract nouns with ת∙ו – suffixes are even more prominent. Among them, number lexemes formed from internationalisms is especially great. To determine, why ut – suffix is so productive in formation of neologisms in Hebrew, whether its attachment to a word is of artificial nature or it is logical result of the processes ongoing in the language, we found reasonable to study characteristic features of all models and formation of the abstract nouns. To make logical conclusion, we regard that it is necessary to study not only Hebrew grammar models, but clarification of their relations in the other Semite languages with the represented material, what would allow to exactly determining morphological and semantic functions of abstract models and affixes in modern Hebrew, taking into consideration general Semite data. We regard that these issues would be of interest and significance for those, interested in problems of lexicology and word-formation processes (as in our case) and in addition, with respect of systematization of Hebrew grammar categories, as the issue of such significance is presented only fragmentally in the theoretical literature.
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Cation, Anne Frances. „Lost in Translation“. Axis Mundi 2, Nr. 1 (06.10.2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/axismundi70.
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While reading the Hebrew Bible, it is possible for modern readers to misunderstand the original Hebrew meanings of the English translations. Common words such as ‘heart’, ‘mind’, ‘soul’ (נפש) and ‘spirit’ (רוח) are often misinterpreted to have English connotations that were not used in the Hebrew Bible. For instance, the biblical Hebrew words (לבב ,לב and לבח), frequently translated as ‘heart’ had connotations that could be argued to correspond more accurately to the English definition of the word ‘mind.’ Conversely, the biblical Hebrew word (לב or לב), generally interpreted as ‘mind,’ is perhaps better understood in relation to the modern understanding of the heart as one's emotional centre. Also, as opposed to the non-physical modern notion of an immortal ‘soul’, biblical authors and their intended audiences understood it in relation to the physical. Furthermore, ‘spirit’ meant the energy and character of oneself and had divine connotations as associated with the breath or divine essence of YHWH. Therefore, in order to appropriately understand the Hebrew Bible, the fallibility of translation must be recognized.
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Asherov, Daniel, und Outi Bat-El. „Syllable structure and complex onsets in Modern Hebrew“. Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11, Nr. 1 (12.06.2019): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01101007.
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Abstract Modern Hebrew allows for a diverse variety of syllable structures, allowing syllables with codas, onsetless syllables, and complex syllable margins. Syllables with a complex onset are found in word initial position, mostly in nouns, and syllables with a complex coda are less common. In this paper, we provide the distribution of syllable types in Modern Hebrew, noting differences between verbs and nouns, native words and loanwords, as well as differences among positions within the word. Special attention is given to word initial complex onsets, with details regarding the restrictions governing consonant combinations.
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Libben, Gary, Mira Goral und R. Harald Baayen. „What does constituent priming mean in the investigation of compound processing?“ Mental Lexicon 13, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00001.lib.
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Abstract Most dictionary definitions for the term compound word characterize it as a word that itself contains two or more words. Thus, a compound word such as goldfish is composed of the constituent words gold and fish. In this report, we present evidence that compound words such as goldfish might not contain the words gold and fish, but rather positionally bound compound constituents (e.g., gold- and -fish) that are distinct and often in competition with their whole word counterparts. This conceptualization has significant methodological consequences: it calls into question the assumption that, in a traditional visual constituent priming paradigm, the participant can be said to be presented with constituents as primes. We claim that they are not presented with constituents. Rather, they are presented with competing free-standing words. We present evidence for the processing of Hebrew compound words that supports this perspective by revealing that, counter-intuitively, prime constituent frequency has an attenuating effect on constituent priming. We relate our findings to previous findings in the study of German compound processing to show that the effect that we report is fundamentally morphological rather than positional or visual in nature. In contrast to German in which compounds are always head-final morphologically, Hebrew compounds are always head initial. In addition, whereas German compounds are written as single words, Hebrew compounds are always written with spaces between constituents. Thus, the commonality of patterning across German and Hebrew is independent of visual form and constituent ordering, revealing, as we claim, core features of the constituent priming paradigm and compound processing.
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Peleg, Orna, Tamar Degani, Muna Raziq und Nur Taha. „Cross-lingual phonological effects in different-script bilingual visual-word recognition“. Second Language Research 36, Nr. 4 (19.02.2019): 653–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658319827052.
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To isolate cross-lingual phonological effects during visual-word recognition, Arabic–Hebrew bilinguals who are native speakers of Spoken Arabic (SA) and proficient readers of both Literary Arabic (LA) and Hebrew, were asked to perform a visual lexical-decision task (LDT) in either LA (Experiment 1) or Hebrew (Experiments 2 and 3). The critical stimuli were non-words in the target language that either sounded like real words in the non-target language (pseudo-homophones) or did not sound like real words. In Experiment 1, phonological effects were obtained from SA to LA (two forms of the same language), but not from Hebrew to LA (two different languages that do not share the same script). However, cross-lingual phonological effects were obtained when participants performed the LDT in their second language, Hebrew (Experiments 2 and 3). Interestingly, while the within-language effect (from SA to LA) was inhibitory, the between-language effect (from SA to Hebrew) was facilitatory. These findings are explained within the Bilingual Interactive Activation plus (BIA+) model which postulates a fully interconnected identification system that provides output to a task/decision system.
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Barney, Kevin L. „Poetic Diction and Parallel Word Pairs in the Book of Mormon“. Journal of Book of Mormon Studies (1992-2007) 4, Nr. 2 (01.10.1995): 15–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44758937.
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Abstract Hebrew poetry is based on various patterns of parallelism. Parallel lines are in turn created by the use of parallel words, that is, pairs of words bearing generally synonymous or antithetic meanings. Since the 1930s, scholars have come to realize that many of these "word pairs" were used repeatedly in a formulaic fashion as the basic building blocks of different parallel lines. The Book of Mormon reflects numerous parallel structures, including synonymous parallelism, antithetic parallelism, and chiasmus. As word pairs are a function of parallelism, the presence of such parallel structures in the Book of Mormon suggests the possible presence of word pairs within those structures. This article catalogs the use of forty word pairs that occur in parallel collocations both in the Book of Mormon and in Hebrew poetry.
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Jacobs, Neil G. „Syncope and foot structure in pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew“. Diachronica 21, Nr. 2 (22.12.2004): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.21.2.03jac.
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This paper examines a set of problems concerning word stress in the substratal Merged Hebrew component in Yiddish. When compared with their historical cognates in Classical Hebrew, the Yiddish words show a stress pattern which appears to conform to the Germanic trochee. The change has frequently been seen as occurring within the history of Yiddish. The present paper demonstrates, however, that (for the relevant Hebrew-origin items) the change from a Hebrew iamb to a trochee necessarily occurred in a period after spoken Hebrew times and before the birth of Yiddish – thus, within one or more intervening Jewish vernaculars. This is demonstrated by consideration of pre-Ashkenazic Hebrew foot structure in light of two historically distinct processes of syncope.
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Fischer, Martin H., Samuel Shaki und Alexander Cruise. „It Takes Just One Word to Quash a SNARC“. Experimental Psychology 56, Nr. 5 (Januar 2009): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.361.
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Our directional reading habit seems to contribute to the widely reported association of small numbers with left space and larger numbers with right space (the spatial-numerical association of response codes, SNARC, effect). But how can this association be so flexible when reading habits are not? To address this question, we asked bilingual Russian-Hebrew readers to classify numbers by parity and alternated the number format from trial to trial between written words and Arabic digits. The number words were randomly printed in either Cyrillic or Hebrew script, thus inducing left-to-right or right-to-left reading, respectively. Classification performance indicated that the digits were spatially mapped when they followed a Russian word but not when they followed a Hebrew word. An auditory control experiment revealed left-to-right SNARC effects with different strengths in both languages. These results suggest that the SNARC effect reflects recent spatial experiences, cross-modal associations, and long-standing directional habits but not an attribute of the number concepts themselves.
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Khateb, Asaid, Ibrahim A. Asadi, Shiraz Habashi und Sebastian Peter Korinth. „Role of Morphology in Visual Word Recognition: A Parafoveal Preview Study in Arabic Using Eye-Tracking“. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, Nr. 6 (01.06.2022): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1206.02.
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Words in Semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew are composed of two interwoven morphemes: roots and word patterns (verbal and nominal). Studies exploring the organizing principles of the mental lexicon in Hebrew reported robust priming effects by roots and verbal patterns, but not by nominal patterns. In Arabic, prior studies have produced some inconsistent results. Using the eye-tracking methodology, this study investigated whether the Arabic morphological classes (i.e., root, verbal pattern, nominal pattern) presented parafoveally would facilitate naming of foveally presented words among young native Arabic skilled readers. Results indicate that roots and both word patterns accelerated word naming latencies, suggesting that morphological knowledge contributed to word recognition processes in Arabic. The inclusion of the three morpheme classes into one study represents so far the most comprehensive study of morphological priming effects in Arabic.
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Kavé, Gitit, Rita Gorokhod, Ayelet Yerushalmi und Neta Salner. „Frequency effects on spelling in Hebrew-speaking younger and older adults“. Applied Psycholinguistics 40, Nr. 05 (28.05.2019): 1173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000171.
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AbstractPrevious research has documented conflicting findings regarding the effect of word frequency on spelling in older adults. The current study examines spelling in Hebrew, in which it is easier to define the type of likely misspellings in each word. Younger and older Hebrew speakers spelled 120 single words that differed in word and letter frequency. Results show that all participants made more phonological substitutions of target letters on low-frequency words and on words with low-frequency letters. Yet, younger adults had a lower percentage of correct responses than did older adults, especially on low-frequency words. Vocabulary knowledge eliminated this age effect. We suggest that aging leads to greater reliance on full lexical retrieval of spelling instead of on sublexical phoneme-to-grapheme processing, due to years of exposure to written language, increase in vocabulary, and consolidation of orthographic representations.
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SEGAL, OSNAT, BRACHA NIR-SAGIV, LIAT KISHON-RABIN und DORIT RAVID. „Prosodic patterns in Hebrew child-directed speech“. Journal of Child Language 36, Nr. 3 (13.11.2008): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090800915x.
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ABSTRACTThe study examines prosodic characteristics of Hebrew speech directed to children between 0 ; 9–3 ; 0 years, based on longitudinal samples of 228,946 tokens (8,075 types). The distribution of prosodic patterns – the number of syllables and stress patterns – is analyzed across three lexical categories, distinguishing not only between open- and closed-class items, but also between these two categories and a third, innovative, class, referred to as between-class items. Results indicate that Hebrew CDS consists mainly of mono- and bisyllabic words, with differences between lexical categories; and that the most common stress pattern is word-final, with parallel distributions found for all categories. Additional analyses showed that verbs take word-final stress, but nouns are both trochaic and iambic. Finally, a developmental analysis indicates a significant increase in the number of iambic words in CDS. These findings have clear implications regarding the use of prosody for word segmentation and assignment of lexical class in infancy.
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Schwarzwald, Ora (Rodrigue). „Word Foreignness in Modern Hebrew“. Hebrew Studies 39, Nr. 1 (1998): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hbr.1998.0000.
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Lavidor, Michal, und Carol Whitney. „Word length effects in Hebrew“. Cognitive Brain Research 24, Nr. 1 (Juni 2005): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.002.
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Goldberg, Yoav, und Michael Elhadad. „Word Segmentation, Unknown-word Resolution, and Morphological Agreement in a Hebrew Parsing System“. Computational Linguistics 39, Nr. 1 (März 2013): 121–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00137.
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We present a constituency parsing system for Modern Hebrew. The system is based on the PCFG-LA parsing method of Petrov et al. 2006 , which is extended in various ways in order to accommodate the specificities of Hebrew as a morphologically rich language with a small treebank. We show that parsing performance can be enhanced by utilizing a language resource external to the treebank, specifically, a lexicon-based morphological analyzer. We present a computational model of interfacing the external lexicon and a treebank-based parser, also in the common case where the lexicon and the treebank follow different annotation schemes. We show that Hebrew word-segmentation and constituency-parsing can be performed jointly using CKY lattice parsing. Performing the tasks jointly is effective, and substantially outperforms a pipeline-based model. We suggest modeling grammatical agreement in a constituency-based parser as a filter mechanism that is orthogonal to the grammar, and present a concrete implementation of the method. Although the constituency parser does not make many agreement mistakes to begin with, the filter mechanism is effective in fixing the agreement mistakes that the parser does make. These contributions extend outside of the scope of Hebrew processing, and are of general applicability to the NLP community. Hebrew is a specific case of a morphologically rich language, and ideas presented in this work are useful also for processing other languages, including English. The lattice-based parsing methodology is useful in any case where the input is uncertain. Extending the lexical coverage of a treebank-derived parser using an external lexicon is relevant for any language with a small treebank.
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Deutsch, Avital, Hadas Velan und Tamar Michaly. „Decomposition in a non-concatenated morphological structure involves more than just the roots: Evidence from fast priming“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1250788.
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Complex words in Hebrew are composed of two non-concatenated morphemes: a consonantal root embedded in a nominal or verbal word-pattern morpho-phonological unit made up of vowels or vowels and consonants. Research on written-word recognition has revealed a robust effect of the roots and the verbal-patterns, but not of the nominal-patterns, on word recognition. These findings suggest that the Hebrew lexicon is organized and accessed via roots. We explored the hypothesis that the absence of a nominal-pattern effect reflects methodological limitations of the experimental paradigms used in previous studies. Specifically, the potential facilitative effect induced by a shared nominal-pattern was counteracted by an interference effect induced by the competition between the roots of two words derived from different roots but with the same nominal-pattern. In the current study, a fast-priming paradigm for sentence reading and a “delayed-letters” procedure were used to isolate the initial effect of nominal-patterns on lexical access. The results, based on eye-fixation latency, demonstrated a facilitatory effect induced by nominal-pattern primes relative to orthographic control primes when presented for 33 or 42 ms. The results are discussed in relation to the role of the word-pattern as an organizing principle of the Hebrew lexicon, together with the roots.
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LEVIN, IRIS, SIGAL PATEL, TAMAR MARGALIT und NOA BARAD. „Letter names: Effect on letter saying, spelling, and word recognition in Hebrew“. Applied Psycholinguistics 23, Nr. 2 (Juni 2002): 269–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716402002060.
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Letter names bridge the gap between oral and written language among English speaking children. This study examined whether letter names have a similar function in Hebrew. Despite their common historical source, Hebrew letter names differ from English: they are longer and not as regular phonologically. However, they follow the acrophonic principle, unlike many English letter names. Israeli kindergartners, whose mother tongue was Hebrew, were asked to orally provide initial or final letters of spoken words, to spell words in writing, and to select one written word out of two as standing for an oral word. First graders were tested on orally providing the initial letter and spelling. Children were found to rely on letter names in performing all these tasks. They succeeded more in providing the initial letter or in spelling it if the word started with a letter-name sequence, like kaftor (button), which is spelled with k (Kaf). They succeeded more in selecting the correct word between two if the words started with a letter-name sequence. In grade 1 the effects decreased and became limited particularly to phonemes spelled with homophonic letters. Partial letter names (impossible in English) affected performance but to a lesser extent than entire names. Reliance on letter names both facilitated and impaired performance but in different ways than in English. The educational implications are discussed.
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Feldman, Laurie Beth, und Shlomo Bentin. „Morphological Analysis of Disrupted Morphemes: Evidence from Hebrew“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 47, Nr. 2 (Mai 1994): 407–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749408401118.
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In concatenative languages such as English, the morphemes of a word are linked linearly so that words formed from the same base morpheme also resemble each other along orthographic dimensions. In Hebrew, by contrast, the morphemes of a word can be but are not generally concatenated. Instead, a pattern of vowels is infixed between the consonants of the root morpheme. Consequently, the shared portion of morphologically-related words in Hebrew is not always an orthographic unit. In a series of three experiments using the repetition priming task with visually presented Hebrew materials, primes that were formed from the same base morpheme and were morphologically-related to a target facilitated target recognition. Moreover, morphologically-related prime and target pairs that contained a disruption to the shared orthographic pattern showed the same pattern of facilitation as did nondisrupted pairs. That is, there was no effect over successive prime and target presentations, of disrupting the sequence of letters that constitutes the base morpheme or root. In addition, facilitation was similar across derivational, inflectional and identical primes. The conclusion of the present study is that morphological effects in word recognition are distinct from the effects of shared structure.
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Al-otaibi, Ghuzayyil. „Religious Binomials in Hebrew and Arabic: A Review of Literature“. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, Nr. 3 (30.03.2021): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.3.24.
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Binomials (i.e., a collocation of two connected words belonging to the same word class, e.g., heaven and earth) are very frequent in every language. They are more commonly found in religious texts of Semitic languages. Compared to other types of collocations, religious binomials are sometimes idiomatic, alliterative, culture-specific, or adhere to one common word order. However, compared to the dearth of studies on religious binomials in Hebrew, there is only one study on religious Arabic binomials used in a supplication. Studies on Hebrew focused on the constraints determining the order of binomial words, their semantic and grammatical categorization, how frequent they are, their functions, etc. Corpus-based studies on Semitic binomials were conducted for the purpose of proving that Semitic languages are similar. Nevertheless, there are no studies that explored religious binomials in Arabic in relation to those used in Hebrew. Thus, it might be insightful if future research on binomials focusses on religious ones in the Holy Qurʾān and Ḥadīth.
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Silber-Varod, Vered, und Noam Amir. „Word stress at utterance-final position“. Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 14, Nr. 1 (23.06.2022): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01401002.
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Abstract This study investigates the realization of the two most common word-level stress patterns in Hebrew, final and penultimate, at utterance-final position. Twenty-six disyllabic words that form minimal pairs, which differ only in their stress pattern, were embedded in 52 sentences. The mean values of three acoustic parameters—duration, F0, and intensity—were measured for vowels of the target words. Findings show that duration is significantly longer at stressed vowels, similar to previous findings on words at utterance-mid position. Lower intensity is assigned to the utterance-final vowels regardless of the stress pattern, but the degree of lowering does depend on the stress pattern. Finally, lower F0 values are found in the utterance-final vowels, but the degree of lowering is similar to both stress patterns. We conclude that duration is the main cue at the prosodic word level, while F0 is used by Hebrew speakers to cue higher prosodic units.
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Muchnik, Malka. „Changes in word order in two Hebrew translations of an Ibsen play“. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 15, Nr. 2 (31.12.2003): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.15.2.05muc.
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This study examines differences in word order between two translations of Ibsen’s play An enemy of the people into Hebrew. Both versions were translated by Rivka Meshulach, with approximately 25 years between them. In the first version word order conforms to the norms of Classical Hebrew. In the second version, however, the translator changed word order so that the language would be closer to contemporary spoken Hebrew. This is illustrated through examples related to various syntactic constituents, including subject–predicate, predicate complements, parentheme and address forms. The reasoning behind this tendency focuses on the change in the norms of written language. As opposed to the normative restrictions which were widely accepted in written Hebrew just a generation ago, the current trend is for features of contemporary spoken language to be used in literature and theater.
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Friedmann, Naama, und Aviah Gvion. „Letter Form as a Constraint for Errors in Neglect Dyslexia and Letter Position Dyslexia“. Behavioural Neurology 16, Nr. 2-3 (2005): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/635634.
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Does letter-form constrain errors in peripheral dyslexia? In Hebrew, 5 of the 22 letters have two different letter forms, one is used only when the letter occurs in word-final position, the other form is used in initial and middle positions. Is the information on final-forms encoded in the letter identity information and used for word identification, or is it discarded? The current research explored this question through the effect of final vs. non final letter form on the error pattern in neglect dyslexia (neglexia) and letter position dyslexia (LPD). Left word-based neglexia results in errors of omission, substitution and addition of letters in the left side of words, which in Hebrew is the end of the word. We examined whether final letter form blocks the addition of letters to the end of the word and whether omissions of letters after letters in non-final form are avoided. The predominant error type in LPD is migration of letters within words. We tested whether migrations also occur when they cause form change of either final-form letters that move to middle position or middle-form letters that move to final position. These questions were assessed in both acquired and developmental neglexia and LPD. The results indicated a strong effect of final letter-form on acquired neglexia and on acquired and developmental LPD, which almost completely prevented form-changing errors. This effect was not found in developmental neglexia, where words that end in final-form letters were actually more impaired than other words, probably because final-form letters appear only on the neglected side of the word for Hebrew-reading children with left developmental neglexia. These data show that early visuo-orthographic analysis is sensitive to final letter form and that final letter form constrains errors in peripheral dyslexia.
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Bat-El, Outi. „Selecting the best of the worst: the grammar of Hebrew blends“. Phonology 13, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1996): 283–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700002657.
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Blends, also called portmanteau words, are formed by fusing two words into one new word, where internal portions of the base words are often subtracted (one segmental string from the right part of the first word and another from the left part of the second word). For example, the English blend nixonomics has been formed by combining nixon and economics and subtracting the string neco. (For clarity of exposition, blends will be usually represented as nixo <n⋅eco> nomics, where the subtracted material is enclosed in angled brackets and the boundary between the base elements is indicated by ⋅).
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Haykal, Aḥmad al-Shaḥḥāt. „‘Dhikr’ in Hebrew Translations of the Qur'an“. Journal of Qur'anic Studies 12, Nr. 1-2 (Oktober 2010): 281–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2010.0117.
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The term dhikr occurs frequently in the Qur'an and has various meanings in different contexts, including al-thanāʾ (‘praise’), al-sharaf (‘honour’), al-ʿayb (‘imperfection’), al-ʿiẓa (‘admonition’), al-ṣalawāt al-khams (‘the five prescribed prayers’), al-waḥy (‘revelation’), al-lawḥ al-maḥfūẓ (‘the preserved tablet’), al-Qurʾān, etc. Accordingly, dhikr has attracted the attention of Muslim scholars concerned with collecting and classifying Qur'anic words in al-wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir works. This study will survey the ways in which translators of the Qur'an into Hebrew have dealt with the word dhikr, aiming to suggest alternatives as necessary, according to context, and focusing on two particular angles. First, we will undertake a critical survey of some of the Qur'anic contexts of dhikr in order to clarify the various meanings of the term based on tafāsīr, al-wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir and asbab al-nuzul works, as well as Arabic lexicons, so as to eliminate ambiguities in understanding a particular Qur'anic usage. Secondly, we will provide the Hebrew equivalent of the word dhikr as it occurs in modern Hebrew translations and suggest some alterntive translations that agree with the significations of the word within the Qur'anic context.
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Ben-Dror, Ilana, Ram Frost und Shlomo Bentin. „Orthographic Representation and Phonemic Segmentation in Skilled Readers: A Cross-Language Comparison“. Psychological Science 6, Nr. 3 (Mai 1995): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00328.x.
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The long-lasting effect of reading experience in Hebrew and English on phonemic segmentation was examined in skilled readers Hebrew and English orthographies differ in the way they represent phonological information Whereas each phoneme in English is represented by a discrete letter, in unpointed Hebrew most of the vowel information is not conveyed by the print, and, therefore, a letter often corresponds to a CV utterance (i e, a consonant plus a vowel) Adult native speakers of Hebrew or English, presented with words consisting of a consonant, a vowel, and then another consonant, were required to delete the first “sound” of each word and to pronounce the remaining utterance as fast as possible Hebrew speakers deleted the initial CV segment instead of the initial consonant more often than English speakers, for both Hebrew and English words Moreover, Hebrew speakers were significantly slower than English speakers in correctly deleting the initial phoneme, and faster in deleting the whole syllable These results suggest that the manner in which orthography represents phonology not only affects phonological awareness during reading acquisition, but also has a long-lasting effect on skilled readers' intuitions concerning the phonological structure of their spoken language
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Hadari, Atar. „The Word of the Lord to Shylock“. European Judaism 51, Nr. 2 (01.09.2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2018.510213.
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Abstract Dror Abend-David’s Scorned My Nation in its comparative literary analysis of the German, Yiddish and Hebrew translations of The Merchant of Venice concludes that cultural context and political intentions changed dramatically between the two Hebrew translations in 1921 and 1972, limiting his textual analysis to the closing line of Shylock’s famous speech: ‘it shall go hard’. I examine two key words in that speech in the two translations to detect which biblical texts the translator called on, consciously or unconsciously, and gauge what the literary resources of the Hebrew language can make of Shylock and his complaint and whether the language portraying Shylock and his complaint did actually change over those fifty years.
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Hadari, Atar. „The Word of the Lord to Shylock“. European Judaism 51, Nr. 2 (01.09.2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2017.510213.
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Dror Abend-David’s Scorned My Nation in its comparative literary analysis of the German, Yiddish and Hebrew translations of The Merchant of Venice concludes that cultural context and political intentions changed dramatically between the two Hebrew translations in 1921 and 1972, limiting his textual analysis to the closing line of Shylock’s famous speech: ‘it shall go hard’. I examine two key words in that speech in the two translations to detect which biblical texts the translator called on, consciously or unconsciously, and gauge what the literary resources of the Hebrew language can make of Shylock and his complaint and whether the language portraying Shylock and his complaint did actually change over those fifty years.
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Fuller, David J. „Word Order in Biblical Hebrew Poetry“. Journal of Biblical Text Research 44 (30.04.2019): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28977/jbtr.2019.4.44.216.
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Netz, Hadar, und Ron Kuzar. „Word order and discourse functions in spoken Hebrew“. Studies in Language 35, Nr. 1 (21.07.2011): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.1.02net.
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In this article we discuss the discourse functions of the alternative linearizations of Spoken Hebrew sentences, as reflected in the possessive sentence pattern. We begin by presenting the available variants of possessive sentences in Hebrew. Next, we address the issue of markedness in our discussion of the discourse functions of the different word orders. The discourse functions demonstrated are contrast, parallelism, side-sequencing, emotive and argumentative discourse. The study is based on corpora of naturally occurring speech. Previous studies of possessive sentences in Hebrew have focused mainly on grammatical issues. These studies have not addressed the field of discourse functions, nor have they used naturally occurring speech. The current study fills this gap.
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Chia, Philip Suciadi. „A Marriage Concept on Genesis 2:21-24“. Journal DIDASKALIA 2, Nr. 1 (29.04.2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33856/didaskalia.v2i1.68.
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There are many discussions, OT exposition and Hebrew exegesis about marriage based on Genesis 2:21-24. It is interesting, however, to analyze how Latin Vulgate interprets and translates Genesis 2:21-24. Latin Vulgate seems to follow the word order of the Hebrew Bible and employ the literal translation of the Hebrew Bible. Although the translator uses the literal translation, he still has the freedom in his translation to accomplish his specific purposes such as the usage of ergo, cumque, replevit, virago and other words that will be discussed in this article. This research will be interpreted from the theme of unity, both man and woman.
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Peleg, Orna, Galia Ben-hur und Osnat Segal. „Orthographic, Phonological, and Semantic Dynamics During Visual Word Recognition in Deaf Versus Hearing Adults“. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, Nr. 7 (17.07.2020): 2334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00285.
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Purpose Studies on reading in individuals with severe-to-profound hearing loss (deaf) raise the possibility that, due to deficient phonological coding, deaf individuals may rely more on orthographic–semantic links than on orthographic–phonological links. However, the relative contribution of phonological and semantic information to visual word recognition in deaf individuals was not directly assessed in these studies. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to examine the interplay between orthographic, phonological, and semantic representations during visual word recognition, in deaf versus hearing adults. Method Deaf and hearing participants were asked to perform a visual lexical decision task in Hebrew. The critical stimuli consisted of three types of Hebrew words, which differ in terms of their relationship between orthography, phonology, and semantics: unambiguous words, homonyms, and homographs. Results In the hearing group, phonological effects were more pronounced than semantic effects: Homographs (multiple pronunciations) were recognized significantly slower than homonyms or unambiguous words (one pronunciation). However, there was no significant difference between homonyms (multiple meanings) and unambiguous words (one meaning). In contrast, in the deaf group, there was no significant difference among the three word types, indicating that visual word recognition, in these participants, is driven primarily by orthography. Conclusion While visual word recognition in hearing readers is accomplished mainly via orthographic–phonological connections, deaf readers rely mainly on orthographic–semantic connections.
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EVIATAR, ZOHAR, HAITHAM TAHA, VIKKI COHEN und MILA SCHWARTZ. „Word learning by young sequential bilinguals: Fast mapping in Arabic and Hebrew“. Applied Psycholinguistics 39, Nr. 3 (21.02.2018): 649–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716417000613.
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ABSTRACTWe tested children attending bilingual Hebrew–Arabic kindergartens on a fast mapping task. These early sequential bilinguals included those with Hebrew as their home language and those with Arabic as their home language. They were compared to monolingual Hebrew and Arabic speakers. The children saw pictures of unfamiliar objects and were taught pseudowords as the object names that followed typical Hebrew, typical Arabic, or neutral phonotactics. Memory, phonological, and morphological abilities were also measured. The bilingual groups performed similarly to each other, and better than the monolingual groups, who also performed similarly to each other. Memory and the interaction between language experience and metalinguistic abilities (phonological and morphological awareness) significantly accounted for variance on the fast mapping tasks. We predicted that bilinguals would be more sensitive to phonotactics than monolinguals. Instead, we found that Arabic speakers (bilinguals and monolinguals) performed better with Hebrew-like stimuli than with Arabic-like stimuli, and no effect of phonotactics for Hebrew speakers. This may reflect the diglossia in Arabic language acquisition. The results suggest that the process of fast mapping is sharpened by multilingual experience, and may be sensitive to sociolinguistic factors such as diglossia.
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Thambyrajah, Jonathan. „A New Etymology for Hebrew אֶלְגָּבִישׁ and Related Lexemes“. Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 133, Nr. 3 (01.09.2021): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaw-2021-3006.
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Abstract The Hebrew word אֶלְגָּבִישׁ has typically been understood as referring to hail. This presents a lexical problem, given that all of its apparent cognates appear to refer to rock. Based on a reanalysis of existing lexical data with the inclusion of new cognates and a new analysis of the imagery contained within Ezekiel 13 and Ezekiel 38, this study proposes that Hebrew אֶלְגָּבִישׁ, Akkadian algamešu, Ugaritic, a͗lgbṯ, Egyptian, i͗rḳbs, and other related words all derive from Egyptian i͗nr-km.
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BAR-HAIM, ROY, KHALIL SIMA'AN und YOAD WINTER. „Part-of-speech tagging of Modern Hebrew text“. Natural Language Engineering 14, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 223–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132490700455x.
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AbstractWords in Semitic texts often consist of a concatenation ofword segments, each corresponding to a part-of-speech (POS) category. Semitic words may be ambiguous with regard to their segmentation as well as to the POS tags assigned to each segment. When designing POS taggers for Semitic languages, a major architectural decision concerns the choice of the atomic input tokens (terminal symbols). If the tokenization is at the word level, the output tags must be complex, and represent both the segmentation of the word and the POS tag assigned to each word segment. If the tokenization is at the segment level, the input itself must encode the different alternative segmentations of the words, while the output consists of standard POS tags. Comparing these two alternatives is not trivial, as the choice between them may have global effects on the grammatical model. Moreover, intermediate levels of tokenization between these two extremes are conceivable, and, as we aim to show, beneficial. To the best of our knowledge, the problem of tokenization for POS tagging of Semitic languages has not been addressed before in full generality. In this paper, we study this problem for the purpose of POS tagging of Modern Hebrew texts. After extensive error analysis of the two simple tokenization models, we propose a novel, linguistically motivated, intermediate tokenization model that gives better performance for Hebrew over the two initial architectures. Our study is based on the well-known hidden Markov models (HMMs). We start out from a manually devised morphological analyzer and a very small annotated corpus, and describe how to adapt an HMM-based POS tagger for both tokenization architectures. We present an effective technique for smoothing the lexical probabilities using an untagged corpus, and a novel transformation for casting the segment-level tagger in terms of a standard, word-level HMM implementation. The results obtained using our model are on par with the best published results on Modern Standard Arabic, despite the much smaller annotated corpus available for Modern Hebrew.
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Friedmann, Naama, und Manar Haddad-Hanna. „Letter Position Dyslexia in Arabic: From Form to Position“. Behavioural Neurology 25, Nr. 3 (2012): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/296974.
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This study reports the reading of 11 Arabic-speaking individuals with letter position dyslexia (LPD), and the effect of letter form on their reading errors. LPD is a peripheral dyslexia caused by a selective deficit to letter position encoding in the orthographic-visual analyzer, which results in migration of letters within words, primarily of middle letters. The Arabic orthography is especially interesting for the study of LPD because Arabic letters have different forms in different positions in the word. As a result, some letter position errors require letter form change. We compared the rate of letter migrations that change letter form with migrations that do not change letter form in 10 Arabic-speaking individuals with developmental LPD, and one bilingual Arabic and Hebrew-speaking individual with acquired LPD. The results indicated that the participants made 40% letter position errors in migratable words when the resulting word included the letters in the same form, whereas migrations that changed letter form almost never occurred. The error rate of the Arabic-Hebrew bilingual reader was smaller in Arabic than in Hebrew. However, when only words in which migrations do not change letter form were counted, the rate was similar in Arabic and Hebrew. Hence, whereas orthographies with multiple letter forms for each letter might seem more difficult in some respects, these orthographies are in fact easier to read in some forms of dyslexia. Thus, the diagnosis of LPD in Arabic should consider the effect of letter forms on migration errors, and use only migratable words that do not require letter-form change. The theoretical implications for the reading model are that letter form (of the position-dependent type found in Arabic) is part of the information encoded in the abstract letter identity, and thus affects further word recognition processes, and that there might be a pre-lexical graphemic buffer in which the checking of orthographic well-formedness takes place.
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Degani, Tamar, Anat Prior, Chelsea M. Eddington, Ana B. Arêas da Luz Fontes und Natasha Tokowicz. „Determinants of translation ambiguity“. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6, Nr. 3 (25.01.2016): 290–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.14013.deg.
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Abstract Ambiguity in translation is highly prevalent, and has consequences for second-language learning and for bilingual lexical processing. To better understand this phenomenon, the current study compared the determinants of translation ambiguity across four sets of translation norms from English to Spanish, Dutch, German and Hebrew. The number of translations an English word received was correlated across these different languages, and was also correlated with the number of senses the word has in English, demonstrating that translation ambiguity is partially determined by within-language semantic ambiguity. For semantically-ambiguous English words, the probability of the different translations in Spanish and Hebrew was predicted by the meaning-dominance structure in English, beyond the influence of other lexical and semantic factors, for bilinguals translating from their L1, and translating from their L2. These findings are consistent with models postulating direct access to meaning from L2 words for moderately-proficient bilinguals.
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BAR-ON, AMALIA, und DORIT RAVID. „Morphological analysis in learning to read pseudowords in Hebrew“. Applied Psycholinguistics 32, Nr. 3 (20.06.2011): 553–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641100021x.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of morphology in gradeschool children's learning to read nonpointed Hebrew. It presents two experiments testing the reading of morphologically based nonpointed pseudowords. One hundred seventy-one Hebrew-speaking children and adolescents in seven age/schooling groups (beginning and end of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 11th grade) and a group of adults participated in the study. Participants were administered two tasks of reading aloud nonpointed pseudowords with morphological composition: words in isolation and words in sentential context. Results pinpoint the developmental milestones on the way to efficient nonpointed word recognition in Hebrew: learning to use morphological pattern cues to fill in missing phonological information, where second grade is an important “watershed” period; and overcoming homography by learning to detect morphosyntactic cues, an ability that develops more gradually and over a longer period than pattern recognition.
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FARHY, YAEL, JOÃO VERÍSSIMO und HARALD CLAHSEN. „Do late bilinguals access pure morphology during word recognition? A masked-priming study on Hebrew as a second language“. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, Nr. 5 (13.06.2018): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000032.
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This study extends research on morphological processing in late bilinguals to a rarely examined language type, Semitic, by reporting results from a masked-priming experiment with 58 non-native, advanced, second-language (L2) speakers of Hebrew in comparison with native (L1) speakers. We took advantage of a case of ‘pure morphology’ in Hebrew, the so-called binyanim, which represent (essentially arbitrary) morphological classes for verbs. Our results revealed a non-native priming pattern for the L2 group, with root-priming effects restricted to non-finite prime words irrespective of binyanim type. We conclude that root extraction in L2 Hebrew word recognition is less sensitive to both morphological and morphosyntactic cues than in the L1, in line with the Shallow-Structure Hypothesis of L2 processing.
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Cohen, Andrew D. „Attrition in the Productive Lexicon of Two Portuguese Third Language Speakers“. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11, Nr. 2 (Juni 1989): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100000577.
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This study investigates loss of productive vocabulary in oral language, specifically in Portuguese as a third language for two English-Hebrew bilingual children, ages 9 and 13. The study investigated the lexical loss in Portuguese storytelling behavior after 1, 3, and 9 months of discontinued contact with the language. The analysis focused on the nature of the attrited productive lexicon, lexical production strategies used to compensate for forgotten vocabulary, and lexical retrieval processes during storytelling in Portuguese and in the children's two dominant languages.A significant decrease was found in the total number of words produced in the Portuguese stories of the two children after 9 months, both in comparison to word total in earlier months and in comparison to total words in English and Hebrew stories. There was greater attrition in the case of the younger subject after 9 months than in that of his older sister. He used a more limited number of different words, as well as fewer and shorter T-units per utterance, which was not the case with regard to his sister. He also attrited proportionately more nouns than words from other word classes.The subjects used at least six lexical production strategies in order to compensate for forgotten words—two of them L1-based (borrowing and foreignizing), and four of them intralingual (the use of a general word, approximation, circumlocution, and word abandonment). Their data also provided evidence of lexical retrieval processes. Examples of lexical production strategies and lexical retrieval processes are given.
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Omar, Niveen, Karen Banai und Bracha Nir. „Learning beyond words“. Mental Lexicon 16, Nr. 2-3 (31.12.2021): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.20030.oma.
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Abstract Learning multimorphemic words involves the simultaneous learning of two hierarchically organized categories. In such words, sub-lexical units usually encode superordinate categories, whereas whole words encode exemplars of these categories. Complex, non-linear word structure is common in Semitic languages and can be used to probe the learning of multiple form-meaning associations. The aim of this study was to investigate how well Hebrew-speaking adults learn the dual form-meaning relationships that reflect different categorical levels following a few exposures to novel Hebrew-like words. Twenty-four native Hebrew-speakers were exposed to novel words through an interactive video story. Following a few exposures to the words, the learning of the exemplars was tested in a three-alternative-forced-choice identification test. The learning of the sub-lexical morphemes and the categories they encode were tested in generalization tests. The results show that a few exposures to novel, morphologically and conceptually complex words are sufficient to allow unsupervised simultaneous learning of two hierarchical categories even though the superordinate was not explicitly represented in the input.