Zeitschriftenartikel: „Effect of spray paints“

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Marel, Christina. „Substituting Reduced-Toxicity Spray Paints for Aromatic Spray Paints and the Effect on Suspicious Sales“. Current Issues in Criminal Justice 21, Nr. 3 (März 2010): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2010.12035857.

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Erkmen, Jülide. „Patterns in hammertone paints“. Pigment & Resin Technology 45, Nr. 6 (07.11.2016): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2015-0067.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine required paint and silicone proportions, their mixing rate and duration to eliminate the pattern problems caused by the misuse of silicone polymers in hammertone paints. Results of the findings aim at preventing raw material, manufacturing time and labour losses in hammertone paint production. Design/methodology/approach A paint formulation produced commercially was used. The effects of silicone proportion and mixing rate and paint and pigment density on the pattern formation within the paints, to which the spray painting method was applied, were investigated. Brightness controls of the produced paints were done, and the effect of the additive polymer on brightness was investigated. Photographs of paints for each practice were taken. Findings The most suitable silicone proportion and mixing conditions for the silver grey paints, in which Al non-leafing pigments were used, were calculated as 0.034-0.036 g/kg-paint and 15 s at 200 rpm, respectively. It was observed that the increase in pigment density increased required silicone proportion for the desired pattern. It was determined that mixing rate and duration were very significant in pattern formation, and that silicone decomposed and the pattern was disrupted in long-continued mixings. In addition, excess silicone use disrupted the pattern and decreased the paint brightness. Research limitations/implications This research was conducted for hammertone paints, which are industrial and self-patterned aluminium silvered decorative paints. The results can be used for hammertone paint production. Practical implications The results will enable manufacturers to produce hammertone paints more economically. Results can be used in the paint industry to produce such paint. Originality/value It is crucial to produce high-quality products using less raw materials in today’s industry, where the amount of raw materials is decreasing, and economical and reliable production is becoming increasingly important. When environmental impacts in the solvent-based paint industry are taken into consideration, paint production in shorter times is important for both workers’ and environmental health. As a result of this study, hammertone paints will be produced more economically by appropriate production conditions yet without any energy, raw material and time loss.

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Elsner, C. I., und A. R. Di Sarli. „Comparison Between Electrochemical Impedance and Salt Spray Tests in Evaluating the Barrier Effect of Epoxy Paints“. Journal Of The Brazilian Chemical Society 5, Nr. 1 (1994): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.19940003.

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Neto, Elsa, Ana Souto, Aires Camões, Arlindo Begonha und Paulo Cachim. „Effects of Anti-Graffiti Protection on Concrete Durability“. Key Engineering Materials 634 (Dezember 2014): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.517.

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The heritage of fair-faced concrete, largely built in the twentieth century and nowadays recognized as heritage to be protected, is susceptible to attacks by graffiti, a form of vandalism that causes a major social and economic impact on society. Concrete is a porous material sometimes deteriorated over the years, and the interactions between the inks and the substrate and removal methods sometimes deteriorate or alter the concrete surface, especially if it is necessary to repeat the removal process. The anti-graffiti products are applied on the surface of the concrete, hindering the adhesion of paints or preventing its penetration into the pores of concrete, which in turn facilitates their removal. However, it appears that many of the existing protective products on the market may also alter the surface characteristics of the concrete irreversibly. Considering that the durability of concrete depends on the composition and characteristics of the surface, it is essential to know the effects of anti-graffiti protection systems on the durability of concrete and adopt the appropriate methodology to preserve this heritage. Thus, an experimental program was developed for analyzing changes in durability indicators and surface properties that protect concrete from deterioration (i) concrete without protection before and after application of spray paint, (ii) concrete with protection before and after application of spray paint and (iii) after paint removal were studied. Two anti-graffiti products were evaluated: a permanent and a sacrificial one. Effects of the anti-graffiti systems on the concrete durability are investigated and the tests performed include: water absorption by capillary and immersion at atmospheric pressure. The results of the water absorption tests show that the graffiti protection reduces the water absorption into the concrete and facilitates the removal of the graffiti without affecting negatively the characteristics of the surface and thus contributing to improve its durability.

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Wang, Yin-An, Xiao-Peng Xie und Xiao-Hui Lu. „Design of a Double-Nozzle Air Spray Gun and Numerical Research in the Interference Spray Flow Field“. Coatings 10, Nr. 5 (14.05.2020): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050475.

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Spray painting robots equipped with air spray guns have been widely used in the painting industry. In view of the low efficiency of single-nozzle air spray guns when spraying large targets, a new double-nozzle air spray gun structure was designed in this paper based on the Coanda effect of double jets. Firstly, a 3-D physical model of the double-nozzle air spray gun was built in Solidworks, in which unstructured grids were generated for the computational domain by ICEM. Secondly, the spray painting process was numerically modeled with the help of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS-Fluent 16.0. The two-phase spray flow was calculated by coupling a discrete phase model (DPM) and the Taylor analogy breakup (TAB) method. The TAB model was applied to predict the secondary break-up. The DPM model was applied to predict the droplet trajectories. The geometry of an air spray gun has a significant influence on the spray flow field characteristics. The influence of the air spray gun geometry on the interference spray flow field characteristics and coating film thickness distribution were investigated by changing the values of the distance between the centers of the two paint holes (L) and the angle between the axes of the two paint holes (θ). Numerical results show that the smaller L and θ are, the stronger the interference effect between the two jets, while the more concentrated the paint is in the central region of the target surface, the easier it is for overspray to occur. With increasing L and θ, the interference effect gradually decreased and the extension distance of the coating film along the x-axis gradually increased. However, if L and θ are too large, the interference effect will become too weak and the shape of the coating film will become a concave, with more paint on both side regions and less paint in the central region, which will cause an uneven coating film. From the simulation results, it can be concluded that a more uniform coating film can be obtained when L = 30 mm and θ = 10°. The effective coating width of the double-nozzle air spray gun was increased by 85.7% compared with the single-nozzle air spray gun, which improved the spraying efficiency.

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Rossi, Stefano, und Michele Fedel. „Thermal behaviour and weathering resistance of coil coatings for energy-efficient buildings“. E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 23006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017223006.

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In recent years, the aspects of energy-savings in buildings have become increasingly important. Coil coatings are frequently used for roof and façade construction in order to reduce the cost, the building time and the maintenance. In recent years different near infrared (NIR) reflectivity pigments have been developed to increase the capability of paint to reflect the sun’s radiation thus minimizing the amount of energy absorbed by the building. Coil coatings containing both traditional and NIR pigments are considered for the assessment of their thermal behaviour. The same painted system produced by three different producers was considered. Using a small scale house model, a W-IR emitting lamp and thermocouples, the amount of energy absorbed by the painted metallic coupons has been evaluated in order to assess the efficiency of the different pigments under investigation. To evaluate effect of ageing, all the different samples were subjected to five accelerated degradation cycles consisting in 168 h of UV-B irradiation followed by 168 h of salt spray exposure. The thermal properties of samples were collected. The cool pigments resulted effective to decrease the heat absorbance (difference between standard and NIR paints up to 18°C). The thermal properties were found not to be affected by degradation.

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Mora, J., P. García, R. Muelas und A. Agüero. „Hard Quasicrystalline Coatings Deposited by HVOF Thermal Spray to Reduce Ice Accretion in Aero-Structures Components“. Coatings 10, Nr. 3 (20.03.2020): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030290.

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Weather hazards, in particular icing conditions, are an important contributing factor in aviation accidents and incidents worldwide. Many different anti-icing strategies are currently being explored to find suitable long-lasting solutions, such as surface engineering, which can contribute to reduce ice accumulation. Quasicrystals (QCs) are metallic materials, but with similar properties to those of ceramic materials, such as low thermal and electrical conductivities, and high hardness. In particular, QCs that have low surface energy are commercially used as coatings to replace polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), also known as Teflon, on frying pans, as they do not scratch easily. PTFE exhibits excellent anti-wetting and anti-icing properties and therefore QCs appear as good candidates to be employed as ice-phobic coatings. Al-based QCs have been applied by High Velocity Oxyfuel (HVOF) thermal spray on typically used aeronautic materials, such as Ti and Al alloys, as well as steels. The coatings have been characterized and evaluated, including the measurement of hardness, roughness, wetting properties, ice accretion behavior in an icing wind tunnel (IWT), and ice adhesion by a double lap shear test. The coatings were studied, both as-deposited, as well as after grinding, in order to study the effect of the surface roughness and morphology on the ice accretion and adhesion properties. The QC coating was compared with PTFE and two polyurethane (PU)-based commercial paints, one of them known to have anti-icing properties, and the results indicate an ice accretion reduction relative to these two materials, and ice adhesion lower than bare AA6061-T6, or the PU paint in the ground version of one of the two QCs. Since the QC coatings are hard (GPa Vickers hardness > 5), a durable behavior is expected.

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Dumroese, R. Kasten. „Marking Tree Seeds with Spray Paint for Germination Studies“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 18, Nr. 3 (01.07.2003): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/18.3.175.

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Abstract I evaluated the potential use of spray paint for marking conifer seeds for germination studies in forest nurseries. For bulk seedlots of large-seeded species like western white pine (Pinus monticola), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), paint had little or no effect on six different germination parameters, but negatively affected germination of western larch (Larix occidentalis). On a family level with pine seeds, spray paint may or may not be appropriate depending on the specific objectives of the researcher and the level of conservatism used. West. J. Appl. For. 18(3):175–178.

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Sonjaya, Abeth Novria, Kevin Hervito und Tri Atmoko. „Aplikasi Disain Komposit Pusat Pada Proses Pengecatan Mobil Bekas“. Jurnal Teknologi 8, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31479/jtek.v8i2.71.

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The business of buying and selling used cars is increasingly substantial in Indonesia, in the era of globalization progressively developing depends on demands a process that must be fast, precise, and economical. Repair to body, chassis, and engine are competency expertise in the field of Automotive Engineering that emphasizes automotive repair service skills. at now selling price of used cars, it is necessary to do repairs, the process of repairing used cars or better known as refurbishment work pre-owned cars is mostly done by small-scale used car buying and selling businesses. In order for used cars to return to their like-new condition, generally small-scale used car sellers carry out the process of repairing the vehicle themselves, especially repairs to the vehicle's body paint. This study aims to process of painting a Toyota Avanza car bodypaint against the thickness of the paint using a spray booth tool by using the model of central composite design (CCD). The effect of spray-on booth temperature, interstice size of the spray gun, and time according to the thickness of the paint will be analyzed using the CCD method. This spray booth painting technology is expected to help reduce bodypaint lead time. The results of the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) regression analysis, the temperature of the spray booth, interstice size of the spray gun, and time are the factors that most significantly affect the thickness of the paint. The operating conditions to produce optimal paint thickness are temperature 55oC, interstice size of spray gun of 1.7 mm and time of painting and drying of 30 minutes, the resulted of a thickness of the paint for used and new cars are 130.2 μm and 81.84 μm., with a coefficient of determination for used and new cars of 90.78% and 96.19%.

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TACHI, Kazuyuki, Katsunori YAMADA, Chikaaki OKUDA und Shouichi SUZUKI. „Effect of Rotating Cup Shapes and Spray Conditions on Paint Atomization“. Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 58, Nr. 7 (1985): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.58.390.

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11

Preedawiphat, Pavaret, Asa Prateepasen und Mai Noipitak. „Influence of Material Coating on Stress Measurement by Ultrasonic Surface Wave (Part 1)“. Advanced Materials Research 717 (Juli 2013): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.717.227.

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Ultrasonic surface wave have been implemented to measure or predict the existing stress on material. Surface wave velocity shows linearly increase with stress applied in material. However, various applications were coated their surfaces with high corrode resistance material for example paint or aluminum thermal sprays. It may cause the change of the velocity of surface wave and lead to miss prediction. This paper presents the effect of material coating on surface wave velocity and its attenuations. Paint and Aluminum thermal spray coated on low carbon steel graded S420 (EN 10025 Standard) in the range of 100-500 micron. Through transmission ultrasonic surface wave was applied to measure the velocities change. Their frequencies are 2.25 and 5 MHz respectively. It was found that coating thickness show effect on sound velocity and sound wave attenuation. The benefit is to know the effect of coating and to approve the accuracy of stress measurement by ultrasonic wave.

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Olivas, P., und Ph Marty. „NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE COANDA EFFECT IN A ROTATING SPRAY PAINT ATOMIZER“. Atomization and Sprays 12, Nr. 5-6 (2002): 769–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v12.i56.140.

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Niemiec, Tomasz, Andrzej Łozicki, Robert Pietrasik, Sylwester Pawęta, Anna Rygało-Galewska, Magdalena Matusiewicz und Klara Zglińska. „Impact of Ag Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Multimicrobial Preparation (EM) on the Carcass, Mineral, and Fatty Acid Composition of Cornu aspersum aspersum Snails“. Animals 11, Nr. 7 (28.06.2021): 1926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071926.

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The hygienic practices on farms should reduce pathogenic microorganisms while simultaneously not harming the animals themselves; they must also not degrade the products’ quality. We assessed the effect of covering feed tables with paint containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the periodic spraying of effective microorganisms (EM) on production indicators and basic chemical composition, mineral content and fatty acid profiles in the bodies of Cornu aspersum aspersum snails. The animals were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) with feed tables covered with AgNPs paint, (3) with EM spray applied and (4) with both factors—AgNP paint and EM spray. The highest increase in Ag, Zn, Fe and Ca retention, and the remodelling of the fatty acid profile in the carcasses of snails was found to be in the group of animals in contact with the feed tables covered with AgNP paint. In the group of animals exposed to the action of EM, an increased retention of Fe, Cu, P, Mg and Zn was found.

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Yano, Ayako, Kyoichi Hamada und Kenji Amagai. „Evaluation of Coating Film Formation Process Using the Fluorescence Method“. Coatings 11, Nr. 9 (06.09.2021): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091076.

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In this paper, we invented a novel observation method of the coating film formation process using the fluorescence method. With this method, the temporal change in the coating film thickness can be evaluated quantitatively. In addition, since the thickness and flow of the coating film can be measured simultaneously, the detailed coating film formation process was clarified. In the experiment, the adhesion behavior of the spray-paint droplets when applied to a wall was investigated. The characteristics of coating films formed by the spray droplets, particularly the influence of injection pressure on the coating film formation, were determined using the fluorescence method. At the initial stage of the coating process, the coating area increased linearly. When the ratio of the coating area to the measurement range reached about 80%, the rate at which the coating area increased slowed down, and an overlap began. The amount of paint that adhered to the coating film formation could be estimated by calculating the overlap ratio. Moreover, the thickness and smoothness of the coating film were evaluated using the histogram data of the fluorescence intensity. The leveling process was discussed in relation to the standard deviation of the histogram data. In addition, the flow of the paint during the coating film formation was investigated using tracer particles, and the effect of the spray gun injection pressure on the leveling process was investigated. Changes in the film thickness and flow during the coating film formation process could be evaluated through fluorescence observation.

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Remešová, Michaela, Lenka Klakurková, Ivana Ročňáková, Ladislav Čelko, Lucie Páleníková und Jozef Kaiser. „Application of Metallographic Analysis Techniques for Detection and Identification of Spray Paint Defects“. Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.118.

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The paper is focused on the metallographic analysis of spray paint films with defects. The painting has two important roles. Firstly, it protects the substrate material (ferrous, nonferrous and plastic) and secondly, it improves the appearance of the surface. Appearance and quality of painting film play an important role in the industry (automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, etc.). Defects of spray painting film, which have a negative effect on the appearance of the product, can be detected and further analysed by common methods used in metallography. Such methods are very effective tool for revealing the cause of defects and their elimination within the technological process (degreasing, cleaning, pickling, drying, technological discipline, etc.). In this paper, defects were characterized by high-resolution digital microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analyser (EDX).

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Han, Jun-Sung, Sang-Hi Park, Young Duck Shin, Eunjung Kwon, Woo Sub Shim und Jin Ho Bae. „The effect of xylometazoline spray for expansion of nasal cavity“. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 65, Nr. 2 (2013): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2013.65.2.132.

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Brach, E. J., und R. M. Trimble. „EFFECT OF ADHESIVE ON THE SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF INSECT TRAPS“. Canadian Entomologist 117, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1985): 1565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171565-12.

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Sticky traps are commonly used for monitoring insects in studies of their ecology (Southwood 1966) and in programs to manage their numbers (Flint and van den Bosch 1981). These traps may intercept flying insects or may visually attract insects over a distance (Southwood 1966). The relative sensitivity of an insect eye to different wavelengths of light may differ among species (Wigglesworth 1972) and therefore color can affect the quality and magnitude of trap catches (Prokopy and Owens 1983; Southwood 1966). The effect of color on trap catches therefore is often the first step in evaluating trapping methods for use in monitoring insects. Insects attracted to and landing on colored traps are retained by paint- or spray-on adhesives that have been developed specifically for this purpose. This paper reports on the effect that one of these adhesives has on the spectral reflectance of colored traps.

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Van Broeck, G., H. Van Langenhove und B. Nieuwejaers. „Recent odour regulation developments in Flanders: ambient odour quality standards based on dose-response relationships“. Water Science and Technology 44, Nr. 9 (01.11.2001): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0517.

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Until now there has been little uniformity in the approach of odour nuisance problems in Flanders. A switch to a standardised and scientifically underpinned approach is essential and is currently in full development. This paper mainly discusses the results of five year research on odour concentration standard developments in Flanders, executed in the period 1996-2000. The research was focused on five pilot sectors: pig farms, slaughterhouses, paint spray installations, sewage treatment plants and textile plants. The general approach of the method to determine the dose-response relation was found to be sufficient. The methodology used is fully described in the paper presented by Van Broeck and Van Langenhove at the CIWEM and IAWQ Joint International Conference on Control and Prevention of Odours in the Water Industry in September 1999. For each location (16 locations in total) an unambiguous dose-response relation could be derived (rising nuisance for rising concentrations). In most cases, a “no effect” level could be determined. The background percentage nuisance fluctuated between 0 and 15%. For the sectors of the slaughterhouses, paint spray installations and sewage treatment plants a no effect level was 0.5, 2.0 and 0.5 sniffing units m−3 as 98th percentile (sniffing units are odour concentrations measured by means of sniffing measurements on the field) was determined. For the sectors of the textile plants and pig farms, no unambiguous no effect level was found. Currently research is undertaken to translate the no effect levels to odour standards. Other initiatives, taken to underpin the Flemish odour regulations, such as the development of an odour source inventory and a complaint handling system, are also briefly discussed.

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Al-Shroofy, Mohanad N., Hanna A. Al-Kaisy und Rabab Chalaby. „Morphology and Mechanical Properties of a Composite Coating by Electrostatic Dry Spray Method“. Key Engineering Materials 886 (Mai 2021): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.168.

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Powder spray coating was used for many applications such as paint decoration and protection against corrosive environments. The electrostatic spray method is used to lower the manufacturing cost and the environmental effect during the production process. It is done by electrostatic device and spray gun to create a layer on the substrate to play a protective role. Different dry powders were mixed to form a composite mixture consisted of Al2O3 and SiC or ZrSiO4 with Al powder as a binder. The powders mixture was deposited by electrostatic spray technique with a high voltage of 15 kV on a low carbon steel substrate of (40 x 10 x 4) mm in dimensions. Two groups of mixtures were used to form the coating layers. Powders of Al2O3 with (20 and 40) weight percent (wt%) of SiC as the first group and (20 and 40) wt% of ZrSiO4 as the second group were used. 5 wt% of Al powder was added as a binder, and the samples were heat treated at 900 C° for 2 hours. A detailed characterization of the composite coating layers was performed using XRD, SEM, and EDX, as well as, micro-hardness measurements. The obtained surface composite layers were smooth and having good particle distribution which leads to enhance roughness values (Ra). Furthermore, the hardness increased with increasing the amount of carbide and zirconia, and the obtained layers show no presence of defects or cracks.

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Hicks, P. G., und D. W. Senser. „Simulation of Paint Transfer in an Air Spray Process“. Journal of Fluids Engineering 117, Nr. 4 (01.12.1995): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817327.

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A methodology for simulating drop transport and deposition in air-spray, paint-application processes is presented. Simulation of the complex physical phenomena involved is made possible through a number of key assumptions based on measurements of typical air paint sprays. The significant advance is the inclusion of the direct effects of turbulent air velocity fluctuations on the trajectories of paint drops via a stochastic separated flow approach. The model accurately predicts the mean air velocity field, paint transfer efficiency, and drop transfer efficiency. Owing to increased inertia, the mechanisms controlling drop transport shift with increasing drop size.

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DOFLER, A., N. THORSGAARD und L. MOLBY. „58 The effect of topical anesthesia with pharyngeallidocaine spray for gastroscopy“. Ambulatory Surgery 12 (2005): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6532(05)80059-9.

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Zhang, Jin, Ren Yu Li und Qing Song Yu. „Effect of Plasma Interface Treatment and Cathodic Electrophoretic Coating on Mg Alloys“. Materials Science Forum 610-613 (Januar 2009): 984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.984.

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In this study, plasma treatment using Ar and H2 and plasma polymerization with trimethylsilane (TMS), were carried out to create the interface film systems with a structure of Mg/plasma interlayer/cathodic electrophoretic coating (E-coat) for a magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31B. The interface adhesion of the coating system was evaluated using N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) paint removal test and ASTM tape test conducted under dry and wet conditions. Plasma TMS film could stick the Mg substrate more strongly than E-coat.The surface of samples with different interlayer treatment after NMP test has been observed by SEM. The potentiodynamic study performed on the E-coated samples showed a noticeable reduction of corrosion current, three orders of magnitude less than bare Mg. Salt spray test also was done to confirm the resistance corrosion of E-coat. It was found that plasma interface treatment has the ability of increasing the adhesion of E-coat on Mg alloy more or less, thus restrict access to damaging species that exist in Cl- aqueous environments.

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Liu, Wei, Jing Fu, Haiping Zhang, Yuanyuan Shao, Hui Zhang und Jesse Zhu. „Cold Bonding Method for Metallic Powder Coatings“. Materials 11, Nr. 11 (25.10.2018): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112086.

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An efficient and simple method for preparing bonded metallic powder coating is in high demand in the paint manufacturing and application industries. The bonding purpose is to keep the mass percentage of metallic pigment consistent between the original and recycled coating powder, which aims at solving the problem of recyclability. One possible method capable of realizing this goal is using the binder to cohere metallic pigment with base particles through a cold bonding method. Through this approach, the pre-curing and high-reject-rate problems generally present in thermal bonding can be completely eliminated. In this paper, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are applied as binders for the bonding process. At various dosages of liquid binder and D.I. water, bonded samples with different bonding effect were prepared. Finally, a good bonding quality with the lowest variance between the mass concentrations of Al flakes in the original powder (before spray) and deposited powder (after spray) 2.94% with PAA as a binder and 0.46% with PVA as a binder was achieved. These results manifest that the cold bonding method is a green and simple approach for preparing the metallic powder coating.

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Spaeth, Manuel, und Wilhelm Barthlott. „Lotus-Effect^®: Biomimetic Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces and their Application“. Advances in Science and Technology 60 (September 2008): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.60.38.

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The majority of organismic surfaces, like the plant cuticle, is not smooth but micro-structured. Moreover, they are often covered with hydrophobic wax crystals, some hundred nm in size. The combination of micro- and nanostructures, together with a hydrophobic chemistry, generates the phenomenon of super-hydrophobicity: Water-droplets on such surfaces exhibit contact angles above 140°. Furthermore, dirt particles can barely adhere and are removed by running water only, hence they are called ‘self-cleaning’. The underlying physico-chemical principles were successfully applied to technical prototypes. This technical conversion was patented and the trade mark Lotus-Effect® was introduced in the mid 1990s. Since then several Lotus-Effect® products like a façade paint, a glass coating or a spray were introduced. Another area of application for which prototypes exist, are textiles for awnings, tents or other outdoor purposes. Recently a different aspect of such surfaces is investigated: structures retaining air under water. Several floating plants and semiaquatic animals show this ability. The aim of this project is to develop technical surfaces for long time application in ships and pipelines, as an air film between surface and liquid leads to drag reduction and thus savings of energy.

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Rácová, Zuzana, Richard Wasserbauer und Pavla Ryparová. „Microscopic Filamentous Fungi in Buildings, Preventing their Occurrence and their Remediation Using Nanofibers“. Advanced Materials Research 649 (Januar 2013): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.649.89.

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The article is focused on prevention and remediation of the occurrence of microscopic filamentous fungi in buildings. The remediation of these fungi can be performed using classical methods (spray, paint, etc.) or use new methods - which include use of nanotechnology, e.g. nanofibers. The nanofibers have specific functional characteristics (e.g. large surface area, etc) according to their production and it can be used for remediation and prevention of occurrence of microscopic filamentous fungi. The effect of nanofibers can be increase by adding nanoparticles or another antimicrobial substance into electrospinning polymer. The article presents the first experimental results with the nanofibers, which could be applied on place with the occurrence of microscopic filamentous fungi, or on place where is expectation their occurrence in future.

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Poozesh, Sadegh, Nelson Akafuah und Kozo Saito. „Effects of automotive paint spray technology on the paint transfer efficiency – a review“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, Nr. 2 (22.03.2017): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017695159.

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Automotive spray painting is among the most sophisticated and controlled industrial painting operations currently performed. Nevertheless, improvements in it are still sought in efforts to minimize the costs, the energy use and the environmental impacts. One compelling aspect of improvement is the paint transfer efficiency, i.e. the amount of paint that remains on a vehicle relative to the amount supplied to the paint applicator during coating operations, because currently it has been estimated that the overall paint transfer efficiency in the automotive industry is between 50% and 60%. Hence, this review assesses current automotive spray coating technologies with respect to their transfer efficiencies and discusses the fundamental and operational parameters that influence it. A comprehensive characterization of paint spray applicators (air sprayers, high-volume low-pressure sprayers, airless sprayers, air-assisted airless sprayers, rotary bell atomizers, electrostatic sprayers, and effervescent atomizers) is included. Some problems associated with evaluating and improving their paint transfer efficiencies are discussed. Also, the potential of and the technology needs for developing these applicators are considered.

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Valijan, A. „Pain relief after tonsillectomy Effect of benzydamine hydrochloride spray on postoperative pain relief after tonsillectomy“. Anaesthesia 44, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1989): 990–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb09205.x.

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Bolonhesi, Isabela Bruna de Tavares Machado, und Deize Dias Lopes. „Analysis of toxicity from the effluent generated in a furniture industry spray booth using the species Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa“. Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, Nr. 6 (31.10.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2246.

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This study evaluated the toxicity of effluent generated in a furniture industry spray booth, before and after treatment in a system composed of an anaerobic sequencing batch (ASBR) followed by an aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The toxicity tests were carried out with raw (with and without dilutions) and treated effluent to evaluate the toxic potential using Allium cepa and Lactuca sativa as bioindicators. The toxicity tests, using Allium cepa and Lactuca sativa, indicated that the anaerobic-aerobic treatment performed was efficient to reduce the toxicity of the paint booth effluent. The raw effluent, undiluted and diluted (at 1:10; 1:8 and 1:6 dilutions), showed toxic effect on the root growth of Allium cepa, as it inhibited root growth by 100%. In the tests with Lactuca sativa seeds, there was partial inhibition, between 44% and 63%, for 1:10 and 1:8 dilutions, but for the 1: 6 dilution and without dilution of effluent the inhibition was 100%. The treated effluent, in an ASBR followed by an SBR, presented a small percentage of inhibition for tests with Allium cepa (13%) and Lactuca sativa seeds (4%). The effluent treated by the anaerobic system followed by aerobic presented low toxicity without generating lethal or sub-lethal effects to the test organisms, which indicates the efficiency of the treatment process.

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Kučera, Miroslav, Pavel Kolar, Milos Barna, Alexander Kučera und Marie Hladiková. „Arnica/Hydroxyethyl Salicylate Combination Spray for Ankle Distortion: A Four-Arm Randomised Double-Blind Study“. Pain Research and Treatment 2011 (07.03.2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/365625.

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570 patients with acute ankle joint distortion were randomized to four treatment groups: a combination spray of arnica tincture and hydroxyethyl salicylate (HES; group A, ), arnica (B, ), HES (C, ), and placebo (D, ). The medication was applied 4-5 times daily for 10 days. Efficacy was assessed on day 3-4 by evaluating pain on motion on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Pain improvement in group A was significantly superior over groups B–D (-test with unadjusted baseline values, and ANCOVA after adjustment, ) and approximately corresponded to the cumulative effect of the single constituents (12.1, 7.5, and 18.7 mm VAS for A versus B, A versus C, and A versus D; 95% CI 8.0–16.2, 4.7–10.4, and 14.8–22.5 mm). The combination is justified by the additive effects of the single active constituents.

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Mokhireva, N. L., V. R. Mirolyubov und V. A. Nizov. „Prospects for the Use of Pigments Obtained from Iron-Containing Sludge in the Composition of Construction and Paint compositions“. Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, Nr. 5 (10.05.2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-5-14-20.

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Promising areas of application of pigments obtained on the basis of industrial wastes and containing a number of impurities are considered. The quality of the pigment obtained by the alternative technology from iron-containing sludge was evaluated in comparison with the red iron oxide pigments of the KA TU 2322-166-05011907-98 (Russia) and YIPIN S130 (China) grades. Quality indicators are stated and analyzed relative to the requirements of TU 2322-166-05011907-98. Primer GF-021 was analyzed for compliance with GOST 25129-82 and for the presence of anticorrosion properties by the potentiodynamic method and in the salt spray chamber. Pigments in the composition of fine-grained concrete were investigated for their coloring ability and effect on strength characteristics at the age of 1, 3, 7, 28 days. Deviations and competitive advantages of the pigment obtained by alternative technology are determined with respect to the standard both in the composition of the primer GF-021 and in the composition of painted fine-grained concrete.

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Hara, K., und K. Maruyama. „Effect of additives in lidocaine spray on postoperative sore throat, hoarseness and dysphagia after total intravenous anaesthesia“. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 49, Nr. 4 (April 2005): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00632.x.

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Kanai, Akifumi, Asaha Suzuki und Hirotsugu Okamoto. „Comparison of Cutaneous Anesthetic Effect of 8% Lidocaine Spray with Lidocaine Patch Using Current Perception Threshold Test“. Pain Medicine 11, Nr. 3 (März 2010): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00790.x.

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Kanai, Akifumi, Yuka Segawa, Takashi Okamoto, Masanori Koto und Hirotsugu Okamoto. „The Analgesic Effect of a Metered-Dose 8% Lidocaine Pump Spray In Posttraumatic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Pilot Study“. Anesthesia & Analgesia 108, Nr. 3 (März 2009): 987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31819431aa.

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Sethna, Navil F., Barak Yahalom, Birgitta Schmidt, Amber M. Hall und David Zurakowski. „The Analgesic Effect of a Vapocoolant Stream Spray in Reducing Heat Nociception on the Glabrous Skin of Rat Pups“. Anesthesia & Analgesia 119, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2014): 1367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000000469.

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Lai, Chia-Hsiang, und Ting-Yu Yan. „Characteristics and aerosol size distributions of metal-containing paint particles at a spray-painting workplace“. RSC Advances 6, Nr. 114 (2016): 113754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20179b.

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Simon, RPh, MD, Steven M., und Lee S. Schwartzberg, MD, FACP. „A review of rapid-onset opioids for breakthrough pain in patients with cancer“. Journal of Opioid Management 10, Nr. 3 (01.05.2014): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2014.0209.

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Pain management in patients with cancer remains suboptimal. Breakthrough pain (BTP) is characterized by abrupt onset of severe pain in a background of otherwise stable managed pain and presents a substantial burden to patients, as it disrupts activities and quality of life. Rapid-onset opioids (ROOs), with an appropriate onset and duration of effect, provide new options for effective and well-tolerated management of BTP. All currently available ROOs are various formulations of transmucosal immediate-release fentanyl (TIRF) and, although they were originally developed and approved for use in children before painful procedures, are only approved for use in opioid-tolerant adult patients with cancer and BTP. The formulation options include oral lozenge, buccal tablet, buccal film, sublingual tablet, nasal spray, and a sublingual spray; each has practical considerations that vary with the product and route of administration. All have the common advantage of rapid entry into the systemic circulation via transmucosal absorption, avoiding hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism and allowing a rapid onset of action that rivals intravenous injections. Rapid onset and short duration of action allow good patient control of analgesia. The pharmacokinetic and analgesic properties of ROOs may allow reduction of the total opioid burden and associated adverse effects, while still providing effective pain relief. The shared TIRF risk evaluation and mitigation strategy program implemented in March 2012 has simplified enrollment and administration of these products to help mitigate the risks of abuse and misuse and to help ensure safe use in patients with cancer suffering from BTP.

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Snyder, H. E., D. W. Senser und A. H. Lefebvre. „Mean Drop Sizes From Fan Spray Atomizers“. Journal of Fluids Engineering 111, Nr. 3 (01.09.1989): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243650.

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The drop size distributions produced by two geometrically similar fan spray nozzles were measured over an injection pressure range from 1.38 to 10.34 MPa (200 to 1500 psi). The fluids employed were water, water/glycerine mixtures, silicone oils, paint, and paint solvent. These liquids were selected to provide wide ranges in liquid viscosity and surface tension. A nonintrusive Malvern 2600 particle sizer, based on the forward scattering of a 5 mW He-Ne laser beam, was used to yield line-of-sight and cross-sectional drop size distributions. The atomizer was traversed across the laser beam and drop size profiles as a function of distance from the centerline were developed. Analysis of the experimental data showed that the effects of injection pressure and liquid properties on atomization quality are described with good accuracy by the following dimensionally-correct equation. SMDdh=2.83σμL2ρAdh3ΔPL20.25+0.26σρLρAdhΔPL0.25

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Shi, Tiansheng, Jing-Xia Hao, Zsuzsanna Wiesenfeld-Hallin und Xiao-Jun Xu. „Gabapentin and NMDA receptor antagonists interacts synergistically to alleviate allodynia in two rat models of neuropathic pain“. Scandinavian Journal of Pain 18, Nr. 4 (25.10.2018): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2018-0083.

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Abstract Background and aims The clinical management of neuropathic pain remains a challenge. We examined the interaction between gabapentin and NMDA receptor antagonists dextromethrophan and MK-801 in alleviating neuropathic pain-like behaviors in rats after spinal cord or sciatic nerve injury. Methods Female and male rats were produced with Ischemic spinal cord injury and sciatic nerve injury. Gabapentin, dextromethorphan, MK-801 or drug combinations were injected with increasing doses. Mechanical response thresholds were tested with von Frey hairs to graded mechanical touch/pressure, and ethyl chloride spray was applied to assess the cold sensitivity before and after injuries. Results In spinally injured rats, gabapentin and dextromethorphan did not affect allodynia-like behaviors at doses of 30 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, combination of 15 or 30 mg/kg gabapentin with dextromethorphan at 10 mg/kg produced total alleviation of allodynia to mechanical or cold stimulation. Further reducing the dose of gapapentin to 7.5 mg/kg and dextromethorphan to 5 mg/kg still produced significant effect. MK-801, another NMDA receptor antagonist, also enhanced the effect of gabapentin in spinally injured rats. Similar synergistic anti-allodynic effect between dextromethorphan and gabapentin was also observed in a rat model of partial sciatic nerve injury. No increased side effect was seen following the combination between gabapentin and dextromethorphan. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study suggested that combining NMDA receptor antagonists with gabapentin could provide synergistic effect to alleviate neuropathic pain and reduced side effects. Implications Combining NMDA receptor antagonists with gabapentin may provide a new approach in alleviating neuropathic pain with increased efficacy and reduced side effects.

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Fallon, Marie T., Eberhard Albert Lux, Robert McQuade, Sandro Rossetti, Raymond Sanchez, Wei Sun, Stephen Wright, Aron H. Lichtman und Elena Kornyeyeva. „Sativex oromucosal spray as adjunctive therapy in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain unalleviated by optimized opioid therapy: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 studies“. British Journal of Pain 11, Nr. 3 (17.05.2017): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049463717710042.

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Background: Opioids are critical for managing cancer pain, but may provide inadequate relief and/or unacceptable side effects in some cases. Objective: To assess the analgesic efficacy of adjunctive Sativex (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (27 mg/mL): cannabidiol (25 mg/mL)) in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain unalleviated by optimized opioid therapy. Methods: This report describes two phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Eligible patients had advanced cancer and average pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores ≥4 and ≤8 at baseline, despite optimized opioid therapy. In Study-1, patients were randomized to Sativex or placebo, and then self-titrated study medications over a 2-week period per effect and tolerability, followed by a 3-week treatment period. In Study-2, all patients self-titrated Sativex over a 2-week period. Patients with a ≥15% improvement from baseline in pain score were then randomized 1:1 to Sativex or placebo, followed by 5-week treatment period (randomized withdrawal design). Results: The primary efficacy endpoint (percent improvement (Study-1) and mean change (Study-2) in average daily pain NRS scores) was not met in either study. Post hoc analyses of the primary endpoints identified statistically favourable treatment effect for Sativex in US patients <65 years (median treatment difference: 8.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.00–17.95; p = 0.040) that was not observed in patients <65 years from the rest of the world (median treatment difference: 0.2; 95% CI: −5.00 to 7.74; p = 0.794). Treatment effect in favour of Sativex was observed on quality-of-life questionnaires, despite the fact that similar effects were not observed on NRS score. The safety profile of Sativex was consistent with earlier studies, and no evidence of abuse or misuse was identified. Conclusions: Sativex did not demonstrate superiority to placebo in reducing self-reported pain NRS scores in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain unalleviated by optimized opioid therapy, although further exploration of differences between United States and patients from the rest of the world is warranted.

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Portenoy, MD, Russell K., William Raffaeli, MD, Luis M. Torres, MD, Thomas Sitte, Akhil Chandra Deka, MD, Ileana Gonzalez Herrera, MD und Mark S. Wallace, MD. „Long-term safety, tolerability, and consistency of effect of fentanyl pectin nasal spray for breakthrough cancer pain in opioid-tolerant patients“. Journal of Opioid Management 6, Nr. 5 (01.09.2010): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2010.0029.

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Jost, Cédric, Cyril Muehlethaler und Geneviève Massonnet. „Forensic aspects of the weathering and ageing of spray paints“. Forensic Science International 258 (Januar 2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.11.001.

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Wroblewski, Grzegorz, Konrad Kielbasinski, Tomasz Stapinski, Janusz Jaglarz, Konstanty Marszalek, Barbara Swatowska, Lucja Dybowska-Sarapuk und Malgorzata Jakubowska. „Graphene Platelets as Morphology Tailoring Additive in Carbon Nanotube Transparent and Flexible Electrodes for Heating Applications“. Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/316315.

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Flexible and transparent electrodes were fabricated with spray coating technique from paints based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes with the addition of graphene platelets. The work presents the influence of graphene platelets on the paints rheology and layers morphology, which has a strong connection to the electrooptical parameters of the electrodes. The paints rheology affects the atomization during spray coating and later the leveling of the coating on the substrate. Both technological aspects shape the morphology of the electrode and the distribution of nanoparticles in the coating. All these factors influence the sheet resistance and roughness, which is linked to the optical transmission and absorbance. In our research the electrode was applied as a transparent and elastic heating element with 68% optical transmission at 550 nm wavelength and 8.4 kΩ/□ sheet resistance. The elastic heating element was tested with a thermal camera at the 3 diverse supply voltages −20, 30, and 60 VDC. The test successfully confirmed and supported our proposed uses of elaborated electrodes.

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Johnson, W. Carroll, James N. Ray und Jerry W. Davis. „Rolled Cotton Mulch as an Alternative Mulching Material for Transplanted Cucurbit Crops“. Weed Technology 28, Nr. 1 (März 2014): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00074.1.

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Cantaloupe and watermelon growers in the southeastern United States use a system of hybrid transplants grown on narrow low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch-covered seedbeds with overhead irrigation and use the mulch cover for only one crop. LDPE mulches are costly to remove from the field and dispose. Biodegradable mulches that eliminate removal and disposal costs would be of significant benefit, provided that weeds are adequately suppressed. Cotton gin trash is a biodegradable waste product, composed of fiber fragments and seed pieces. Using a proprietary process, cotton gin trash can be chopped, pressed, and heated into a loose mat and stored on a continuous roll. Preliminary studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to determine if rolled cotton fiber mulch made from gin trash could be applied as a seedbed cover using conventional application equipment and adequately suppress weeds. Mulching materials (rolls 91 cm wide) were applied with a mulch layer that produced a finished seedbed 40 cm wide. ‘Athena' cantaloupe and ‘Crimson Sweet' watermelon were transplanted using a waterwheel transplanter. Mulching materials included rolled cotton fiber mulch sprayed with boiled linseed oil after mulch application, rolled cotton fiber mulch sprayed with black latex paint, black LDPE, and bare ground. Herbicide treatments included ethalfluralin, halosulfuron, and glyphosate applied as directed spray and nontreated with herbicides. Rolled cotton fiber mulch was easily applied with a conventional mulch layer with no modification and minimal adjustment, producing no tears or holes. Biodegradable cotton fiber mulch treated with boiled linseed oil or black latex paint suppressed weeds equally well as LDPE and all were better than bare-ground plots. Herbicides improved control of all weeds over the nontreated control and this effect was independent of weed suppression provided by seedbed mulches. Cantaloupe and watermelon yields were not affected by seedbed mulches, but were increased by weed control provided by herbicides.

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Lettieri, Mariateresa, Maurizio Masieri, Mariachiara Pipoli, Alessandra Morelli und Mariaenrica Frigione. „Anti-Graffiti Behavior of Oleo/Hydrophobic Nano-Filled Coatings Applied on Natural Stone Materials“. Coatings 9, Nr. 11 (07.11.2019): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110740.

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In recent years, graffiti writings are increasingly regarded as a form of art. However, their presence on historic building remains a vandalism and different strategies have been developed to clean or, preferably, protect the surfaces. In this study, an experimental nano-filled coating, based on fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, and two commercial products have been applied on compact and porous calcareous stones, representative of building materials used in the Mediterranean basin, and their anti-graffiti ability has been analyzed. All the tested experimental and commercial coatings exhibited high hydrophobicity and oleophobicity, thus meeting one of the basic requirements for anti-graffiti systems. The effects of staining by acrylic blu-colored spray paint and felt-tip marker were, then, assessed; the properties of the treated stone surfaces after cleaning by acetone were also investigated. Visual observations, contact angle measurements and color evaluations were performed to this aim. It was found that the protective coatings facilitated the spray paint removal; however high oleophobicity or paint repellence did not guarantee a complete cleaning. The stain from the felt-tip marker was confirmed to be extremely difficult to remove. The cleaning with a neat unconfined solvent promoted the movement of the applied polymers (and likely of the paint, as well) in the porous structure of the stone substrate.

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Zeichner, Arie, Nadav Levin und Eliezer Landau. „A Study of Paint Coat Characteristics Produced by Spray Paints from Shaken and Nonshaken Spray Cans“. Journal of Forensic Sciences 37, Nr. 2 (01.03.1992): 13261J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs13261j.

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Flood, Pamela, und Danette Daniel. „Intranasal Nicotine for Postoperative Pain Treatment“. Anesthesiology 101, Nr. 6 (01.12.2004): 1417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200412000-00023.

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Background Despite pharmacological treatment, 70-80% of patients report moderate to severe pain after surgery. Because nicotine has been reported to have analgesic properties in animal and human volunteer studies, the authors assessed the analgesic efficacy of a single 3 mg dose of nicotine nasal spray administered before emergence from general anesthesia. Methods The authors conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of 20 healthy women (mean age 45 (SD 8) yr) who were to undergo uterine surgery through a low transverse incision. After the conclusion of surgery but before emergence from general anesthesia, the anesthesiologist administered either nicotine nasal spray or a placebo. Numerical analog pain score and morphine utilization and hemodynamic values were measured for 24 h. Results The patients treated with nicotine reported lower pain scores during the first hour after surgery (peak numerical analog score, 7.6 (SD 1.4) versus 5.3 (SD 1.6); P < 0.001) and used half the amount of morphine as the control group (12 (SD 6) versus 6 (SD 5) mg; P < 0.05). Patients who received nicotine still reported less pain than those in the control group 24 h after surgery (1.5 (SD 0.5) versus 4.9 (SD 1.4); P < 0.01). Systolic blood pressure was lower in the group that received nicotine (105 (SD 3) versus 122 (SD 3); P < 0.001), but there was no difference in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate. Conclusions Treatment with a single dose of nicotine immediately before emergence from anesthesia was associated with significantly lower reported pain scores during the first day after surgery. The decreased pain was associated with a reduction in morphine utilization and the analgesic effect of nicotine was not associated with hypertension or tachycardia.

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Votava, Jiří, Martin Kotus und Vojtěch Kumbár. „Passivation of Zinc Coatings by Inhibition Chrome-Based Systems“. Advanced Materials Research 1059 (Dezember 2014): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1059.67.

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The anticorrosion resistance of metal (inorganic) coatings is defined by the system of anode and cathode protection. As zinc coatings do not load the environment in such an extent like organic paint systems, current trend is to maximally prolong the service life of a zinc coating. This paper is focused on analysis of the speed of corrosion degradation of zinc coatings. The individual samples were prepared by the method of hot-dipping and galvanizing. Inhibition systems were applied only to electrolyte-applied zinc coating. There were prepared three different passivating methods: (1) slim-layer passivation with the content of Cr (III), (2) slim-layer passivation with the inhibitor Cr (VI) and (3) thick-layer passivation with Cr (III). The thickness of anticorrosion coatings has been measured by both destructive and non-destructive methods. The weight of the applied anticorrosion substrate was measured in compliance with the ČSN EN ISO 3892 standard. Ductile characteristics were analysed according to the ČSN EN ISO 1519 standard. The total evaluation of anticorrosion resistance was processed according to the ČSN EN ISO 9227 standard (salt-spray test). Based on the results of corrosion tests, the individual coatings can be analysed and their corrosion resistance can be evaluated. The service life of the zinc coating can be prolonged by sealing off the zinc coating by an appropriate inhibitor which supports the self-healing effect of the whole anticorrosion substrate.

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Joseph, Ron. „Measuring effects of spray paint on air quality in a science project“. Metal Finishing 106, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(08)80006-2.

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Roselli, Sol, Cecilia Deyá, Mariana Revuelta, Alejandro R. Di Sarli und Roberto Romagnoli. „Zeolites as reservoirs for Ce(III) as passivating ions in anticorrosion paints“. Corrosion Reviews 36, Nr. 3 (27.06.2018): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2017-0090.

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AbstractThe aim of this paper was to evaluate the performance of two different modified zeolitic minerals as anticorrosion pigments in order to reduce or eliminate zinc phosphate in paints. In the first stage, the selected minerals were characterized and modified with cerium ions to obtain the anticorrosion pigments. Their inhibitive properties were evaluated by means of electrochemical techniques (corrosion potential measurements and polarization curves) employing a steel electrode immersed in the pigments suspensions. In the second stage, solvent-borne paints, with 30% by volume of the anticorrosion pigment, with respect of the total pigment content, were formulated. The performance of the resulting paints was assessed by accelerated (salt spray and humidity chambers) and electrochemical tests (corrosion potential measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and compared with that of a control paint with 30% by volume of zinc phosphate. Results obtained in this research suggested that zeolites can be used as carriers for passivating ions in the manufacture of anticorrosion paints with at least reduced zinc phosphate content.

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Muehlethaler, Cyril, Geneviève Massonnet, Marie Deviterne, Maureen Bradley, Ana Herrero, Itxaso Diaz de Lezana, Sandrine Lauper et al. „Survey on batch-to-batch variation in spray paints: A collaborative study“. Forensic Science International 229, Nr. 1-3 (Juni 2013): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.041.

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