Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Eklektisisme“

Ulama mutaakhirin menghukumi tidak diperbolehkannya beribadah yang “overlapping” dalam bingkai mahdzab, dengan berdasarkan berbagai hukum yang berbeda-beda diantara Imam Imam mahdzab. Bahkan sebagian ulama Hanafiah dan Syafiiyah mengatakan bahwa talfiq itu diperbolehkan secara ijma’. Tetapi seorang ahli ushul Fiqh asal Syiria, Wahbah Al Zuhaili mengatakan: bahwa batalnya talfiq secara mutlaq masih memerlukan argumentasi dan dalil yang kuat, karena bagaimanapun hal ini memerlukan perincian dan pengamatan yang cermat diantara sekian pendapat ulama antar mahdzab. masalah talfiq hukum yang hanya bertujuan tatabbuu’r rukhash, artinya mencampur aduk hukum dalam satu masalah dari berbagai mahdzab dan atau berbagai pendapat dari mujtahid/mufti, dengan maksud mencari keringanan-keringanannya saja. Mengenai tatabbuu’r rukhash (mencari keringanan-keringanannya saja), ini dapat disimpulkan dalam beberapa pendapat: Pertama, fuqaha yang melarang orang mencari yang ringan-ringan saja dari berbagai mahdzab pada tiap-tiap masalah. Kedua beberapa ulama terdapat memperbolehkan talfiq harus berdasar udzur. Bila talfiq dilakukan oleh suatu negara dalam pembentukan suatu peraturan yang akan dijalankan umat islam, maka tidak ada alasan untuk menolaknya karena suatu Negara dalam berbuat untuk umatnya berdasarkan kemaslahatan umum.Kata kunci: Eklektisisme Mahdzab (Talfiq) Perspektif Ushul Al Fiqh

The Qur’ân was revealed with justice and equality for human beings regardless of their sex, race, social class and ethnicity, as cardinal principles and intrinsic values in Islamic sharî‘a. If this is the case, modern Muslim society with Islamic law is necessarily of equality and justice. However, their family laws which are grounded on assumptions of past centuries and have little bearing on contemporary realities have not reflected gender relations. Inequality that occurs within the context of Muslim family laws is one of the subtle but most pervasive areas of discrimination against women. It has resulted in a different set of dynamics that help create new demands in favor of change of laws. This study explores the reform strategy through legal mobilization in the Muslim family laws around the world. The findings of the study reveal that the substantive and pluralistic legal mobilization is important to Muslims, and the reinterpretation and renewal of laws have been mobilizing debates among both proponents and opponents, framed by orientations to the modernists who advocate reinterpretation of the original sources and the traditionalists who insist on literal adherence to the received doctrinal corpus.

This paper discusses the existence of a sharia system in banking that collaborates with the conventional banking system that has long been implemented in Indonesia. In this collaboration, it is believed that it will create positive and negative effects on the regulatory side or its rationalization for the dynamics of Islamic Economics in Indonesia. This paper uses library research with a qualitative approach with a descriptive nature that tends to use analysis. In this approach, the subject's perspective is emphasized, namely the process and meaning of the research carried out. The results of this paper are that the legal eclecticism of national engagement here has potential advantages, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the sharia system and conventional systems in banking itself. In the positive side, there are regulations and ease of access to favorable bank itself, while the negative can be seen from the decline in public confidence in the system of sharia in banking due to the mixing of the system both the system then the conventional banking and sharia considered only different in name only.

<p>The paper examines the Sikhism on its history, doctrines, and political activities. The Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak whose ideology was initially closed to Islam and further moved to Hindu. However, the political conflict in India between Hindu and Islam is as one strong reason to make eclecticism. Therefore, the doctrines of Sikhism were taken from Islam on one side and Hindu on another side. It results in the Sikhism as a dualistic doctrine in its concept on God, human beings and nature. The Sikhism was involved conflict in India's society when the leader of Sikhism dragged in the political sphere. In the beginning it tried to mediate the conflict between Islam and Hindu. However, it turned to be a trigger into triangle conflict, The Sikh, Islam and Hindu. It becomes obvious that religion is not immune from political conflict, as politics can also become the conflict trigger among religions.</p><p> </p><p>Makalah ini mengkaji Sikhisme mengenai sejarah, doktrin, dan aktivitas politiknya. Sikhisme didirikan oleh Guru Nanak yang ideologinya awalnya tertutup bagi Islam dan selanjutnya beralih ke Hindu. Namun, konflik politik di India antara Hindu dan Islam adalah salah satu alasan kuat untuk membuat eklektisisme. Oleh karena itu, doktrin Sikhisme diambil dari Islam di satu sisi dan Hindu di sisi lain. Ini menghasilkan Sikhisme sebagai doktrin dualistik dalam konsepnya tentang Tuhan, manusia dan alam. Sikhisme terlibat konflik di masyarakat India ketika pemimpin Sikhisme menyeret dalam ranah politik. Pada awalnya ia berusaha menengahi konflik antara Islam dan Hindu. Namun, hal itu berubah menjadi pemicu konflik segitiga, Sikh, Islam dan Hindu. Menjadi jelas bahwa agama tidak kebal dari konflik politik, karena politik juga bisa menjadi pemicu konflik antar agama.</p>

The development of the era of the creation of literary works can not be separated from the paradigm of modernism. However, modernism is considered obsolete and incapable of meeting human needs anymore so by humans it must be replaced with a new paradigm. Protests against modernism spawned a new paradigm called postmodern. This study aims to describe aspects of eclecticism in Sapardi Djoko Damono’s novel Hujan Bulan Juni in the postmodern paradigm based on the Lyotard theory. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach. The data analyzed in this study are unit of stories related to aspects of eclectisism, namely the blurring of borders between countries, mixing foreign cultures with local cultures, adoption of behavior and the use of goods originating from foreign countries.AbstrakPenciptaan karya sastra tidak lepas dari paradigma modernisme. Namun, modernisme dianggap usang dan tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan manusia lagi sehingga harus digantikan oleh paradigma baru. Protes terhadap modernisme melahirkan paradigma baru yang disebut postmodern. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aspek eklektisisme dalam novel Hujan Bulan Juni karya Sapardi Djoko Damono dalam paradigma postmodern berdasarkan teori Lyotard. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini berupa satuan cerita yang berkaitan dengan aspek eklektisisme berupa pengaburan batas antarnegara, pencampuran budaya asing dengan budaya lokal, pengadopsian perilaku, dan penggunaan barang-barang yang berasal dari negara asing.

During spring 2005 I, Hanna Brogård, undertook my bachelor degree

project in furniture design. The supervisors were Glenn Henningsson at

Njudex in Vrigstad and Leó Jóhannson, teacher and examiner at Carl

Malmsten CTD in Stockholm.

The project was based on three elements:

• Design concept for upholstered furniture

• Cooperate together with a sofa producer for professional supervision

and to learn more about industrial production and upholstery

technique

• Learn more about furniture history of style

I contacted a sofa producer called Njudex, in the province of Småland, who

became my work partner during this project.

Eclecticism is the name of the furniture styles that became popular during

the mid-nineteenth century. It develops from a new, rich society class arisen

from industry and trade. The trend is based on the escape from reality to

dreams of foreign countries, past centuries and nature. During the end of

the nineteenth century the upholsterers get a greater importance when the

textile industry develops and refines. The stressed, contemporary man

should be protected against noise, hard shapes and bright light.

In cooperation with Njudex, my ambition was to develop an upholstered

piece of furniture for the living room. This product would complement their

selection and strengthen their trademark. I built the prototype at Njudex’s

factory to learn more about their production.

The collaboration resulted in a sofa concept of modules with adjustable

backs.

Under vårterminen 2005 genomförde jag, Hanna Brogård mitt

examensarbete i möbeldesign på kandidatnivå vid Carl Malmsten, Centrum

för Träteknik & Design, Linköpings universitet, Stockholm. Handledare

var Glenn Henningsson, Njudex, Vrigstad, och Leó Jóhannson,

programansvarig på möbeldesignprogrammet, som även var examinator.

Jag önskade att inom ramen för examensarbetet fördjupa mig i olika

moment som jag upplevde att jag inte hade fördjupat mig i tillräckligt

tidigare under utbildningen.

• formge en stoppmöbel

• samarbeta med ett stoppmöbelföretag för professionell handledning

och fördjupa mig i industriell produktion och stoppteknik

• fördjupa mig inom stilhistoria och framför allt eklekticism och

tapetserarnas guldålder

Jag tog kontakt med stoppmöbelföretaget Njudex, i småländska Vrigstad,

som kom att bli mina samarbetspartners under det här projektet.

Eklekticismen kallas ofta möbelstilarna som rådde under 1800-talets mitt.

Den utvecklades ur borgarklassen, en ny och rik samhällsklass sprungen ur

industrialisering och handel. Den rådande smaken baserades på borgerlig

romantik som yttrade sig i form av en fantasiflykt ifrån den aktuella

verkligheten till främmande länder, tider och natursvärmeri. Under slutet av

1800-talet får tapetserarna en större roll då borgarklassen börjar frossa i

textilier tack vare textilindustrins utveckling och skicklighet. Den jäktade

samtidsmänniskan skulle skyddas mot buller, hårda former och hårt ljus.

Min ambition var att tillsammans med Njudex utveckla en stoppmöbel för

vardagsrummet som kompletterar deras sortiment och som stärker deras

varumärke med inriktning på hemmiljö och avtagbar klädsel. För att få

större insikt i Njudex tillverkning valde jag att tillverka prototypen under två

veckors tid på plats i deras fabriker.

Samarbetet resulterade i en prototyp i form av en schäslong som är en del i

ett sektionsmöbelkoncept.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu
This qualitative, single high school case-study conveniently sampled eight natural sciences teachers and, after conducting lesson observations and document analysis, interviewed all participants to obtain their perceptions about the effectiveness of inquirybased teaching in motivating learners to specialise in sciences. The major finding was that most participants were sceptical about inquiry-based teaching. Participants from a behaviourist epistemology did not believe that learner motivation resulted from inquirybased teaching while those from an eclectic epistemology preferred a complementary use of both approaches. The few participants oriented towards inquiry acknowledged the link between learner motivation and inquiry-based teaching but faced the challenge of limited time to prepare all the apparatus and procedures required for inquiry-based teaching. This researcher recommends employing laboratory assistants to assist teachers with setting up apparatus for inquiry-based lessons, trimming some content to reduce overload in the Annual Teaching Plans (ATP), and in-service training on inquirybased teaching to develop learner interest in sciences.
Hierdie kwalitatiewe gevallestudie het agt natuurwetenskap onderwysers betrek en na leswaarnemings en dokumentanalise, is onderhoude met die deelnemers gevoer om hul sienings te bekom oor die bydrae van die ondersoek-gebaseerde konstruktivistiese benadering as ’n strategie om leerders te motiveer om in wetenskap-verwante vakke te spesialiseer. Die belangrikste bevindings was dat die deelnemers logiese positivistiese en eklektiese benaderings verkies; dat hulle skepties is oor ondersoek-gebaseerde onderrig en dat hulle nie leerder motivering aan onderwysbenaderings koppel nie. Daar was egter enkele deelnemers wat wel ondersoekend onderrig het en wat leerder belangstelling in wetenskap aan ondersoek-gebaseerde onderrig gekoppel het. Op grond van die data wat verkry is, beveel hierdie navorser aan dat laboratoriumassistente aangestel moet word om onderwysers by te staan met die opstel van apparaat vir ondersoek-gebaseerde lesse; dat spesifieke modelle van ondersoek in die “CAPS”- dokument ingesluit word; dat inhoud afgeskaal moet word om oorlading in die jaarlikse onderrigplanne (ATP) te verminder, en dat voor- en indiensopleiding aan onderwysers oor ondersoek-gebaseerde onderrig verskaf word as ‘n manier om die belangstelling van die leerders in die wetenskappe te prikkel.
Lesisifundo socwaningo esenziwe esikoleni esisodwa samabanga aphakeme lwakhetha othisha beSayensi Yemvelo (NS) abayisishiyagalombili ukuze kwazakale ukuthi bayibona kanjani indlela yokufundisa iSayensi ngophenyo (inquiry-based teaching) ehlose ukukhuphula intshisekelo yabafundi kwiSayensi. Ngemuva kokubona othisha beSayensi befundisa, lomcwaningi wahlaziya incwadi eziphathelene nokufundiswa kohlelo lwe CAPS, waphinde wenza izingxoxo nabothisha. Okumqoka okutholakale kuloluphenyo kube ukuthi iningi lababambe iqhaza, abakhuthalela ukufundisa ngendlela egxile kuthisha (logical positivism) bangabaza ukuthi abafundi bafunde bephenya njalo abakubonanga ukuxhumana kwenzindlela zokufundisa nokunyuka kwentshiseko yabafundi ezifundweni ze Sayensi. Ababambiqhaza abahlanganisa indlela yokufundisa egxile kuthisha ne ndlela yokufundisa ngophenyo (eclectic) bakholelwa ukuthi indlela yokufundisa egxile kuthisa nendlela yokuthi abafundi bafunde bephenya, kuyomela zisetshenziswe zombili. Kwatholakala ingcosana yabothisha eyenelisa ukufundisa isayensi ngendlela yophenyo eyayisezingeni eliphansi njalo yaqinisekisa ukuthi bukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kwendlela zokufundisa nokunyusa intshiseko yabafundi kwi Sayensi. Ngokolwazi olutholakele, lolucwaningo luncome ukusebenzisa abasizi basemagunjini okusebenzela ososayensi ukusiza ukuhlela amalungiselelo okwenza uphenyo lwezifundo, nokuhlinzekwa kwezindlela eziqondile zokuphenya izincwadi zikaCAPS, kanye nokunciphisa okunye okuqukethwe, kwehliswe umthwalo kuhlelo lokufundisa lonyaka (i-ATP), ukuqeqeshwa kothisha kwi ndlela yokufundisa iSayensi ngokuphenya ukuze kuthuthukiswe intshiseko yabafundi.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)