Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Effect of temperature on food crops“
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Kwakye, Jacob. „Effect of Temperature and Rainfall Variability on Selected Crop Yields in Wenchi Municipality of Ghana“. American Journal of Environment and Climate 2, Nr. 1 (03.04.2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v2i1.1328.
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The paper examines how rainfall and temperature variability affect the yields of selected food crops in the Wenchi municipality of Ghana. The study employed the quantitative research method to achieve its objective. The datasets consisted of historical records of monthly observational data of temperature and rainfall collected over 22 years (2000-2021), and yearly records of cassava, yam, and maize yield data collected over 22 years (2000 to 2021). Trend analysis was conducted to examine the trend in the climate variables (temperature and rainfall) and the yield of the selected food crops (cassava, yam, and maize) over the study period. A marginal variation in annual rainfall and temperature was observed over the study period. The municipality experienced slightly decreasing trends in annual rainfall and increasing trends in annual temperatures. Significant variations and increasing trends in the yields of the respective food crops were observed. Using standard regression methods, the result shows that maximum and minimum temperatures are associated with increased yields for yam, maize and cassava, but annual rainfall is not significantly associated with the variations in the yields of the selected food crops. The study, therefore, suggests that further research be undertaken to investigate how other environmental and non-climatic factors influence crop production in the Wenchi municipality.
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Gupta, Komal, S. S. Bhadauria und C. S. Puhup. „Effect of climate change on agriculture and sustainability“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, RAAAHSTSE (15.06.2023): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.raaahstse-2023/163-167.
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Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term “weather” refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind and precipitation of a region. Climate change is more than global warming. The rise in average temperature is only one indicator of broader changes also translating into extreme temperatures, drought, flooding, storms, rising sea levels, impacts on food production and infectious diseases. Although the scientific community has been aware of the link between greenhouse gases (GHGs) and climate change for many years, world leaders have been slow to react and implement measures to mitigate the risks. In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. It is directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. Drivers of climate change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
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Jha, Brajesh, und Amarnath Tripathi. „How Susceptible Is India’s Food Basket to Climate Change?“ Social Change 47, Nr. 1 (09.02.2017): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085716681902.
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Food security in India is often associated with the sufficiency of fine cereals (paddy and wheat) in the consumer basket, and the concentration of fine cereals in total cereal production and distribution in India makes climate change-related threats more severe. The pattern of changes in the climate variables is ascertained with monthly rainfall and temperature data for day and night. Findings suggest unambiguous increase in day temperature across reference months and regions. The increase in the night temperature is conspicuous in states, south of the Tropic of Cancer. Rainfall pattern indicates a shift in rain across months and reference regions. The susceptibility of fine cereals is studied by separately regressing productivity of paddy and wheat crops on climatic variables and time. The day temperature has an adverse effect on yield of both the crops; effect is significant during flowering and grain filling stage of paddy and wheat respectively. The night temperature is affecting yield of paddy adversely. The relationship between temperature and yield of crops is revealed with the log-linear specifications in the most cases. In Haryana, relationship between the above variables is quadratic. Time, irrespective of climate variables, remains an important explanatory variable for variation in the yield of crops.
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Fang, Ming, Songqing Jin, Klaus Deininger und Matthew Gammans. „Heterogenous climate impacts on crop yields: evidence from Ukraine“. Environmental Research Communications 5, Nr. 10 (01.10.2023): 105015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/acde36.
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Abstract Ukraine ranks among the largest global producers and exporters of a variety of agricultural commodities. Despite its importance, there is limited research on the effect of climate change on the future of Ukraine’s agricultural sector. We investigate how weather affects the yields of Ukraine’s five major crops: winter wheat, spring barley, sunflower, soybean, and corn. Using panel data on village-level surveyed crop yields and fine-scale weather data from 2004–2020, we estimate flexible statistical yield models to characterize the impact of temperature and precipitation changes on crop yields. A simple linear model of the effect of average temperature and precipitation on yields suggests warming is beneficial for all crops in Ukraine. However, a more flexible model of the temperature-yield relationship implies that the yields of two cold-season crops, winter wheat and spring barley, respond negatively to temperatures above 29 °C and 30 °C, respectively. We find no negative effects of high temperatures for the three warm-season crops. We conclude that both average temperature and exposure to high temperatures affect Ukrainian yields.
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Elsheikh, Wadah. „Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Production: A Case Study Khartoum State, Sudan“. Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research 7, Nr. 3 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000299.
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Climate change refers to weather changes that occur through time, either naturally or as a result of human activity. Climate change is now a worldwide issue, and Sudan is one of the developing countries that have suffered as a result of it. Sudan's economy is mostly based on agricultural, with Khartoum State playing a significant part in the country's economy. There are various important food crops grown in Khartoum, including wheat and sorghum. It is also known for the production of citrus fruits, particularly lemon, as well as onions, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, vegetables, fodder, and other crops. The results of this study showed that the annual highest maximum temperature was 40.8 °C in May and the lowest was in January 30 °C, while the minimum temperature ranged from 15.4 °C in January to 27.1 °C in June. For average temperature the highest degree was 34.3 °C in May and lowest was 22.7 °C in January. As for the precipitation, the highest was in August, reaching 27 mm, while the lowest was 3 mm in May, during the rainy months, which are between May and October only. As for the rainy days in the rainy months during the year, the highest value was 4 mm during July and August, while lowest was 1 mm in May, June and October, while it was 2 mm in the month of September. The highest humidity was 47% in August and the lowest was 12% in April. While for sunny days, the highest daylight hours were in June, when it was 11.7 hours, and the lowest hours were at 10.1 hours, and it was recorded in December. In this article, we specifically discussed how these climatic factors might impact the growth of important food crops in Khartoum. Climate change in Khartoum foretold that temperatures would rise to their highest point in the future, having a negative impact on agricultural crops. Due to low rainfall, drought stress on crops is also anticipated. The remedies to this issue are represented by integrated natural resource management and development, agricultural improvement and development, and the cultivation of species resistant to the impacts of climate change.
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Sanadya, Anurag, Avinash Yadu, Jeet Raj, Harshana Chandrakar und Ranjit Singh. „Effect of Temperature on Growth, Quality, Yield Attributing Characters and Yield of Rice – A Review“. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, Nr. 8 (06.06.2023): 804–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82014.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second most important food in the world after wheat. Most rice is now grown in areas where the temperature is higher than the optimum growing temperature (28/22°C); therefore, a further increase in average temperature or high temperature occurring in the sensitive phase of the crop can affect growth and yield. Clutter. For every 1°C increase in daytime maximum/night minimum temperature from 28°C/21°C to 34°C/27°C, rice yield decreases by 7% to 8%. Additionally, the benefits that crops derive from high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations must be lost due to warming. The thermal stability of cell membranes is thought to correlate well with yield performance. Temperature is important in photosynthesis, but too hot can cause reduced photosynthesis of leaves and reduced distribution of dry matter to shoots and roots. The disadvantage of temperature is not limited to the above-ground rice. The underground area is affected, if not more, by the flood, and the temperature of the soil changes due to the heat. Future increases in global temperatures threaten people worldwide who depend on crops for their health and food security. In the past, the stress of the crisis on rice production focused on the rice crop. This review highlights the importance of rice in the world, the effect of high temperature on the growth, quality, yield and properties of rice, and the need for future research.
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Mangkoedihardjo, Sarwoko, und Dwi Rinnarsuri Noraduola. „Productive Façade Placement Determines Building Thermal Comfort and Food Security“. Israa University Journal for Applied Science 7, Nr. 1 (01.10.2023): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52865/ijjl6363.
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Background: The high density of buildings in urban areas faces higher temperature pressures with the reduced greenspace area that can absorb greenhouse gases and be a shade. Efforts to minimize temperature pressure are approached using productive green facades using food plants. This study aims to gain thermal comfort by placing productive facades and as an occupants' food security effort. Methods: Several artificial buildings equipped with productive facades were provided in field trials. Productive facades are pumpkin (Cucubita pepo) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L). The research method analyzes the diurnal behavior of temperature and humidity on both productive facade surfaces. Thermal comfort performance was assessed for east and west-facing sunlight. Results: The microclimatic conditions in the field experiment fluctuated; however, the variation supported the growth of the two crops. The pumpkin facade facing east and west produces a cooling effect of as much as 2.30oC, while the sweet potato facade can cause warming and cooling effects of as much as 0.40oC. Morphologically, the pumpkin facade gives a cooling effect more than the sweet potato facade. The two characteristics of pumpkin facades reveal that they can be superior in implementation on both sides of the building and their use in providing additional food for occupants. Conclusions: The placement of the façade facing east and west for certain types of food crops determines the cooling effect of the building.
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Fan, Xinyi, Duoping Zhu, Xiaofang Sun, Junbang Wang, Meng Wang, Shaoqiang Wang und Alan E. Watson. „Impacts of Extreme Temperature and Precipitation on Crops during the Growing Season in South Asia“. Remote Sensing 14, Nr. 23 (01.12.2022): 6093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236093.
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South Asia, one of the most important food producing regions in the world, is facing a significant threat to food grain production under the influence of extreme high temperatures. Furthermore, the probability of simultaneous trends in extreme precipitation patterns and extreme heat conditions, which can have compounding effects on crops, is a likelihood in South Asia. In this study, we found complex relationships between extreme heat and precipitation patterns, as well as compound effects on major crops (rice and wheat) in South Asia. We also employed event coincidence analysis (ECA) to quantify the likelihood of simultaneous temperature and crop extremes. We used the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) as the primary data to evaluate the distinct responses of major crops to weather extremes. Our results suggest that while the probability of simultaneous extreme events is small, most regions of South Asia (more than half) have experienced extreme events. The regulatory effect of precipitation on heat stress is very unevenly distributed in South Asia. The harm caused by a wet year at high temperature is far greater than that during a dry year, although the probability of a dry year is greater than that of a wet year. For the growing seasons, the highest significant event coincidence rates at a low EVI were found for both high- and low-temperature extremes. The regions that responded positively to EVI at extreme temperatures were mainly concentrated in irrigated farmland, and the regions that responded negatively to EVI at extreme temperatures were mostly in the mountains and other high-altitude regions. Implications can guide crop adaptation interventions in response to these climate influences.
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MARSHALL, KRISTIN M., LOUIS NOWACZYK, TRAVIS R. MORRISSEY, VIVIANA LOEZA, LINDSAY A. HALIK, GUY E. SKINNER, N. RUKMA REDDY, GREGORY J. FLEISCHMAN und JOHN W. LARKIN. „Effect of Sporulation Temperature on the Resistance of Clostridium botulinum Type A Spores to Thermal and High Pressure Processing“. Journal of Food Protection 78, Nr. 1 (01.01.2015): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-186.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sporulation temperature on the resistance of Clostridium botulinum type A spores of strains 62A and GiorgioA to thermal and high pressure processing (HPP). Spore crops produced in Trypticase–peptone–glucose–yeast extract broth at four incubation temperatures (20, 27, 37, and 41°C) were harvested, and heat resistance studies were conducted at 105°C (strain 62A) and 100°C (strain GiorgioA). Resistance to HPP was evaluated by subjecting the spores to a high pressure (700 MPa) and temperature combination (105°C, strain 62A; 100°C strain GiorgioA) in a laboratory-scale pressure test system. The decimal reduction time (D-value) was calculated using the log-linear model. Although the time to sporulation for GiorgioA was shorter and resulted in higher spore concentrations than for 62A at 20, 27, and 37°C, GiorgioA did not produce a sufficient spore crop at 41°C to be evaluated. The heat resistance of 62A spores was greatest when produced at 27°C and decreased for spore crops produced above or below 27°C (D105°C-values: 20°C, 1.9 min; 27°C, 4.03 min; 37°C, 3.66 min; and 41°C, 3.5 min; P < 0.05). Unlike 62A, the heat resistance behavior of GiorgioA spores increased with rising sporulation temperature, and spores formed at the organism's optimum growth temperature of 37°C were the most resistant (D100°C-values: 20°C, 3.4 min; 27°C, 5.08 min; and 37°C, 5.65 min; P < 0.05). Overall, all spore crops were less resistant to pressure-assisted thermal processing than thermal treatment alone. Sporulation temperature has an effect on the resistance of C. botulinum spores to heat and HPP, and is characteristic to a particular strain. Knowledge of the effect of sporulation temperature on the resistance of C. botulinum spores is vital for the production of spores utilized in thermal and high pressure inactivation studies.
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Gurieva, K. B., V. V. Looze, N. A. Khaba und S. L. Beletskiy. „Evaluation of the influence of negative temperature during storage on the quality of food grain“. Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), Nr. 3 (01.03.2022): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2203-07.
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The influence of negative temperatures during storage on the quality and baking properties of food grain was assessed. The effect of constant negative temperature on lipid fractions and baking properties of wheat and the quality of bread was studied. Experimental data on the storage of grain crops in unregulated temperature and humidity conditions of permafrost on the Taimyr Peninsula were analyzed, and the safety and preservation of the technological and baking characteristics of the quality of wheat and rye for a long period (up to 36 years) was confirmed.
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Asfew, Milkessa, und Amsalu Bedemo. „Impact of Climate Change on Cereal Crops Production in Ethiopia“. Advances in Agriculture 2022 (05.09.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2208694.
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Climate change adversely affected agricultural productivity in developing countries. This study aimed to explore the effects of this climate change, particularly on cereal crops production in Ethiopia. The study employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model approach to the co-integration with an error correction term. ARDL technique was selected due to its stationarity assumption and unbiased estimates of its long-run coefficients. The estimated model justifies the existence of a long-run relationship between cereal crops production, climate change variables (temperature and precipitation), and other explanatory variables. Precipitation has a positive and significant effect on cereal crops production both in the long and short runs, while temperature change has a significant negative effect. In the long run, cereal crops production was positively and significantly affected by arable land, fertilizer consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions, while in the short run, labor force participation has a positive and significant effect on cereal crops production. The study results confirmed that there is a long-run relationship between cereal crops production and climate change variables. In agriculture, research and development should focus on varieties of cereal crops that can tolerate high temperatures. Climate Resilient Green Economy should have to strengthen in the country. All countries should have to work hand-in-hand to mitigate the effect of climate change.
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Porter, John R., und Mikhail A. Semenov. „Crop responses to climatic variation“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, Nr. 1463 (24.10.2005): 2021–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1752.
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The yield and quality of food crops is central to the well being of humans and is directly affected by climate and weather. Initial studies of climate change on crops focussed on effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) level and/or global mean temperature and/or rainfall and nutrition on crop production. However, crops can respond nonlinearly to changes in their growing conditions, exhibit threshold responses and are subject to combinations of stress factors that affect their growth, development and yield. Thus, climate variability and changes in the frequency of extreme events are important for yield, its stability and quality. In this context, threshold temperatures for crop processes are found not to differ greatly for different crops and are important to define for the major food crops, to assist climate modellers predict the occurrence of crop critical temperatures and their temporal resolution. This paper demonstrates the impacts of climate variability for crop production in a number of crops. Increasing temperature and precipitation variability increases the risks to yield, as shown via computer simulation and experimental studies. The issue of food quality has not been given sufficient importance when assessing the impact of climate change for food and this is addressed. Using simulation models of wheat, the concentration of grain protein is shown to respond to changes in the mean and variability of temperature and precipitation events. The paper concludes with discussion of adaptation possibilities for crops in response to drought and argues that characters that enable better exploration of the soil and slower leaf canopy expansion could lead to crop higher transpiration efficiency.
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Shirazu, Alhassan, Dzigbodi Adzo Doke und Abdul-Kadri Yahaya. „Perceived Effects of Rainfall and Temperature Variability on Yields of Cereal Crops in the Mion District of Northern Ghana“. Ghana Journal of Geography 14, Nr. 3 (17.12.2022): 28–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v14i3.2.
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Climate variability has been a major threat to achieving sustainable food production in many countries, including Ghana. This is attributable to insufficient and erratic rainfall coupled with increasing temperature. This study examined the perceived effects of rainfall and temperature variability on yields of cereal crops in the Mion District of the Northern Region. The study reveals that farmers in the Mion District have experienced changes in climatic conditions evident in high temperatures and low rainfall. The study also reveals that rainfall and temperature variability adversely affect the yields of cereal crops such as rice, maize, and millet. The effect could manifest in either yield reduction or total crop failure of cereals. The study also showed that factors that enable farmers to respond to impacts of rainfall and temperature variability are Agric extension services, application of fertilizer, irrigation farming, use of improved seeds, and favourable government policies such as subsidies and credit facilities. The study, therefore, concludes that yields of cereal crops are adversely affected by rainfall and temperature variability. However, farmers resort to Agric extension services, application of fertilizer, irrigation farming, use of improved variety of seeds, and favourable government policies in response to the impacts of rainfall and temperature variability. The study recommends that government should employ more extension agents and construct more irrigation facilities in the Mion District to reduce the adverse effects of climate variability on yields of cereal crops.
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Di Giuseppe, A., A. Pazzaglia, G. Fabbrizi, B. Castellani, A. Nicolini, F. Rossi und F. Cotana. „Effects of a high-reflective mulching membrane on environmental parameters and food crops cultivation: results from a summer season campaign“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2648, Nr. 1 (01.12.2023): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2648/1/012087.
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Abstract This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an innovative technology for the agricultural sector. The technology consists of a high-reflective mulching membrane, coupled with a drip sub-irrigation system, applied in the experimental field in Perugia, Italy. The aim is to investigate the effects of the high-reflective membrane on soil temperature, food crops productivity, phenological growth, and nutritional characterization of fruits. The experimental field was set up to investigate two potential scenarios: with and without mulching membrane coupled with a drip sub-irrigation system. Temperature monitoring sensors were installed in both sections to monitor the soil temperature at 5 cm depth. The phenological monitoring campaign was performed according to the parameters defined for the cultivated food crops. Preliminary results in terms of environmental monitoring showed that the soil temperature values were lower in the section covered by the mulching membrane during the middle hours of the day. The proposed farming technology allows to increase the food crops productivity tenfold, while maintaining the nutritional properties of food crops compared to those cultivated with traditional techniques. Further analyses will be performed to investigate more in-dept the nutritional properties of the cultivated food crops to assess its effects on human health.
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Chen, Mengni, Shah Md Atiqul Haq, Khandaker Jafor Ahmed, A. H. M. Belayeth Hussain und Mufti Nadimul Quamar Ahmed. „The link between climate change, food security and fertility: The case of Bangladesh“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 10 (21.10.2021): e0258196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258196.
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Climate change is likely to worsen the food security situation through its impact on food production, which may indirectly affect fertility behaviour. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of climate change (e.g., temperature and precipitation) via the production of major crops, as well as their short- and long-term effects on the total fertility rate (TFR) in Bangladesh. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to perform path analysis and distinguish the direct influence of climate change on fertility and its indirect influence on fertility through food security. We also applied the error correction model (ECM) to analyze the time-series data on temperature and precipitation, crop production and fertility rate of Bangladesh from 1966 to 2015. The results show that maximum temperature has a direct effect and indirect negative effect–via crop production–on TFR, while crop production has a direct positive effect and indirect negative effect–via infant mortality–on TFR. In the short term, TFR responds negatively to the maximum temperature but positively in the long term. The effect of rainfall on TFR is found to be direct, positive, but mainly short-term. Although indicators of economic development play an important part in the fertility decline in Bangladesh, some climate change parameters and crop production are non-negligible factors.
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Long, Stephen P., Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Andrew D. B. Leakey und Patrick B. Morgan. „Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, Nr. 1463 (24.10.2005): 2011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1749.
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Predictions of yield for the globe's major grain and legume arable crops suggest that, with a moderate temperature increase, production may increase in the temperate zone, but decline in the tropics. In total, global food supply may show little change. This security comes from inclusion of the direct effect of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration, [CO 2 ], which significantly stimulates yield by decreasing photorespiration in C 3 crops and transpiration in all crops. Evidence for a large response to [CO 2 ] is largely based on studies made within chambers at small scales, which would be considered unacceptable for standard agronomic trials of new cultivars or agrochemicals. Yet, predictions of the globe's future food security are based on such inadequate information. Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) technology now allows investigation of the effects of rising [CO 2 ] and ozone on field crops under fully open-air conditions at an agronomic scale. Experiments with rice, wheat, maize and soybean show smaller increases in yield than anticipated from studies in chambers. Experiments with increased ozone show large yield losses (20%), which are not accounted for in projections of global food security. These findings suggest that current projections of global food security are overoptimistic. The fertilization effect of CO 2 is less than that used in many models, while rising ozone will cause large yield losses in the Northern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, FACE studies have been limited in geographical extent and interactive effects of CO 2 , ozone and temperature have yet to be studied. Without more extensive study of the effects of these changes at an agronomic scale in the open air, our ever-more sophisticated models will continue to have feet of clay.
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Kamunywe, Jilet Makrini. „Provenance of Food Insecurity. A Critical Literature Review“. Journal of Climate Policy 1, Nr. 1 (08.10.2022): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jcp.1057.
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Purpose: In particular, it affects crop production due to temperature and rainfall changes, and more extreme weather events. Erratic rainfall and temperatures are said to reduce crop yields through shortening growing seasons, exaggeration of water stress and promote invasion and intensity of weeds, pests and diseases. The overall objective of this study was to examine provenance of food insecurity.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: This study concluded that the effects of rainfall and temperature adversely affect to maize and beans production in Africa. The effects are significant and positive for all crops. Generally, there is better correlation of production with precipitation than temperature. From the findings Pearson’s correlation showed positive correlation for crop yields against climate data except for minimum temperature that exhibited weak negative correlation for maize and no correlation for beans. This shows plainly that “business as usual” food grain growth is altered by changes in climate. These changes could alter growing seasons, planting and harvesting calendars or even invasion of pests, weeds and diseases.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that adoption of other food grains that may do well under this current climatic condition. Crops such as millet and sorghum are encouraged due to their high tolerance to droughts, soil infertility and high temperatures. Households also to be guided on how to monitor crop-climate relationship so as to achieve improved crop production drought resistant modern seed varieties are very important to the population.
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Botella, María Ángeles, Virginia Hernández, Teresa Mestre, Pilar Hellín, Manuel Francisco García-Legaz, Rosa María Rivero, Vicente Martínez, José Fenoll und Pilar Flores. „Bioactive Compounds of Tomato Fruit in Response to Salinity, Heat and Their Combination“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 6 (10.06.2021): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060534.
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In light of foreseen global climatic changes, we can expect crops to be subjected to several stresses that may occur at the same time, but information concerning the effect of long-term exposure to a combination of stresses on fruit yield and quality is scarce. This work looks at the effect of a long-term combination of salinity and high temperature stresses on tomato yield and fruit quality. Salinity decreased yield but had positive effects on fruit quality, increasing TSS, acidity, glucose, fructose and flavonols. High temperatures increased the vitamin C content but significantly decreased the concentration of some phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanones) and some carotenoids (phytoene, phytofluene and violaxanthin). An idiosyncrasy was observed in the effect of a combination of stresses on the content of homovanillic acid O-hexoside, lycopene and lutein, being different than the effect of salinity or high temperature when applied separately. The effect of a combination of stresses may differ from the effects of a single stress, underlining the importance of studying how stress interactions may affect the yield and quality of crops. The results show the viability of exploiting abiotic stresses and their combination to obtain tomatoes with increased levels of health-promoting compounds.
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Bowes, George, Joseph C. V. Vu, Mian W. Hussain, Arja H. Pennanen und L. Hartwell Allen. „An overview of how rubisco and carbohydrate metabolism may be regulated at elevated atmospheric [CO2] and temperature“. Agricultural and Food Science 5, Nr. 3 (01.05.1996): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72745.
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Although atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has been up to 16-fold higher than at present, the past several million years have seen atypically low values. Thus, modern-day plants are adapted to cope with a low [CO2]/[O2] ratio. The present [CO2] does not saturate C3 photosynthesis, so its doubling produces an “efficiency effect”, but it is not always fully realized. Acclimation to high [CO2] during growth can down-regulate photosynthesis, presumably to optimize carbon acquisition and utilization. A primary factor in acclimation is a reduction in rubisco. Two crops, rice and soybean, were used to study this phenomenon. Rice photosynthesis and growth peaked at 500 μmol mol-1 , whereas soybean responded up to 990 μmol mol-1 . Rubisco concentration declined under CO2-enrichment and increasing temperatures, more so in rice than soybean. The rubisco kcat of rice was unaffected by growth [CO2] or temperature, but that from soybean was increased by both. In rice the capacity to handle carbohydrate, as measured by sucrose phosphate synthase activity was up-regulated by CO2 -enrichment, but not by temperature. Leaf carbohydrates were increased by [CO2], but decreased by higher temperatures, starch more so than sucrose. Even though C3 species differ in response to [CO2] and temperature, CO2 -enrichment can moderate adverse effects of temperature extremes.
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Khalid, Noriza, Ákos Tarnawa, István Balla, Suhana Omar, Rosnani Abd Ghani, Márton Jolánkai und Zoltán Kende. „Combination Effect of Temperature and Salinity Stress on Germination of Different Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties“. Agriculture 13, Nr. 10 (02.10.2023): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13101932.
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Temperature and salinity stress are currently spreading widely across the globe and have been proven to have a negative impact on maize (Zea mays L.) crops as early as the germination stage. However, more research must be conducted on the interactive or combined effects of salinity and temperature stress on maize germination. This study aims to determine the impact of combined temperature and salinity stress on 16 different maize varieties. The maize seeds were incubated at three different temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C, and 35 °C) and two sodium chloride (NaCl) levels (0 mM and 100 mM) simultaneously. Germination percentage, root and shoot growth, root:shoot length ratio, and seed vigor index (SVI) were recorded and analyzed. The presence of salinity reduced maize germination qualities at all three temperatures tested. However, at high 35 °C temperatures, significant reductions in germination performances were observed compared to lower temperatures with salt stress. Three varieties (V1, V10, and V16) had the best overall germination performance in all three temperatures under saline stress, while V4, V5, V12, and V14 showed higher salt tolerance at 35 °C than at lower temperatures. In conclusion, increased temperature amplifies the salt stress in maize germination, and the varietal effect influences the seed tolerance towards a combination of salt and temperature stress.
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Bhattacharjee, Panchaal, Omkar Warang, Susmita Das und Shubranil Das. „Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Crops- A Review“. Current World Environment 17, Nr. 2 (10.09.2022): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.2.4.
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Climate change is becoming an observed reality. Several researchers around the world have been working for decades to model predicted climatic changes that will occur in the 21st century and forecast the potential impact on the global eco-system. Climate plays a major role in deciding perennial fruit crop’s distribution, phenology, fruit quality, and disease and pest incidents. Physiological and yield attributes of fruits are sensitive to changing global climate as the climatic factors such as temperature rainfall etc. has direct co-relation with the regulatory physiological events of fruit trees. Despite increasing atmospheric CO2, which is needed for plant photosynthetic activity, the future of food production remains uncertain due to global warming and abnormal precipitation. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of information on the practical effects of pests and diseases in a climate change, which may have an effect on food availability in future. Studies suggested not only productivity but also quality of fruits will be impaired under the variable growing climates year to year. Plant diversity loss and area suitability issues would lead to more problems. In the face of such challenges to world fruit production, a plan-based strategic scientific evaluation of such effects, as well as adaptation and mitigation strategies, should be quantified. This review article briefly discusses effect of climate change on various fruit crops as well as approaches to mitigate with these future challenges.
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Himani, Chand, KC Barsha, Pandey Biddhya, Kayastha Preeti, Lamichhane Pawan, Bhandari Janak, Magar Bimal Roka, Baduwal Prakash und Poudel Mukti Ram. „A REVIEW ON EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS ON MAIZE“. Plant Physiology and Soil Chemistry 2, Nr. 2 (04.03.2022): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ppsc.02.2022.72.74.
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Maize is one of the most commonly grown cereal crops in the world and Nepal and remains a reliable source of staple food and food security. The term “Climate change” is mostly associated with the rise in air temperature of the earth simply signifies high temperature resulted due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. According to IPCC 6th Assessment report, if climate change is not opted to control then the yield projections of corn are driven to decrease with the multiplication of pests and weeds increasing costs for the production of major crops including maize. Before the climate-based impact gets vulnerable, a possible solution like breeding technologies and other management strategies need to be utilized for developing heat-tolerant varieties. Heat stress affects overall performance from germination to maturity but the effect on the reproductive stage results in the severe yield loss of the maize crop. This review provides a slight view of the effects of heat stress on maize productivity.
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Ambasht, Navin K. „EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL CROPS ANDBIODIVERSITY: A REVIEW“. International Journal of Biological Innovations 04, Nr. 02 (2022): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2022.4214.
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Global climate has slowly changed and evolved over the millions of years and has acquired the present-day characteristics. During the past few decades there has been a rise of average temperatures due to excessive emission of green-house gases in the atmosphere by anthropogenic activities. Rainfall patterns also got affected by change in temperature via evapotranspiration and wind velocity. Rise in the temperature is also responsible for loss of biodiversity with an increase in population of pests and pathogens that created a severe problem for the good health and survival of the entire biota. Global climate change is the biggest disaster in the history of human beings that increased the waterborne as well as vector borne diseases like Covid-19 i.e. Corona pandemic. As a consequence, scientists across the world have started to focus on reducing crop production loss and to establish sustainable development. This review gives an assessment of the impact of climate change on agricultural crops, food security and biodiversity.
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Cortés-Cataño, Carlos Felipe, Yennifer Foronda-Tobón, Jairo Armando Paez-Ricardo, Jairo Enrique Parra-Herrera und Mario Julian Cañon-Ayala. „The effect of environmental variations on the production of the principal agricultural products in Colombia“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 7 (05.07.2024): e0304035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304035.
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The agricultural sector of Colombia supports the national economy and food security due to the rich lands for cultivation. Although Colombia has a vast hydrological basin, climate change can impact agricultural productivity, generating economic and social adverse effects. For this, we evaluated the impact of some environmental variables on the production of the most sold crops using production, climatic, and hydrological data of the 1121 municipalities from 2007 to 2020. We modeled the production of coffee, rice, palm oil, sugarcane, and corn, adopting a Bayesian spatio-temporal model that involved a set of environmental variables: average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, evapotranspiration, precipitation, runoff, soil moisture, vapor pressure, radiation, and wind speed. We found that increases in the average temperatures can affect coffee (-0.2% per °C), rice (-3.76% per °C), and sugarcane (-0.19% per °C) production, meanwhile, these increases can boost palm oil (+2.55% per °C) and corn (+1.28% per °C) production in Colombia. This statement implies that the agricultural sector needs to substitute land use, promoting the production of palm oil and corn. Although our results did not find a significant effect of hydrological variables in any crop, suggesting that the abundance of water in Colombia might balance the impact of these variables. The increases in vapor pressure impact all the crops negatively (between -11.2% to -0.43% per kPa), except rice, evidencing that dry air conditions affect agricultural production. Colombia must manage the production location of the traditional products and implement agro-industrial technologies to avoid the climate change impact on crops.
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Jabbi, Fanta F., Yu’e Li, Tianyi Zhang, Wang Bin, Waseem Hassan und You Songcai. „Impacts of Temperature Trends and SPEI on Yields of Major Cereal Crops in the Gambia“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 22 (12.11.2021): 12480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212480.
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Variations in the climate constitute a significant threat to the productivity of food crops in the Gambia. A good understanding of the influence of climate variability on crop production is vital for climate resilience and improved food security. This study examined the trends, relationships, and the extent to which growing season temperatures and the SPEI (Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index) impacted sorghum, millet, maize, and rice yields in three agro-ecological regions of the Gambia during 1990–2019. Mean temperatures and the SPEI exhibited increasing trends while observed yields showed a decline across all regions. The SPEI had a significant positive relationship with yields, and temperatures were negatively associated with yields. Though yield response to climate variability differs among regions, 20% to 62% of variations in the four crop yields were due to climate trends. The combined effect of the SPEI and temperatures decreased yields from 3.6 kg ha−1 year−1 to 29.4 kg ha−1 year−1, with the most severe decline observed in rice and maize yields in the Sahelian zone. Although uncertainties might arise from not considering related extreme climate events, this study highlights how past climate trends affect cereal yields in the Gambia; thus, any unfavorable change in the local climate could have severe repercussions on the country’s food security. There is a need for concerted efforts to increase investments in adaptation strategies to lessen the effects of the climate for improved crop productivity.
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Dwamena, Harriet Achiaa, Kassim Tawiah und Amanda Serwaa Akuoko Kodua. „The Effect of Rainfall, Temperature, and Relative Humidity on the Yield of Cassava, Yam, and Maize in the Ashanti Region of Ghana“. International Journal of Agronomy 2022 (24.01.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9077383.
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This study examined the consequences of changes in minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on the yields of maize, cassava, and yam per hectare of land in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Correlation analysis of each climatic condition on the yield of each crop per hectare of land revealed that each of the climatic conditions was significant in predicting the crop yields. Separate multiple linear regression models were obtained for crop yield per hectare of land under all the climatic conditions. The regression models showed that an increase in maximum temperature reduces the yield of all the crops, whereas an increase in minimum temperature reduces only the yield of maize. Increases in relative humidity reduce the yield of maize alone, while increases in rainfall reduce the yield of only cassava. The significant multiple linear regression model for each crop yield indicated that 63.8% of the variations in the yield of maize per hectare of land, 74.3% of the variations in the yield of cassava per hectare of land, and 64.2% of the variations in the yield of yam per hectare of land are accounted for by minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. We encourage the Government of Ghana, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and all stakeholders in the agriculture sector to increase their campaign on the consequences of climate change on the yield of these crops. They should educate farmers on the effects of overreliance on rainfed and traditional agricultural methods, introduce them to modern methods of agriculture, and provide them with varieties of these crops with higher-yielding capacities in higher temperatures.
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Nishimura, T., M. G. Rampi, L. S. Martins, R. B. Vieira, J. V. C. Vargas und A. B. Mariano. „THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN TETRADESMUS OBLIQUUS“. Revista de Engenharia Térmica 19, Nr. 2 (21.12.2020): 03. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v19i2.78607.
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The ever growing demand of energy generation and distribution has been one of the concerns of governments and the focus of research institutions. Likewise, how to supply the energy demands necessary for the development of nations having the lowest environmental impact possible has also been studied. Biofuels have been pointed out as an alternative for that energy challenge, since their use reduce the carbon footprint of industries and vehicles. Biofuels can be obtained from microalgae with the advantage of not competing for space with corn, sugar cane or other crops for food industry. Even though attractive, the biofuel production from microalgae presents some challenges, as for example the separation process required to obtain microalgae biomass. The culture is very diluted and the dewatering must be efficient, low cost and cause no damage to the cell. With the intent to address this issue, the herein paper presents a study of an alternative way to increase flocculation efficiency according to the temperature of the culture with the potential to improve the filtration efficiency in a continuous process. An increasing in the flocculation temperature from 20°C to 60°C increased the flocculation efficiency from 97.79% to 98.64%, using ferric chloride as a flocculant agent.
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Sufiyan, Ibrahim, J. I. Magaji, A. T. Ogah, K. D. Mohammed und K. K. Geidam. „EFFECT OF CLIMATIC VARIABLES ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN PLATEAU STATE NIGERIA“. Environment & Ecosystem Science 4, Nr. 1 (14.02.2020): 05–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2020.05.09.
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Food production becomes necessary in other to feed the growing population. There is pressure on land for cultivation and climate change has affected the crop yields, production and distributions in Plateau state Nigeria. The two important parameters of climate that are temperature and rainfall have significantly shows positive correlations. Three crops; Millet, Groundnut and Guinea corn (Sorghum), have been studied by comparing their yield using temperature and rainfall the assessment. The rainfall has the highest correlation with 0.987while, the impact of temperature base on the Pearson rank correlation has 0.853. the application of the coefficient determination will provide individual crop yield base on its relationship with independent variable.
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Montcho, Marthe, Carlos Cedric Ahoyo, Andre Boya Aboh, Frederic M. Houndonougbo, Severin Babatounde und Brice Sinsin. „Dual-purpose crops productivity and small-scale dairy farmers’ food security efforts toward climate variability and change in Benin“. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, Nr. 7 (22.02.2024): 2810–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i7.17.
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Dual-purpose cropping (sowing crops with the intention of both grazing them during vegetative growth and harvesting grain thereafter for household consumption) is certainly a promising way to address challenges face by small-scale dairy farmers in Benin due to climate variability and change. This study evaluated the impact of climate variability and change on dual-purpose crops productivity performances and nutritional values in Benin’s climatic regions. Four dual-purpose crops were studied. They are maize fodder, sorghum fodder, peanut fodder and cowpea fodder. The grain yield across various climate regions and years were assessed. Also fodders samples were analysed according to official methods of AOAC. The results showed that dual purposes crops yield were significantly affected particularly in some years in many regions of Benin by climate parameters variation. The variation of humidity had a negative effect on cereals dual-purpose crops production in Guinean region while the impacts of temperature and rainfall on dual purpose crops were higher in Sudanian region. The model for predicting the resistance of dual-purpose crops to climate variability and change revealed that The Annual Yield of Sorghum Grain was significantly influenced by humidity (P=0.0111), Rainfall (P=0.0374) and Weather station/Region (P=0.0493), as well as by the interaction between temperature and Grain Yield per Hectare (P=0.0423). The annual quantity of maize produced varied significantly with temperature (P=0.00154), humidity, Rainfall (P=0. 00792), Weather station/ Region (P=0.00362). The Annual Yield of Cowpea Grain production varied significantly with Temperature and Humidity (0.0205). Furthermore, temperature, humidity, year and Grain Yield per Hectare significantly affected the Annual Yield of Peanut Grain Produced. Nutritional values of the four studies dual-purpose crops were assessed. The energy values were 0.60 and 0.50 UFL/kg of Dry Matter respectively for sorghum-fodder and maize-fodder, the contents of digestible nitrogenous materials (MAD) were 1 and 0 g/kg of DM respectively for sorghum-fodder and maize-fodder. If the energy values were quite good for cereals fodder, the nitrogen values were very low. This study highlighted the nutritional advantage of leguminous fodders over cereal fodders.
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Schlenker, Wolfram, und Michael J. Roberts. „Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to U.S. crop yields under climate change“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, Nr. 37 (28.08.2009): 15594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906865106.
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The United States produces 41% of the world's corn and 38% of the world's soybeans. These crops comprise two of the four largest sources of caloric energy produced and are thus critical for world food supply. We pair a panel of county-level yields for these two crops, plus cotton (a warmer-weather crop), with a new fine-scale weather dataset that incorporates the whole distribution of temperatures within each day and across all days in the growing season. We find that yields increase with temperature up to 29° C for corn, 30° C for soybeans, and 32° C for cotton but that temperatures above these thresholds are very harmful. The slope of the decline above the optimum is significantly steeper than the incline below it. The same nonlinear and asymmetric relationship is found when we isolate either time-series or cross-sectional variations in temperatures and yields. This suggests limited historical adaptation of seed varieties or management practices to warmer temperatures because the cross-section includes farmers' adaptations to warmer climates and the time-series does not. Holding current growing regions fixed, area-weighted average yields are predicted to decrease by 30–46% before the end of the century under the slowest (B1) warming scenario and decrease by 63–82% under the most rapid warming scenario (A1FI) under the Hadley III model.
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Li, Zhi Hui, und Gang Liu. „Design of Artificial Climate Chamber Control System for Food Crops Cultivation Based on Expert Knowledge Base“. Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.145.
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The paper introduces a small artificial climate chamber control system based on expert knowledge, discusses the method of temperature control and parameters setting, The temperature and humidity control program can fit the expert knowledge base of different varieties of crop growth curve, consistent with the growth needs of different food crops. Taking the ganoderma lucidum as the example, the paper gives its expert knowledge base and control fitting curve. in addition, the modular design of hardware makes the whole system simple and applicable, finally, the simulation images show that this design can achieves the proper accuracy and has good effect.
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Levine, Katrina, Ashley Chaifetz und Benjamin Chapman. „Evaluating food safety risk messages in popular cookbooks“. British Food Journal 119, Nr. 5 (02.05.2017): 1116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2017-0066.
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Purpose Medeiros et al. (2001) estimate 3.5 million cases of foodborne illness in the USA annually are associated with inadequate cooking of animal foods or cross-contamination from these foods. Past research shows home food handling practices can be risk factors for foodborne illness. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the communication of food safety guidance, specifically safe endpoint temperatures and cross-contamination risk reduction practices, in popular cookbook recipes. Design/methodology/approach Recipes containing raw animal ingredients in 29 popular cookbooks were evaluated through content analysis for messages related to safe endpoint temperature recommendations and reducing cross-contamination risks. Findings Of 1,749 recipes meeting study criteria of cooking raw animal ingredients, 1,497 contained a raw animal that could effectively be measured with a digital thermometer. Only 123 (8.2 percent) of these recipes included an endpoint temperature, of which 89 (72.3 percent) gave a correct temperature. Neutral and positive food safety behavior messages were provided in just 7.2 percent (n=126) and 5.1 percent (n=90) of recipes, respectively. When endpoint temperatures were not included, authors often provided subjective and risky recommendations. Research limitations/implications Further research is needed on the effect of these results on consumer behavior and to develop interventions for writing recipes with better food safety guidance. Practical implications Including correct food safety guidance in cookbooks may increase the potential of reducing the risk of foodborne illness. Originality/value Popular cookbooks are an underutilized avenue for communicating safe food handling practices and currently cookbook authors are risk amplifiers.
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Syaranamual, Siska, und Yaved Muyan. „Correlation between Climate Data and Yields of Some Prominent Food Crops in Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia“. Agromet 38, Nr. 1 (28.06.2024): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.38.1.58-67.
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Environmental factors, particularly climate conditions, play a crucial role in influencing the growth and yield of cultivated crops. Although knowledge on their influence has been revealed in many records, our understanding of their relationship in West Papua is limited due to lack of data. This research leveraged data of monthly climate variables (temperature, rainfall, and radiation intensity) and crop yields from West Papua, Indonesia for period 2011-2020. The Analysis revealed varying trends in the highest average monthly air temperature, humidity, rainfall, and radiation intensity across different months. Despite these fluctuations, there was a general tendency towards increased harvested area and rice, maize, and soybeans production. While the overall impact of climate variables on crop productivity appeared insignificant, certain nuances emerge. Specifically, air humidity demonstrated a notable influence on rice productivity, while air temperature has a stronger effect on maize productivity than other climate variables. However, correlation tests indicated that the relationship between climate variables (air temperature, humidity, rainfall, and radiation intensity) and crop productivity, particularly maize, rice, and soybeans, did not reach statistical significance. This underscores the complexity of the interplay between climate dynamics and agricultural outcomes.
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Palikhe, Bhakta R. „Relationship between pesticide use and climate change for crops“. Journal of Agriculture and Environment 8 (26.12.2007): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v8i0.731.
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The use (and abuse) of pesticides has increased to combat insect-pests and diseases. However, the major causes concern of are the undesirable side effects of these chemicals on biodiversity, environment, food quality and human health .Climate change will have important implications for insect conservation and pest status. Climate and weather can substantially influence the development and distribution of insects. Most of the warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to man-made activities. Anthropogenically induced climatic change arising from increasing levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases would, therefore, be likely to have a significant effect on agricultural insect pests. Current best estimates of changes in climate indicate an increase in global mean annual temperatures of 1[o] C by 2025 and 3[o]C by the end of the next century. Such increases in temperature have a number of implications for temperature-dependent insect pests. The Assessment investigates the relationship between pesticide use and climate for crops that require relatively large amounts of pesticide. This paper describes such input-driven agriculture, the problem of pests and diseases and the unsustainable agricultural practices that it leads to, and the socio-economic and health externalities resulting in farmer's distress in pesticide hot spots. To protect ourselves, our economy, and our land from the adverse effects of climate change, we must ultimately dramatically reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The causes of anthropogenic climate change are broad and often difficult to address. There is no single solution to this complex problem, but numerous opportunities exist for reducing problems of climate change. The issue of climate change is one of the most profound challenges of our time, and we believe it is a challenge that can be met.
The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 83-91
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Hu, Yongguang, Yongkang Chen, Wuzhe Wei, Zhiyuan Hu und Pingping Li. „Optimization Design of Spray Cooling Fan Based on CFD Simulation and Field Experiment for Horticultural Crops“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 6 (20.06.2021): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060566.
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In recent years, horticultural plants have frequently suffered significant heat damage due to excessive temperatures. In this study, a horticultural spray cooling system was designed, consisting mainly of a jet fan and spraying system. CFD simulation technology and response surface methodology were used to optimize the design of the jet fan, which improved the thrust of the fan. The length of the inlet section was 300 mm, the length of the outlet section was 300 mm, the length of the cone section was 450 mm, and the diameter of the outlet was 950 mm, where the thrust of the jet fan was 225.06 N. By establishing the CFD model of spray cooling in a tea field and designing a L9 (34) orthogonal experiment, the effect of the spray parameters on the maximum temperature drop and effective cooling distance was studied, and the best parameters were selected. The simulation results show that the optimum parameters are a spray flow rate of 4.5 kg/s, a droplet diameter of 15–45 μm, a droplet temperature of 298.15 K, and a nozzle double circle layout. Based on the simulation results of the optimized jet fan and spray parameters selected, a spray cooling test bench was established. Field test results show that when the initial ambient temperature was 310.05 K–310.95 K, the maximum temperature drop of the spray cooling fan was 9.1 K, and the cooling distance was approximately 36.0 m. The temperature drop decreased with increasing distance from the fan. This study is of great significance to protect horticultural plants from extremely high temperatures.
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Idumah, Felix O., Chimezie Mangodo, Uyinmwen B. Ighodaro und Paul T. Owombo. „Climate Change and Food Production in Nigeria: Implication for Food Security in Nigeria“. Journal of Agricultural Science 8, Nr. 2 (17.01.2016): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n2p74.
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<strong></strong><p>Food production in Nigeria is largely dependent on natural environmental resources like rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. This study examined the impact of some of these climatic variables on food production in Nigeria from 1975 to 2010. Secondary time series data obtained from FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization statistics) and Nigerian Meteorological Agency were used for the study. The data were analyzed using some econometric tools such as Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen Test and Vector Error Correction (VEC) Estimates. The ADF test reveals that relative humidity integrated at order zero level while rainfall and temperature and agricultural output were stationary after differencing at level 1 thus showing that the variables had relationship. The results of the Johansen co-integrated test revealed that there is one co-integrating equation at 5% showing a co-integrating relationship between agricultural output and the climatic variables. The Vector Error Correction Estimates indicated that rainfall was positively significant at 5% to food production on the short run indicating that vagaries in climate especially rainfall affected food production and output in Nigeria. It was recommended, therefore, that measure that could help to mitigate the adverse effects of inadequate rainfall e.g. irrigation, drought resistant crops varieties among others should be put in place by the government. Farmers should equally be sensitized and trained in the area of adaptation and mitigation of the effect of climate change as this will go a long way to ameliorate large scale failure in food production in the country.</p>
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Aniegboka, C. O., A. A. Okunola und T. A. Adekanye. „Effect of temperature and moisture content on the nutritional properties of African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed“. Food Research 8, Nr. 4 (12.07.2024): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(4).342.
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African breadfruit seeds (Treculia africana) are underutilised crops at risk of extinction, found widely in the tropics and have been reported to contain all the essential nutrients for novelty in food and industrial uses. The seeds contain an array of nutrients; 12-23% crude protein, 11- 20% crude fat, 2.3% ash, 1.6% fibre and 50 - 73% carbohydrate with other essential vitamins and minerals. This research is aimed at evaluating the effect of temperature and moisture content (MC) on the nutritional properties of dehulled breadfruit seed at varied temperatures and MC to determine adequate techniques in processing breadfruit seed for best nutritional yield and further processing without adverse effect on its nutritional characteristics. A conventional oven dryer was used to dry the samples at varied temperatures and MC of 40, 50, 60 and 70°C and 15, 12, 9 and 6%, respectively. Proximate analysis was done on the dried and blended breadfruit seed samples to analyse the processing effect on the nutritional composition. Results from this study showed that temperature and MC had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the nutritional component of breadfruit seed as carbohydrate content ranged between 42.81 to 54.39%, whereas protein and fat content ranged between 11.46 to 16.92% and 13 to 27%, respectively. It was observed that a drying temperature of 60°C at 9% MC gave the highest carbohydrate and protein content compared to other temperature variations while a drying temperature of 50°C at an MC of 15% gave the highest fat content. Therefore, when processing breadfruit seed for maximum yield in carbohydrate and protein content, the best processing temperature and MC is 60°C and 9% whereas, for maximum fat yield, the best drying temperature is 50°C at an MC of 15%. Knowledge from the study can be applied to targeted drying for maximum yield in specific nutritional components of agricultural food produce.
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Chandrasekaran, Murugesan, T. Boopathi und Paramasivan Manivannan. „Comprehensive Assessment of Ameliorative Effects of AMF in Alleviating Abiotic Stress in Tomato Plants“. Journal of Fungi 7, Nr. 4 (15.04.2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040303.
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Population growth and food necessity envisaged the dire need for supplementation to a larger community balance in food production. With the advent of the green revolution, agriculture witnessed the insurrection of horticultural fruit crops and field crops in enormous modes. Nevertheless, chemical fertilizer usage foresees soil pollution and fertility loss. Utilization of biocontrol agents and plant growth promotion by microbial colonization enrooted significant restoration benefits. Constant reliability for healthy foods has been emancipated across the globe stressing high nutritive contents among indigenous field crops like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, stress tolerance mechanisms and efficient abatement require deeper insights. The applicability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) poses as an ultimate strategy to minimize the deleterious consequences of abiotic stress such as salt, drought, temperature and heavy metal stress sustainably. The rational modality employing the application of AMF is one of significant efforts to lessen cell damages under abiotic stress. The novelty of the compilation can be redressed to cohesive literature for combating stress. The literature review will provide agricultural scientists worldwide in providing a rational approach that can have possible implications in not only tomato but also other vegetable crops.
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Tandon, Mona, Shailesh Kumar Jadhav und Kishan Lal Tiwari. „Optimization of pH and temperature for efficient bio-hydrogen production from lignocellulosic waste“. NewBioWorld 1, Nr. 2 (31.12.2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/nbw-jaab.2019-1-2-6.
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Biomass is the chief source of bio-hydrogen production which includes agricultural crops as well as their residues, various effluents generated in human habitat, aquatic plants and algae, and by-products released during food processing. Bio-hydrogen is selectively produced from biomass because of its cost-effectiveness, easy availability, high carbohydrate content and their ease of biodegradability. This research paper includes optimization of pH and temperature on bio-hydrogen producing capacity and their effect on bacterial growth.
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Carpio, Antonio J., Marta Solana, Francisco S. Tortosa und Jesús Castro. „Effect of cover crops in olive groves on Cicadomorpha communities“. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, Nr. 2 (12.06.2020): e0303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15991.
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Aim of study: To identify the environmental variables that affect the Cicadomorpha communities and the role played by cover crops in olive groves by comparing olive orchards with cover crop to those with bare ground.Area of study: Córdoba, Spain.Material and methods: Two study plots, one with cover crop and the other with bare ground, were delimited in three areas of olives orchards. Three passive samplings (May, June and July) were performed in each study plot to estimate the abundance and the species richness of potential Cicadomorphas vectors of Xylella fastidiosa. In each sampling, eight yellow sticky traps (22 × 35 cm) were randomly distributed in each study plot (n = 144 traps).Main results: The Cicadomorpha communities were mainly affected by landscape variables (such as the total surface and the distance to remnants of natural vegetation) and environmental variables (such as the temperature, moisture or ETo), whereas cover crops played a secondary role in the abundance of the Cicadomorpha.Research highlights: The results of the study suggest that Cicadomorpha richness and abundance depend on the structural complexity provided by cover crops (positive effect) and live hedges (negative effect), which may be owing to the higher food abundance and shelter when cover crops are present, whereas higher insect predation may occur close to hedges, probably owing to insectivorous song birds.
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Korres, Nicholas E., und Franck E. Dayan. „Effects of Climate Change on Crops and Weeds: The Need for Climate-smart Adaptation Paradigm“. Outlooks on Pest Management 31, Nr. 5 (01.10.2020): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_oct_04.
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The net effect of climate change on agriculture is likely to be negative despite the potential beneficial effects some crops and regions might receive. While increases in atmospheric CO2 are projected to stimulate growth in C3 crops and improve water use efficiency in C4 crops, climate impacts, particularly temperature increase, heat waves, droughts and flooding, will probably reduce yield potential. These negative effects will be compounded by increased weed interference and competition with the crop. The new type of "carbon farmer" should adapt to climate change and implement farming practices that focus on agricultural production models that mitigate climate change and promote "nature" and sustainability. Everything is already at least possible in one form or another, and the challenge is now to make it a reality.
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Paudel, Mina Nath. „Global effect of climate change and food security with respect to Nepal“. Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (01.06.2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19836.
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The effect of global climate change in Nepal could be observed by glacier retreat in the Himalaya region and change in the pattern of the south west monsoon which is the only reliable source of water for farming. Climate change has been occurred in Terai, hills and mountain of Nepal resulting change in agriculture systems leading to the emergence of new insect, pest and disease of crops and animals. There are frequent losses of lives, crops and, human settlements due to occurrence of flash floods, droughts, typhoon and hurricanes in the world mainly due to climate change. Global food production and trade have been affected by the negative consequences of climate change as a result countries like Nepal are also victimized due to the negative effect of climate change. Increase in C02concentration in the atmosphere and change in precipitation are being the main cause of floods, droughts, glacier retreat, and melting of snows, hence, change in the flora and fauna globally. To address such measures of climate change, Nepal has been trying to develop some adoptive ways such as development of climate resilient technology including crop varieties, animal breeds; agronomic practices that could address vagaries of climate change and sustain food and nutritional security. In Nepal, the effect of climate change is more pronounced in hills and mountains with respect to increase in temperature than that of Terai. This paper tries to address issue of global climate change with respect to food security of Nepal by applying some of the pragmatic adoptive measures to follow in agriculture for sustaining food security in Nepal.
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Hilman, Adrian, Ismed Suhaidi, Azhari und Kridsada Keawyok. „Effect of temperature and time treatment of Ultrasound-assisted extraction on the properties of bengkoang water-soluble polysaccharides“. E3S Web of Conferences 332 (2021): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202133208004.
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Zero Hunger as the SDG program aims to prevent global need with innovation to exploit and promote local food uses of all available underutilized food crops. A water-soluble polysaccharide is included in bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus) soluble fibres. Previous studies reported that ultrasound-assisted extraction impacts starch depending on several factors such as temperatures and times. The research aims to obtain bengkoang oligosaccharide compounds by ultrasound-assisted extraction with different treatment of temperatures and times. The results of the moisture degree were decreasing the moisture degree might be attributed to the increasing temperature and time treatment of ultrasound-assisted extraction. It increases the water absorption capacity of the modified starch by sonication and is also related to the size of the starch granules. The results of the FTIR graph test show that some of the granules have cracks and small depressions on the surface that are visible in the middle and corners after being treated with sonication. The results of the morphological observation show that after treatment of sonication in water appear minor cracks and scratches. Some water-soluble polysaccharide granules are transformed into gelatinization form that makes granule shape irregular and has small visible cracks in the central part.
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Tao, Zhiqiang, Peng Yan, Xuepeng Zhang, Demei Wang, Yanjie Wang, Xinglin Ma, Yushuang Yang et al. „Physiological Mechanism of Abscisic Acid-Induced Heat-Tolerance Responses to Cultivation Techniques in Wheat and Maize—Review“. Agronomy 12, Nr. 7 (29.06.2022): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071579.
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Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a physiological role in regulating the heat tolerance of plants and maintaining crop productivity under high-temperature stress. Appropriate cultivation techniques can regulate endogenous ABA and help farmers improve food production under high-temperature stress. Here, the physiological basis for ABA-induced heat tolerance in crops is reviewed. High-temperature stress stimulates ABA, which reduces stomatal opening and promotes root growth. The root system absorbs water to maintain the water status, thus allowing the plant to maintain physiological activities under high-temperature stress. ABA plays a synergistic role with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis to improve the thermal stability of the cell membrane, maintain a dynamic balance between material and energy, and reduce the negative effects of high-temperature stress on kernel number and kernel weight. Cultivation and tillage techniques adapted to high-temperature stress, such as adjustment of sowing time, application of plant growth regulators and fertilizers, and the use of irrigation, subsoiling and heat acclimation, and the mechanisms by which they improve crop heat tolerance, are also reviewed. The results of the studies reviewed here will help researchers develop techniques for cultivating food crops under heat stress and apply them to food-production fields to improve crop productivity.
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Ogunkanmi, Labake, Dilys S. MacCarthy und Samuel G. K. Adiku. „Impact of Extreme Temperature and Soil Water Stress on the Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 1 (31.12.2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010043.
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Climate change is a major environmental stressor that would adversely affect tropical agriculture, which is largely rain-fed. Associated with climate change is an increasing trend in temperature and decline in rainfall, leading to prolonged and repeated droughts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of climate variables such as temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and soil water on the phenology, biomass, and grain yield of soybean crops. A greenhouse experiment was set in a split plot design with three average environmental conditions as the main plots: E1 (36 °C, RH = 55%), E2 (34 °C, RH = 57%) and E3 (33 °C, RH = 44%). Additionally, there were three water treatments: W1 (near saturation), W2 (Field capacity), and W3 (soil water deficit) and two soybean varieties (Afayak and Jenguma). These treatments were replicated nine times. The results showed that high temperatures (E1) accelerated the crop development, particularly at flowering. Additionally, increased atmospheric demand for water under a high temperature environment resulted in high evapotranspiration, leading to high transpiration which probably reduced photosynthetic activity of the plants and thereby contributing to biomass and grain yield loss. Biomass and yield were drastically reduced for the combined effect of high temperature (E1) and drought (W3) as compared to combined effect of ambient temperature (E3) and well-watered condition (W1). Increasing temperatures and erratic rainfall distributions associated with climate change poses a potential threat to the soybean production in Ghana.
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Shahrajabian, Mohamad Hesam, Wenli Sun und Qi Cheng. „Food security and sustainable crops production with considering climate change in China“. RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 14, Nr. 4 (15.12.2019): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2019-14-4-423-429.
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Increase in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops which may lead to final yield reduction. China needs to cope with the adverse effects of climate change by developing heat and drought resistant high yielding varieties and cultivars to ensure food security in China. Farmers should adapt to climate change strategies which integrate traditional experience and indigenous knowledge with scientific researches and government polices as key factors. Climate change will extend growing seasons for some crops and make shorter growing seasons for other crops in Northern part of China and will bring less reliable rains, soils that retain less water, the spread of dangerous pests and unwanted weeds. The catastrophic consequences of climate change can be avoided if all countries work and cooperate together towards significant reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases.
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Abdulla, R., N. A. A. Matam, E. Derman, S. A. Sani, R. Jawan und M. K. Sabullah. „Preliminary Study on Biethanol Production from Starchy Foodwastes by Immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2314, Nr. 1 (01.08.2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012003.
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Abstract Dumping of food wastes into the landfill resulted in major environmental pollution. However, attempted had been made to develop these wastes into a new renewable and sustainable energy. Liquid biofuels, bioethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstock including biomass and food crops or wastes. Therefore, in this study, starchy food wastes of bread, rice and potatoes were utilized as a potential feedstock for the bioethanol production. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was immobilized in 2% calcium alginate beads using entrapment technique. Then, the effect of temperature on bioethanol efficiency was investigated using the immobilized yeasts. From the result, highest fermentation efficiency of 1.24% was obtained at temperature 30°C, 48 h with agitation speed of 150 rpm. However, further research and studies are required in order to optimize the bioethanol production from fermentation process of starchy foodwastes.
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M. MOHANTY, NISHANT K. SINHA, SONALI P. MCDERMID, R.S. CHAUDHARY, K. SAMMI REDDY, K.M. HATI, J. SOMASUNDARAM et al. „Climate change impacts vis-a-vis productivity of soybean in vertisol of Madhya Pradesh“. Journal of Agrometeorology 19, Nr. 1 (01.03.2017): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v19i1.749.
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The impact of climate change on agricultural crops is a major concern and threats to the global food security. It also limits the potential of crops and cropping system in a given area. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the combined effect of positive (CO2 fertilization, lesser temperature and higher rainfall) and negative (higher temperature, lower rainfall) impacts of the futuristic climatic scenarios on productivity of soybean using APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator) model. We have followed the Climate-Crop Modeling Project (C3MP) methodology and generated ninety-nine sensitive test to achieve each test’s temperature, rainfall and CO2 concentration range. Using 30 years of climate data (1980-2010) of Central India as base, the simulation results showed that increasing CO2 concentrations alone resulted in increased soybean yield. Similarly, reduction in rainfall amount indicated negative impact on it. This effect further compounded with increase in temperature and thus, reduced soybean yield. Increasing the temperature with 10% decrease in rainfall declined the soybean yield by 10%. Whereas, increase in temperature along with increase in rainfall also not resulted favorably soybean growth. Decreasing the temperature from the base by 1oC and increasing the rainfall by more than 10% benefitted the soybean productivity, whereas increasing the temperature by 1oC with no change in rainfall resulted decline in soybean productivity by 10-15%.
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Mutembei, Josiah Mutembei. „Effect of Ambient Temperatures on Dairy Production in Africa. A Critical Literature Review“. Journal of Climate Policy 1, Nr. 1 (08.10.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jcp.1054.
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Purpose: Dairy farming together with crop farming for decades has been a source of livelihood among the rural residents in Africa. The majority of people practice agriculture for capital creation and food security. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of ambient temperatures on dairy production in Africa.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: This study concluded that climate variability was evident in the area with variations in temperature and precipitation. Temperature and precipitation had rose from maximum averages across the years in the past 30 years. From the findings it is arguable that different places with Africa continue to be affected by climate variability. To the dairy productivity, exotic and indigenous dairy breeds are affected differently by climate variability. As per productivity, exotic breeds tend to be least affected unlike indigenous breeds. For instance, some common animal vegetative crops were highly hit and lowly heat by climate variability like Napier grass and natural grass respectively.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that creation of awareness on matters pertaining to temperature and its effects on the dairy sector by the relevant country environmental ministry. This will build capacity about amplified challenges emerging from ambient temperatures to dairy farming. For instance, spread of diseases, delayed fodder growth and hampered animal feeding behavior.
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AHMAD, A., HAB AMIN, UR ZAINAB, T. JAVAID, RA IQBAL, MA KHALID, F. SHAMIM, NH KHAN, HM AHMAD und ALK TIPU. „CROP IMPROVEMENT THROUGH DIFFERENT MEANS TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY“. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal 2024, Nr. 1 (16.05.2024): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.841.
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This study evaluated several crop development techniques in addition to the effects of climate change on productivity in agriculture. Climate affects agricultural productivity and the distribution of crops worldwide. Given the current and projected variations in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide concentrations, it is unclear whether agroecosystems will be able to produce enough food to meet the world's needs. Crop output, water productivity, and soil water balance are frequently altered by climate change. Soil moisture content and groundwater levels will be affected by the immediate effects of global warming-induced changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. Agricultural output is affected by several factors, such as crop variety, growing circumstances, soil deterioration, and water availability. Modern agricultural systems use genetics, biotechnology, plant breeding, environmental monitoring, and adjustments to management techniques to adapt to climate change. On the other hand, without a more thorough approach to agricultural systems, development cannot proceed. A strategy like this would mean growing amounts of a wider variety of superior crops and advancing equity, sustainability, nutrition, and food security in the future.