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1
Hoai, Nguyen Thi Xuan, und Truong Minh Duc. „Nonclassical properties and teleportation in the two-mode photon-added displaced squeezed states“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, Nr. 07 (18.03.2016): 1650032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216500326.
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In this paper, we study the nonclassical properties and find out the effect of photon addition on these properties as well as the process of teleportation in the two-mode photon-added displaced squeezed (TMPADS) states. We derive the analytic expressions of the Wigner function, the photon number distribution and the intermode photon antibunching for these states. We show that photon addition operation not only makes the Wigner function become negative but also leads to increase the degree of antibunching. The peak of the photon number distribution becomes flatter and shifts to the greater number of photons by adding photons to both modes simultaneously. Furthermore, it is proved that the degree of intermodal entanglement becomes bigger and bigger through increasing the number of photons added to both modes. As expected, when using these states as an entanglement resource to teleport a state, the average fidelity of teleportation process is also improved by increasing the number of added photons.
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Balster, Andreas, Ole Hansen, Hanno Friedrich und André Ludwig. „An ETA Prediction Model for Intermodal Transport Networks Based on Machine Learning“. Business & Information Systems Engineering 62, Nr. 5 (11.05.2020): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00653-0.
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Abstract Transparency in transport processes is becoming increasingly important for transport companies to improve internal processes and to be able to compete for customers. One important element to increase transparency is reliable, up-to-date and accurate arrival time prediction, commonly referred to as estimated time of arrival (ETA). ETAs are not easy to determine, especially for intermodal freight transports, in which freight is transported in an intermodal container, using multiple modes of transportation. This computational study describes the structure of an ETA prediction model for intermodal freight transport networks (IFTN), in which schedule-based and non-schedule-based transports are combined, based on machine learning (ML). For each leg of the intermodal freight transport, an individual ML prediction model is developed and trained using the corresponding historical transport data and external data. The research presented in this study shows that the ML approach produces reliable ETA predictions for intermodal freight transport. These predictions comprise processing times at logistics nodes such as inland terminals and transport times on road and rail. Consequently, the outcome of this research allows decision makers to proactively communicate disruption effects to actors along the intermodal transportation chain. These actors can then initiate measures to counteract potential critical delays at subsequent stages of transport. This approach leads to increased process efficiency for all actors in the realization of complex transport operations and thus has a positive effect on the resilience and profitability of IFTNs.
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Shrem, Talia, und Leon Y. Deouell. „Hierarchies of Attention and Experimental Designs: Effects of Spatial and Intermodal Attention Revisited“. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01030.
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When attention is directed to stimuli in a given modality and location, information processing in other irrelevant modalities at this location is affected too. This spread of attention to irrelevant stimuli is often interpreted as superiority of location selection over modality selection. However, this conclusion is based on experimental paradigms in which spatial attention was transient whereas intermodal attention was sustained. Furthermore, whether modality selection affects processing in the task-relevant modality at irrelevant locations remains an open question. Here, we addressed effects of simultaneous spatial and intermodal attention in an EEG study using a balanced design where spatial attention was transient and intermodal attention sustained or vice versa. Effects of spatial attention were not affected by which modality was attended and effects of intermodal attention were not affected by whether the stimuli were at the attended location or not. This suggests not only spread of spatial attention to task-irrelevant modalities but also spread of intermodal attention to task-irrelevant locations. Whether spatial attention was transient or sustained did not alter the effect of spatial attention on visual N1 and Nd1 responses. Prestimulus preparatory occipital alpha band responses were affected by both transient and sustained spatial cueing, whereas late post-stimulus responses were more strongly affected by sustained than by transient spatial attention. Sustained but not transient intermodal attention affected late responses (>200 msec) to visual stimuli. Together, the results undermine the universal superiority of spatial attention and suggest that the mode of attention manipulation is an important factor determining attention effects.
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Wang, Li, und Xiaoning Zhu. „Container Loading Optimization in Rail–Truck Intermodal Terminals Considering Energy Consumption“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 8 (22.04.2019): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082383.
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Rail–truck intermodal terminals are an important type of dry port and play a vital role in inland freight transport. This paper addresses the container loading problem in rail–truck intermodal terminals considering energy consumption under the sustainability concept. We analyze the effect factors of energy efficiency for container loading operations and develop an optimization model to minimize the total handling time and container reshuffling. A genetic algorithm is designed to obtain the optimal container loading sequence. Computational experiments on a specific Chinese rail–truck intermodal terminal were conducted to evaluate the performance of our approach. Results show our approach has a good performance for different sizes, and the total handing time, reshuffling times and energy consumption of the handling task are prominently decreased.
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Kida, Tetsuo, Koji Inui, Emi Tanaka und Ryusuke Kakigi. „Dynamics of Within-, Inter-, and Cross-Modal Attentional Modulation“. Journal of Neurophysiology 105, Nr. 2 (Februar 2011): 674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00807.2009.
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Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of spatial attention within single sensory modalities (within-modal spatial attention) and the effect of directing attention to one sense compared with the other senses (intermodal attention) on cortical neuronal activity. Furthermore, recent studies have been revealing that the effects of spatial attention directed to a certain location in a certain sense spread to the other senses at the same location in space (cross-modal spatial attention). The present study used magnetoencephalography to examine the temporal dynamics of the effects of within-modal and cross-modal spatial and intermodal attention on cortical processes responsive to visual stimuli. Visual or tactile stimuli were randomly presented on the left or right side at a random interstimulus interval and subjects directed attention to the left or right when vision or touch was a task-relevant modality. Sensor-space analysis showed that a response around the occipitotemporal region at around 150 ms after visual stimulation was significantly enhanced by within-modal, cross-modal spatial, and intermodal attention. A later response over the right frontal region at around 200 ms was enhanced by within-modal spatial and intermodal attention, but not by cross-modal spatial attention. These effects were estimated to originate from the occipitotemporal and lateral frontal areas, respectively. Thus the results suggest different spatiotemporal dynamics of neural representations of cross-modal attention and intermodal or within-modal attention.
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Long, Shang-Min, Shang-Ping Xie und Wei Liu. „Uncertainty in Tropical Rainfall Projections: Atmospheric Circulation Effect and the Ocean Coupling“. Journal of Climate 29, Nr. 7 (29.03.2016): 2671–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0601.1.
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Abstract Uncertainty in tropical rainfall projections under increasing radiative forcing is studied by using 26 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Intermodel spread in projected rainfall change generally increases with interactive sea surface temperature (SST) warming in coupled models compared to atmospheric models with a common pattern of prescribed SST increase. Moisture budget analyses reveal that much of the model uncertainty in tropical rainfall projections originates from intermodel discrepancies in the dynamical contribution due to atmospheric circulation change. Intermodel singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses further show a tight coupling between the intermodel variations in SST warming pattern and circulation change in the tropics. In the zonal mean, the first SVD mode features an anomalous interhemispheric Hadley circulation, while the second mode displays an SST peak near the equator. The asymmetric mode is accompanied by a coupled pattern of wind–evaporation–SST feedback in the tropics and is further tied to interhemispheric asymmetric change in extratropical shortwave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere. Intermodel variability in the tropical circulation change exerts a strong control on the spread in tropical cloud cover change and cloud radiative effects among models. The results indicate that understanding the coupling between the anthropogenic changes in SST pattern and atmospheric circulation holds the key to reducing uncertainties in projections of future changes in tropical rainfall and clouds.
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Ying, Jun, und Ping Huang. „The Large-Scale Ocean Dynamical Effect on Uncertainty in the Tropical Pacific SST Warming Pattern in CMIP5 Models“. Journal of Climate 29, Nr. 22 (21.10.2016): 8051–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0318.1.
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Abstract This study investigates how intermodel differences in large-scale ocean dynamics affect the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) warming (TPSW) pattern under global warming, as projected by 32 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The largest cause of intermodel TPSW differences is related to the cloud–radiation feedback. After removing the effect of cloud–radiation feedback, the authors find that differences in ocean advection play the next largest role, explaining around 14% of the total intermodel variance in TPSW. Of particular importance are differences in climatological zonal overturning circulation among the models. With the robust enhancement of ocean stratification across models, models with relatively strong climatological upwelling tend to have relatively weak SST warming in the eastern Pacific. Meanwhile, the pronounced intermodel differences in ocean overturning changes contribute little to uncertainty in the TPSW pattern. The intermodel differences in climatological zonal overturning are found to be associated with the intermodel spread in climatological SST. In most CMIP5 models, there is a common cold tongue associated with an overly strong overturning in the climatology simulation, implying a La Niña–like bias in the TPSW pattern projected by the MME of the CMIP5 models. This provides further evidence for the projection that the TPSW pattern should be closer to an El Niño–like pattern than the MME projection.
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Ramalho, Mónica M., und Tiago A. Santos. „Numerical Modeling of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Intermodal Transport Chains“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, Nr. 6 (21.06.2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060679.
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This paper discusses the most attractive emission compliance options (emission abatement technologies and cleaner fuels) in intermodal transport chains that include short sea shipping. Most studies on emissions-based transport chain comparisons have estimated high levels of nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions in maritime transportation, decreasing its competitiveness. However, the consequences of regulatory and technological developments and the integration of maritime transport in intermodal transport chains have not yet been considered in detail. In order to address this research gap, a numerical model for computing emissions from different transport modes in an intermodal transport network, under the effect of these developments, is presented that is based on bottom–up emission factors that depend on the fuel type, engine type, and operational profile of each vehicle. Different emissions scenarios are chosen for specific unimodal and intermodal routes (short sea shipping-based) between Portugal and northwestern Europe. Conclusions are drawn on estimated values of air pollutant emissions and greenhouse emissions, in CO2-eq per unit of cargo, in each scenario. These results allow the identification of the most environmentally friendly transport chains, thus supporting the development of adequate transport policies.
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Peng, Bozhezi, Tao Wang, Yi Zhang, Chaoyang Li und Chunxia Lu. „Spatially Varying Effect Mechanism of Intermodal Connection on Metro Ridership: Evidence from a Polycentric Megacity with Multilevel Ring Roads“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 13, Nr. 10 (04.10.2024): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13100353.
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Understanding the spatially varying effect mechanism of intermodal connection on metro ridership helps policymakers develop differentiated interventions to promote metro usage, especially for megacities with multiple city sub-centers and ring roads. Using multiple datasets in Shanghai, this study combines Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) with Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) to explore these effects with the consideration of the built environment and metro network topology. Results show that the collective impacts of intermodal connection are positive, not only within the main city but also alongside the main commuting corridors, while negative effects occur in the peripheral area. Specifically, bike sharing trips increase metro ridership within the inner ring of the city, while bus services lower metro usage at stations alongside the elevated ring roads. Parking facilities enable metro usage at city sub-centers, and the small pedestrian catchment area increases metro riders alongside the main commuting corridors. Empirical findings help policymakers understand the effect mechanism of intermodal connection for stations in different regions and prioritize customized planning strategies.
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Craig, James C. „The Trajectory Effect in Intermodal Temporal Order Judgments“. Perception 34, Nr. 3 (März 2005): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5293.
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Subjects judged which one of two patterns, a visual or a tactile pattern, had been presented first. The visual and tactile displays were placed in close spatial proximity. The patterns appeared to move across their respective displays. Although irrelevant to the temporal order judgment (TOJ), the direction of motion of the patterns—the trajectory—affected the judgments. When the leading pattern was moving towards the trailing pattern (consistent movement), subjects tended to judge it, correctly, as leading. When the leading pattern was moving away from the trailing pattern (inconsistent movement), subjects tended to judge it, incorrectly, as trailing. Changing the spatial position of the arrays such that the pattern trajectories were no longer towards one another eliminated the effect of movement on TOJs. Although there was a substantial difference in performance on consistent and inconsistent trials, there were no differences in subjects' ratings of their performances. The results demonstrate that the trajectory effect can be obtained multimodally. The issues whether the effect of motion alters the perceived temporal separation between the visual and tactile patterns, and whether the visual and tactile patterns are represented by a common framework, are discussed.
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Kavkazskiy, Vladimir. „Analysis of Global Trends in the Development of Intermodal Transfer Hubs Based on International Airports“. Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 22, Nr. 1 (21.03.2025): 134–47. https://doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2025-1-134-147.
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Purpose: To analyse different aspects of air and rail transport interaction; to determine design features of intermodal complexes and transportation hubs; to develop a concept of an airport intermodal transfer hub. Methods: Experimental and theoretical methods based on the data analysis and verification; systematization, identification of dependencies and determination of cause-and-effect relationships. Results: The analysis conducted made it possible to obtain full information on designing a tunnel at active airports. The criteria for an effective interaction of air and rail transport have been determined. The specific features of rail transport integration into the airport infrastructure have been established.
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Ma, Jian, und Shang-Ping Xie. „Regional Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature Change: A Source of Uncertainty in Future Projections of Precipitation and Atmospheric Circulation*“. Journal of Climate 26, Nr. 8 (15.04.2013): 2482–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00283.1.
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Abstract Precipitation change in response to global warming has profound impacts on environment for life but is highly uncertain. Effects of sea surface temperature (SST) warming on the response of rainfall and atmospheric overturning circulation are investigated using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulations. The SST warming is decomposed into a spatially uniform SST increase (SUSI) and deviations from it. The SST pattern effect is found to be important in explaining both the multimodel ensemble mean distribution and intermodel variability of rainfall change over tropical oceans. In the ensemble mean, the annual rainfall change follows a “warmer-get-wetter” pattern, increasing where the SST warming exceeds the tropical mean, and vice versa. Two SST patterns stand out both in the ensemble mean and intermodel variability: an equatorial peak anchoring a local precipitation increase and a meridional dipole mode with increased rainfall and weakened trade winds over the warmer hemisphere. These two modes of intermodel variability in SST account for one-third of intermodel spread in rainfall projection. The SST patterns can explain up to four-fifths of the intermodel variability in intensity changes of overturning circulations. SUSI causes both the Hadley and Walker circulations to slow down, as articulated by previous studies. The weakening of the Walker circulation is robust across models as the SST pattern effect is weak. The Hadley circulation change, by contrast, is significantly affected by SST warming patterns. As a result, near and south of the equator, the Hadley circulation strength change is weak in the multimodel ensemble mean and subject to large intermodel variability due to the differences in SST warming patterns.
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Cigolini, Roberto, Margherita Pero und Andrea Sianesi. „Reinforcing supply chain security through organizational and cultural tools within the intermodal rail and road industry“. International Journal of Logistics Management 27, Nr. 3 (14.11.2016): 816–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-02-2014-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the role of organizational and cultural tools to increase supply chain security within the intermodal rail and road industry. Three main research questions are set, regarding: what organizational and cultural tools are used by companies within the intermodal rail and road industry; how these tools impact on security performance; and what environmental factors trigger the use of each tool. Design/methodology/approach In total, 13 companies within the intermodal rail and road industry have been studied in detail through in-depth case studies. Findings Results suggest that organizational and cultural tools impact positively on supply chain security, by reducing collusion and both operative and planning mistakes. In particular, such tools mitigate the effect of lack of cooperation and communication between partners and of inadequate partners. Practical implications Results point out that the ability of organizational and cultural tools to increase supply chain security has not been fully exploited yet. Tools to mitigate the negative effects on security of inadequacy of partners are not popular or they are not considered as powerful enough, despite it has been highlighted as the most relevant causal factor of lack of security. Originality/value This paper introduces a thorough overview of the effects of cultural and organizational tools on supply chain security and a detailed study of these tools in the area of intermodal rail-and-road transport.
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Arora, Nishta, und Akshay K. Naik. „Qualitative effect of internal resonance on the dynamics of two-dimensional resonator“. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, Nr. 26 (05.04.2022): 265301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac5bc8.
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Abstract Nonlinear modal interactions and associated internal resonance phenomena have recently been used to demonstrate improved oscillator performance and enhanced sensing capabilities. Here, we show tunable modal interaction in a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) resonator. We achieve the tunability of coupling between these initially uncoupled modes by using electrostatic gate voltages. This tunable coupling enables us to make the modes commensurate and observe energy exchange between the modes. We attribute the strong energy exchange between the vibrational modes to 1:2 internal resonance. This interaction strongly impacts the dynamics of the modal response of such resonators. We observe peak splitting, a signature of energy exchange between the modes even when the modal response is in the linear regime. We model our device to explain the observed effect of excitation, detuning of modal frequencies, and intermodal coupling strength on the resonator dynamics. MoS2 resonators explored in this work are ideal for understanding the rich dynamics offered through the intermodal coupling.
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Yampolski, Yu M., V. S. Belei, S. B. Kashcheyev, B. V. Lazebnyi, V. E. Paznukhov und A. G. Rokhman. „Effect of the Intermodal Cross-Modulation of Schumann Resonances“. Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 52, Nr. 7 (1998): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v52.i7.50.
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HASHIMOTO, Masahiro. „Effect of intermodal desynchrony on audio-visual speech perception“. Japanese journal of ergonomics 29, Supplement (1993): 482–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.29.supplement_482.
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Bisht, T. S., Laxmi Rawat, P. N. Singh, B. Chakraborty und A. Visen. „Scanning electron microscopic and morphological studies on in-vitro derived callus of low-chill peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch)“. Trends in Horticulture 7, Nr. 2 (22.05.2024): 5530. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/th.v7i2.5530.
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In this investigation the effect of collection seasons of explants (winter, spring and summer), type of explants (leaf disc and intermodal segments) and length of explants (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 cm) for callusing in low-chill peach were standardized. The maximum callus induction (97.78%) in the low-chill peach was obtained from the intermodal segments of 0.5 cm in length used as an explant collected during spring season. The structural changes on the surface of the callus (5–7 weeks old yellowish green compact callus) during the progress of somatic embryogenesis of low-chill peach from the both intermodal segment as well as leaf disc derived callus were also examined with the use of scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM studies indicated that callus derived from internodal segment explant had the highest frequency of somatic embryos than callus from leaf discs. The SEM investigation, also demonstrated the sequential events/steps leading to low-chill peach somatic embryogenesis which was originating from somatic embryo mother cells through one unicellular pathway. Two types of calli were morphologically distinguished in both leaf disc and intermodal segment generated callus and these were the compact, well organized yellowish green embryogenic callus, containing large number of small, rich cytoplasmic, starch containing meristematic cells and soft and unorganized non-embryogenic callus containing sparsely cytoplasmic, vacuolated, and large cells devoid of metabolic reserves. The present SEM studies clearly demonstrated that somatic cells from peach explants generated callus could develop into fully differentiated somatic embryos through the characteristic embryological patterns of differentiation.
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Schneider, David P., und David B. Reusch. „Antarctic and Southern Ocean Surface Temperatures in CMIP5 Models in the Context of the Surface Energy Budget*“. Journal of Climate 29, Nr. 5 (24.02.2016): 1689–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0429.1.
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Abstract This study examines the biases, intermodel spread, and intermodel range of surface air temperature (SAT) across the Antarctic ice sheet and Southern Ocean in 26 structurally different climate models. Over the ocean (40°–60°S), an ensemble-mean warm bias peaks in late austral summer concurrently with the peak in the intermodel range of SAT. This warm bias lags a spring–summer positive bias in net surface radiation due to weak shortwave cloud forcing and is gradually reduced during autumn and winter. For the ice sheet, inconsistencies among reanalyses and observational datasets give low confidence in the ensemble-mean bias of SAT, but a small summer warm bias is suggested in comparison with nonreanalysis SAT data. The ensemble mean hides a large intermodel range of SAT, which peaks during the summer insolation maximum. In summer on the ice sheet, the SAT intermodel spread is largely associated with the surface albedo. In winter, models universally exhibit a too-strong deficit in net surface radiation related to the downward longwave radiation, implying that the lower atmosphere is too stable. This radiation deficit is balanced by the transfer of sensible heat toward the surface (which largely explains the intermodel spread in SAT) and by a subsurface heat flux. The winter bias in downward longwave radiation is due to the longwave cloud radiative effect, which the ensemble mean underestimates by a factor of 2. The implications of these results for improving climate simulations over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are discussed.
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David, Merly. „Impact of Climate Change on Intermodal Transportation“. International Journal of Climatic Studies 2, Nr. 1 (10.03.2023): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijcs.1838.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the impacts of climate change on intermodal transport.
Methodology: This study adopted a desktop methodology. This study used secondary data from which include review of existing literature from already published studies and reports that was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: The impact of climate change on intermodal transport is associated with heavy rains, carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases. The study also found that climate change has made the transport sector to develop strategies to mitigate the effect of climate change.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study used the agro-economic models and ricardian model for climate change assessment. The study recommended that additional maintenance and rehabilitation costs may be required to compensate for additional distresses related to climate change. Therefore there is need for heavy investment of emergency funds for repair and maintenance of the way, this includes ports and seas.
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Paik, Seungmok, und Seung-Ki Min. „Assessing the Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Climate Extremes Using CMIP5 Models“. Journal of Climate 31, Nr. 14 (13.06.2018): 5333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0651.1.
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Abstract This study analyzes extreme temperature and precipitation responses over the global land to five explosive tropical volcanic eruptions that occurred since the 1880s, using CMIP5 multimodel simulations. Changes in annual extreme indices during posteruption years are examined using a composite analysis. First, a robust global decrease in extreme temperature is found, which is stronger than the internal variability ranges (estimated from random bootstrap sampling). Intermodel correlation analysis shows a close relationship between annual extreme and mean temperature responses to volcanic forcing, indicating a similar mechanism at work. The cooling responses exhibit strong intermodel correlation with a decrease in surface humidity, consistent with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. Second, extreme and mean precipitation reductions are observed during posteruption years, especially in Northern and Southern Hemisphere summer monsoon regions, with good intermodel agreement. The precipitation decreases are also larger than the internal variability ranges and are dominated by the monsoon regions. Moisture budget analysis further reveals that most of the precipitation decrease over the monsoon regions is explained by evaporation decrease, as well as dynamic and thermodynamic contributions. Interestingly, the dynamic effect is found to have a large influence on intermodel spread in precipitation responses, with high intermodel correlation with mean and extreme precipitation changes. These model-based results are largely supported by an observational analysis based on the Hadley Centre Global Climate Extremes Index 2 (HadEX2) dataset for the recent three volcanic eruptions. Our results demonstrate that temperature and precipitation extremes significantly respond to volcanic eruptions, largely resembling mean climate responses, which have important implications for geoengineering based on solar radiation management.
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SHIMADA, HIROYUKI. „EFFECT OF AUDITORY PRESENTATION OF WORDS ON COLOR NAMING: THE INTERMODAL STROOP EFFECT“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 70, Nr. 3 (1990): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.70.3.1155-1161.
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Shimada, Hiroyuki. „Effect of Auditory Presentation of Words on Color Naming: The Intermodal Stroop Effect“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 70, Nr. 3_suppl (Juni 1990): 1155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.70.3c.1155.
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Pan, Boyu, Delaney MacIntosh, Rabia Njie, Adelaide Lui, Lindsey Westover und Tarek El-Bialy. „The Effect of Upper Arch Expansion by Clear Aligners on Nasal Airway Volume in Children: A Preliminary Study“. Applied Sciences 15, Nr. 4 (18.02.2025): 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042134.
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Adjustments to the anatomy of the facial region, such as maxillary expansion, may impact the geometry of the nasal airway and may increase nasal airway volume. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effect of maxillary dentoalveolar expansion using clear aligners on the nasal airway’s volume and intermolar distance in pediatric patients. Before and after maxillary expansion treatment using clear aligners, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs were taken as part of the diagnostic and progress records of 11 children (6–13 years) with constricted maxilla (the experimental group). The CBCT scans of 7 children (7–12 years) who had no treatment were considered to be the control group. The changes in nasal airway volume and intermolar distance between the experimental and control groups were compared and analyzed. Correlation analysis between nasal airway volume and intermolar distance changes was also performed. Compared with the control group, the nasal airway volume of the patients in the experimental group showed a significant increase (1595.6 ± 804.1 mm3; p < 0.001), and the intermolar distance also increased significantly (2.4 ± 0.4 mm; p < 0.001). However, there was little correlation between the change in intermolar distance and the change in nasal airway volume in the experimental group (r = −0.029) and a negative correlation in the control group (r = −0.768). This study showed increased maxillary intermolar width and increased nasal airway volume in children with constricted maxilla who underwent orthodontic maxillary expansion using clear aligners. Further studies with larger sample sizes and long follow-ups are needed. Due to the study design and small sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution and no causal relationship can be drawn between maxillary expansion using clear aligners and obstructive sleep apnea.
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Donohoe, Aaron, und David S. Battisti. „Atmospheric and Surface Contributions to Planetary Albedo“. Journal of Climate 24, Nr. 16 (15.08.2011): 4402–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3946.1.
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Abstract The planetary albedo is partitioned into a component due to atmospheric reflection and a component due to surface reflection by using shortwave fluxes at the surface and top of the atmosphere in conjunction with a simple radiation model. The vast majority of the observed global average planetary albedo (88%) is due to atmospheric reflection. Surface reflection makes a relatively small contribution to planetary albedo because the atmosphere attenuates the surface contribution to planetary albedo by a factor of approximately 3. The global average planetary albedo in the ensemble average of phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) preindustrial simulations is also primarily (87%) due to atmospheric albedo. The intermodel spread in planetary albedo is relatively large and is found to be predominantly a consequence of intermodel differences in atmospheric albedo, with surface processes playing a much smaller role despite significant intermodel differences in surface albedo. The CMIP3 models show a decrease in planetary albedo under a doubling of carbon dioxide—also primarily due to changes in atmospheric reflection (which explains more than 90% of the intermodel spread). All models show a decrease in planetary albedo due to the lowered surface albedo associated with a contraction of the cryosphere in a warmer world, but this effect is small compared to the spread in planetary albedo due to model differences in the change in clouds.
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Hanaoka, Shinya, Taqsim Husnain, Tomoya Kawasaki und Pichet Kunadhamraks. „Measurement of energy-saving effect by intermodal freight transport in Thailand“. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research 3, Nr. 4 (2011): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/writr.2011.041716.
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Shindell, D., J. F. Lamarque, N. Unger, D. Koch, G. Faluveg, S. Bauer und H. Teich. „Climate forcing and air quality change due to regional emissions reductions by economic sector“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, Nr. 3 (12.06.2008): 11609–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-11609-2008.
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Abstract. We examine the air quality (AQ) and radiative forcing (RF) response to emissions reductions by economic sector for North America and developing Asia in the CAM and GISS composition/climate models. Decreases in annual average surface particulate are relatively robust, with intermodel variations in magnitude typically <30% and very similar spatial structure. Surface ozone responses are small and highly model dependent. The largest net RF results from reductions in emissions from the North America industrial/power and developing Asia domestic fuel burning sectors. Sulfate reductions dominate the first case, for which intermodel variations in the sulfate (or total) aerosol optical depth (AOD) responses are ~30% and the modeled spatial patterns of the AOD reductions are highly correlated (R=0.9). Decreases in BC dominate the developing Asia domestic fuel burning case, and show substantially greater model-to-model differences. Intermodel variations in tropospheric ozone burdens are also large, though aerosol changes dominate those cases with substantial net climate forcing. The results indicate that across-the-board emissions reductions in domestic fuel burning in developing Asia and in surface transportation in North America are likely to offer the greatest potential for substantial, simultaneous improvement in local air quality and near-term mitigation of global climate change via short-lived species. Conversely, reductions in industrial/power emissions have the potential to accelerate near-term warming, though they would improve AQ and have a long-term cooling effect on climate. These broad conclusions appear robust to intermodel differences.
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Shindell, D., J. F. Lamarque, N. Unger, D. Koch, G. Faluvegi, S. Bauer, M. Ammann, J. Cofala und H. Teich. „Climate forcing and air quality change due to regional emissions reductions by economic sector“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, Nr. 23 (08.12.2008): 7101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7101-2008.
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Abstract. We examine the air quality (AQ) and radiative forcing (RF) response to emissions reductions by economic sector for North America and developing Asia in the CAM and GISS composition/climate models. Decreases in annual average surface particulate are relatively robust, with intermodel variations in magnitude typically <30% and very similar spatial structure. Surface ozone responses are small and highly model dependent. The largest net RF results from reductions in emissions from the North America industrial/power and developing Asia domestic fuel burning sectors. Sulfate reductions dominate the first case, for which intermodel variations in the sulfate (or total) aerosol optical depth (AOD) responses are ~30% and the modeled spatial patterns of the AOD reductions are highly correlated (R=0.9). Decreases in BC dominate the developing Asia domestic fuel burning case, and show substantially greater model-to-model differences. Intermodel variations in tropospheric ozone burden changes are also large, though aerosol changes dominate those cases with substantial net climate forcing. The results indicate that across-the-board emissions reductions in domestic fuel burning in developing Asia and in surface transportation in North America are likely to offer the greatest potential for substantial, simultaneous improvement in local air quality and near-term mitigation of global climate change via short-lived species. Conversely, reductions in industrial/power emissions have the potential to accelerate near-term warming, though they would improve AQ and have a long-term cooling effect on climate. These broad conclusions appear robust to intermodel differences.
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Chang, Yimei, Xiaoning Zhu und Ali Haghani. „The outbound container slot allocation based on the stowage plan in rail–water intermodal container terminals“. Measurement and Control 52, Nr. 5-6 (17.04.2019): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019842599.
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In the past, most researchers focused on the storage space allocation problem or container block allocation problem in maritime container terminals, while few studied the container slot allocation problem in rail–water intermodal container terminals. Container slot allocation problem is proposed to reduce relocation operations of containers in railway container yards and improve the efficiency of rail–water intermodal container terminals. In this paper, a novel outbound container slot allocation model is introduced to reduce the rehandling operations, considering stowage plan, containers left from earlier planning periods and container departure time. A novel heuristic algorithm based on the rolling planning horizon approach is developed to solve the proposed problem effectively. Computational experiments are carried out to validate that the proposed model and algorithm are feasible and effective to enhance the storage effect. Meanwhile, some other experiments are conducted to verify that our approach is better than the regular allocation approach, which is a common method in marine and railway container terminals, and container weight is the most important influence factor when storing containers.
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Singh, Shalu, Shashiprabha Verma, Sunil Kumar, Shweta Soni, Neetu, S. V. Dwivedi und Hitesh Kumar. „Character Association and Path Analysis in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for Yield and Its Attributes“. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, Nr. 12 (04.12.2024): 30–40. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i123108.
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The field experiment was carried out in Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture at Banda University of Agriculture and Technology during kharif to evaluate the 15 bitter gourd genotypes with three replications in randomized block design were to correlation and path coefficient for yield and its component traits. At phenotypic level fruit yield per plot displayed positive and highly significant correlation with internodal length, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, vine length and number of primary branches per plant. At genotypic level fruit yield per plot exhibited positive and significant correlation with number of primary branches per plant, intermodal length, number of fruits per plant, vine length, average fruit weight and fruit length. Path analysis at phenotypic level have highest positive direct effect on yield per plot was exerted by average fruit weight followed by number of fruits per plant, days to first male flower anthesis, node number to first pistillate flower, fruit length, intermodal length and node number to first stamin ate flower. At genotypic level, highest positive direct effect on yield per plot was exerted by average fruit weight followed by number of fruits per plant, internodal length, node number to first pistillate flower, TSS and days to first female flower anthesis.
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Botez, D., und L. J. Mawst. „Γ effect: Key intermodal‐discrimination mechanism in arrays of antiguided diode lasers“. Applied Physics Letters 60, Nr. 25 (22.06.1992): 3096–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.106763.
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Hlubina, Petr. „Spectral-domain intermodal interference and the effect of a low-resolution spectrometer“. Optik 116, Nr. 10 (September 2005): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2005.03.004.
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Behrends, Sönke, und Jonas Flodén. „The effect of transhipment costs on the performance of intermodal line-trains“. Logistics Research 4, Nr. 3-4 (12.01.2012): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12159-012-0066-0.
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Mahmoud, Alaa, und Moustafa Ahmed. „Effect of asymmetric intermodal gain suppression on dynamics of multimode semiconductor lasers“. Optics Communications 462 (Mai 2020): 125365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125365.
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Kapros, Seraphim, Konstantinos Panou und Dimitrios A. Tsamboulas. „Multicriteria Approach to the Evaluation of Intermodal Freight Villages“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1906, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190600107.
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An integrated methodological process was developed to evaluate the expected effect of freight villages. Because the criteria differ as do their measurement units, multicriteria analysis is proposed. The process required an in-depth analysis of the decision-making process for creating a freight village, the operations and the actors involved, and the most recent best practices. The methodology identifies a set of decision criteria, including environmental quality; contributions to local, regional, and national economies; attractiveness for private financing; contribution to land use changes; and complementarity with other policy plans. In addition, the methodology defines the most appropriate corresponding indicators. The identification of stakeholder categories and decision criteria provides added value to the proposed methodological process. The importance of European transport policies on freight villages and terminals development could mean that the process would be the main contributor in developing a pan-European decision tool to assess such investments, especially if private and public funds were involved. The pilot application is an evaluation of investment in a freight village development in northern Greece. The location was selected because it is at the crossroads of important road and rail axes of trans-European transport networks and the interest expressed by the European Commission and Greek private investors.
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Quintero-Rodríguez, Leidy Johana, José Roberto Warnes-Lora, Min Won Lee, Jorge Rodríguez-Asomoza und Ignacio Enrique Zaldívar-Huerta. „Demonstration of a Duplex Microwave Photonic Filter and Its Reconfigurability in a Frequency Range of 0–10 GHz“. Electronics 9, Nr. 12 (16.12.2020): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122159.
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In this paper, we have demonstrated a duplex microwave photonic filter system. The reconfigurability of a microwave passband filter by using a birefringent optical filter has also been demonstrated experimentally. The effect of filtering normally depends on the intermodal separation of a multimode laser diode (MLD), as well as the chromatic dispersion parameter and the length of a Single Mode-Standard Fiber (SM-SF). However, in this work, the intermodal separation of the MLD is altered by an optical filter which consists of a section of birefringent optical fiber (BOF) placed between crossed polarizers. Using this filter, six passbands in the frequency range of 0–10 GHz are obtained. Our duplex Microwave Photonic Filter (MPF) system is driven by only a single optical source. Performance evaluation for the filtered passband is also given in terms of the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). On average, an SNR of 13.87 dB is obtained for all the passbands generated by our duplex Microwave Photonic Filter (MPF) system. For potential applications, the generated passbands may be used as radio frequency (RF) carriers to transmit analog or digital data in an optical communications system.
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Geng, Xin, Yinghong Wen, Zhisong Mo, Peng Dong, Fanpeng Kong und Ke Xiong. „On the Evaluation Framework of Comprehensive Trust for Data Interaction in Intermodal Transport“. Electronics 13, Nr. 8 (14.04.2024): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081487.
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Due to the necessity to realize “building a strong transportation nation”, the construction of intermodal transportation is based on the information resource integration of diverse transport systems. To ensure the data security during the interaction between different transport modes, as well as the effect of data application, the status of entities and data flow in the network should be supervised throughout. Therefore, an evaluation framework of comprehensive trust is proposed in this paper. With feature analysis of transportation big data, a quality assessment is conducted by three-dimensional metric sets, which is considered as a significant factor of trust measurement. Furthermore, a hierarchical trust structure is put forward to assess the trust of entities in different levels, in terms of the static and dynamic evidence. Furthermore, the visualization of a dynamic global information security state is discussed, based on temporal knowledge graphs. As shown in practical application and simulation analysis, this framework can meet the requirements of data security supervision and lay the foundation of further intelligent management. This research is of great significance to improve the data security level in intermodal transport, and to promote the utilization and sharing of public information resources.
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Alameddine, Mohamad. „The effects of road taxation on the intermodal splits in the Hamburg-Le Havre range“. Współczesna Gospodarka 9, Nr. 2 (29) (05.07.2018): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/wg.2018.2.03.
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The paper will try to determinethe effect of road tax and/or road environmental poli-cies on the intermodal split of ports in the Hamburg-Le Havre (HLH) range. We take the case of an EU-wide policy on trucks to reduce road traffic and we explore ascenario using the modified Generic Statistical Information Model (GSIM) model. A 10% EU road tax onall EU member states has ledto a reduction in the market share for the HLH range of ports vis-à-vis non-EU ports. The number of containers is expected to drop by 1 million TEU. The results are relatively less clear-cut: the EU road policy has a positive impact on the market shares of the ports of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Bremerhaven, and a very negative effect, especially on the ports of Le Havre and Hamburg. As for the intermodal split, the results show that there is a decrease ranging from 1 to 5% of road transport share (with a decrease of 5% for the port of Le Havre, and a decrease of 1% for the port of Bremerhaven) to the benefit of rail and waterway transport. However, substitution is imperfect, so the increases in rail and inland waterway modes of transport do not com-pensate fully for the decrease in the number of containers transported by road.
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Zheng, Xiao-Tong, Shang-Ping Xie, Liang-Hong Lv und Zhen-Qiang Zhou. „Intermodel Uncertainty in ENSO Amplitude Change Tied to Pacific Ocean Warming Pattern“. Journal of Climate 29, Nr. 20 (23.09.2016): 7265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0039.1.
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Abstract How El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) will change under global warming affects changes in extreme events around the world. The change of ENSO amplitude is investigated based on the historical simulations and representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 experiments in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The projected change in ENSO amplitude is highly uncertain with large intermodel uncertainty. By using the relative sea surface temperature (SST) as a measure of convective instability, this study finds that the spatial pattern of tropical Pacific surface warming is the major source of intermodel uncertainty in ENSO amplitude change. In models with an enhanced mean warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the barrier to deep convection is reduced, and the intensified rainfall anomalies of ENSO amplify the wind response and hence SST variability. In models with a reduced eastern Pacific warming, conversely, ENSO amplitude decreases. Corroborating the mean SST pattern effect, intermodel uncertainty in changes of ENSO-induced rainfall variability decreases substantially in atmospheric simulations forced by a common ocean warming pattern. Thus, reducing the uncertainty in the Pacific surface warming pattern helps improve the reliability of ENSO projections. To the extent that correcting model biases favors an El Niño–like mean warming pattern, this study suggests an increase in ENSO-related SST variance likely under global warming.
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Chakraborty, Abhishek, Shivam Patel und Suneet Singh. „EFFECT OF INTERMODAL INTERACTION ON STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL XENON OSCILLATIONS IN PHWRS“. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2023.30 (2023): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2023.30.1408.
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Guo, Zhiyong, Haoqi Du, Yuhao Lin und Zhangjun Yu. „Weak Faraday Effect Measurement in Anti-Resonant Fiber Based on Intermodal Interference Suppression“. Photonics 11, Nr. 4 (14.04.2024): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040366.
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Anti-resonant fiber (ARF) works well in a relatively strong magnetic field due to its weak Faraday effect, which results from the fundamental mode mainly transmitting in the air core. Accurately measuring the Faraday effect strength, i.e., the effective Verdet constant, of an ARF determines its applicable scenarios. However, the effective Verdet constant of ARF is ~3 orders of magnitude lower than that of a standard single-mode fiber, which is very difficult to measure. In this paper, we reveal that intermodal interference is the main obstacle to measuring the ultralow effective Verdet constant of ARF and propose using a narrow-band low-coherence light to suppress it. The measured effective Verdet constant of ARF is 0.423 ± 0.005 mrad/T/m at 1550 nm.
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Xiao, Yueyu, und Jiayao Cheng. „Design of a Nested Hollow-Core Anti-Resonant Fiber Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Strain“. Sensors 24, Nr. 23 (06.12.2024): 7805. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237805.
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A highly sensitive sensor, which can detect the temperature and strain simultaneously, is proposed using a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber with composite nested tubes. The sensing fiber contains two kinds of nested tubes, and two different sensing mechanisms, the resonance coupling effect and the intermodal interference, are realized in the same section of a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber fully filled with ethanol. Five conjoined nested anti-resonant tubes are introduced to suppress the confinement loss of the higher-order mode LP02. One hybrid conjoined nested tube, which consists of a half-circular anti-resonant tube and a half-circular resonant tube, is introduced to induce a resonant coupling between the LP02 mode in the core and the dielectric mode in the nested resonant tubes. Numerical investigations demonstrate the shifts of the feature wavelengths of the resonance coupling effect, and the intermodal interference shows different velocities with temperature and strain, while a simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain can be realized with high sensitivities (3.36 nm/°C and −0.003 nm/με to temperature and strain, respectively). Since the sensor can be fabricated by full infiltration with liquid into the large-size core and cladding tubes of hollow-core anti-resonant fibers, and special post-processing, such as selective infiltration or coating, is notneeded. The proposed sensors based on hollow-core anti-resonant fibers with functional liquid infiltration provide a more efficient and versatile platform for the temperature and strain sensing.
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Vida, László, Béla Illés und Ágota Bányai. „Preventing the Negative Effects of the Covid-19 Epidemic in International Freight Transport“. Advanced Logistic Systems - Theory and Practice 14, Nr. 1 (2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32971/als.2020.004.
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Measures taken to handle the COVID-19 epidemic in the spring of 2020 have had a significant impact on European supply chains. In terms of freight transport, this has led to a decline and congestion in truck traffic due to different restrictions on the internal borders of the EU. As similar situations cannot be avoided in the future, it is worthy to form supply chains that are less affected by different epidemics. Similarly to the physical internet hubs, distribution hubs can be forward-looking, but only if it helps development of rail-road intermodal freight transport. The article describes the possibility of a rail-road freight transport system that allows the application of radically new solutions through a new container handling technology that can be used in the rail-road relationship. The extension of the idea at the EU level could result in a significant increase in the share of rail freight and a sizeable reduction of the negative impact of epidemics on the supply chains. Among other effects, the solution can have a significant impact on the IT development of rail freight transport. The solution can also have effect to the development of the network of rail-road intermodal trans-shipment points, their automation and ultimately the completion of Logistics 4.0.
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Chang und Zhu. „A Novel Two-Stage Heuristic for Solving Storage Space Allocation Problems in Rail–Water Intermodal Container Terminals“. Symmetry 11, Nr. 10 (02.10.2019): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11101229.
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In the past, most researchers have paid attention to the storage space allocation problem in maritime container terminals, while few have studied this problem in rail–water intermodal container terminals. Therefore, this paper proposes a storage space allocation problem to look for a symmetry point between the efficiency and effectivity of rail–water intermodal container terminals and the unbalanced allocations and reallocation operations of inbound containers in the railway operation area, which are two interactive aspects. In this paper, a two-stage model on the storage space allocation problem is formulated, whose objective is to balance inbound container distribution and minimize overlapping amounts, considering both stacking principles, such as container departure time, weight and stacking height, and containers left in railway container yards from earlier planning periods. In Stage 1, a novel simulated annealing algorithm based on heuristics is introduced and a new heuristic algorithm based on a rolling horizon approach is developed in Stage 2. Computational experiments are implemented to verify that the model and algorithm we introduce can enhance the storage effect feasibly and effectively. Additionally, two comparison experiments are carried out: the results show that the approach in the paper performs better than the regular allocation approach and weight constraint is the most important influence on container storage.
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Holguín-Veras, José, und C. Michael Walton. „Implementation of Priority Systems for Containers at Marine Intermodal Terminals“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1602, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1602-09.
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Research on the implementation of priority systems for containers is summarized. The results correspond to the areas of information technology and performance analysis. The analysis of information technology comprises several parts. First, idealized import and export processes are characterized in terms of activity networks. Then these characterizations are used to estimate the effect that implementing priority systems has on the information flow and to identify the desirable characteristics of the corresponding information system. Performance analysis focused on a selected group of possible priority systems that differ in the extent to which service differentiation by priority is implemented. The systems analyzed are ( a) base case (i.e., no service differentiation); ( b) “hot hatch” programs; ( c) service differentiation at the storage yard; ( d) service differentiation at the yard gate; and ( e) combinations of systems b, c, and d. The analysis was conducted by a simulation system specially designed to simulate priority systems. The performance of these systems was assessed for different combinations of the relevant experimental factors, namely, operational scheme, proportion of high priority containers, and number of incoming containers. By using the resulting performance measures, the impacts on the different segments of users were assessed for each of the systems. Finally, the policy implications were analyzed and conclusions drawn.
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Sun, De-Zheng, Yongqiang Yu und Tao Zhang. „Tropical Water Vapor and Cloud Feedbacks in Climate Models: A Further Assessment Using Coupled Simulations“. Journal of Climate 22, Nr. 5 (01.03.2009): 1287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2267.1.
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Abstract By comparing the response of clouds and water vapor to ENSO forcing in nature with that in Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations by some leading climate models, an earlier evaluation of tropical cloud and water vapor feedbacks has revealed the following two common biases in the models: 1) an underestimate of the strength of the negative cloud albedo feedback and 2) an overestimate of the positive feedback from the greenhouse effect of water vapor. Extending the same analysis to the fully coupled simulations of these models as well as other Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) coupled models, it is found that these two biases persist. Relative to the earlier estimates from AMIP simulations, the overestimate of the positive feedback from water vapor is alleviated somewhat for most of the coupled simulations. Improvements in the simulation of the cloud albedo feedback are only found in the models whose AMIP runs suggest either a positive or nearly positive cloud albedo feedback. The strength of the negative cloud albedo feedback in all other models is found to be substantially weaker than that estimated from the corresponding AMIP simulations. Consequently, although additional models are found to have a cloud albedo feedback in their AMIP simulations that is as strong as in the observations, all coupled simulations analyzed in this study have a weaker negative feedback from the cloud albedo and therefore a weaker negative feedback from the net surface heating than that indicated in observations. The weakening in the cloud albedo feedback is apparently linked to a reduced response of deep convection over the equatorial Pacific, which is in turn linked to the excessive cold tongue in the mean climate of these models. The results highlight that the feedbacks of water vapor and clouds—the cloud albedo feedback in particular—may depend on the mean intensity of the hydrological cycle. Whether the intermodel variations in the feedback from cloud albedo (water vapor) in the ENSO variability are correlated with the intermodel variations of the feedback from cloud albedo (water vapor) in global warming has also been examined. While a weak positive correlation between the intermodel variations in the feedback of water vapor during ENSO and the intermodel variations in the water vapor feedback during global warming was found, there is no significant correlation found between the intermodel variations in the cloud albedo feedback during ENSO and the intermodel variations in the cloud albedo feedback during global warming. The results suggest that the two common biases revealed in the simulated ENSO variability may not necessarily be carried over to the simulated global warming. These biases, however, highlight the continuing difficulty that models have in simulating accurately the feedbacks of water vapor and clouds on a time scale of the observations available.
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Raucci, Gaetana, Camila Pachêco-Pereira, Maryam Elyasi, Fabrizia d'Apuzzo, Carlos Flores-Mir und Letizia Perillo. „Predictors of postretention stability of mandibular dental arch dimensions in patients treated with a lip bumper during mixed dentition followed by fixed appliances“. Angle Orthodontist 87, Nr. 2 (21.09.2016): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/051216-379.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify which dental and/or cephalometric variables were predictors of postretention mandibular dental arch stability in patients who underwent treatment with transpalatal arch and lip bumper during mixed dentition followed by full fixed appliances in the permanent dentition. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients were divided into stable and relapse groups based on the postretention presence or absence of relapse. Intercuspid, interpremolar, and intermolar widths; arch length and perimeter; crowding; and lower incisor proclination were evaluated before treatment (T0), after lip bumper treatment (T1), after fixed appliance treatment (T2), and a minimum of 3 years after removal of the full fixed appliance (T3). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of changes between T0 and T1, as predictive variables, on the occurrence of relapse at T3. Results: The model explained 53.5 % of the variance in treatment stability and correctly classified 80.6 % of the sample. Of the seven prediction variables, intermolar and interpremolar changes between T0 and T1 (P = .024 and P = .034, respectively) were statistically significant. For every millimeter of increase in intermolar and interpremolar widths there was a 1.52 and 2.70 times increase, respectively, in the odds of having stability. There was also weak evidence for the effect of sex (P = .047). Conclusions: The best predictors of an average 4-year postretention mandibular dental arch stability after treatment with a lip bumper followed by full fixed appliances were intermolar and interpremolar width increases during lip bumper therapy. The amount of relapse in this crowding could be considered clinically irrelevant.
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Caldwell, Peter M., Mark D. Zelinka, Karl E. Taylor und Kate Marvel. „Quantifying the Sources of Intermodel Spread in Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity“. Journal of Climate 29, Nr. 2 (07.01.2016): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0352.1.
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Abstract This study clarifies the causes of intermodel differences in the global-average temperature response to doubled CO2, commonly known as equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). The authors begin by noting several issues with the standard approach for decomposing ECS into a sum of forcing and feedback terms. This leads to a derivation of an alternative method based on linearizing the effect of the net feedback. Consistent with previous studies, the new method identifies shortwave cloud feedback as the dominant source of intermodel spread in ECS. This new approach also reveals that covariances between cloud feedback and forcing, between lapse rate and longwave cloud feedbacks, and between albedo and shortwave cloud feedbacks play an important and previously underappreciated role in determining model differences in ECS. Defining feedbacks based on fixed relative rather than specific humidity (as suggested by Held and Shell) reduces the covariances between processes and leads to more straightforward interpretations of results.
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Ramesh, H. L., V. N. Yogananda Murthy und Munirajappa Munirajappa. „Effect of different doses of gamma radiation on growth parameters of Mulberry (Morus) variety Kosen“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4, Nr. 1 (01.06.2012): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.214.
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The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma radiations(1kR-10kR from co60)on different growth parameters of mulberry variety Kosen.Overall results revealed that a declined trend in all the growth parameters i.e. sprouting (83.66%-18.66%), rooting (77.96%-19.59%), height of the plant (105.00 cm-58.03 cm), number of the branches (7.73-4.23), intermodal distance (3.76 cm-3.94 cm), petiole length (2.89 cm-2.59 cm) and pollen fertility (77.93%-40.66%) were recorded and showed a deleterious effect. But the response of growth parameters against different doses showed variant behaviour in case of rooting as constant declined trend was not observed. Similarly fluctuating state has been found in other growth parameters also.
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Li, Jingwen, Ke Jing, Myroslav Khimich und Lixin Shen. „Optimization of Green Containerized Grain Supply Chain Transportation Problem in Ukraine Considering Disruption Scenarios“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 9 (05.05.2023): 7620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097620.
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Grain supply chain transportation problem is a nontrivial and intractable issue for many developing countries. Grain as a bulk commodity is usually transported by bulk carriers. By taking into account the special condition of Ukraine, we proposed the containerized grain supply chain transportation optimization problem. In this problem, the sustainable supply chain system delivers grains in containers among primary elevators, intermodal yards, and port container terminals. Then, a containerized grain transportation model was developed to minimize the total cost of the sustainable supply chain system. Specifically, 20-foot containers were proven as more reasonable to be used in this paper. We also considered different transportation tools: trucks that can load one 20-foot container, trailers that can load two 20-foot containers, and wagons that can hold two 20-foot containers. Additionally, a disruption model was proposed by considering different disruption scenarios. Based on an analysis of the simulation results, some cost minimization strategies were proposed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis that aimed to analyze the effect of the proposed strategies on the minimal total cost and sustainability of the supply chain was conducted. The main conclusions drawn from the simulation are that the established food supply chain model is meaningful and accurate, and the incorporation of the disruption model aligns with practical requirements. Additionally, an increase in intermodal yard capacity, truck park size, and wagon park size decreases the total cost of the supply chain. The first two have a positive effect on the sustainability of the supply chain, while the latter increases the disruption risk of the supply chain.
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Gontier, Emilie, Emi Hasuo, Takako Mitsudo und Simon Grondin. „EEG Investigations of Duration Discrimination: The Intermodal Effect Is Induced by an Attentional Bias“. PLoS ONE 8, Nr. 8 (23.08.2013): e74073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074073.
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