Dissertationen zum Thema „Efficience alimentaire“
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Jeanson, Isabelle. „L'observance du plan alimentaire et la satisfaction de vie chez les personnes diabétiques : contribution à long terme de l'efficacité personnelle de l'autodétermination“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ55765.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBernard, Maria. „Étude du rôle fonctionnel du microbiote intestinal dans l'adaptation à un régime sous optimal et dans l'efficience alimentaire de la poule pondeuse en utilisant une approche multi-omique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChickens are the most widely exploited farmed animal species in the world, and eggs, in addition to their undeniable nutritional qualities, represent the least expensive animal-based resource for human consumption. The poultry industry strives to optimize production, in particular by improving feed efficiency, an important factor in ensuring farm profitability while reducing environmental impact. This complex trait is influenced by genetics and the environment, but more and more studies are also confirming the role of the intestinal microbiota. It is involved in the breakdown of food and produces numerous metabolites that protect the host and influence its metabolism. Several associations have been established between the microbiota and growth, health, performance and feed efficiency traits.This thesis presents an analysis of the caecal microbiota of laying hens from two lines divergently selected for feed efficiency. As diet influences both feed efficiency and microbiota composition, these two lines were fed two diets, one optimal and the other reduced in energy and enriched in fiber. To characterize the microbial ecosystems, three omics approaches were used: metabarcoding sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene, metagenomics (full DNA sequencing) and metatranscriptomics (full RNA sequencing). While metabarcoding enables less resolutive characterization of microbial communities and functions than the other two, the latter are more costly and present significant experimental and methodological challenges.This thesis therefore aims to answer biological and methodological questions: i) to identify the role of the caecal microbiota in the feed efficiency of laying hens, ii) to assess the impact of diet on the microbiota and its role in feed efficiency, iii) to compare different omics approaches to answer these questions.Analysis of these data revealed differences in taxonomic and functional compositions, both by line and by diet. Furthermore, hypotheses concerning the role of the microbiota in animal feed efficiency are conditioned by the diet used to feed the animals. In particular, they involve the capacity to degrade various carbohydrates (starch or indigestible fibers) and result in the differentiated production of short-chain fatty acids known to influence host metabolism. From a methodology analysis perspective, tools and strategies have been compared to establish a processing chain for these sequences, while highlighting obstacles and difficulties requiring future development.This thesis provides new insights into the role of the microbiota in the feed efficiency of laying hens, with particular emphasis on its metabolic functions. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of the three omics techniques used. Further analysis is needed, however, to integrate the results from these different omics approaches more completely, and to refine the identification of the microbial activities involved
Birau, Mia. „Gaspillage alimentaire, une approche du comportement du consommateur“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn recent years the environmental impact of personal food consumption has become a main focus of public and political attention. Food waste is one of the largest fractions of the total household waste. The quantity of food wasted in the European Union (EU - 27 countries) was estimated to be around 89 million tons annually, out of which the highest proportion is produced by households, who also produce the highest proportion of avoidable waste (BIO Intelligence Service, 2010).Surprisingly there is little research associating research on food consumption with research on food waste. Our interest in food waste stems from two sources. First it is important from a sustainability perspective. Food waste is a consumption problem with clearly negative impacts on natural resources. Second, from an academic perspective, we are intrigued by the little focus of consumer research on waste behaviors and particularly on food waste. The above contributions introduce food waste as a research topic for consumer research and elicit the main facets of the problem, identify the main antecedents of food waste, and suggest consumer behavior theories that help better understand the relevant issues. Furthermore, two possible policy measures are tested and further recommendations are given.In this thesis we start by drawing a larger image of food waste. This chapter focuses mostly on food waste by identifying consumer behavior theories that underlie consumers’ waste behavior and presents a detailed agenda for future research and for public policy implications.Drawing from the first chapter, Chapter Two explores one possible public policy implication of behavioral theories in order to prevent food waste. Using experimental studies, this paper builds on social norms literature and presents evidence for a process that explains the possible negative effects of awareness campaigns that use negative descriptive norms. When awareness campaigns use these types of norms, consumers perceive them as blaming messages and use the information as an excuse to behave worse than they actually would have in the absence of the message. This process is explained through perceptions of task difficulty. The chapter also presents solutions for blocking these negative effects and helping the prevention of waste.The next activity in the endeavor of fighting against food waste is reducing the amount of waste. There are different possible methods that can address this issue: proper food management at agricultural and retailing level, recycling, using leftovers at consumers’ level etc. Chapter Three focused on existing campaigns designed to reduce farmers’ food waste, by inciting consumers to purchase imperfect, misshaped produce. Using experimental design, this chapter is exploring the attitudes consumers have towards misshaped produce. The aim of this chapter is to present evidence that consumers have positive attitudes towards misshaped produce, that “ugly produce” campaigns can be implemented successfully without damaging retailers’ image and thus that food waste can be reduced
Jebabli, Ikram. „Essays on the transmission of shocks between financial, energy and food markets : transmission channels, measurement, effets and management“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2017CLFAD007_JEBABLI.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this three essays thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the transmission of shocks from energy and financial markets to food market commodities. The first essay investigates the efficiency of food market. The second essay studies returns and volatilities transmission between the three markets. Extreme dependence between these markets is analyzed in the third essay. Our main results underline the impact of the 2007-2008 financial crisis in the intensification of returns and volatilities spillovers between these markets as well as tail dependencies (namely tail dependencies). They allow also underlining hedge effectiveness by the construction of diversified portfolios including food commodities
Tran, Van Hung. „New genetic longitudinal models for feed efficiency“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0094.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlthough non-genetic and genetic approaches heavily improved feed efficiency in the last decades, feed cost still contributes to a large proportion of pork production costs. In addition, thelimited effi-ciency of feed use not only increases the environmental impact due to the waste of feed. Over the last decades, advances in high-throughput technologies for animal management,including automat-ic self-feeders, created a proliferation of repeated data or longitudinal data. The objective of this thesis was to develop new genetic models to better quantify the genetic potentialof animals for feed efficiency using longitudinal data on body weight (BW), feed intake and body composition of the animals. Data from 2435 growing Large White pigs from a divergent selectionexperiment for resid-ual feed intake (RFI) were used. In this population, males were weighted every week whereas fe-males and castrated males were weighted every month at the beginning of the test (10 weeks of age) and more often towards the end of the test (23 weeks of age). In a first step, different approaches investigated how to predict missing weekly BW for intermediate stages. For the tested period, a quasi linear interpolation based on the adjacent weeks is the best approach to deal with missing BW in our dataset. In a second step, different longitudinal models, such as random regression (RR) mod-els, structured antedependence models (SAD) and character process models, in which the covari-ances between weeks are accounted for, were compared. The comparison focused on best-fit to the data criteria (Loglikelihood, Bayesian Information Criterion), on variance components estimations (heritability estimates, genetic variances and genetic correlations between weeks) and on predictive ability (Vonesh concordance coefficients). The results showed that SAD is the most parsimonious model for feed conversion ratio (FCR) and for RFI, two measures of feed efficiency. The SAD model also provided similarpredictive abilities as the other models. A selection criterion combining the weekly breeding values was proposed for practical applications to selection. In addition, we evaluated the potential of genomic information to improve the accuracy of breeding value predictions for aver-age daily gain and residual feed intake, applying single step genomic approaches to the RR and SAD models. In our dataset, prediction accuracies was low for both traits, and was not much improved by genomic information. Finally, we showed that divergent selection for RFI had a major impact on the FCR and RFI profile trajectories in each line. In conclusion, this thesis showed that selection for trajectories of feed efficiency is feasible with the current available information. Further work is needed to better evaluate the potential of genomic information with these models, and to validate strategies to select for these trajectories in practice
GUBBIOTTI, ALESSANDRA. „Ricerche sulle conseguenze degli stati infiammatori nel periparto. Effetti a livello dell'ingestione di alimenti, delle riserve corporee, della produzione quanti-qualitativa di latte e dell'efficienza alimentare“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/271.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe extensive literature on transition period of the cows suggests the growing frequency of negative relationship between health problems and performance. Many evidences confirm during the first month of lactation, the presence of a particular condition named “stress disease”, which is not always associated to clinical symptoms but has the same consequences: the inflammatory processes. The principal objective of this study was to better characterize the inflammatory processes with particular attention to: 1) cause of the changes in inflammatory response to a bacterial infection and its relationship with the milk production, 2) consequences of the inflammatory processes on feed intake, body reserves, quantity and quality of milk production and then on feed efficiency. relatively to the first, we have observed a different intensity of the inflammatory response (in bovine submitted at the same infection), and this response seems correlated to previous inflammatory processes, probably not resolved; moreover, the higher intensity in the inflammations response can be responsible of the milk production decline. The consequences on feed efficiency have been studied through the comparison between two groups of cows characterized by higher (up-lfi) or low (lo-lfi) values of the liver functionality index; from that was demonstrated that during the first month of lactation, the cows with low lfi had lower efficiency values, probably caused increased charge of the immunitary system and prolonged beyond the inflammatory status itself.
GUBBIOTTI, ALESSANDRA. „Ricerche sulle conseguenze degli stati infiammatori nel periparto. Effetti a livello dell'ingestione di alimenti, delle riserve corporee, della produzione quanti-qualitativa di latte e dell'efficienza alimentare“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/271.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe extensive literature on transition period of the cows suggests the growing frequency of negative relationship between health problems and performance. Many evidences confirm during the first month of lactation, the presence of a particular condition named “stress disease”, which is not always associated to clinical symptoms but has the same consequences: the inflammatory processes. The principal objective of this study was to better characterize the inflammatory processes with particular attention to: 1) cause of the changes in inflammatory response to a bacterial infection and its relationship with the milk production, 2) consequences of the inflammatory processes on feed intake, body reserves, quantity and quality of milk production and then on feed efficiency. relatively to the first, we have observed a different intensity of the inflammatory response (in bovine submitted at the same infection), and this response seems correlated to previous inflammatory processes, probably not resolved; moreover, the higher intensity in the inflammations response can be responsible of the milk production decline. The consequences on feed efficiency have been studied through the comparison between two groups of cows characterized by higher (up-lfi) or low (lo-lfi) values of the liver functionality index; from that was demonstrated that during the first month of lactation, the cows with low lfi had lower efficiency values, probably caused increased charge of the immunitary system and prolonged beyond the inflammatory status itself.
Trajano, Jaqueline da Silva. „Avaliação da restrição alimentar em bovinos da raça Sindi em crescimento“. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMade available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T01:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 737115 bytes, checksum: 1ed51c3495a83c46ee9b0f9844499f25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20
This study aimed to determine the different levels of feed restriction effect on performance, carcass, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in Red Sindhi cattle breed. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Viçosa, with 32 unneutered male bulls divided into four feed restriction levels (0, 15, 30 and 45%) in a completely randomized design. The dry matter intake reduction, promoted by increased restriction resulted in a decrease in the consumption of nutrients affecting the performance and some quantitative carcass traits except yield percentage (hot and cold) and loin eye area. Happened a linear decrease (P <0,05) in weight of retail cuts, however, was not observed (P> 0,05) change in the proportions of them in relation to the half carcass weight. Significant quadratic effect of restriction level on body weight end (WCF), empty body weight (EBW), total weight gain (TWG), average daily gain (ADG), gain of empty body weight (EBW) and efficiency feed (EA), from 0.5 to 7.0% restriction. Happened a linear increase (P <0,05) in the muscle proportion and linear decrease (P <0,05) in the proportion of carcass fat, with increasing level of restriction. The restriction promoted a reduction in nitrogen excretion to the environment, and increase efficiency in the use of recycled nitrogen by animals. Moderate restriction levels can be applied on the male Sindi termination without compromising performance, generating a 41% difference in the profit margin, compared to the level of 15% restriction to the group fed ad libitum.
Objetivou-se determinar o efeito de diferentes níveis de restrição alimentar sobre o desempenho, carcaça, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese microbiana. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV, com 32 machos não castrados distribuídos em quatro níveis de restrição alimentar (0, 15, 30 e 45%), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A redução no consumo de matéria seca, promovida pelo aumento da restrição, resultou na diminuição no consumo de nutrientes afetando o desempenho e as algumas características quantitativas da carcaça, exceto o rendimento de carcaça (quente e fria) e a área de olho de lombo. Houve redução linear (P<0,05) no peso dos cortes comerciais, porém, não se observou (P>0,05) alteração nas proporções dos mesmos em relação ao peso da meia carcaça. Houve efeito quadrático do nível de restrição sobre o peso corporal final (PCF), peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ), ganho de peso total (GPT), ganho médio diário (GMD), ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ) e eficiência alimentar (EA), entre 0,5 e 7,0% de restrição. Observou-se aumento linear (P<0,05) na proporção de músculo e redução linear (P<0,05) na proporção de gordura da carcaça, com o aumento do nível de restrição. A restrição promoveu redução na excreção de nitrogênio para o ambiente, além de aumentar a eficiência na utilização do nitrogênio reciclado pelos animais. Níveis moderados de restrição podem ser aplicados na terminação de machos Sindi, sem comprometer o desempenho, gerando diferença de 41% na margem de lucro, comparando-se o nível de 15% de restrição com o grupo alimentado à vontade.
VALSECCHI, CLAUDIO. „SOSTENIBILITA' NUTRIZIONALE ED ECONOMICA: SVILUPPO DI INDICI AGGREGATI PER MIGLIORARE LA COMPETITIVITA' IN ALLEVAMENTI DI VACCHE DA LATTE“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/95712.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDairy cow farms aim to maximize milk production believing that this will improve profit through the dilution effect of maintenance costs. However, it becomes important to have under control the feed production costs, but above all the effective business efficiency of whole herd. The main objective of this research work is to find a monitoring system of farm efficiency, both economic and nutritional, useful for technicians who visit dairy farms in order to support the entrepreneurial choices of the farmer. Technical and economic indices were measured on 90 dairy cow farms to assess the nutritional and economic efficiency of the farms. A multivariate approach was used to aggregate partial indicators into new latent structures. A second objective was to predict, through farm characteristics and other farm management information, the aggregate farm efficiency indices derived: economic efficiency, energy efficiency, and break-even point. Eighty-nine dairy cow farms were visited and interviewed to collect information on herd size, milk production and quality, reproductive performance, cow welfare, diet formulation and feeding costs. Finally, the different feeding strategies adopted on visited farms were characterized. Information was collected on herd performance, feeding costs and different formulated rations. The chemical composition of the diets, the fermentative profile of the diets and methane production, feeding efficiency of the herd, milk production and quality and fecal fermentative profile were characterized.
VALSECCHI, CLAUDIO. „SOSTENIBILITA' NUTRIZIONALE ED ECONOMICA: SVILUPPO DI INDICI AGGREGATI PER MIGLIORARE LA COMPETITIVITA' IN ALLEVAMENTI DI VACCHE DA LATTE“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/95712.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDairy cow farms aim to maximize milk production believing that this will improve profit through the dilution effect of maintenance costs. However, it becomes important to have under control the feed production costs, but above all the effective business efficiency of whole herd. The main objective of this research work is to find a monitoring system of farm efficiency, both economic and nutritional, useful for technicians who visit dairy farms in order to support the entrepreneurial choices of the farmer. Technical and economic indices were measured on 90 dairy cow farms to assess the nutritional and economic efficiency of the farms. A multivariate approach was used to aggregate partial indicators into new latent structures. A second objective was to predict, through farm characteristics and other farm management information, the aggregate farm efficiency indices derived: economic efficiency, energy efficiency, and break-even point. Eighty-nine dairy cow farms were visited and interviewed to collect information on herd size, milk production and quality, reproductive performance, cow welfare, diet formulation and feeding costs. Finally, the different feeding strategies adopted on visited farms were characterized. Information was collected on herd performance, feeding costs and different formulated rations. The chemical composition of the diets, the fermentative profile of the diets and methane production, feeding efficiency of the herd, milk production and quality and fecal fermentative profile were characterized.
Paulo, Daniela Alexandra Rosa da Silva. „Consumo alimentar residual (CAR) em novilhos de raça Mertolenga“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28074.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlmeida, Rodrigo de. „Consumo e eficiência alimentar de bovinos em crescimento“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-09112005-150314/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlthough selection for feed efficiency was withdrawn to a minor role by the beef industry in the past, nowadays there is a growing attention by studies dealing with feed efficiency traits in beef cattle and this subject was discussed in the first chapter. The second chapter analyzed dry matter (DM) intake data of 36 Nellore young bulls from the Selected Nellore (NeS) line and 36 from the Control Nellore (NeC), both from Experimental Station of Sertãozinho. Overall average for residual feed intake (RFI) was 0.00±0.41 kg/day, with minimum and maximum RFI estimates of 0.73 and +0.95 kg/day. These estimates confirm that there is enough variability for this new trait among Bos indicus animals. Selected Nellore young bulls were heavier at the beginning and at the end of the trial and they grown more rapidly than NeC young bulls. Selected Nellore young bulls showed larger DM intakes than NeC young bulls, when expressed on kg/day or g/kg mid-BW0.75. Control Nellore young bulls were more efficient and showed lower RFI estimates than NeS young bulls. While NeS young bulls showed retained energy estimates 11.7% greater than NeC cattle, NeS estimates for heat production were 17.9% larger. Lastly, NeS young bulls showed greater maintenance requirements than NeC young bulls. Current prediction equations for DM intake from NRC were mainly obtained from Bos taurus breeds, from cattle implanted with a growth-promoting implant and fed low forage diets, supplemented with ionophores. The third chapter developed and validated a DM intake prediction equation for Zebu cattle. Meta-analyses methods were applied to 17 experiments conducted with Nellore cattle. Among the 193 experimental units, dietary energy concentration ranged from 51.2 to 78.0% TDN. The suggested equation to predic feed intake by Bos indicus cattle is: DMI (kg/d) = (SBW0,75 * (0.2039*NEm 0.03844*NEm 2 0.07376))/NEm Above 1.4 Mcal/kg the new equation predicted progressively lower intakes for Nellore than European genotypes. These results showed that the intake behaviour from Bos indicus cattle in a broad range of dietary NEm concentration is incorrectly predicted by the current NRC equations. The fourth chapter described the relationships of dry matter intake and feed efficiency to days on feed for young bulls in feedlots. The trial was conducted on Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, and included records from 188 beef young bulls from four different genetic groups: purebred Nellore (NE), ½Canchim + ½Nellore (CN), ½Angus + ½Nellore (AN), and ½Simental + ½Nellore crossbreds (SN), distributed on three years and 85 pens. Animals were distributed on pens in a ramdomized block design by genetic group and previous experimental treatment. NE young bulls showed a lower DM intake (kg/day) than AN, CN and SN crossbreds bulls. The analysis did not show a lower feed efficiency for NE bulls compared with the feed efficiency estimated for the remaining genetic groups. Partial compensatory growth and better feed efficiency for the bulls that were not supplemented with a concentrate before being fully fed during the experimental period diminished the advantages of supplementation during the grazing period. The fifth chapter evaluated the effects of breed and gender on performance traits em two large commercial feedlots in the Brazilian Central Region. After editing the original data set, it remained 116,376 animals distributed on 608 pens. Crossbreds showed higher average daily gains and DM intakes than Nellore animals. Consequently, it was not observed significant differences on feed efficiency between crossbreds and Bos indicus cattle. Average daily gain was higher for the bulls. When DM intake was expressed as kg/day, bulls showed higher intakes than steers. There were not statistically differences between bulls and steers for the feed efficiency traits analyzed. The equations to predict DM feed intake clearly underestimated the observed intakes. This suggests a large heterogeneity among animals coming into a feedyard and the absence of adjusting factors for compensatory growth.
Novais, Francisco José de. „Caracterização do metaboloma sérico de bovinos Nelore e sua potencial associação à eficiência alimentar“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74135/tde-23112017-112303/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnimal selection for residual feed intake (RFI) is intrinsically associated with decreased consumption of dry matter independent of body weight gain, selecting yielding increased production and economic efficiency but also decreasing the greenhouse gas emission of livestock. In this study, serum samples of 16 animals selected for divergent feed efficiency were collected prior to feedlot (day -21) and evaluated in an untargeted metabolomics approach, with the goal of using differential analysis, co-expression analysis and functional enrichment to identifier markers for feed efficiency prior to the feedlot. One feature was differentially accumulated between low and high RFI. WGCNA analysis identified 22 and 25 modules in positive and negative mode, respectively, of 1 module of each mode was strongly associated with RFI (r= 0.53, p-value <0.05 and r=0.52, p-value < 0.1 to negative and positive mode, respectively). Pathway enrichment analysis yielded 13 biological processes associated with feed efficiency including alterations in vitamins liposoluble metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. Our findings suggest the possibility to identify a biomarker for feed efficiency and also discuss that differences in oxidative stress responses and inflammatory processes could explain the feed efficiency variation prior to feedlot.
Corvino, Tatiana Lucila Sobrinho [UNESP]. „Caracterização do consumo alimentar residual e relações com desempenho e características de carcaça de bovinos nelore“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95320.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar desempenho, parâmetros de eficiência e correlações fenotípicas entre diferentes medidas de eficiência energética de animais Nelore selecionados para peso pós desmame e classificados quanto ao consumo alimentar residual (CAR). O CAR foi calculado pela diferença entre o consumo observado e o predito, baseado no PV0,75 e ganho médio diário (GMD), sendo os animais classificados como alto CAR (> 0,5 desvio padrão da média - menos eficientes), médio CAR (± 0,5 desvio padrão da média), e baixo CAR (< 0,5 desvio padrão da média - mais eficientes). Não foram observadas diferenças em PV inicial e final, GMD e consumo de matéria seca (CMS) entre as classes de CAR. Animais baixo CAR mostraram-se também foram melhores em eficiência alimentar, conversão alimentar e eficiência parcial de crescimento e não apresentaram diferenças em relação a taxa de crescimento relativo e taxa Kleiber. O CAR foi correlacionado à eficiência alimentar (-0,25), conversão alimentar (0,25), eficiência parcial de crescimento (-0,37) e CMS (0,16), não apresentou correlação significativa com PV (0,04), GMD (-0,02), taxa de crescimento relativo (-0,03) e taxa de Kleiber (-0,05). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre conversão alimentar e PV inicial (0,34) e GMD (-0,46). A eficiência parcial de crescimento foi correlacionada a todos os outros parâmetros de eficiência analisados. O CAR, quando comparado às demais medidas de eficiência energética, apresenta grande potencial na eficiência produtiva, sem alterar crescimento e tamanho dos animais.
The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, efficiency parameters and phenotypic correlations between different measures of energetic efficiency in animals Nellore selected for post weaning weight, and classified for residual feed intake (RFI). RFI was calculated as the difference between observed and predicted feed intake based on LW0.75 and average daily gain (ADG). Animals were classified as high RFI (> 0.5 standard deviation - less efficient), medium RFI ( ± 0.5 standard deviation), and low RFI (<0.5 standard deviation - more efficient). There were no differences in initial and final BW, ADG and dry matter intake (DMI) between RFI levels. Low RFI animals also were better in feed efficiency, feed conversion and partial efficiency of growth and were not different of relative growth rate and Kleiber ratio. RFI was correlated with feed efficiency (-0.25), feed conversion (0.25), partial efficiency of growth (-0.37) and DMI (0.16), and was not significantly correlated with BW (0.04 ), ADG (-0.02), relative growth rate (-0.03) and Kleiber ratio (-0.05). Significant correlations between feed conversion and initial BW (0.34) and ADG (-0.46) were detected. Partial efficiency of growth was correlated to all the others efficiency parameters analyzed. RFI, when compared to other energy efficiency measures, has great potential in productive efficiency, without affecting growth and size of animals.
Saintilan, Romain. „Etude de nouvelles approches pour la sélection sur l'efficacité alimentaire chez le porc en croissance et des perspectives de leur mise en place“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0066.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImprovement of feed efficiency is a main economic and environmental goal for pig production. Feed is the first component of cost production for pig farmers, and this will remain the case due to the evolution of feedstuffs cost. Historically, feed efficiency has been improved through selection, with success, for a decrease of feed conversion ratio (FCR) representing efficiency of feed conversion into body weight gain. In a context of evolving breeding objectives, new strategies of feed efficiency improvement are investigated. This PhD work has studied some of them using data collected in the French central test stations between 2000 and 2009 for the four main pigs breeds used in collective selection, i.e. two dam breeds (Large White dam line and Landrace) and two sire breeds (Large White sire line and Piétrain). The main approach retained here deals with residual feed intake (RFI), which is a criterion of feed efficiency independent from animal's performance level, in order to estimate its genetic relationships with usual production traits, and also with nitrogen and phosphorus quantities excreted by the animals. In a first step, a study of an experimental Large White population showed that genetic correlations between the three sexes for RFI were very close to 1 for RFI. This result allowed the comparisons of the results obtained on Piétrain females with those obtained on castrated males in the three other breeds. We showed that RFI had an heritability (h²) ranging between 0.21 and 0.33 depending on the breed, slightly less heritable than FCR (h² between 0.30 and 0.40) and with a favourable genetic correlation between them (between 0.52 and 0.85). The RFI is, by definition, phenotypically independent from growth rate and carcass composition traits, and this was also the case at the genetic level (genetic correlations lower than 0.16 in absolute values whatever the breed). However, RFI, like FCR, did not display favourable genetic correlations with meat quality traits. Contrary to FCR, RFI was shown to be unaffected by the halothane genotype segregating in the Piétrain breed. Very high genetic correlations with FCR (0.97 and higher), and more moderate genetic correlations with RFI (between 0.38 and 0.86) were found for nitrogen and phosphorus excreted quantities, which indicates that the reduction of excreted quantities is expected in response to selection for a better feed efficiency. These genetic correlations were globally higher in sire lines than in dam lines. Finally, the study of growth and feed intake curves of animals classified according to their feed efficiency level (either RFI or FCR) suggested that breeding for more efficient animals could not be conducted without an adaptation of feed formulation (e.g. for amino acids concentration), in order to allow the full expression of their genetic potential
Seveque, Noemie. „Variabilité des comportements alimentaires au Paléolithique moyen en France septentrionale : apports des études archéozoologiques“. Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNorthwestern Europe is during the Middle and Late Pleistocene a biogeographical crossword, in particular Northern France. Large mammals and Humans are present depending on the climatic and environmental variations. The huge amount of preserved bones coming from archaeological sites allowed to make zooarchaeology and palaeoecology studies of the complete sequences of three sites dated from Upper Pleistocene: Caours (Somme) from the Eemian, Le Rozel (Manche) et Mutzig (Bas-Rhin) from the Early Weichselian. Large mammals teeth from Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais), dated from the end of the Saalian, were also partially studied. The zooarchaeological research was mainly focused on the use of mortality profils and the determination of seasonnality. It was then possible to determine some general behavior, recurrent in several sites, as preference of cervids, selective transport of animals depending on the weight of the mammals, and intensive use with alimentary research marked by the collect of meat, marrow and tongue. Despite that, some behavior seem to be more specific, like a non-alimentary purpose of corpses with use of skin, fur and bones as retouchers, as well as preferential hunting based on age and/or sex of the individuals. Thus, Neandertalians' behavior from Northern France is characterized by a certain homogeneity, but also by a variability that results from the constant adaptation of their environment
Endo, Viviane [UNESP]. „Influência da palha e tempo de preparo da calda antes da hidrólise da cana-de-açúcar em dietas de vacas leiteiras“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136216.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A cana-de-açúcar tem papel importante no agronegócio brasileiro para a produção de etanol e açúcar. A palha da cana-de-açúcar é um resíduo orgânico pobre em sacarose para produção de etanol e de baixo valor nutritivo para a alimentação animal. Devido a isso, o processo de queima dos canaviais ocorre em larga escala com intuito de facilitar a colheita da cana-de-açúcar, além de limpar o canavial para a próxima safra. Entretanto, a queima causa danos à saúde e impacto ambiental. No estudo foram avaliados dois fatores da cana-de-açúcar: a influência da palha e a influência dos tempos de preparo da calda de hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2) antes da hidrólise da cana-de-açúcar. Os parâmetros avaliados neste estudo foram: composição bromatológica, temperatura e pH da cana-de-açúcar, digestibilidade de nutrientes, desempenho de vacas leiteiras e uso de imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) da cana-de-açúcar antes e após a digestão in vitro. O primeiro estudo foi um arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 [cana-de-açúcar com ou sem palha e cinco tempos de preparo da calda de Ca(OH)2 antes da hidrólise da cana-de-açúcar (72, 48, 24, 0,5 horas e sem preparo)]. No segundo estudo foi avaliado a digestibilidade in vitro dos nutrientes em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: cana-de-açúcar fresca sem palha, HPT0,5 (cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com palha e a calda preparada 0,5 horas antes da hidrólise), HPT72 (cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com palha e a calda preparada 72 horas antes da hidrólise), HT0,5 e HT72, cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada sem palha usando os mesmos procedimentos de preparo da calda na cana-de-açúcar com palha. Posteriormente, utilizou-se um delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5 (cinco vacas em lactação e cinco tratamentos) para estudo de desempenho. Imagens de MEV foram feitas como complemento para visualização da cana-de-açúcar com e sem digestão in vitro. Como resultados, a cana-de-açúcar fresca sem palha e hidrolisada com palha e a calda preparada 72 horas antes apresentou menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). O pH da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada, devido à presença do agente alcalinizante foi maior em comparação à cana-de-açúcar fresca independente da palha. A temperatura foi influenciada pela palha, apresentando-se maior quando esta estava presente. Em relação à digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com palha, quando comparada à hidrolisada sem palha, apresentou menor digestibilidade in vitro de matéria seca (MS) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da FDN. Para o desempenho das vacas, houve menor consumo de MS para a cana-de-açúcar com palha em comparação à cana-deaçúcar sem palha. A produção de leite manteve-se constante entre os tratamentos, assim como a sua composição. Nas imagens da MEV, algumas pequenas partículas de cana-de-açúcar que foram observadas nas amostras não digerida, após a digestão in vitro parecem ter sofrido alguma digestão. O que permaneceu foram partículas maiores, ou seja, partículas indigestíveis. A utilização da cana-de-açúcar com palha e a calda de Ca(OH)2 preparada 72 horas antes da hidrólise é recomendada devido à melhor eficiência alimentar das vacas, além de facilitar a mão-de-obra.
Sugarcane has an important role in agribusiness because of ethanol and sugar production. Straw of sugarcane is an organic residue, it has low nutritional value to animal feed and a poor sucrose content which is used to produce ethanol. Because of this, burning of the sugarcane is performed on a large scale aiming to facilitate the sugarcane harvest, besides cleaning the sugarcane fields for the next crop. Burning, however, is not safe for health and causes harmful environmental impact. The study evaluated two sugarcane factors: the influence of straw and the time of lime preparation on the sugarcane hydrolysis. The variables analyzed on this study were: chemical composition, temperature and pH of sugarcane, nutrient digestibility, performance of dairy cows and the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of sugarcane before and after in vitro digestion. First study was arranged as a factorial 2 x 5 [sugarcane with or without straw and five times of the lime preparation before hydrolysis of sugarcane (72, 48, 24, 0.5 hours and no lime used)]. The lime used was calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2. In the second study the in vitro digestibility of nutrients was evaluated and arranged as a completely randomized design with five treatments: fresh sugarcane without straw, HST0.5 (hydrolyzed sugarcane with straw and the lime prepared 0.5 hours before the hydrolysis), HST72 (hydrolyzed sugarcane with straw and the lime prepared 72 hours before the hydrolysis), HT0.5 (hydrolyzed sugarcane without straw and the lime prepared 0.5 hours before the hydrolysis) and HT72 (hydrolyzed sugarcane without straw and the lime prepared 72 hours before the hydrolysis). Posteriorly, a Latin square design 5 x 5 five lactating cows and five treatments was arranged for performance of dairy cows. As complement, SEM images of sugarcane before and after the in vitro digestion were done. As results, fresh sugarcane without straw and hydrolyzed with straw and the lime prepared 72 hours in advance presented lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. The pH of hydrolyzed sugarcane was higher compared to fresh sugarcane, due to the presence of the alkalizing agent, regardless of straw. Temperature was higher when the straw was present. Regarding the digestibility of nutrients, sugarcane with straw showed lower in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and higher in vitro digestibility of NDF compared with hydrolyzed sugarcane. For the cow’s performance, a lower DM intake was observed for sugarcane with straw compared with sugarcane without straw. Milk production was similar among treatments, as well as its composition. Providing sugarcane with straw and the lime of Ca(OH)2 prepared 72 hours before hydrolysis of sugarcane is recommended because it provided better feed efficiency to the cows. Additionally, it facilitates the labor.
CNPq: 151452/2012-1
Rodde, Charles. „Individual feed efficiency in fishes : direct measurement methods and indirect predictors to develop selective breeding programs in two major aquaculture species : European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn finfish aquaculture, feed is expensive and has environmental impacts. Improving feed efficiency (FE) to produce the same amount of fish with less feed is a major objective for sustainable aquaculture. This can be achieved by selective breeding but this requires methods for individual phenotyping, and measuring individual feed intake (FI) is technically challenging for fishes. The two best methods, to date, are either to rear fish individually or to tag them externally so that they can be visually identified while reared in small groups.I investigated some important issues related to estimation of individual FE, on two major aquaculture species, European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. I demonstrated that estimating individual FE at juvenile stage in Nile tilapia was predictive of FE over the whole production cycle. Then, I compared the two phenotyping methods in Nile tilapia, to discover that they did not provide equivalent estimations. Finally, I also found that the most efficient fish at restricted feeding were not the most efficient at satiety, in both species.Both phenotyping methods remain, however, tedious. I therefore investigated potential indirect selection criteria that are easier to measure. In European sea bass, there was no correlation of individual FE with individual metabolic rate (as oxygen consumption). Furthermore, I addressed methodological issues for implementation of stable isotope analyses with non-lethal sampling of fish scales as an indirect selection criterion.To conclude, selecting fish at juvenile stage seems reliable and will cut selection costs. Phenotyping method for individual FE towards selective breeding depends, however, upon the species. In particular, species collective behaviour must be considered when choosing the most suitable method. Furthermore, fish should be phenotyped at holding conditions and feeding levels that are as close as possible to commercial practices. Metabolic rate might be useful as an indirect criterion if coupled with measures of ammonia excretion or body composition. Scale stable isotope analyses are technically feasible and require further investigation
Foschieri, Eros. „Interazione tra perdite ed energia in reti idriche alimentate da pompe a giri variabili“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/662/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCorvino, Tatiana Lucila Sobrinho 1982. „Caracterização do consumo alimentar residual e relações com desempenho e características de carcaça de bovinos nelore /“. Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95320.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, efficiency parameters and phenotypic correlations between different measures of energetic efficiency in animals Nellore selected for post weaning weight, and classified for residual feed intake (RFI). RFI was calculated as the difference between observed and predicted feed intake based on LW0.75 and average daily gain (ADG). Animals were classified as high RFI (> 0.5 standard deviation - less efficient), medium RFI ( ± 0.5 standard deviation), and low RFI (<0.5 standard deviation - more efficient). There were no differences in initial and final BW, ADG and dry matter intake (DMI) between RFI levels. Low RFI animals also were better in feed efficiency, feed conversion and partial efficiency of growth and were not different of relative growth rate and Kleiber ratio. RFI was correlated with feed efficiency (-0.25), feed conversion (0.25), partial efficiency of growth (-0.37) and DMI (0.16), and was not significantly correlated with BW (0.04 ), ADG (-0.02), relative growth rate (-0.03) and Kleiber ratio (-0.05). Significant correlations between feed conversion and initial BW (0.34) and ADG (-0.46) were detected. Partial efficiency of growth was correlated to all the others efficiency parameters analyzed. RFI, when compared to other energy efficiency measures, has great potential in productive efficiency, without affecting growth and size of animals.
Orientador: Heraldo César Gonçalves
Coorientador: Renata Helena Branco
Banca: Sarah Figueiredo Martins Bonilha
Banca: Guilherme Fernando Alleoni
Mestre
Vellini, Beatriz Lima. „Uso de gordura protegida na recria em pastagem e na terminação em confinamento de bovinos Nelore /“. Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191298.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResumo: Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito da suplementação com gordura protegida contendo ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados, durante a recria em pastagens e na terminação em confinamento de tourinhos Nelore. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios da Alta Mogiana, em Colina – SP. Foram utilizados 124 tourinhos, com 8 meses de idade e peso corporal (PC) médio inicial de 190 kg ± 25,1, blocados por peso e avaliados durante a primavera, verão e outono em pastejo de lotação contínua com taxa de lotação variável (fase de recria), distribuídos ao acaso em dois tratamentos: 1) Controle - suplementação proteica-energética 3 g/kg de PC (sem gordura protegida); 2) Gordura Protegida - Suplementação proteica-energética 3 g/kg de PC com adição de ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados na forma protegida (Blend, Nutricorp, Araras, São Paulo, Brasil). Após a recria (270 dias), os animais com média de 20 meses e 420 kg, foram confinados em 12 baias, por 106 dias, e distribuídos entre 4 tratamentos: 1) CONT – CONT: Controle da recria sem a presença de gordura protegida no confinamento; 2) CONT - GORP: Controle da recria com a presença de gordura protegida no confinamento; 3)GORP – CONT: Gordura protegida da recria sem a presença de gordura protegida no confinamento e 4)GORP – GORP: Gordura protegida da recria com a presença de gordura protegida no confinamento. Para os parâmetros sanguíneos durante a fase da recria, foram ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with protected fat containing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in diet of Nellore cattle during growing phase on pasture and finishing phase in the feedlot. The experiment was carried out at the Regional Technological Development Center of the Agribusiness of Alta Mogiana (APTA), in Colina - SP. One hundred twenty-four young bulls were used (months old) with initial body weight (BW) of 190 kg ± 25.1. The animals were blocked by BW and evaluated during the spring, summer and autumn in grazing systems through growing phase, randomly distributed into two treatments (with or without protected fat): 1) Control - protein-energy supplementation 3 g/kg BW (without protected fat); 2) Protected Fat - Protein-energetic supplementation 3 g/kg BW with addition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in protected form (Blend, Nutricorp, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil). Following the growing phase (270 days), the animals with an average of 20 months and 420 kg were finished in feedlot (106 days), three replicates (totalizing 12 pens) within each treatment were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (with or without protected fat during finishing phase). The treatments diets were: 1) CON - CON: Control without protected fat in feedlot; 2) CON - FAT: Control during the growing phase with protected fat in feedlot; 3) FAT - CON: Protected fat during the growing phase without protected fat in feedlot and 4) FAT - FAT:... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Menezes, Rayanne Galdino. „Consumo alimentar residual, digestibilidade aparente e comportamento ingestivo de touros da raça nelore“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4009.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Feed efficiency of cattle and its correlation with feeding behavior and apparent digestibility of nutrients is the objective of this work. Feed efficiency is one of the most important traits in livestock .Processes responsible for more than 25% of feed efficiency variation have not been clarified. Explain variation sources and identifying efficient animals are the most importantobjectives for the beef cattle production nowadays. An alternative tool to evaluate the feed efficiency is the residual feed intake (RFI), was developed in 1963, but only in the 90’sit started to be used to identify and select efficient animals. Feeding behavior is directly related to feed ingested quantity, which differs in efficient or inefficient animals . The feeding behavior and apparent digestibility of 120 Nellore animalswere evaluated in completely randomized design with respect to feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the three classes of residual feed intake: low, medium and high RFI. The age and initial body weight were 20 months and 397 ± 35 kg. The animals were placed in individual pens fitted with feeding troughs and dri nkers. The diet offered to the animals consisted of 23% forage and 77% concentrate. The experimental period lasted 84 days, with weighings every 28 days. All weighings were preceded by fasting for 16 hours. The behavior evaluation was performed in a 24 hour period. Samples were collected from the diet offered and the leftovers at the beginning of adaptation and weekly during the experimental period, moreover, were also collected stool samples during three consecutive days at different times in order to obtain a sample throughout the day.The duration time of all activities was similar among the different groups.The variables evaluated digestibility did not differ (P > 0.05) between animals of three classes of RFI. It can be concluded that the RFI has no correlation with feeing behavior and apparent digestibility of nutrients in the diet.
A eficiência alimentar de bovinos e a sua correlação com comportamento ingestivo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes é o objetivo deste trabalho. A eficiência alimentar é uma das características mais importantes em animais de produção.Processos responsáveis por mais de 25% da variação da eficiência alimentar ainda não foram esclarecidos. Explicar as fontes de variação e identificar animais eficientessão objetivos importantes para a produção de bovinos de corte.Uma ferramenta alternativa para avaliar a eficiência alimentar é o consumo alimentar residual (CAR), que foi desenvolvido em 1963, porém começou a ser utilizado somente na década de 90 para identificar e selecionar animais mais eficientes. O comportamento ingestivo está diretamente associado à quantidade de alimento que o animal ingere, diferindo em animais mais ou menos eficientes. O comportamento ingestivo e a digestibilidade aparente da dieta de 120 animais da raça Neloreforam avaliados em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso divididos em três classes: baixo, médio e alto CAR . A idade e peso médio inicial foram de 20 meses e 397 ± 35 kg. Os animais foram alocados em baias individuais providas de cochos de alimentação e bebedouros. A dieta oferecida aos animais foi composta por 23% de volumoso e 77% de concentrado.O período experimental teve duração de 84 dias, com pesagens a cada 28 dias. Todas as pesagens eram precedidas por jejum alimentar de 16 horas. A avaliação comportamental foi realizada em um período de 24 horas. Foram coletadas amostras da dieta oferecida e das sobras no início da adaptação e semanalmente durante o período experimental, além disso, também foram coletadas amostras de fezes durante três dias consecutivos em horários diferentes a fim de obter uma amostra.O tempo de duração de todas as atividades foi similar entre os diferentes grupos.As variáveis de digestibilidade não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as três classes de CAR.Pode-se concluir que o CAR não possui correlação com comportamento ingestivo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta.
JÃnior, Josà Nery Rocha. „BalanÃo de nitrogÃnio, derivados de purina e perfil de Ãcidos graxos em ovinos santa inÃs castrados e nÃo castrados com diferentes nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15949.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da restriÃÃo alimentar quantitativa e da classe sexual no balanÃo de nitrogÃnio, sÃntese e eficiÃncia de proteÃna microbiana, por meio dos derivados de purina urinÃrios, e perfil de Ãcidos graxos na carne de ovinos Santa InÃs. Foram utilizados 30 ovinos machos com peso mÃdio inicial de 13,00 Â 1,49 kg, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo trÃs nÃveis alimentares (0, 30 e 60%) e duas classes sexuais (castrados e nÃo castrados). Foi utilizado uma dieta Ãnica de relaÃÃo volumoso:concentrado 60:40, utilizando feno de Tiffton-85 (Cynodon sp.) como volumoso. NÃo foram observados efeito de classe sexual e interaÃÃes entre nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar e classe sexual. Constatou-se balanÃo de nitrogÃnio positivo em todos os nÃveis de restriÃÃo e menores relaÃÃes N retido/N consumido e N retido/N absorvido no nÃvel de 60%. Os derivados de purina, purinas totais e absorvidas, produÃÃo e eficiÃncia de sÃntese de nitrogÃnio e proteÃna microbiana expressas em g/kgNDT, foram responsivas (P<0,05) aos nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar. Os nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar nÃo alteram (P>0,05) as variÃveis de Ãcido Ãrico (mg/kg0,75dia e mmol/kg0,75dia), as eficiÃncias de nitrogÃnio e proteÃna microbiana (g/kgCHOT e g/kgMO), e as concentraÃÃes (mg/100g) dos Ãcidos graxos C15:0, C18:3n6, C18:2c12t10, C22:1n9, C24:1, alÃm das relaÃÃes AGPI:AGS, ω6:ω3, (C18:0+ C18:1): C16:0, o Ãndice de trombogenicidade e atividade da ∆9-desaturase C16:0. Os lipÃdeos totais e os Ãcidos graxos C14:0, C16:0, C16:1n9c, C17:0, C17:1, C18:0, C18:1n9t, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3, C18:2c9t11 foram influenciados (P<0,05) pelos nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar, assim como as relaÃÃes AGPI:AGMI, AGMI:AGS e a atividade da ∆9-desaturase C18:0. ConcluÃ-se que a avaliaÃÃo nutricional de ovinos Santa InÃs em restriÃÃo alimentar, atravÃs do balanÃo de nitrogÃnio e da eficiÃncia de sÃntese de proteÃna microbiana, indica melhor utilizaÃÃo de nutrientes, em especial no nÃvel de 60%, e que a classe sexual nÃo influencia nenhum dos parÃmetros avaliados. Animais em restriÃÃo alimentar apresentam caracterÃsticas desejÃveis na qualidade de carne. Entretanto, a relaÃÃo ω6:ω3 apresenta-se como fator indicativo para novos estudos que se objetivem elevar as concentraÃÃes de Ãcidos graxos ω3 em carnes de cordeiros Santa InÃs em crescimento, para melhor valor nutricional dos produtos cÃrneos.
To evaluate the effect of quantitative and sexual class food restriction on nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and efficiency. This evaluation was made by purine urinary derivates and fat acid profile on Santa InÃs sheep meat. 30 male ovine was used. They had an average initial weight of 13,00 Â 1,49 kg. Every animal was submited to a completely randomized design in a factorial 3x2, there were three dietary levels (0, 30 and 60%) and two sexual classes (castrated and not castrated). There was only one diet with forage:concentration 60:40, Tiffton-85 (Cynodon sp) hay was used as a forage. Any effect of sexual class or interaction between levels of food restriction and sexual class was observed. Was found a positive nitrogen balance on all levels of food restriction, a lower relation between N retained/N consumed and N retained/N absorbed on level of 60%. Those purine derivate, total purine, absorbed purine, production and efficiency of nitrogen synthesis and microbial protein expressed in g/kgNDT, were responsive (p<0,05) on levels of food restriction. There were no alteration on levels of food restriction (p>0,05) those variables uric acid (mg / mmol kg0,75dia and / kg0,75dia), nitrogen efficiencies and microbial protein (g/ g kg CHOT / gMO), and the concentrations (mg / 100g ) of fatty acids C15: 0, C18: 3n6, C18: 2c12t10, C22: 1n9, C24: 1, in addition to the PUFAs relationships: SFA ω6: ω3 (C18: 0+ C18: 1) C16: 0, thrombogenicity index and activity of Δ9-desaturase C16: 0. The total lipids and C14 fatty acids: 0, C16: 0, C16: 1n9c, C17: 0, C17: 1, C18: 0, C18: 1n9t, C18: 1n9c, C18: 2n6c, C18: 3n3, C18: 2c9t11 were influenced (P <0.05) by dietary restriction levels, as well as relations PUFA: MUFA, MUFA: SFA and the activity of Δ9-desaturase C18: 0. In conclusion, the nutritional evaluation of Santa InÃs ovine in food restriction, based on nitrogen balance and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, show that are a better utilization of nutrients specially on level of 60%, and the sexual class has no influence on every single evaluated parameter. Animals that are in food restriction have desirable characteristics on meat quality. However, the relation ω6: ω3 appears as indicative factor for further studies to objectify raise ω3 fatty acid concentrations in meat lambs Santa InÃs growing, for better nutritional value of meat products.
Nacanabo, Amade. „Impact des chocs climatiques sur la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays sahéliens : approches macroéconomiques et microéconomiques“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL2007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOften used metaphorically to refer to the southern fringes of the Sahara, the Sahel's geographical position makes it a region vulnerable to climate change. Agriculture is highly rain-fed and largely dependent on climatic conditions. If food security is to be achieved in the Sahel, climate change must be taken into account. By combining empirical and theoretical work, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of climate change on food security in the Sahel at the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The first chapter examines the food security situation in the Sahel at the macroeconomic level, after analysing its demographic dynamism. The results of this chapter show that the Sahel has not yet begun its demographic transition. The demographic growth rate is high compared with the average for sub-Saharan Africa. Undernourishment is on the decline, but remains prevalent in the region. Reducing undernourishment necessarily involves agricultural production, which is dependent on the vagaries of the climate. The second chapter therefore looks at the effects of climate change on the yields of certain crops (millet, sorghum and maize) in the Sahel. The results indicate that climate change is having an overall negative impact on agricultural yields in the Sahel. This analysis at the macroeconomic level is then supplemented by two chapters which, at the microeconomic level, focus on the behaviour of farmers in the Sahel. The third chapter seeks to analyse the impact of climatic shocks, as measured by farmers' perceptions, on the inefficiency of agricultural plots. This study shows that climatic shocks increase the inefficiency of agricultural plots. Through lower yields and plot inefficiency, climate change may affect the poverty and food vulnerability of Burkinabé farming households. To this end, the fourth chapter identifies the individual and contextual determinants of poverty and food vulnerability among farming households in Burkina Faso. The results show that, in addition to the individual characteristics of farm households, such as their size or the level of education of the head of household, the climatic context in which they live helps to explain their poverty and food vulnerability
Alves, Paula Cristina Sampaio. „Desempenho dos Bancos Alimentares Contra a Fome de Portugal Continental : caracterização e análise de eficiência“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12857.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEste relatório está assim dividido em três partes. Na primeira parte podemos encontrar uma breve apresentação relativa aos Bancos Alimentares, incidindo na sua história e funcionamento. Na segunda parte foi realizada uma Análise de Clusters, aos dezoito BAs de Portugal Continental, com o objetivo de classificar os BAs em grupos. Esta foi dividida em duas fases: numa primeira fase os BAs foram agrupados com base nas características internas de cada um, de modo a classificá-los de acordo com a sua dimensão - pequenos, médios ou grandes. Numa segunda fase, a classificação dos BAs não só teve em conta as características internas mas também as características socioeconómicas da região onde se encontra inserido cada BA. O objetivo desta análise foi relacionar a dimensão de um determinado BA com as necessidades da população e com a potencialidade de ofertas a seu favor. Na terceira parte foi realizada uma análise de eficiência ao comportamento de cada Banco Alimentar, usando dados em painel, recorrendo a modelos econométricos, estimados com o Pooled OLS com efeitos fixos no tempo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se cada BA está a operar de forma eficiente, para o nível dos seus recursos. Os modelos empíricos foram aplicados às toneladas recolhidas anualmente nas campanhas de angariação junto do público, ao número de voluntários que participam anualmente nas campanhas, ao número de pessoas assistidas anualmente e ao total de entradas anuais em toneladas.
This report is divided into three sections: On the first section we can find a small introduction about the Food Bank's, focusing on their story and operation. On the second section we proceeded to a Cluster Analysis to the eighteen Food Bank's from Portugal Continental, with the purpose of classifying them by groups. This was performed in two phases: on the first phase the FB were grouped considering their intern characteristics, with the goal of classifying them by dimension - small, medium or large. On the second phase, the classification take into account not only the internal characteristics but also the socioeconomics characteristics of the region. The goal of this analysis was to relate the dimension of an determinate FB with the population necessities and the potential of offers in their favor. On the third section an analysis to the efficiency has been performed to each FB, utilizing panel data and applying econometrics models, with the Pooled OLS with fixed effects on time. The goal of this study was to analyze if each FB is performing in an efficient manner, considering their level of resources. The empirical models were applied to the Ton's gathered annually in their campaigns close to the public, the number of volunteers that participated annually in this campaigns, the number of persons assisted annually by each FB and the total of annual entries, in Ton's.
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Almeida, Thiago Santos. „Desempenho, comportamento e composição corporal de touros da raça nelore classificados pelo consumo alimentar residual“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4099.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The residual feed intake is a measure of feed efficiency that is independent of weight gain and adult weight. With this you can select efficient animals without compromising the size at maturity of the animals. Faced with the need to understand the factors that influence the variability in efficiency of feed utilization by cattle, aimed to evaluate the performance, behavior and estimated body composition of Bos Indicus . Hundred and nineteen Nellore with a mean age of 18 months (±36 days) and average weight of 392 kg (±47kg) for the classification of animals of high, medium and low feed efficiency were used . The experimental design was completely randomized and the criterion for classification of animals for residual feed intake (RFI) used was 0,5 standard deviations above or below the average, which showed a percentage of 32 % of the total for better efficiency (low RFI), 43,7 % average and 24,3 % showed low efficiency (high RFI). The animals were housed in individual pens for 83 days provided with feed trough and drinking fountain. The supplied diet contained 68,4 % total digestible nutrients (TDN) and 11,3 % crude protein (CP) in a ratio of 62,6 % concentrate and 37,4 % forage. The consumption ratio and the predicted dry matter intake observed showed a coefficient of determination of 0,5462. Metabolic mean body weight of the animals, the average daily gain, initial body weight, final and metabolizable energy intake showed no significant association with residual feed intake (P>0,05). Significant correlations between the CAR and dry matter intake (DMI) (r= 0,57), feed conversion (FC) (r=-0,38) and feed efficiency (EA) (r=0,42) were found. The less efficient animals that were older than those with the highest efficiency (P<0,05). As for the ultrasound measurements (loin eye area, fat thickness and rump fat thickness) and also for body composition (muscle tissue, fat and bone) there was no significant difference (P<0,05) between the classes CAR. The first evaluation of escape velocity (V1) showed a significant difference (P< 0,05) between classes of CAR, as well as the time lying ruminating (P<0,05). Selected for low RFI animals have better efficiency in the use of food without compromising body composition, and present more docile animals at the end of the study.
O consumo alimentar residual é uma medida de eficiência alimentar que independe do ganho de peso e do peso adulto. Com isso pode-se selecionar animais eficientes sem comprometer o tamanho à maturidade dos animais. Diante da necessidade de compreensão dos fatores que influenciam a variabilidade de eficiência da utilização de alimentos pelos bovinos, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, o comportamento e a estimativa da composição corporal de bovinos Bos Indicus. Foram utilizados 119 animais da raça Nelore com idade média de 18 meses (± 36 dias) e peso vivo médio de 392 kg (± 47 kg) para classificação de animais de alta, média e baixa eficiência alimentar. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e o critério para classificação dos animais para consumo alimentar residual (CAR) utilizado foi o de 0,5 desvio-padrão acima ou abaixo da média, que apresentou percentual de 32% do total para melhor eficiência (baixo CAR), 43,7% média e 24,3% apresentaram baixa eficiência (alto CAR). Os animais ficaram alojados em baias individuais durante 83 dias providos de cocho de alimentação e bebedouro. A dieta fornecida continha 68,4% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e 11,3% de proteína bruta (PB) numa relação de 62,6% de concentrado e 37,4% de volumoso. A relação de consumo de matéria seca predito e o consumo observado apresentou um coeficiente de determinação de 0,5462. O peso corporal médio metabólico dos animais, o ganho médio diário, peso vivo inicial, final e consumo de energia metabolizável não apresentaram relação significativa com o consumo alimentar residual (P>0,05). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o CAR e o consumo de matéria de seca (CMS) (r=0,57), conversão alimentar (CA) (r=-0,38) e eficiência alimentar (EA) (r=0,42). Os animais menos eficientes apresentaram idade superior que os de maior eficiência (P<0,05). Quanto às medidas ultrassonográficas (área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e espessura de gordura da picanha) e também à composição corporal (tecidos muscular, adiposo e ósseo) não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre as classes de CAR. A primeira avaliação de velocidade de fuga (V1) apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre as classes de CAR, assim como o tempo de ruminação deitado (P<0,05). Animais selecionados para baixo CAR apresentam melhor eficiência na utilização de alimentos sem comprometer a composição corporal, além de apresentar animais mais dóceis ao final do estudo.
Cusson, Valérie. „Évaluation du lien entre l'état de santé dentaire et l'état nutritionnel chez les personnes âgées“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5993.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Sciellour Hazon Mathilde. „Microbiote intestinal chez le porc, facteurs de variation et relations avecles performances des animaux“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARB323.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImproving feed efficiency (FE) is a major preoccupation for pig production. The FE is a complex trait dealing with lots of functions in pig. The intestinal microbiota is known to play a key role in host metabolism and health with subsequent impact on its performance. The PhD program aimed at studying the modifications of the intestinal microbiota composition on pigs exposed to several environmental perturbations and to evaluate the relationships between digestive microbiota composition and the host performance. Data from three experimental studies conducted on growing-finishing pigs (60 to 1.200 depending on the study) which were exposed to different perturbations [high fiber diet, diet contaminated by mycotoxin (DON), or exposed to acute or chronic heat stress] have been used. The microbiota analysis was based on fecal samples collected before and after the perturbations. Phenotypes directly or indirectly related to FE were measured to evaluate and to quantifythe relationships between the host performance and its microbiota. A detailed bioinformatic and statistical analysis of the microbial data demonstrated that the environmental perturbations affect the fecal microbiota composition but these effects were generally transient. Depending on the nature of the challenge (standard or high fiber diet, exposition to a chronic or acute heat stress, or DON-contaminated diet), the impact on fecal microbiota composition seemed to differ. In this PhD program, the relative abundance of the OTU does not allow to implement quantitative prediction models of pig performance. Functional
Lima, PatrÃcia de Oliveira. „substituiÃÃo parcial do leite por soro de queijo e ovo na diÃta lÃquida de bezerros leiteros“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4763.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAvaliou-se neste trabalho a influÃncia das dietas sobre o desempenho ponderal, eficiÃncia alimentar, perfis dos metabÃlitos sÃricos relacionados ao status protÃico e energÃtico, desenvolvimento ruminal e rendimento de carcaÃa e dos cortes especiais de bezerros recebendo diferentes dietas lÃquidas durante a fase de aleitamento. Foram utilizados 24 bezerros mestiÃos de holandÃs x zebu, com um peso vivo mÃdio de 35,6 kg, distribuÃdos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 04 (quatro) tratamentos e 06 (seis) repetiÃÃes: LI: Leite integral (Controle); LS: 50% Leite integral + 50% de Soro de queijo in natura; LSO: LS adicionado de 01 (um) ovo integral in natura; LSOB: LSO adicionado de biotina (05mg/animal/dia). A adaptaÃÃo dos animais Ãs dietas experimentais compreendeu os 10 (dez) dias que antecederam ao inÃcio dos respectivos tratamentos, quando os animais receberam o soro de queijo em substituiÃÃo parcial ao leite integral, de maneira gradativa (5% a cada dia atà o percentual de 50% da dieta). Os animais tiveram à sua disposiÃÃo concentrado farelado, feno de capim Tifton-85 (Cynodon sp.) e Ãgua ad libitum desde o nascimento atà o desmame, que ocorreu aos 60 dias de idade. Diariamente foram coletas sobras dos alimentos sÃlidos e semanalmente foram tomadas medidas corporais e de peso, amostras de sangue por venipunÃÃo jugular externa, no perÃodo da manhÃ, antes do fornecimento da dieta lÃquida e 02 (duas) horas apÃs a ingestÃo desta, em tubos do tipo vacutainer, sem adiÃÃo de anticoagulantes. Ao final do perÃodo experimental, aos 60 dias de idade, os bezerros foram abatidos e foram tomadas as medidas relativas ao rendimento de carcaÃa e retiradas amostras do tecido absortivo do rÃmen e intestino delgado para anÃlise histolÃgica. Todas as mÃdias encontradas para cada uma das variÃveis avaliadas neste estudo se mostraram dentro dos limites normais referenciados na literatura para bezerros lactentes e os valores nÃo diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos. As dietas lÃquidas propostas nÃo provocaram nenhuma influÃncia sobre os parÃmetros analisados, logo se pode utilizar o soro em substituiÃÃo parcial ao leite integral, na proporÃÃo de 50%, sem adiÃÃo de ovo ou biotina, uma vez que os mesmos tambÃm nÃo acarretaram em alteraÃÃes das variÃveis estudadas.
alimentary efficiency; dressing; non lacteal protein; organs weight; ruminal development; special cuts
Alvarenga, Amanda Botelho. „Feed efficiency traits in Santa Inês sheep under genomic approaches“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-20032018-160145/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA seleção com base nos valores genéticos genômicos preditos pode aumentar substancialmente a taxa de ganho genético em animais por meio do aumento da acurácia de predição e redução do intervalo de gerações, especialmente para características de difícil e/ou onerosa mensuração, como eficiência alimentar. A eficiência alimentar é uma das características mais importantes na produção animal devido principalmente aos seus impactos econômicos e ambientais. Muitas métricas representam a eficiência alimentar, por exemplo: a relação do ganho de peso e consumo alimentar (EA), a proporção do consumo alimentar e ganho de peso (CA) e o consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Em ovinos, nenhum estudo com o objetivo de buscar variantes genéticas ou verificar a acurácia do valor genético genômico estimado para eficiência alimentar foi publicado. Adicionalmente, antes de aplicar a informação genômica, é necessário compreender e caracterizar a estrutura da população, como por meio do desequilíbrio de ligação (LD). O estudo de associação genômica (GWAS) e seleção genômica (GS) consideram o LD entre marcador e a mutação causal. Com base nas considerações acima, o objetivo deste estudo foi mapear o LD em ovinos, caracterizado pela raça ovina Santa Inês; localizar variantes genéticas para as características de eficiência alimentar (EA, CA e CAR) utilizando a abordagem GWAS; e verificar a acurácia da estimação dos valores genéticos genômico para o CAR. No total, foram coletadas 396 amostras (animais) do músculo Longissimus dorsi, para posterior genotipagem utilizando o painel de alta densidade (Illumina High-Density Ovine SNP BeadChip®), compreendendo 54.241 SNPs. O banco fenotípico é composto por 387 animais. O LD médio entre marcadores adjacentes para duas métricas de LD, r² e |D\'|, foram 0,166 e 0,617, respectivamente. O grau de LD estimado foi menor que o relatado em outras espécies e foi caracterizado por blocos de haplótipos curtos. Consequentemente, para as análises genômicas são recomendados painéis de marcadores de alta densidade. No GWAS, foram encontrados muitos marcadores associados aos fenótipos, em especial, à característica CAR. Alguns genes candidatos foram relatados neste estudo, destacando-se o NRF-1 (fator respiratório nuclear 1), que controla a biossíntese mitocondrial, o processo mais importante responsável por grande parte da produção de energia. Finalmente, verificamos a acurácia do valor genético genômico estimado para o CAR usando modelos de regressão Bayesiana, e encontramos baixos valores para acurácia (0,033 a 0,036) o que pode ser explicado pelo baixo grau de relacionamento entre os indivíduos e tamanho reduzido da população de treinamento.
Mobiglia, Andrea de Mello. „Digestibilidade aparente da dieta de touros da raça nelore selecionados pelo consumo alimentar residual“. Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3494.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Owing to the potential of utilization of residual feed intake as tool for genetic selection becomes indispensable the studies that looking for understand the variables influence RFI, principally data from cattle of Nellore breed, consist with Brazilian reality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diet of Nellore bulls classified by residual feed intake (RFI). One hundred and twenty Nellore bulls were used , with body weight (BW) of 392.5 ± 47.15 kg. The animals were maintained in a feedlot with individual pens and fed with the same diet for 83 days. The animals were fed ad libitum and the diet was composed of sorghum silage, sugarcane bagasse and concentrate, in relation 33:67 (V: C) in dry matter. The animals were weight at the beginning of the trial and every 28 days after the solid feed restriction. The refused and offered fed were weight to measure the daily feed intake. RFI was calculate by difference between the observed intake and estimated intake what was obtained through a multiple regression equation of feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and metabolic body weight (MBW) of the animals. On eighth week was realized a digestibility assay. To estimate the fecal production was used indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) as internal marker. The randomized design was used for statistical analysis. The ADG and BC were the same for different RFI groups (P>0.05), despite of low RFI animals showed lower feed intake (P<0.05) than medium and high RFI. However, the digestibility coefficient did not differ between the RFI groups (P>0.05). In contrast, the apparent digestibility of NFC was negative correlated (– 0,23) with the RFI.
Tendo em vista o potencial de utilização do consumo alimentar residual como ferramenta para seleção genética torna-se imprescindível estudos que procuram entender as variáveis que influenciam o CAR, principalmente dados com bovinos da raça Nelore condizentes com a realidade brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente da dieta de touros da raça Nelore classificados pelo consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Foram utilizados 120 touros da raça Nelore, com peso corporal (PC) de 392,5 ± 47,15 kg. Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento com baias individuais e alimentados com a mesma dieta por 83 dias. Todos os animais foram alimentados à vontade e a dieta era composta de silagem de sorgo, bagaço de cana e concentrado, na relação 33: 67 (V: C) na matéria seca. Os animais foram pesados no inicio do experimento e a cada 28 dias após jejum de sólido. Diariamente foram pesadas as sobras e o fornecido para determinar o consumo diário. O CAR foi calculado pela diferença do consumo observado e estimado, o qual foi obtido por uma equação de regressão entre consumo, o ganho de peso diário e peso corporal médio metabólico dos animais. Na 8ª semana do experimento foi realizado ensaio de digestibilidade. O marcador interno utilizado para estimar a produção fecal foi a fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi). Para as análises estatísticas, foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O ganho médio de peso diário (GMD) e PC foram os mesmos para as classes de CAR (P>0,05), apesar dos animais de baixo CAR apresentar menor ingestão de nutrientes (P<0,05) que os animais de médio e alto CAR. Entretanto, os coeficientes de digestibilidade não diferiram entre os grupos (P>0,05). Em contraste, a digestibilidade aparente dos CNF apresentou correlação negativa de -0,23 com o CAR.
Grigoletto, Laís. „Estudo da influência genética da herança citoplasmática em características de interesse econômico de bovinos da raça Nelore“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74135/tde-14032017-110632/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaternal effects and its inheritance have been suggested to have a permanent influence on selection and expression potential traits in cattle. The objectives of this study were to estimate the impact of the inclusion of the cytoplasmic lineage genetic effect on component estimates of (co) variance, genetic parameters and evaluated the influence of this effect on the prediction of breeding values for growth, reproductive and feed efficiency traits of Nellore cattle. Pedigree data from 496,190 Nellore animals belonging to the Agropecuaria CFM and 8,635 animals from feed efficiency traits composing the pedigree file that was used to trace the genealogy, based on the maternal line of each animal by LinMat software. The records for birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), weight gain adjusted to 345 days of age (PWG), scrotal circumference at 18 months (SC), conformation (CONF), precocity (PREC), muscularity (MUSC), dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI), feed conversion rate (FCR) and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated. Analyses were performed by computer program BLUPF90 with an animal model by the method of restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and Bayesian approach to feed efficiency indicators, considering cytoplasmic lineage as a random effect. The results show that the traits analyzed can be used as selection criteria by the genetic variability and the potential for heritability. The inclusion of cytoplasmic lineage effect was significant for BW, CONF, PREC and MUSC. In long-term, the selection of cytoplasmic lines with greater genetic effect may promote genetic progress for economic interest traits.
SILVA, Gabriel Santana da. „Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de novilhos mestiços leiteiros submetidos a dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado“. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6753.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of diets with increasing levels of concentrate (17.0, 34.0, 51.0, 68.0) on consumption, digestibility, performance, physical characteristics and commercialization of the carcass of 25 crossbred steers Of dairy breeds, with no defined blood level, in confinement. A completely randomized design was used. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. Dry matter intake (CMS) increased linearly; The consumption of the other nutrients consumed the same behavior, except for the consumption of neutral detergent fiber and acid (NDF and FDA), which were influenced linearly and negatively. (P> 0.001), and positive for the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), NDF, crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), organic matter (OM) and carbohydrates Non-fibrous (CNF). Final body weights (PCF) were not influenced. However, total and average daily weight gains added 1.16 kg and 9.90 g for each 1% increase in concentrate, respectively. The empty body weight (PCVZ), warm carcass weight (PCARQ) and cold carcass weight (PCARF) responded linearly to the increase in concentrate. The warm carcass yields (RCARQ); Cold carcass yield (RCARF); (GPCVZ) and carcass (GCAR) gains were also influenced positively and linearly, in the same way as carcass deposition efficiency (EDCAR) and carcass deposition rate (TXCAR). The increase in concentrate levels increased the consumption and digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients, improving food efficiency, performance and physical characteristics of the carcass, however, influencing linearly and negatively the economic return.
Objetivou-se investigar a influência do fornecimento de dietas com crescentes níveis de concentrado (17,0; 34,0; 51,0; 68,0) sobre consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho, características físicas e de comercialização da carcaça de 25 novilhos mestiços de raças leiteiras, sem grau de sangue definido, em confinamento. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância e regressão. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) aumentou linearmente; o consumo dos demais consumos dos nutrientes seguiu o mesmo comportamento, com exceção dos consumos de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido (FDN e FDA), que foram influenciados linear e negativamente. Foi verificada influência linear, altamente significativa (P>0,001), e positiva para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, (MS), FDN, proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria orgânica (MO) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Os pesos corporais finais (PCF) não foram influenciados. No entanto, os ganhos de peso total e médio diário acrescentaram 1,16 Kg e 9,90 g para cada aumento de 1% de concentrado, respectivamente. O peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ), peso de carcaça quente (PCARQ) e peso de carcaça fria (PCARF) responderam linearmente ao aumento de concentrado. Os rendimentos de carcaça quente (RCARQ); rendimento de carcaça fria (RCARF); ganhos de peso corporal vazio (GPCVZ) e de carcaça (GCAR) também foram influenciados positiva e linearmente, da mesma forma que a eficiência de deposição de carcaça (EDCAR) e taxa de deposição de carcaça (TXCAR). O acréscimo dos níveis de concentrado aumentou o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e demais nutrientes, melhorando a eficiência alimentar, o desempenho e as características físicas da carcaça, no entanto, influenciando linear e negativamente o retorno econômico.
Riva, Caterina. „Analisi dell'efficienza energetica e applicazione di un metodo di valutazione della significatività degli aspetti ambientali in relazione al sistema di gestione ambientale di una grande azienda alimentare“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6748/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlbertini, Tiago Zanetti. „Consumo, eficiência alimentar e exigências nutricionais de vacas de corte na lactação e terminação“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-02032007-112133/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study estimated the requirements and feed efficiency of non-pregnant lactating beef cows, as well as cow calf pairs. It also correlated the efficiency of the cows and their progeny during lactation to efficiency determined for the same cows in a finishing trial after weaning. In the lactating phase cow calf pairs were evaluated from just after birth (17±5, d) to weaning at 210 d. The finishing trial for the mature cows started after weaning and lasted 67 d after wich cows were slaughtered. Twenty adult cows were evaluated, 10 ½ Caracu x Nelore (CN) and 10 Angus x Nelore, bred to Red Angus (RA) and Canchim (CC) bulls, respectively. During lactation the diet (2.30 Mcal ME/kg and 12.4% CP) was offered in variable amounts to maintain individual live weight and condition score constant. The same diet was offered ad libitum to the calves. During the finishing phase cows were fed ad libitum (2.37 Mcal ME/kg e 10.5% CP). The dry matter feed intake of cows was 92,4 and SD 2,9 g DM/kg BW0,75. AN cows had fat corrected milk 12% higher compared to CN cows (P<0.05). However, milk energy content (Mcal/kg) was 9.4% higher (P<0.05) for CN cows. Efficiency of milk production (Mcal milk/Mcal ME intake) was not different. Metabolizable energy for lactation (MEl) was higher (P<0.05) for AN cows in comparison to CN, respectively 90.1 and 74.2 (MEl, kcal MEl/kg BW0,75). ME milk intake was 11.3% (P<0.05) higher for ½CC¼AN¼NE calves. Rates of gain were not different between calves, but ½RA¼CR¼NE were 10.7% more efficient (g LWG210d/Mcal MEI milk+solid diet). There was no difference in cow calf pairs efficiency, but there was a great individual variability with a mean of 35,31 g and SD of 4,08 g LWG210d/Mcal EM for the pair. Cow/calf pair efficiency was positively related to calf weight gain (r=0.79; P<0.01) and negatively to the pair metabolizable energy intake (r=-0.58; P<0.05). At slaughter CN cows presented backfat thickness 29% lower, longissimus muscle area 13% higher and higher empty body weight protein (P<0,05). AN cows had 14.7% higher relative internal organ weight and higher total intestine weight (P<0.01). The phenotypical correlations between efficiency indexes indicate moderate association between cow efficiency measured during lactation and in a short finishing period after weaning (r=0.43; P=0.09). Exist correlations between cow efficiency lactation and efficiency of the pair (r=0.68; P<0.01). Residual Feed Intake (RFI) during the finishing phase was moderately correlated to the RFI calculated during the lactation period for the cow calf pairs RFI (r=0.62; P<0.01) and the cows (r=0.53; P<0.05) indicated that beef cows more efficient in feed conversion during the finishing phase are more efficient during the lactation period.
Gomes, Rodrigo da Costa. „Metabolismo protéico, composição corporal, características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos Nelore (Bos indicus) em função de seu consumo alimentar residual“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-13042009-093046/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleResidual feed intake (RFI) is a feed efficiency trait that is independent of growth rate and mature weight. Genetic improvement in RFI may reduce the costs of feeding cattle, however a better understanding of biological processes underlying variation in RFI is necessary. Moreover, associations between RFI and carcass quality have been poorly investigated in Zebu breeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate protein metabolism, body composition, carcass traits and meat quality in high- and low-RFI Zebu cattle. In addition, the hypothesis that there are interactions between RFI and harvest body weight for carcass traits and body composition was investigated. Seventy-two Nellore steers (16 to 21 month-old, 334±19 kg initial body weight [BW]) were fed a finishing ration (74.5% TDN, 14.3%CP) on an ad libitum basis, for 70 days. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight gain (ADG) were measured individually. The 12 lowest and the 12 highest RFI steers were classed as low- and high-RFI groups, respectively (selection phase), and were fed until reaching slaughter BW of 460, 490, 520 and 550 kg (finishing phase). Before slaughter, total urine was collected for determination of daily 3-methylhistidine excretion and myofibrillar protein breakdown rates. Body chemical composition was estimated by the isotope dilution method using deuterium oxide. Objective tenderness and Ca+2-dependent protease activities were measured on Longissimus muscle. In the selection phase, low-RFI steers had lower DMI, feed:gain, RFI, and ultrasound rump fat thickness gain than high-RFI cattle, but no differences were observed for ADG, final BW, ultrasound fat thickness and Longissimus area. In the finishing phase, no interactions were observed between RFI and slaughter BW. No differences between more and less efficient cattle were observed for hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, kidney, pelvic and inguinal fat, visceral mass, Longissimus area, backfat thickness, marbling score, trimmings and retail product yield. Low-RFI steers presented less fat on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) than high-RFI cattle. No differences were observed for myofibrillar fragmentation index, Warner-Bratzler shear force and calpain system activities. Fractional rates of protein degradation, synthesis and accretion were similar between high- and low-RFI cattle. Low-RFI Nellore steers may store less subcutaneous carcass fat at body weights ranging from 340 and 460 kg. At higher body weights (460-550 kg), carcass traits and body composition are not affected by RFI, but least efficient cattle present greater visceral fat mass. Breeding zebu cattle for improved RFI may decrease feed intake and improve feed efficiency without compromising meat quality.
Farjalla, Yuri Baldini. „Desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de bovinos Nelore estratificados pela eficiência através do consumo alimentar residual“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-26022010-082854/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe supply of food is the highest cost input in livestock enterprises. Selection for feed efficiency in beef cattle was mostly ignored by the difficulty and cost of measuring individual consumption, besides the fact that efficiency is correlated with gain rate. An alternative index for measuring feed efficiency, not associated with increased adult size, would be the residual feed intake (RFI). In addition to assessing the genetic variability in Nellore to RFI, the objective of this work was to investigate the consequences of selection for this parameter of efficiency on carcass characteristics and meat quality of beef steers finished in feedlot. Nellore (n=75), progeny of 8 bulls of known pedigree, with approximately 18 months and weighting 394.4 ± 29 kg were kept in individual stalls after 15 days of adaptation receiving a 25% sorghum silage and 75 % concentrated diet. After the trial period of 85 days the animals were slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics and meat quality. According to the criterion RFI 0.5 standard deviation, 33% of the animals were classified as high-RFI, 28% as low RFI and 39% fit the group average RFI (-1.26 to 1.64 kg/day) and standard deviation (0.71 kg/day). RFI groups did not differ on hip initial and final weight (P>0.05). The animals of the low RFI had lower intake of dry matter and TDN (P<0.01) and were more efficient (P <0.05) when compared to animals of medium and high RFI. Differences in intake and feed efficiency between individuals most and least efficient was 1.74 kg DM/day, 1.49 kg TDN/day and 1.37 kg/kg. The daily weight gain did not differ between the groups with values of 1.153 and 1.215 kg/day for high and low RFI, respectively. There were no differences between groups of RFI on yield and hot carcass weight (P>0.01) and no effect of RFI on meat quality (P>0.10). There were no differences (P>0.05) among the progeny of bulls evaluated for height, initial weight, final body weight, daily weight gain, dry matter intake and feed efficiency. The progenies showed differences in carcass yield (P<0.05) and fat thickness (P<0.05). There was a tendency (P<0.10) to difference for ribeye area and hot carcass weight. The progenies showed differences on shear force (P<0.05). The myofibrillar fragmentation index was observed trend to difference (P=0.06). The lipid content and marbling scores were similar for the progeny (P>0.05). There was variation between animals for cattle feed efficiency measured as RFI. There was no relationship between RFI and performance, adult weight, carcass characteristics and meat quality of steers.
Cônsolo, Nara Regina Brandão. „Uso de agonista β-adrenérgico na dieta de bovinos de corte“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-23032016-102856/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Zilpaterol and Ractopamine Hydrochloride, in two distinct experiments on Nellore diet in feedlot system, for growth performance, serum metabolites, carcass traits, empty body weight composition, carcass gain composition, meat quality and gene expression. The Exp. 1 used 48 bulls, randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement; two levels of dietary CP: 100% and 120% of metabolizable protein requirement, defined as CP100 and CP120, respectively. Moreover, two levels of RH: 0 and 300 mg/animal/per day. The Exp. 2 used 72 Nellore heifers assigned to a randomized block design. Heifers were separated into 2 groups: Control and Zilpaterol (ZH). In both experiments, the animals were weighed and blood samples were taken periodically. Animals were slaughtered and HCW was recorded, muscle samples were taken to PCR analysis. After chilling, LMA and fat thickness were recorded, longissimus samples and the 911th rib section were obtained. In addition, in the Exp. 2, heifers were sub groups were slaughterer at 0, 20 and 30 days of ZH supplementation, in the last slaughterer, the carcass were debone. Supplementation with RH increased ADG, reduced DMI at CP120, improved G:F, plasma total protein at CP120, also decreased plasma glucose concentration at CP100, and increased ALP activity at CP120. Ractopamine decreased meat shear force, at day 0 of aging. Greater dietary protein increased meat shear force after 0 and 7 days of aging. Heifers fed ZH had gains in ADG, HCW, G:F ratio, increased serum creatinine, and decreased serum NEFA. Zilpaterol increased carcass dressing percentages, and also decreased kidney-pelvic fat. The EBW composition was changed after 20 d of ZH supplementation. The ZH increased EBW gain, EB protein gain, and subprimal yield. There was an increase on WBSF after 7 and 14 d of aging. The sensory panelists reported a decreased on meat tenderness by ZH supplementation, regarding aging time, and a decrease on juciness at 0 and 14 d of aging. The ZH increased the calpain and calpastatin gene expression. These results indicate the efficiency of RAC and ZH to improve the performance,feed efficiency, and muscle mass deposition in Nellore bulls and heifers. Greater CP did not further improved the RAC effect. The ZH supplementation increased the subprimal yield and changed body gain composition. Finally, the use of β-adrenergic agonist increase the beef cattle system's efficiency by increasing the lean carcass component, with greater profitability per slaughtered animal
Herrera, Cáceres William Andrés. „New phenotypes and models to improve the prediction of the genetic value for feed efficiency in pig breeding programs“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671168.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl objetivo general de la tesis fue explorar distintos procedimientos directos e indirectos de evaluación genética de la eficiencia alimentaria que permitan reducir las inversiones necesarias en sistemas de registro del consumo individual con una mínima pérdida de la eficacia de la selección. Se realizaron cuatro estudios en los que se utilizó información fenotípica de una línea de selección de cerdos Duroc durante el periodo de engorde. Los caracteres analizados fueron medidas individuales del espesor de grasa dorsal, el peso vivo a distintas edades y el consumo de pienso, registrado mediante el uso de comederos electrónicos. A partir de éstos se calcularon otros, también a nivel individual, como la ganancia de peso diaria, el índice de conversión, el consumo de pienso residual, así como los correspondientes a caracteres de comportamiento alimentario (la velocidad de ingesta, el número e intervalo de tiempo entre visitas al comedero y el tiempo de ocupación de éste). Mediante la utilización de modelos estadísticos mixtos, los trabajos evalúan la importancia de los siguientes aspectos que pudieran afectar a las evaluaciones genéticas de los candidatos a la selección: i) Qué papel pudieran jugar los caracteres de comportamiento alimentario y qué relevancia tienen los efectos de interacción social tanto para estos caracteres como para los caracteres productivos y de eficiencia alimentaria. ii) Qué información pueden aportar los registros de consumo de grupo en la predicción del consumo individual. iii) Qué grado de variación tiene del determinismo genético de los caracteres productivos y de eficiencia alimentaria con la edad. Los resultados mostraron que las interacciones sociales son factores importantes de variación de los caracteres de comportamiento alimentario, los productivos y los de eficiencia. A pesar de esto, su consideración en los esquemas de mejora parece complicado. Mediante simulación se observó que, utilizando el modelo animal con interacciones sociales para generar los datos, la respuesta que se obtiene con distintos índices de selección que combinen efectos directos y sociales no es claramente superior a la que se obtiene utilizando el modelo animal tradicional. Esto se debe a los altos errores de estimación de los parámetros genéticos que este tipo de modelos contiene que se traducen en pequeñas o nulas mejoras en la respuesta a la selección. Con respecto al estudio realizado para evaluar la aportación de los datos del consumo de grupo en los programas de mejora, los resultados mostraron que independientemente de la distribución de datos individuales o de grupo, la calidad de predicción fue aproximadamente la misma y por tanto en la evaluación multivariante el papel de los registros de consumo medio de los corrales parece poco relevante para predecir el consumo individual. Por otra parte, el grado de variación que muestra el determinismo genético de los caracteres estudiados con la edad es nulo. Es decir, dentro del intervalo de edad considerado (110 - 200 días) las estimas de heredabilidad de los caracteres estudiados fueron constantes, y las correlaciones genéticas dentro de caracteres entre los distintos días fueron cercanas a uno. Por lo tanto, no tiene sentido plantear, por ejemplo, la medición del espesor de tocino a una edad y el crecimiento o peso vivo a otra. En general, se puede concluir que el único de los factores estudiados que pudiera tener una repercusión clara en la mejora de la eficiencia alimentaria del porcino es el de las interacciones sociales entre animales que comparten corral. No obstante, su implementación práctica parece complicada, ya que la cantidad de datos coetáneos necesarios para estimar de forma precisa los parámetros de los modelos que los incluyen es muy elevada.
The general objective of the thesis was to explore different direct and indirect genetic evaluation procedures for feed efficiency that allow reducing the necessary investments in systems for recording individual consumption with a minimum loss of the effectiveness of selection. Four studies were conducted using phenotypic information from a selection line of Duroc pigs during the fattening period. The analyzed traits were individual measurements of backfat thickness, live weight at different ages and feed intake, recorded by using electronic feeders. From these, others were calculated, also at the individual level, such as daily weight gain, the feed conversion ratio, the residual feed intake, as well as those corresponding to feeding behavior traits (the feeding rate, the number and interval time between visits to the trough and the occupation time from this). Through the use of mixed statistical models, the studies evaluate the importance of the following aspects that could affect the genetic evaluations of the candidates for selection: i) What role could the feeding behavior traits play and what relevance do the interaction effects have both for these traits and for the productive and feed efficiency traits. ii) What information can group feed intake records provide in predicting individual feed intake. iii) What degree of variation has the genetic determinism of productive and feed efficiency traits with age. The results showed that social interactions are important factors of variation of the feeding behavior traits, the productive ones, and the efficiency ones. Despite this, its consideration in the breeding programs seems complicated. Through simulation, it was observed that, using the animal model with social interactions to generate the data, the response obtained with different selection indexes that combine direct and social effects is not clearly superior to that obtained using the traditional animal model. This is due to the high estimation errors of the genetic parameters that this type of model contains, which translate into little or no improvement in the response to selection. Regarding the study carried out to evaluate the contribution of group feed intake data to breeding programs, the results showed that regardless of the distribution of individual or group data, the prediction quality was approximately the same and therefore in the multivariate evaluation the role of the average feed intake records of the pens seems of little relevance to predict individual feed intake. On the other hand, the degree of variation shown by the genetic determinism of the studied traits with age is zero. That is, within the considered age interval (110-200 days) the heritability estimates of the studied traits were constant, and the genetic correlations within traits between the different days were close to one. Therefore, it does not make sense to consider, for example, the measurement of bacon thickness at one age and growth or live weight at another. In general, it can be concluded that the only one of the studied factors that could have a clear impact on improving pig feed efficiency is the social interactions between animals that share a pen. However, its practical implementation seems complicated, since the amount of contemporary data required to accurately estimate the parameters of the models that include them is quite high.
Griebler, Letieri. „Exigências nutricionais de proteína e energia de cordeiros texel“. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4368.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and weight gain in growing Texel lambs. Forty-two non-castrated male lambs, weaned at 80 days of age were housed in individual stalls. After adaptation to experimental conditions, six lambs were slaughtered to compose the reference animals and twenty-four animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 25, 30, 35 or 40 kg body weight (BW). Twelve animals were submitted to two levels of food restriction (70 or 55% of ad libitum intake; six per group). It was determined corporal content of nitrogen and energy. The food-restricted lambs were slaughtered together with those fed ad libitum (40 kg BW). Another six lambs were assigned to a digestibility trial, with the objective of evaluate the nutritional value of the diet in the different consumption levels. The animals were individually housed in metabolic cages according a double 3x3 Latin square design. Daily samples of remains, feces and urine were collected during experimental period, grouped by animal and stored for subsequent laboratory analysis. The protein concentration in wool free body did not differ with the increase of empty body weight, even when considering the wool-retained protein. The body energy concentration increased with the increase of empty body weight. The net energy requirement for maintenance was 43.39 kcal/kg PV0,75/day and metabolizable energy was 63.43 kcal/kg PV0,75/day. The efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for maintenance (km) was 0.72. Nitrogen endogenous excretion was 179.6 mg/kg PV0,75/day, corresponding to a protein requirement for maintenance of 1.12 g/kg PV0,75/day. The metabolizable and liquid protein requirement for maintenance were the same (1.12 g/kg PV0,75/day) once efficiency of metabolizable protein for maintenance (kpm) was equal to 1.0. The liquid energy and protein requirement for an average daily gain of 250 g in lambs with 20 or 40 kg body weight were 551 and 790 kcal/day and 36.7 and 35.5 g/day, respectively. The efficiency use of metabolizable energy for gain (kg) was 0.55, whereas the efficiency of metabolizable protein for gain (kpg) was 0.59. The energy and protein requirements for maintenance of Texel lambs between 20 and 40 kg live weight were lower than those reported by international systems (ARC, 1980; NRC 1985, 2007; AFRC 1993 and CSIRO 2007) . The energy requirements for weight gain are higher than reported by NRC (2007), but lower than other systems, as well as the protein requirements for gain are lower than those recommended by the International Systems of sheep.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as exigências energéticas e proteicas para mantença e ganho de peso de ovinos em crescimento Texel. Foram utilizados 42 cordeiros, machos não-castrados, desmamados aos 80 dias de idade e confinados em baias individuais. Após adaptação dos animais às condições experimentais, seis (06) cordeiros foram abatidos para compor os animais referenciais, 24 animais foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 25, 30, 35 ou 40 kg de PV, e 12 animais foram submetidos a dois níveis de restrição alimentar (70 ou 55% do consumo ad libitum; seis por grupo). Foram determinados o conteúdo corporal de proteína e energia. O abate dos restritos foi realizado juntamente com os animais alimentados ad libitum (40 kg de PV). Seis (06) cordeiros foram submetidos a um ensaio de digestibilidade, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutricional da dieta sob os distintos níveis de consumo. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas individuais, sob delineamento duplo Quadrado Latino 3x3. Foram coletadas amostras diárias no período de coleta, das sobras, das fezes e da urina, estas foram compostas por animal e armazenadas para posteriores análises laboratoriais. A concentração de proteína no corpo livre de lã não diferiu com o incremento do peso de corpo vazio, nem quando considerada a proteína retida na lã. A concentração corporal de energia aumentou com o incremento do peso de corpo vazio. A exigência líquida de energia para mantença foi de 43,39 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia e a energia metabolizável foi de 63,43 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia. A eficiência de utilização de energia metabolizável para mantença (km) foi de 0,72. A excreção endógena de nitrogênio foi de 179,6 mg/kg PV0,75/dia, que correspondeu a uma exigência líquida de proteína para mantença de 1,12 g/kg PV0,75/dia. A exigência de proteína metabolizável para mantença foi a mesma que a líquida (1,12 g/kg PV0,75/dia), uma vez que a eficiência de uso da proteína metabolizável para mantença (kpm) utilizada foi 1,0. As exigências de energia e proteína líquidas para um ganho médio diário de 250 g nas faixas de 20 a 40 kg, foram de 551 e 790 kcal/dia e 36,7 e 35,5 g/dia, respectivamente. A eficiência de uso de energia metabolizável para ganho (kg) foi de 0,55, enquanto que a eficiência de proteína metabolizável para ganho (kpg) utilizada foi de 0,59. As exigências de energia e proteína de mantença de cordeiros da raça Texel entre 20 e 40 kg de peso vivo foram inferiores as reportadas pelo ARC, (1980), NRC (1985 e 2007), AFRC (1993) e CSIRO (2007). As exigências de energia para ganho de peso são superiores somente as reportados pelo NRC (2007), porém inferiores aos demais Sistemas, assim como as exigências de proteína para ganho, são inferiores as recomendados pelos Sistemas Internacionais de ovinos.
Pinese, Marcos Eduardo. „Puberdade em marrãs: I - Efeito das gonadotrofinas na indução e sincronização do estro à puberdade. II - Efeito do \"flushing\" alimentar no ciclo anterior à primeira concepção. III - Avaliação da eficiência produtiva e reprodutiva das marrãs até 1º parto“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-31082007-133526/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of the study was to investigate in a biotecnical program applied in a commercial breeding unit, the effects of the gonadotrophins (eCG and LH) on puberty estrus inductions and synchronization in gilts followed by their ciclicity. The investigation included the use of flushing on preceding oestrus cycle to first artificial insemination (IA). The traits analised were: conception rate, farrowing rate, the percentage of animals that started the experimental period and stayied to first farrowing, and litter size. The experiment used 119 hybrid gilts on 153 days of age. The experimental design was entirely random in a factorial arrangement 2x2. One factor corresponding to the gonadotrophin (H) application or the male (M) induction only. The hormonal treatment utilized a combination of 600 UI of eCG (Novormon®, Syntex S. A., Argentina) and 72 hours lates, 2,5 mg of LH (Lutropin®, Vetrepharm Canadá Inc., Canadá). The other factor corresponds to the flushing application in a restriction - ad libitum regimen (R) or a flushing application based on a lactation diet offered in an ad libitum regimen in the breeding unit (B). This factor was applied in the oestrus cycle that preceded first artificial insemination, occurring at 220 days of age. Our results identified,18,33% hormonal treatment of females showing apparent estrus compared to 5% in treatment that used only the male induction. From 18 to 30 days after induction, considering the estrus interval variation about 18-25 days, the hormonal treatment showed significant percentage more than the male induction (48,33% vs. 16,94%, respectively). In the following intervals the differences weren\'t statiscally significant. The cumulative percentuals until 30 days and 90 days periods, the values were 71,67% vs. 69,49% and 91,67% vs. 94,92%, respectively, for hormonal treatment and male induction. There wasn\'t significant interation for reproductive traits. There wasn\'t significant difference on the conception rate, when you considered the factors separately, hormonal treatment (H) and male (M) induction (96,23% vs. 94,00%, respectively) and flushing (R) and the regime adapted in the breeding unit (B) (95,92% vs. 94,44%, respectively). While the farrowing rate hasn\'t showed significance, there was umerical differences in favour of hormonal treatment against male induction (92,45 %vs 80,00%, respectively) (P=0,0653). Considering the period since induction (153 days of age) until parturition, the percentual of hormonal treatment group was superior compared to the male induction group (81,67% vs. 67,80%, respectively) (P=0,0815). However, the percentual was some flushing (R) and the regimen assumed in the breeding unit (G) (70,00% vs. 67,80%, respectively). There wasn\'t significant difference related to total born, born alive, stillborn and mummified fetus on both factors. It is important to emphasize the numerical differences of 0,75 total born piglets in favor of the hormonal groups. There wasn\'t any difference on the flushing factor. The economical analyses, considering the period since induction until parturition and total born piglets suggested a financial benify to the hormonal treatment compared to the male induction.
Halilaj, Megi. „Analisi di un impianto di depurazione a fanghi attivi relativo ad acque reflue industriali alimentari: impianto di depurazione dell'azienda Tampieri s.p.a“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenJegou, Maëva. „Recherche de biomarqueurs sanguins de la plasticité lipidique chez le porc et le poulet“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARB247/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMeat production at a lower cost requires robust and efficient animals able to adapt to different rearing conditions. This requires assessing animal’s abilities to store and restore its energy reserves. The objective of the current thesis was to identify potential blood markers of body composition. Two monogastric species were studied, pig and chicken. For each species, animals of two genetic lines (divergent selection on Residual Feed Intake in pigs and abdominal fat proportion in chicken) received two diets contrasted in energy sources (high vegetable oils and fibers vs. rich in starch) but isoproteic and isoenergetic. Plasma parameters and the blood transcriptome were studied in response to those diets.Plasma metabolites and hormones were affected by the diet in pigs whereas those parameters were affected by the diet and the genetic lines in chickens. Metabolome analysis, associated with targeted measurement of metabolites and hormones concentrations, shows that the combination of several blood parameters explained between 37 and 75% of the variability of body fat in pig or chicken. For both species, the blood transcriptome was more affected by the line than by the diet. Pigs and chickens fed a diet rich in lipids and fibers, overexpressed the gene encoding the hepatic form of a mitochondrial enzyme: CPT1A. In summary, this work supports the potential use of blood transcriptome to study variations of phenotypes in a dynamic way throughout the life of the animal and to highlight biomarkers for future selection process
Porolnik, Glauber Valentim. „Suplementação de aminoácidos para suínos castrados e inteiros em crescimento e terminação: desempenho e custo da alimentação“. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10749.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the performance and feed costs of barrows and boars fed amino acid supplemented diets. Forty-eight animals with initial live weight of 38.8 ± 0.2kg were distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments, barrows of high production (CM), boars (IM) fed a diet of castrated male high production and IM supplemented with 5% of amino acids (IM+5%AA). They were evaluated over a forty-seven day period where three diets were used, growing diets (1 and 2) and a finishing diet. The treatments had no effect (P>0.05) on animal body weight and weight gain. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost were different (P<0.05) among treatments. Average feed conversion was 2.43kg, the conversion observed on CM (P<0.05) was higher at 5.5 and 5.2% when compared to IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Feed conversion ratio was 2.28, and the CM showed higher conversion (P<0.05) at 6.2 and 11.6% for IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Average feed cost was R$ 1.82/kg, being higher (P<0.05) for CM (P<0.05) 6.2 and 8.9% in relation to IM and IM+5%AA respectively. The sex category (barrows or boars) and amino acid supplementation did not affect live body weight and weight gain, but did however, alter the feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost.
O objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar o desempenho e o custo de alimentação de suínos machos castrados e machos inteiros suplementados com aminoácidos. Foram utilizados 48 animais com peso vivo inicial de 38,8 ± 0,2kg distribuídos num delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos, sendo machos castrados alimentados com dieta de machos castrados de alta produção (MC), machos inteiros (MI) alimentados com dieta de machos castrados de alta produção e MI suplementados com 5% de aminoácidos (MI+5%AA). O período de avaliação foi de quarenta e sete dias, no qual foram utilizadas as dietas crescimento (1 e 2) e terminação. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o peso vivo e ganho de peso dos suínos. O consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo de alimentação diferiram (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos. O consumo médio de ração foi de 2,43kg, sendo que os MC apresentaram consumo superior (P<0,05) em 5,5 e 10,2% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar média foi 2,28, sendo que os MC apresentaram conversão superior (P<0,05) em 6,2 e 11,6% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. O custo médio de alimentação foi de R$ 1,82/kg, sendo que os MC apresentaram custo de alimentação superior (P<0,05) 6,2 e 8,9% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA respectivamente. O tipo sexual do macho (castrado ou inteiro) e a suplementação aminoacídica não afetam o peso vivo e o ganho de peso, mas alteram o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo de alimentação.
Sevrin-Jaloustre, Séverine. „Appréciation quantitative des risques pour l'évaluation de mesures de maîtrise sanitaire dans une filière agro-alimentaire. Application à Clostridium perfringens en restauration hospitalière“. Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00781728.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMartins, Andressa Ana. „Exigências de energia, proteína, cálcio e fósforo para mantença e ganho de cordeiros corriedale“. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2017. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11567.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis project aims to determine the body composition and to estimate the nutritional requirements of energy, protein, calcium and phosphorus for maintenance and weight gain of Corriedale lambs. The experiment was carried out at the Sheep Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The total of 42 Corriedale male lambs were castrated, weaned at 50 days of age and confined in individual stalls (2 m²). The diet was composed of sorghum silage (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench), corn grain (Zea mays L.), soybean meal (Glycine max L.) and mineral mixture, being calculated to meet the requirements of crude protein, metabolizable energy and macrominerals recommended by the NRC (2007), to gain 0.200 kg daily. After 14 days to adapt the animals to the experimental conditions, six lambs were randomly drawn and slaughtered. Among the remaining, 24 animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 28, 33 or 38 kg of live weight (PV), and 12 animals were submitted to two levels of food supply (70 and 55% of consumption ad libitum). The slaughter of the latter was carried out together with those fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 38 kg of BW. Eight groups of the body components were constituted, 1: internal organs; 2: treatment; 3: internal fat; 4: blood; 5: edible portion; 6: skin; 7: wool and 8: small portions of bones, which, after grinding in an electric meat grinder, 0.5 kg samples were stored for further laboratory analysis. In these samples the body contents of nitrogen, fat, energy, calcium and phosphorus were determined. These data were submitted to regression analysis. The remaining six lambs were submitted to a digestibility test, under a 3x3 Latin Quadrado, with the objective of evaluating the nutritional value of the diet under the different levels of consumption. Daily samples were collected in the collection period, leftovers, faeces and urine, these composed by animal and stored for later laboratory analysis. Body composition ranged from 204.05 to 208.23 g protein, 101.17 to 175.72 g fat and 2106.8 to 2826.21 kcal energy per kg body weight (EBW). The requirement of maintenance net energy, represented by fasting heat production, was 61.65 kcal/kg EBW0.75. The requirements of metabolizable energy for gain were between 409 and 1105 kcal/day for lambs from 28 to 38 kg of BW. The endogenous nitrogen excretion was 279.9 mg/kg BW0.75/day, which corresponded to the requirement of liquid protein for maintenance of 1.75 g/kg BW0.75/day. The requirements of metabolizable protein for weight gain of lambs with 28 and 38 kg of BW and average daily gain of 250 g were 43,35 and 38,75 g/day. Body composition ranged from 16.83 to 16.49 g of calcium and 4.69 to 4.64 g of phosphorus per kg of EBW. The net maintenance requirements for animals between 28 and 38 kg live weight were 450 mg Ca/day and 329 mg P/day. Dietary requirements were from 7.05 to 6.93 g/day of calcium and 4.14 to 4.11 g/day of phosphorus for Corriedale lambs, from 28 to 38 kg of BW, gaining 200 g/day.
Este projeto tem como objetivo determinar a composição corporal e estimar as exigências nutricionais de energia, proteína, cálcio e fósforo para mantença e ganho de peso de cordeiros da raça Corriedale. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram utilizados 42 cordeiros da raça Corriedale, machos castrados, desmamados, aos 50 dias de idade e confinados em baias individuais (2 m²). A dieta foi constituída por silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench), grão de milho (Zea mays L.), farelo de soja (Glycine max L.) e mistura mineral, sendo calculada para atender às exigências de proteína bruta, energia metabolizável e macrominerais preconizadas pelo NRC (2007), para ganho de 0,200 kg diários. Após 14 dias para adaptação dos animais às condições experimentais, seis cordeiros foram aleatoriamente sorteados e abatidos. Dentre os remanescentes, 24 animais foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 28, 33 ou 38 kg de peso vivo (PV), e 12 animais foram submetidos a dois níveis de oferta de alimento (70 e 55% do consumo ad libitum). O abate dos últimos foi realizado juntamente com aqueles alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 38 kg de PV. Foram constituídos oito grupos dos componentes corporais, 1: órgãos internos; 2: trato; 3: gordura interna; 4: sangue; 5: porção comestível; 6: pele; 7: lã e 8: pequenas porções de ossos, os quais, após trituração em moedor de carnes elétrico, foram armazenadas amostras de 0,5 kg para posteriores análises laboratoriais. Nessas amostras foram determinados os conteúdos corporais de nitrogênio, gordura, energia, cálcio e fósforo. Estes dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão. Os seis cordeiros restantes foram submetidos a um ensaio de digestibilidade, sob delineamento Quadrado Latino 3x3, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutricional da dieta sob os distintos níveis de consumo. Foram coletadas amostras diárias no período de coleta, das sobras, fezes e urina, estas compostas por animal e armazenadas para posteriores análises laboratoriais. A composição corporal variou de 204,05 a 208,23 g de proteína, 101,17 a 175,72 g de gordura e 2106,8 a 2826,21 kcal de energia por kg de peso de corpo vazio (PCV). A exigência de energia líquida de mantença, representada pela produção de calor em jejum, foi de 61,65 kcal/ kg PCV0,75. As exigências de energia metabolizável para ganho ficaram entre 409 e 1105 kcal/dia para cordeiros dos 28 aos 38 kg de PV. A excreção endógena de nitrogênio foi de 279,9 mg/kg PV0,75/dia, o que correspondeu a exigência de proteína líquida para mantença de 1,75 g/kg PV0,75/dia. As exigências de proteína metabolizável para ganho de peso de cordeiros com 28 e 38 kg de PV e ganho médio diário de 250 g, foram de 43,35 e 38,75 g/dia. A composição corporal variou de 16,83 a 16,49 g de cálcio e 4,69 a 4,64 g de fósforo por kg de PCV. As exigências líquidas de mantença, para animais entre 28 e 38 kg de peso vivo, foram 450 mg de Ca/dia e 329 mg de P/dia. As exigências dietéticas foram de 7,05 a 6,93 g/dia de cálcio e 4,14 a 4,11 g/dia de fósforo para cordeiros Corriedale, dos 28 aos 38 Kg de PV, com ganho de 200 g/dia.
GHILARDELLI, FRANCESCA. „USE OF MULTIVARIATE AND MACHINE LEARNING STATISTICS TO RELATE FEED QUALITY AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS TO NUTRIENT UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY AND MILK TRAITS: A HEURISTIC APPROACH“. Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/119856.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAdequate nutritional practices are the basis of profitability and sustainability of animal production and are one of the main factors influencing animal welfare. In addition to the chemical composition, the safety quality, in terms of fermentation quality and microbial contamination, plays an important role in determining the actual palatability and safety of feed. In the current PhD thesis, we addressed, through heuristic method of data and sample collection, the study of interactions between feed quality and impact on animal performance. In particular, the interactions between silage quality and diets were evaluated. Given the complexity of these matrices in terms of microbial populations influencing and driving feed quality, new challenges in nutritional assessment for cattle must move toward multi-parameter assessments that include chemical-biological, microbiological, and safety characterizations. The collection of this information conducted without predetermined aims, has allowed to analyze with multivariate statistics and machine learning techniques the relationships between feed quality and the effects they have on herd performance, proposing new approaches to classify feed quality and nutritional strategies adopted in dairy farms.
Silva, Naiara Caixeta da [UNESP]. „Características das silagens de grãos de milho influenciadas pela reidratação e pela inoculação com L. buchneri sobre o desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/146727.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Foram conduzidos três experimentos com os objetivos de determinar 1) a melhor dose e tipo de inoculante, homo ou heterofermentativo, para grão de milho reidratado; 2) os efeitos do tempo de estocagem e do uso de inoculante sobre o perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e degradabilidade in situ de silagem de milho grão úmido e silagem de grão de milho reidratado; 3) as alterações nos parâmetros ruminais, digestibilidade e desempenho de bovinos Nelore, consumindo dietas contendo milho seco moído ou silagem de milho grão úmido ou silagem de grão de milho reidratado sem e com o uso de inoculante. No experimento 1 foi avaliado silagem de grão de milho reidratado sem inoculante (C), com L. plantarum + P. acidilactici (LPPA) e com L. buchneri (LB), ambos nas doses de 1 ×105, 5 ×105 e 1 ×106 ufc/g, estocadas por 124 dias. As silagens inoculadas com LB em relação ao C apresentaram maior (P < 0,01) contagem de bactérias ácido láticas (BAL), concentração de ácido acético, ácido propiônico e 1,2-propanodiol e menor (P < 0,01) pH, leveduras e fungos filamentosos nos 12 dias de exposição ao ar e maior (P < 0,01) estabilidade aeróbica, isso ocorreu já na primeira dose (1 ×105 ufc/g). O uso de LB também aumentou (P < 0,05) a quebra de prolamina e a degradabilidade in situ das silagens. Uso de LPPA não apresentou melhorias na fermentação e piorou a deterioração aeróbia em comparação ao controle. No experimento 2 foi avaliado um esquema fatorial 2 × 2, sendo o primeiro fator dois tipos de ensilagem, silagem de milho úmido (MU) e silagem de milho reidratado (MR); e o segundo fator o uso de inoculante, sem (Controle) e com L. buchneri (LB; 1 × 105 ufc/g), com aberturas aos 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 e 300 dias de estocagem. A MR apresentou maior concentração total de ácidos, enquanto as silagens com LB apresentaram maior concentração de ácido acético e 1,2-propanodiol e menor de ácido lático e ácido butírico. Ao longo dos tempos de estocagem, MU LB e MR LB apresentaram menor contagem de leveduras e maior contagem de BAL e estabilidade aeróbia. A MR com tamanho de partícula original apresentou maior degradabilidade in situ que a MU. O tempo mínimo para atingir ganhos altos de degradabilidade foi entre 30 e 70 dias de estocagem. No experimento 3 foram avaliadas cinco dietas contendo: silagem de milho grão úmido (MU), silagem de milho grão úmido com L. buchneri (MUB), silagem de grão de milho reidratado (MR; 1 × 105 ufc/g), silagem de grão de milho reidratado com L. buchneri (MRB; 1 × 105 ufc/g) e milho seco moído (MSC). No experimento de metabolismo foram utilizados 10 animais fistulados, agrupados em dois quadrados latinos (5 × 5), enquanto no experimento de desempenho foram utilizados 180 animais Nelore (310±17 kg), sendo 6 animais por baia e 6 baias por tratamento. Os animais que consumiam silagens apresentaram maior (P < 0,05) digestibilidade da MS, MO e PB; maior concentração de propionato e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais; menor (P < 0,01) CMS e pH ruminal; e maior (P < 0,01) eficiência alimentar, ELm e ELg da dieta em relação aos animais consumindo MSC. O uso de L. buchneri aumentou a estabilidade aeróbia, e o tempo de estocagem aumentou a degradabilidade das silagens. Recomenda-se o uso de silagens de grãos de milho por propiciar melhor digestibilidade e eficiência alimentar. A silagem de grão de milho reidratado é uma alternativa à silagem de milho grão úmido.
Three trials were conducted with the objective to determine 1) the best dose and type of inoculant, homo or hetero fermentative, for reconstituted corn grain silages; 2) the effects of storage time and the use of inoculant on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability and in situ degradability of high moisture and reconstituted corn grain silages; 3) changes in ruminal fermentation, digestibility and performance of Nellore steers fed diets containing dry ground corn or high moisture or reconstituted corn grain silages without and with inoculant. In trial 1, treatments were: reconstituted corn grain silages without inoculant (C), L. plantarum + P. acidilactici (LPPA) and L. buchneri (LB), both at doses of 1 × 105, 5 × 105 or 1 × 106 cfu/g, stored for 124 days. Silages inoculated with LB compared to C had greater (P < 0.01) count or lactic acid bacterial (LAB), acetic acid, proprionic acid and 1,2-propanediol concentrations and lower (P < 0.01) pH, yeasts and molds for 12 days of exposure to air and higher (P < 0.01) aerobic stability, this occurs already at the first dose (1 x 105 cfu/g). The use of LB also increased (P < 0.05) proteolysis and in situ degradability of silages. The LPPA showed no improvements in fermentation and increased mold counts during the aerobic stability. The trial 2 was designed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: two types of silage, high moisture corn (HMC) or reconstituted corn grain silages (RCS); and without (control) or with L. buchneri (LB; 1 × 105). Silos were opened after 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 days of storage. The RCS showed higher overall concentration of acids, while silages inoculated with LB had greater concentrations of acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol and lower content of lactic and butyric acids. Along the storage time, HMC LB and RCS LB showed lower yeast count and higher BAL count and aerobic stability. The RCS with original particle size showed higher in situ degradability than HMC. The minimum length of storage to reach high degradability of gains is between 30 and 70 days of storage. In trial 3 were evaluated five diets: high moisture corn (HMC), HMC with L. buchneri (HMCLB), reconstituted corn grain silages (RCS), RCS with L. buchneri (RCSLB) and dry ground corn (DGC). We used 10 cannulated bulls in a metabolism experiment, assigned in two latin squares (5 × 5), and 180 Nellore bullocks (310±17 kg) in the performance experiment, with 6 animals per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Animals fed silages had higher (P < 0.05) DM, OM and CP digestibility, greater concentrations of propionato and total short-chain fatty acids, and lower (P < 0.01) DMI, rumen pH and higher (P < 0.01) feed efficiency, NEm and NEg for the diet for the animals consuming DGC. The use of L. buchneri increases aerobic stability and storage time increases the degradability of silages. It is recommended the use of corn grain silages by providing better digestibility and utilization of diet. Reconstituted corn grain silages is an alternative to the high moisture corn silage.
FAPESP: 2013/16720-2
Oliveira, Rodrigo Vidal. „Avaliação e utilização de silagens de grão úmido de milho sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de caprinos /“. Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104905.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactobacillus buchneri (LB), Sodium benzoate (SB) and their associations (LPLB and LPBS) on the reduction of quantitative and qualitative losses of high moisture corn silages (HMCS) and the control of yeast and fungi populations during fermentation and aerobic exposition of the same, the effects on digestibility and performance of goats fed with these silages, as well as the use of ultrasound and biometric measures as indirect method to estimate the carcass characteristics. For this, two experiments were conducted: in the first experiment were used experimental silos, in which were determined the losses of dry matter for gases (GL), the recovery of dry matter (DM), levels of DM, ammonia nitrogen, pH values occurred during fermentation and aerobic stability (AS), as well as fungi and yeast counts during the AS of the silage. In evaluating of the fermentation process, was used the completely randomized design (CRD) in a factorial arrangement 6 X 6 (6 silages and 6 times) and in the aerobic exposition phase was used a split-plot in CRD, and the plots were represented by experimental silages and the sub-plots by time of exposition (0, 4, 8 and 12 days). The second experiment consisted of two digestibility trials and one about performance of 24 goats (16 ¾ Boer and ¼ Saanen and 8 Saanen blood pure) males, castrated and feedlot for 84 days. Biometric and ultrasound measures in the living animal were determined, as well as carcass measures after slaughtered and chilling for 24 hours. The CRD was used in split-plot arrangement, using in the plots a factorial 4 x 2 arrangement (4 rations and 2 genetic groups) and the sub-plots the trials. The rations were composed by Tifton 85 hay (53.3%), soybean meal (12.15%), urea (0.25%) and mineral mixture (2%), being added... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Kleber Tomás de Resende
Coorientadora: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Banca: Silvio Doria de Almeida Ribeiro
Banca: Renata Helena Branco
Banca: Ricardo de Andrade Reis
Banca: Ana Claudia Ruggieri
Doutor
Galvani, Diego Barcelos. „Exigências e eficiência de utilização da energia e da proteína por cordeiros confinados“. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10704.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTwo experiments were carried out in the Sheep Division of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), to determine energy and protein requirements of meat purpose wool lambs. Thirty 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France crossbred intact male lambs, weaned at 42 days of age (16.2 ± 2.1 kg live weight (LW)) were used in trial 1 (comparative slaughter trial). After ten days of management and diet adaptation five lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered (reference animals). Fifteen lambs were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 25, 30 or 35 kg LW, and the remaining lambs were randomly assigned to 2 levels of DMI (either 70 or 55% of the ad libitum intake), being slaughtered together with lambs fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 35 kg LW. Total body N, fat and energy contents were determined. In the trial 2 (digestibility trial), six 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France crossbred lambs (30.4 ± 2.6 kg LW) were housed in metabolic cages in a double 3 x 3 Latin Square Design. Nutritional value of the diet under the distinct feeding levels was evaluated. Decreased dry matter intake (DMI) resulted in linear increase of the digestibility and energy concentration of the diet (P<0.05). Body fleecefree protein content decreased with empty body weight (EBW) increasement. However, when protein in fleece was considered, total body protein was constant. Body fat content varied from 72.7 to 125.9 g/kg EBW, respectively for 13.1 and 28.2 kg EBW. Endogenous nitrogen loss was 243.2 mg/kg LW0.75/day, corresponding to a net protein requirement for maintenance of 1.52 g/kg LW0.75/day. Metabolizable protein requirement for maintenance was 2.31 g/kg LW0.75/day, and efficiency of protein use was 0.66. Net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 58.6 and 91.0 kcal/kg LW0.75/day, respectively. Consequently, estimated efficiency of energy use for maintenance (km) was 0.64. Net protein and energy requirements for weight gain of lambs at 15 and 35 kg LW, and daily LW gain of 250 g, were 32.5 and 33.1 g/day and 424 and 553 kcal/day, respectively. Efficiency of energy use for weight gain (kg) was 0.50, while efficiency of protein use for weight gain (knf) and wool growth (knw) were, respectively, 0.71 and 0.46. Growth pattern of the wool has a high influence on protein requirements of sheep. Texel x Ile de France crossbred growing lambs have lowest nutritional requirements than those recognized by most international Systems.
Com o objetivo de determinar as exigências energéticas e protéicas de cordeiros lanados de aptidão carne foram realizados dois experimentos nas dependências do Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). No experimento 1 (abate comparativo), foram utilizados trinta cordeiros 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France, machos nãocastrados, desmamados aos 42 dias de idade com peso vivo (PV) médio de 16,2 ± 2,1 kg. Transcorridos dez dias para adaptação dos animais às condições experimentais, cinco cordeiros foram aleatoriamente sorteados e abatidos. Dentre os remanescentes, quinze animais foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 25, 30 ou 35 kg de PV, sendo, os demais, submetidos a dois níveis de restrição alimentar (70 ou 55% do consumo ad libitum). O abate destes últimos foi realizado juntamente com aqueles alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 35 kg de PV. Foram determinados os conteúdos corporais de nitrogênio, gordura e energia. No experimento 2 (ensaio de digestibilidade), seis cordeiros 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France (30,4 ± 2,6 kg) foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas individuais, sob delineamento duplo Quadrado Latino 3x3, com objetivo de avaliar o valor nutricional da dieta sob os distintos níveis de consumo. A redução do consumo de matéria seca resultou em aumento linear da digestibilidade e da concentração energética da dieta (P<0,05). A concentração de proteína no corpo livre de lã diminui com o aumento do peso de corpo vazio (PCV). Quando considerada a proteína retida na lã, contudo, a concentração protéica corporal foi pouco variável com o avanço da maturidade. A concentração de gordura corporal variou entre 72,7 e 125,9 g/kg PCV, respectivamente, para os PCV de 13,1 e 28,2 kg. A excreção endógena de nitrogênio foi de 243,2 mg/kg PV0,75/dia, e correspondeu a exigência de proteína líquida para mantença de 1,52 g/kg PV0,75/dia. Por sua vez, a exigência de proteína metabolizável para mantença foi de 2,31 g/kg PV0,75/dia, com eficiência de uso (knm) igual a 0,66. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença foi de 58,6 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia e a de energia metabolizável de 91,0 kcal/kg PV0,75/dia. A eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença (km), por sua vez, foi de 0,64. As exigências de proteína e energia líquidas para ganho de peso de cordeiros com 15 e 35 kg de PV, e ganho médio diário de 250 g, foram de 32,5 e 33,1 g/dia e 424 e 553 kcal/dia, respectivamente. A eficiência de utilização da energia metabolizável para ganho de peso (kg) foi de 0,50, e da proteína metabolizável para ganho de peso (knf) e crescimento da lã (knw) de 0,71 e 0,46, respectivamente. O padrão de crescimento da lã possui grande influência sobre as exigências protéicas de ovinos. Cordeiros 16 11 Texel 16 5 Ile de France em crescimento possuem exigências nutricionais inferiores às reportadas por grande parte dos Sistemas internacionais.