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1
Zhang, Alissa, Eui-Chang Jung, Hanjiang Zhu, Ying Zou, Xiaoying Hui und Howard Maibach. „Vehicle effects on human stratum corneum absorption and skin penetration“. Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, Nr. 5 (19.07.2016): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716656119.
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This study evaluated the effects of three vehicles—ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM)—on stratum corneum (SC) absorption and diffusion of the [14C]-model compounds benzoic acid and butenafine hydrochloride to better understand the transport pathways of chemicals passing through and resident in SC. Following application of topical formulations to human dermatomed skin for 30 min, penetration flux was observed for 24 h post dosing, using an in vitro flow-through skin diffusion system. Skin absorption and penetration was compared to the chemical-SC (intact, delipidized, or SC lipid film) binding levels. A significant vehicle effect was observed for chemical skin penetration and SC absorption. IPA resulted in the greatest levels of intact SC/SC lipid absorption, skin penetration, and total skin absorption/penetration of benzoic acid, followed by IPM and EtOH, respectively. For intact SC absorption and total skin absorption/penetration of butenafine, the vehicle that demonstrated the highest level of sorption/penetration was EtOH, followed by IPA and IPM, respectively. The percent doses of butenafine that were absorbed in SC lipid film and penetrated through skin in 24 h were greatest for IPA, followed by EtOH and IPM, respectively. The vehicle effect was consistent between intact SC absorption and total chemical skin absorption and penetration, as well as SC lipid absorption and chemical penetration through skin, suggesting intercellular transport as a main pathway of skin penetration for model chemicals. These results suggest the potential to predict vehicle effects on skin permeability with simple SC absorption assays. As decontamination was applied 30 min after chemical exposure, significant vehicle effects on chemical SC partitioning and percutaneous penetration also suggest that skin decontamination efficiency is vehicle dependent, and an effective decontamination method should act on chemical solutes in the lipid domain.
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Dimitrov, Sabcho D., Lawrence K. Low, Grace Y. Patlewicz, Petra S. Kern, Gergana D. Dimitrova, Mike H. I. Comber, Richard D. Phillips, Jay Niemela, Paul T. Bailey und Ovanes G. Mekenyan. „Skin Sensitization: Modeling Based on Skin Metabolism Simulation and Formation of Protein Conjugates“. International Journal of Toxicology 24, Nr. 4 (Juli 2005): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810591000631.
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A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) system for estimating skin sensitization potency has been developed that incorporates skin metabolism and considers the potential of parent chemicals and/or their activated metabolites to react with skin proteins. A training set of diverse chemicals was compiled and their skin sensitization potency assigned to one of three classes. These three classes were, significant, weak, or nonsensitizing. Because skin sensitization potential depends upon the ability of chemicals to react with skin proteins either directly or after appropriate metabolism, a metabolic simulator was constructed to mimic the enzyme activation of chemicals in the skin. This simulator contains 203 hierarchically ordered spontaneous and enzyme controlled reactions. Phase I and phase II metabolism were simulated by using 102 and 9 principal transformations, respectively. The covalent interactions of chemicals and their metabolites with skin proteins were described by 83 reactions that fall within 39 alerting groups. The SAR/QSAR system developed was able to correctly classify about 80% of the chemicals with significant sensitizing effect and 72% of nonsensitizing chemicals. For some alerting groups, three-dimensional (3D)-QSARs were developed to describe the multiplicity of physicochemical, steric, and electronic parameters. These 3D-QSARs, so-called pattern recognition-type models, were applied each time a latent alerting group was identified in a parent chemical or its generated metabolite(s). The concept of the mutual influence amongst atoms in a molecule was used to define the structural domain of the skin sensitization model. The utility of the structural model domain and the predictability of the model were evaluated using sensitization potency data for 96 chemicals not used in the model building. The TIssue MEtabolism Simulator (TIMES) software was used to integrate a skin metabolism simulator and 3D-QSARs to evaluate the reactivity of chemicals thus predicting their likely skin sensitization potency.
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Llewelyn, Victoria K., Lee Berger und Beverley D. Glass. „Permeability of frog skin to chemicals: effect of penetration enhancers“. Heliyon 5, Nr. 8 (August 2019): e02127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02127.
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Reid, Linzi, Nancy Khammo und Richard H. Clothier. „An Evaluation of the Effects of Photoactivation of Bithionol, Amiodarone and Chlorpromazine on Human Keratinocytes In Vitro“. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 35, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2007): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290703500513.
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Human skin is a continual target for chemical toxicity, due to its constant exposure to xenobiotics. The skin possesses a number of protective antioxidant systems, including glutathione and enzymic pathways, which are capable of neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS). In combination with certain chemicals, the presence of ROS might augment the levels of toxicity, due to photoactivation of the chemical or, alternatively, due to an oxidatively-stressed state in the skin which exisited prior to exposure to the chemical. Bithionol is a phototoxic anti-parasitic compound. The mechanism of its toxicity and the possible methods of protection from its damaging effects have been explored. The capacity of keratinocytes to protect themselves from bithionol and other phototoxic chemicals has been investigated. In addition, the potential of endogenous antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, to afford protection to the cells, has been evaluated. The intracellular glutathione stores of HaCaT keratinocytes were reduced following treatment with biothionol. Following photoactivation, both bithionol and chlorpromazine had similar effects, which suggests that glutathione is important in the detoxification pathway of these chemicals. This was confirmed by means of the visual identification of fluorescently-labelled glutathione. Endogenous antioxidants were unable to protect the HaCaT keratinocytes from bithionol toxicity or chlorpromazine phototoxicity. Amiodarone was shown to have no effect on cellular glutathione levels, which suggests that an alternative mechanism of detoxification was occurring in this case. This was supported by evidence of the protection of HaCaT cells from amiodarone phototoxicity via endogenous antioxidants. Thus, it appears that amiodarone toxicity is dependent on the levels of non-gluathione antioxidants present, whilst bithionol and chlorpromazine detoxification relies on the glutathione antioxidant system. This type of approach could indicate the likely mechanisms of phototoxicity of chemicals in vitro, with relevance to potential effects in vivo.
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Roure, Romain, Marion Lanctin, Virginie Nollent und Christiane Bertin. „Methods to Assess the Protective Efficacy of Emollients against Climatic and Chemical Aggressors“. Dermatology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/864734.
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Exposure to harsh environmental conditions, such as cold and dry climate and chemicals can have an abrasive effect on skin. Skin care products containing ingredients that avert these noxious effects by reinforcement of the barrier function can be tested usingin vivomodels. The objective is to use in vivo models to assess the efficacy of emollients in protecting skin against climatic and chemical insults. A first model used a stream of cooled air to mimic cold wind. A second used sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) under patch as chemical aggressor. In the model with simulated wind exposure, the untreated exposed area had a significant decrease in hydration. In contrast, application of an emollient caused a significant increase in hydration that was maintained after wind exposure. In the second model with SLS exposure, application of a barrier cream before SLS patch significantly reduced the dehydrating effect of SLS with a significant difference in variation between both areas. Application of the cream reduced TEWL, indicative of a physical reinforcement of the skin barrier. The two presented test methods, done under standardized conditions, can be used for evaluation of protective effect of emollient, by reinforcing the barrier function against experimentally induced skin dehydration.
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Bereznyak, Irina V., Leonora I. Lipkina, Nataliya E. Fedorova, Natalia G. Zavolokina und Natalia I. Nikolayeva. „Hygienic assessment of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics (literature review)“. Hygiene and sanitation 100, Nr. 9 (20.09.2021): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-9-980-984.
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The basis of safety for working with chemicals, including pesticides, is to minimize contact with them and prevent them from entering the body by inhalation and dermal route, sometimes in actual production conditions, the skin pathway can be more dangerous. The most studied inhalation route of harmful substances entering the body of a working person is confirmed by an extensive evidence base, the presence of regulatory and methodological documents, experimentally established and approved MPC in the air of the occupational area for 2484 substances, and 601 substances included in SanPiN 1.2.3685-211. The maximum permissible levels (MPL) on the skin are presented for only 26 substances in the same document. Identification and evaluation of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics have methodological features due to the properties of the skin, which performs a barrier-protective function, and the physico-chemical, toxic properties of substances. The main stages of development in the domestic hygienic science and practice of research on the study and assessment of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics in industrial contact with them are presented. The continuity of research on the study and evaluation of the skin-resorptive impact of chemicals used in various industries and agriculture is shown, making it possible to develop methodological approaches to the identification and risk assessment of dermal absorption of xenobiotics, including pesticides, within the organisms of workers. Evaluating the risk of skin contamination is the main argument for the development of measures for the primary prevention of skin resorptive action. Establishing the priority of the dermal route of toxicant intake is an evidence-based justification for making decisions about the possibility of using, for example, pesticides on the territory of the Russian Federation. The literature review is based on open sources hosted on virtual database platforms: Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, e-LIBRARY, Electronic Fund of Legal and Regulatory Documents, etc.
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Park, Juyoung, Handule Lee und Kwangsik Park. „Gastrointestinal tract and skin permeability of chemicals in consumer products using parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA)“. Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 36, Nr. 3 (27.09.2021): e2021021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2021021.
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Some chemicals commonly used in personal care products, household items, food vessels, cosmetics, and other consumer products are potentially harmful, and several reviews of epidemiological studies have suggested the associations between the chemical exposure from consumer products, and respiratory diseases, skin sensitization, and reproductive problems. Therefore, risk assessment is essential for management of consumer products safety. Necessarily, the estimation of human exposure is an essential step in risk assessment, and the absorption rate of those chemicals via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin are very critical in determining the internal dose of the exposed chemicals. In this study, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA) for the gastrointestinal tract and skin were performed to evaluate the permeability of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl-, propyl-, and butyl paraben), bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S), isothiazolinones (methyl-, chloromethyl-, benz-, octyl-, and dichlorooctyl isothiazolinone), and phthalates [diethyl-, dibutyl-, Di-isononyl-, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate]. Lipid solubility of test chemicals indicated by log P values was shown as the most critical factor and showed a positive association with the permeability of parabens, bisphenols, and isothiazolinones in PAMPA assay. However, phthalate showed a reverse-association between lipophilicity and permeability. The permeability of all the tested chemicals was higher in the gastrointestinal tract membrane than in the skin membrane. The pH in donor solution did not show significant effects on the permeability in all the chemicals, except the chemicals with a free hydrophilic moiety in their chemical structures.
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Braga, Rodolpho C., Vinicius M. Alves, Eugene N. Muratov, Judy Strickland, Nicole Kleinstreuer, Alexander Trospsha und Carolina Horta Andrade. „Pred-Skin: A Fast and Reliable Web Application to Assess Skin Sensitization Effect of Chemicals“. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 57, Nr. 5 (10.05.2017): 1013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00194.
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Zhao, Zhuo, Ming Liu, Xiaochuan Jia, Hua Wang, Zhipeng Liu, Jie Zhang, Li Sun und Meng Zhang. „Toxicity Effect of Carbon Nanotubes“. Nano LIFE 04, Nr. 03 (September 2014): 1441009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984414410098.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been known as one of the most important nanomaterials and their toxicological effects in vivo have been widely concerned. According to "Globally Harmonized System of classification and Labelling of Chemicals" (GHS) classification regulation, here, we analyzed the local toxicity (skin corrosion/irritation), acute oral toxicity, aquatic acute toxicity and reproductive toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with the "Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development" (OECD) recommended chemical toxicity standard test methods. The experimental results showed that the LD50 and LC50 of SWCNT are all higher (LC50 more than 5000 mg/kg bw, LC50 more than 100 mg/L), but the skin irritation score is 0.6. As the standard of GHS, that means the SWCNT has no acute oral toxicity and aquatic acute toxicity, but it belongs to skin mild irritation substance. The investigations of reproductive toxicity showed that rate of cell micronuclei formation was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in 10.0 mg/kg dose group, and rate of mice sperm deformity was increased too (p < 0.05) in infected groups indicating that the SWCNT played a potentially role in reproductive toxicity.
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Yemiş, Fadim. „Classification, Uses and Environmental Implications of Disinfectants“. Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 21, Nr. 2 (24.12.2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2020.12.20.
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Disinfectants are not only cleaning reagents such as soap or detergents but are hygienic materials prepared with the composition of various chemicals. Many classification routes are possible, but they are placed in two main groups, such as organic and inorganic disinfectants. The classification prevails for high level disinfectants and depends on chemical structure. In high-level disinfectants aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and chloride type chemicals are used. In contrast, alcohols, phenols, ammonium salts, and iodine solutions are recommended for low disinfectant applications. Soap, iodide, and alcohol solutions are the best antiseptic agents for hand and skin. Iodine-based solutions are good primary tissue and skin disinfectants. The alcohol solutions have a good inhibitory effect on many microorganisms, micro bacteria, fungi, and various viruses. These solution types are not hazardous to use as both antiseptic and surface disinfectants compared to many other chemicals.
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Rakitskiy, Valery N., E. G. Chkhvirkiya und T. M. Epishina. „RISK ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS PRODUCT USE FOR THE POPULATION“. Health Care of the Russian Federation 63, Nr. 2 (07.10.2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2019-63-2-103-107.
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Introduction. The range of household chemicals is constantly increasing, as a result of which the population is exposed to new detergents that can directly affect the health of the population, constantly in contact with chemicals in everyday life. These circumstances require sanitary and Toxicological study of household chemicals and the development of preventive measures aimed at protecting public health. Purpose of research. To assess the risk of using synthetic detergent based on anionic and nonionic surface active substance (SAS). Material and methods. To determine the average lethal dose (LD50), a sample of detergent was injected into the stomach of 6 male rats at a dose of 5000 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Irritant effect on the skin was determined with a single application of the working solution (1.25%) to 6 rats and 3 rabbits on the trimmed side section at an exposure of 4 h, followed by flushing and into the conjunctival eye bag to 6 Guinea pigs and 3 rabbits. The follow-up period was 14 days. A single skin-resorptive effect of the working solution was studied in 20 rats of two groups of 10 animals in the control group and 10 in the experimental group. Observation period - 14 days. Multiple resorptive action was studied in 20 rats in two groups (10 animals in the control group and 10 in the experimental group) to determine the peripheral blood of animals in the control and experimental groups. The sensitizing effect of the detergent sample was studied on 20 Guinea pigs in two groups (10 in the control group and 10 in the experimental group) by a combined method. Results. LD50 orally for male rats >5000 mg/kg b.w., with a single application to the skin of rats and rabbits and the mucous membrane of the eyes of guinea pigs and rabbits does not cause irritation, does not have skin-resorbtive action (rats), does not have an allergenic effect (guinea pigs). Discussion. According to the results of studies, in accordance with the classification according to the degree of exposure to harmful substances, the tested sample according to acute oral toxicity belongs to the 4th class of danger, irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eye - 0 points; clinical signs of intoxication with a single and multiple skin-resorptive action was not revealed; sensitizing effect - 0 points. Conclusions. The studied sample of a synthetic detergent according to the parameters of acute toxicity refers to low-risk compounds (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg b.w.), does not have an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the eye, sensitizing and skin-resorptive action, which allows us to conclude that there is no risk of using the studied sample, household chemicals for the population.
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Park, Yuri, Soyeon Shin, Nutan Shukla, Kibeom Kim und Myoung-Hwan Park. „Effects of Nanobubbles in Dermal Delivery of Drugs and Cosmetics“. Nanomaterials 12, Nr. 19 (21.09.2022): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193286.
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Dermal delivery, which delivers drugs and cosmetics through the skin, has attracted significant attention due to its non-invasive and simple administration compared with oral or injectable administration. However, delivery of the ingredients through the skin barrier is difficult because the primary function of the skin is to protect the human body by preventing the invasion of contaminants. Although various techniques have been developed to overcome skin barriers, chemical toxicity, complicated processes, and expensive equipment still remain as obstacles. Moreover, green chemistry, which minimizes or eliminates the use of toxic chemicals, is required in the cosmetic industry. Thus, the development of a new method for dermal delivery is required. In this study, we provide a new method for dermal delivery using nanobubbles (NBs). NBs generated in oil improve the delivery effect of the active ingredients through the high Brownian motion and charge-balancing effect. Franz cell experiments and depigmentation experiments using the B16F10 melanoma cells were conducted to confirm the enhanced delivery effects. The system using NBs will contribute to the advancement of the dermal delivery of drugs and cosmetics.
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Wester, Ronald C., und Howard I. Maibach. „Human Skin Binding and Absorption of Contaminants from Ground and Surface Water During Swimming and Bathing“. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, Nr. 5 (September 1989): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909018044.
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Contaminants exist in ground and surface water. Human skin has the capacity to bind and then absorb these contaminants into the body during swimming and bathing. Powdered human stratum corneum will bind both lipid-soluble (alachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], benzene) and water-soluble (nitroaniline) chemicals. In vitro (human skin) and in vivo (Rhesus monkey) studies show that these chemicals readily distribute into skin, and then some of the chemical is absorbed into the body. Linearity in binding and absorption exists for nitroaniline over a 10-fold concentration range. Multiple exposure to benzene is at least cumulative. Binding and absorption can be significant for exposures as short as 30 min, and will increase with time. Absorption with water dilution increased for alachlor, but not for dinoseb. Soap reversed the partitioning of alachlor between human stratum corneum and water. The PCBs could be removed from skin by soap and water (70% efficiency) for up to 3 h and then decontamination potential decreased, due to continuing skin absorption. The model in vitro and in vivo systems used should permit easy estimation of this area of extensive human exposure effect on risk assessment.
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HARDWICK, J. B. J., A. T. TUCKER, M. WILKS, A. JOHNSTON und N. BENJAMIN. „A novel method for the delivery of nitric oxide therapy to the skin of human subjects using a semi-permeable membrane“. Clinical Science 100, Nr. 4 (26.02.2001): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1000395.
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Nitric oxide (NO) is a mediator of essential biological processes, including vasodilatation, anti-microbial activity and wound healing. A chemical system using sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid has been developed which generates significant amounts of NO. The originally described system was messy and impractical, and the high acidity may cause pain and further tissue damage in ulcerated skin. To overcome this, a selectively permeable, hydrophilic polyester co-polymer membrane system (Sympatex™) has been identified that can be placed between the NO-generating chemicals and the skin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether NO derived from this chemical system was able to diffuse through the membrane and have a measurable vasodilatory effect on forearm skin in healthy volunteers. The Sympatex™ 10 μ m membrane was found to be highly permeable to NO, while preventing passage of the constituents of the NO-generation gel to the skin. The transmembrane NO-generation system had a vasodilatory effect comparable with that resulting from direct topical application. Additionally, the NO generated was effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at doses lower than those required to increase skin blood flow. The vasodilatory and anti-microbial effects of this system may be useful as a patch-based topical therapy for skin ulceration, particularly when there is concomitant ischaemia and infection.
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Liang, Wenxin. „Toxicity and Effect of Chemicals in Skin Care Products on Human Health“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 512 (18.06.2020): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/512/1/012081.
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Malinowska, Magdalena Anna, Elżbieta Sikora, Joanna Stalińska, Jan Ogonowski und Justyna Drukała. „The Effect of the New Lupeol Derivatives on Human Skin Cells as Potential Agents in the Treatment of Wound Healing“. Biomolecules 11, Nr. 6 (21.05.2021): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11060774.
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Skin barrier damage can be the result of various external factors including heat, radiation, chemicals and many others. Any interruption of the skin barrier integrity causes the exposure of the organism to harmful environmental factors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics characterized by high bioavailability and effectiveness in skin damage recovery. Birch bark is known as a clinically proven, traditional medicinal remedy to accelerate wound healing. Lupeol, one of the main birch bark ingredients, shows a wide range of biological activity beneficial to the skin. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of new lupeol derivatives on keratinocyte and fibroblast migration and proliferation, as well as to investigate various mechanisms of their antioxidant activity. The chemical modification of lupeol structure was intended to obtain more effective therapeutics characterized by higher bioavailability, permeability and safety of use. The novel triterpenes presented in this study were evaluated as the potential active ingredients preventing skin tissue degradation. Lupeol esters influence skin cells’ motility and proliferation. Importantly, they are able to reduce reactive oxygen species and act indirectly by protecting the skin protein structure from being oxidized by free radicals.
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Worth, Andrew P., Julia H. Fentem, Michael Balls, Philip A. Botham, Rodger D. Curren, Lesley K. Earl, David J. Esdaile und Manfred Liebsch. „An Evaluation of the Proposed OECD Testing Strategy for Skin Corrosion“. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 26, Nr. 5 (September 1998): 709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299802600512.
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The use of testing strategies which incorporate a range of alternative methods and which use animals only as a last resort is widely considered to provide a reliable way of predicting chemical toxicity while minimising animal testing. The widespread concern over the severity of the Draize rabbit test for assessing skin irritation and corrosion led to the proposal of a stepwise testing strategy at an OECD workshop in January 1996. Subsequently, the proposed testing strategy was adopted, with minor modifications, by the OECD Advisory Group on Harmonization of Classification and Labelling. This article reports an evaluation of the proposed OECD testing strategy as it relates to the classification of skin corrosives. By using a set of 60 chemicals, an assessment was made of the effect of applying three steps in the strategy, taken both individually and in sequence. The results indicate that chemicals can be classified as corrosive (C) or non-corrosive (NC) with sufficient reliability by the sequential application of three alternative methods, i.e., structure-activity relationships (where available), pH measurements, and a single in vitro method (either the rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) assay or the EPISKIN™ assay). It is concluded that the proposed OECD strategy for skin corrosion can be simplified without compromising its predictivity. For example, it does not appear necessary to measure acid/alkali reserve (buffering capacity) in addition to pH for the classification of pure chemicals.
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HWANG, CHENG-AN, und LARRY R. BEUCHAT. „Efficacy of Selected Chemicals for Killing Pathogenic and Spoilage Microorganisms on Chicken Skin“. Journal of Food Protection 58, Nr. 1 (01.01.1995): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.1.19.
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Chicken skin inoculated with Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes was washed for 30 min with sterile water (control), 10% solutions of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), monosodiumphosphate (MSP), sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), or sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), 1% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 1% lactic acid or 0.05% NaOH, with or without the addition of 1% or 5% Tween 80. Viable populations of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and psychrotrophs were significantly (P<0.05) lower on skin washed with 1% TSP or 1% lactic acid compared to populations on skin washed with water or 10% MSP, STPP, SAPP or SHMP. Washing skin with 0.05% NaOH significantly reduced the Salmonella spp. population but had no effect on L. monocytogenes. The addition of 5% Tween 80 to TSP solutions enhanced the removal of psychrotrophs and Salmonella but had little effect on L. monocytogenes. Skin inoculated with Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni orStaphylococcus aureus was washed in sterile water, 0.3% lactic acid/0.05% sodium benzoate (LB35), or 0.5% lactic acid/0.05% sodium benzoate (LB55) and then stored at 4°C for up to 16 days. Washing skin with solutions of LB35 or LB55 resulted in greater reductions in populations of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and C. jejunicompared to washing with water. No viable cells of Salmonella spp. were detected on skin washed with LB35 or LB55 and stored for 2 and 8 days at 4°C, respectively. Populations of L. monocytogenes on control skin increased slightly after storage for 8 days but the pathogen was not detected on LB35- and LB55-washed skin after 6 days. C. jejuni was not detected on LB35- and LB55-washed skin after 2 days of storage at 4°C, whereas S. aureus steadily decreased to a non-detectable level after 8 days.
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Lindley-Hatcher, Hannah, Jiarui Wang, Arturo I. Hernandez-Serrano, Joseph Hardwicke, Gabit Nurumbetov, David M. Haddleton und Emma Pickwell-MacPherson. „Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing“. Pharmaceutics 13, Nr. 12 (01.12.2021): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122052.
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Water content of the skin is an important parameter for controlling the penetration rate of chemicals through the skin barrier; therefore, for transdermal patches designed for drug delivery to be successful, the effects of the patches on the water content of the skin must be understood. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a technique which is being increasingly investigated for biomedical applications due to its high sensitivity to water content and non-ionizing nature. In this study, we used THz measurements of the skin (in vivo) to observe the effect of partially and fully occlusive skin patches on the THz response of the skin after the patches had been applied for 24 h. We were able to observe an increase in the water content of the skin following the application of the patches and to identify that the skin remained hyper-hydrated for four hours after the removal of the fully occlusive patches. Herein, we show that THz spectroscopy has potential for increasing the understanding of how transdermal patches affect the skin, how long the skin takes to recover following patch removal, and what implications these factors might have for how transdermal drug patches are designed and used.
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Mattie, D. R., J. N. McDougal, M. R. Chase und C. J. Hixson. „Use of lanthanum to detect changes in the permeability barrier of rat skin after dermal exposure to organic chemicals“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100128638.
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Occupational dermal exposures to organic solvents are of importance due to local effects in the skin and systemic toxicity if penetration occurs through the skin. Repeated or prolonged contact with organic solvents may cause dry skin and cutaneous irritation. Although organic solvents have been shown to penetrate the skin, little information is available concerning the effects on the barrier properties of skin after dermal exposure to solvents. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the ultra- structural changes in rat skin after exposure to 3 organic chemicals and to correlate changes with the location of an electron dense tracer, lanthanum, which is normally excluded by the permeability barrier in the stratum corneum.Male rats, 6 for saline and 6 for each chemical, were exposed for 24 h to sterile saline, trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PERC), or toluene using dermal exposure cells developed in this laboratory. The cells were filled with 2 mL of saline or the neat chemical.
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Bates, Nicola. „Poisons affecting the skin“. Companion Animal 25, Nr. 11 (02.12.2020): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2020.0086.
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All homes contain substances capable of causing serious injury if they come into contact with the skin. These substances include detergents, acids and alkalis found in many cleaning products, and petroleum distillates, such as white spirit and petrol. Asphalt used in road surfacing can also cause local effects, particularly if it is still hot when contact occurs. The risk of these chemicals having an effect on the skin is increased if decontamination is delayed. The method of decontamination will depend on the substance involved, but in many cases simple bathing is sufficient. Removal of oily or greasy substances may require the use of a commercial degreaser and sticky material may need to be softened with oil or fat to allow removal. Decontamination after contact with corrosive substances may require prolonged and repeated water irrigation to ensure thorough removal. Another potential source of dermal injury in pets is exposure to psoralen-containing plants such as hogweed, Heracleum spp. in combination with ultraviolet light, which can result in erythema, blistering and dermatitis. In this case, management is supportive with an avoidance of sunlight.
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Babu, RJ, A. Chatterjee, E. Ahaghotu und M. Singh. „Percutaneous absorption and skin irritation upon low-level prolonged dermal exposure to nonane, dodecane and tetradecane in hairless rats“. Toxicology and Industrial Health 20, Nr. 6-10 (Juli 2004): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233704th197oa.
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Even though the dermal toxicity of hydrocarbon fuels has been well established in the literature, there is little information available on the dermal penetration kinetics and irritation potential of the individual hydrocarbons. The penetration and skin retention of nonane, dodecane and tetradecane was assessed in vitro using hairless rats’ skin. The effects of unocclusive dermal exposures of these chemicals (15 mL every 2 h for 8 h a day for four days) on the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema were measured in CD hairless rats. The expression of interleukin 1a (IL-1a) and TNF-a in the skin and blood were measured at the end of dermal exposures. The flux of dodecane was 3- and 77-fold higher than nonane and tetradecane. The retention of chemicals in stratum corneum (SC) was in the order of tetradecane-dodecane-nonane, and directly correlated to the log Kp (r2-0.9900) and molecular weight of the chemicals (r2-0.8782). The TEWL and erythema data indicate that irritation was in the following order: tetradecane-dodecane-nonane. Likewise, the expression of IL-1a in the blood and TNF-a in the skin after dermal exposures was higher for tetradecane followed by dodecane and nonane compared to control. In conclusion, the aliphatic hydrocarbon chemicals of the present study induced cumulative irritation upon low-level repeat exposures for a four-day period. The affinity of the chemicals to SC and their gradual accumulation in the skin in the present study is the probable cause for the differences in the skin irritation profiles of different aliphatic chemicals. The findings of the present study will be helpful in understanding the skin irritation response of the chemicals in humans; indeed the reality check arises from dermal exposures in humans and human experience in occupational handling of these chemicals.
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Ahmed, MD Dipu, Kazi Madina Maraz und Ruhul Amin Khan. „Prospects and Challenges of Chrome Tanning: Approach a Greener Technology in Leather Industry“. Scientific Review, Nr. 73 (08.07.2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/sr.73.42.49.
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The leather industry is one of the heavy-polluting and hazardous industries that is creating toxic and harmful effects on the environment and human health by producing waste chemicals, tannery effluents, and various pollutants. Moreover, Tanning is the required stage to convert raw skin to durable and sustainable skin but most of the chemicals, salts, organic and inorganic toxic pollutants are produced. In commercial practices, Chrome tanning is the highly employed approach that uses a large number of basic chromium salts that becomes the major source of chromium pollutant in the environment. Chromium salt is not only harmful to the environment and ecology but also harms the human body such as causing respiratory problems, infertility and birth defects, skin and lung cancer of the workers. This article has presented two alternatives eco-friendly greener approaches of chrome tanning and waste management technique to reduce the toxic effect on the environment and human health. Firstly, to get rid of these harmful effects, the possible remedy of environmental and human health problems may be considered the vegetable tanning process. Vegetable tanning uses tannins (a class of polyphenol astringent chemicals), which occur naturally in the bark and leaves of many plants. Secondly, chrome tanning associate with ultrasound having a frequency range of 20–100 kHz is commonly employed for enhancing the physical processes and for performing chemical reactions. The basic principle associated with the process is an ultrasonic cavitation in dissolved media. Ultrasound decreases the consumption of conventional water and chemicals because it can also function as a physical activator resulting reduction in environmental pollution which is a prime concern nowadays to approach greener leather technology and eco-friendly leather processing. Furthermore, the possible waste management technique of chrome tanning helps to prevent pollution and ensure eco-friendly green technology of leather processing. Therefore, vegetable tanning and chrome tanning associated with ultrasound having proper waste management will be the viable and sustainable options for the tanners in the forthcoming future.
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RIEDEL, CHARLOTTE TANDRUP, LONE BRØNDSTED, HANNE ROSENQUIST, SINE NYGAARD HAXGART und BJARKE BAK CHRISTENSEN. „Chemical Decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on Chicken Skin and Meat“. Journal of Food Protection 72, Nr. 6 (01.06.2009): 1173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.6.1173.
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This study evaluated the effectiveness of 11 chemical compounds to reduce Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin and meat samples dipped in chemical solutions. Treatment of skin samples for 1 min using tartaric acid (2%) and caprylic acid sodium salt (5%) caused reductions of C. jejuni NCTC11168, which were not significantly different from the reduction obtained by sterile water (0.95 log). Statistically larger reductions (1.57 to 3.81 log) were caused by formic acid (2%), lactic acid (2.5%), trisodium phosphate (10%), capric acid sodium salt (5%), grapefruit seed extract (1.6%), and chlorhexidine diacetate salt hydrate (1%). The most effective compounds were cetylpyridinium chloride (0.5%) and benzalkonium chloride (1%) (>4.2 log). However, when these treated samples were stored for 24 h at 5°C, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, and grapefruit seed extract were less effective, indicating that some cells may recover after a 1-min treatment with these chemicals. An increase in treatment time to 15 min resulted in higher effectiveness of trisodium phosphate and formic acid. Interestingly, when reduction of the C. jejuni population was compared on chicken skin and meat, sterile water and lactic acid caused considerably larger reductions on skin than on meat, whereas the opposite was seen for caprylic acid sodium salt. In conclusion, this study has identified chemicals with substantial reduction effects on C. jejuni. The analysis has further emphasized that treatment time and food matrix affect the outcome in an unpredictable manner and, therefore, detailed studies are needed to evaluate the reduction effectiveness of chemicals.
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Rusanova, Iryna, Laura Martínez-Ruiz, Javier Florido, César Rodríguez-Santana, Ana Guerra-Librero, Darío Acuña-Castroviejo und Germaine Escames. „Protective Effects of Melatonin on the Skin: Future Perspectives“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 19 (08.10.2019): 4948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194948.
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When exposed to hostile environments such as radiation, physical injuries, chemicals, pollution, and microorganisms, the skin requires protective chemical molecules and pathways. Melatonin, a highly conserved ancient molecule, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of skin. As human skin has functional melatonin receptors and also acts as a complete system that is capable of producing and regulating melatonin synthesis, melatonin is a promising candidate for its maintenance and protection. Below, we review the studies of new metabolic pathways involved in the protective functions of melatonin in dermal cells. We also discuss the advantages of the topical use of melatonin for therapeutic purposes and skin protection. In our view, endogenous intracutaneous melatonin production, together with topically-applied exogenous melatonin and its metabolites, represent two of the most potent defense systems against external damage to the skin.
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Hamadeh, Abdullah, John Troutman und Andrea N. Edginton. „Assessment of Vehicle Volatility and Deposition Layer Thickness in Skin Penetration Models“. Pharmaceutics 13, Nr. 6 (28.05.2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060807.
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Systemic disposition of dermally applied chemicals is often formulation-dependent. Rapid evaporation of the vehicle can result in crystallization of active compounds, limiting their degree of skin penetration. In addition, the choice of vehicle can affect the permeant’s degree of penetration into the stratum corneum. The aim of this study is to build a predictive, mechanistic, dermal absorption model that accounts for vehicle-specific effects on the kinetics of permeant transport into skin. An existing skin penetration model is extended to explicitly include the effect of vehicle volatility over time. Using in vitro measurements of skin penetration by chemicals applied in both a saline and an ethanol solvent, the model is optimized to learn two vehicle-specific quantities: the solvent evaporation rate and the extent of permeant deposition into the upper stratum corneum immediately following application. The dermal disposition estimates of the trained model are subsequently compared against those of the original model using further in vitro measurements. The trained model showed a 1.5-fold improvement and a 19-fold improvement in overall goodness of fit among compounds tested in saline and ethanol solvents, respectively. The proposed model structure can thus form a basis for in vitro to in vivo extrapolations of dermal disposition for skin formulations containing volatile components.
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Im, Jueng-Eun, Hyang Yeon Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Jin-Ju Park, Kyung-Soo Kang und Kyu-Bong Kim. „Effect of Application Amounts on In Vitro Dermal Absorption Test Using Caffeine and Testosterone“. Pharmaceutics 13, Nr. 5 (30.04.2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050641.
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Dermal absorption of chemicals is a key factor in risk assessment. This study investigated the effects of different amounts of application on dermal absorption and suggested an appropriate application dose for proper dermal absorption. Caffeine and testosterone were chosen as test compounds. An in vitro dermal absorption test was performed using a Franz diffusion cell. Different amounts (5, 10, 25, and 50 mg (or µL)/cm2) of semisolid (cream) and liquid (solution) formulations containing 1% caffeine and 0.1% testosterone were applied to rat and minipig (Micropig®) skins. After 24 h, the concentrations of both compounds remaining on the skin surface and in the stratum corneum, dermis and epidermis, and receptor fluid were determined using LC-MS / MS or HPLC. Dermal absorption of both compounds decreased with increasing amounts of application in both skin types (rat and minipig) and formulations (cream and solution). Especially, dermal absorptions (%) of both compounds at 50 mg (or µL)/cm2 was significantly lower compared to 5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2 in both rat and minipig skins. Therefore, a low dose (5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2) of the formulation should be applied to obtain conservative dermal absorption.
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Kurokawa, Y., M. Takahashi, A. Maekawa und Y. Hayashi. „Promoting Effect of Metal Compounds on Liver, Stomach, Kidney, Pancreas, and Skin Carcinogenesis“. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, Nr. 7 (Dezember 1989): 1235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909009112.
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Systemic studies have been completed in Japan to detect those chemicals in the environment that act as promoters. Well-established two-stage models for liver, stomach, kidney, pancreas, and skin carcinogenesis were employed to detect the promoting effect of Zn Cl2, Cr Cl2, Cd Cl2, Ni Cl2, and Hg Cl2. As a result, Ni Cl2 was found to act as a promoter in renal carcinogenesis.
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Dennerlein, Kathrin, Thomas Jäger, Thomas Göen, Sonja Kilo, Karl Heinz Schaller, Hans Drexler und Gintautas Korinth. „Evaluation of the effect of skin cleaning procedures on the dermal absorption of chemicals“. Toxicology in Vitro 29, Nr. 5 (August 2015): 828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.001.
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Hirudkar, Vandana N., und Vishal Shivhare. „A Review on Ayurvedic Cosmeceuticals and their Mode of Actions“. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, Nr. 6 (15.11.2022): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i6.5664.
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The uses of herbal ingredients in cosmetic industry increases day by day since these products improves natural beauty and also gives anti-aging effect. The presence of chemicals such as essential oils, alkaloids, proteins, flavonoids, vitamins and minerals, etc., contributed towards the cosmeceutical properties of herbal cosmetics. Ayurveda described uses of cosmetic for retaining health of skin, hair and tooth, etc. The Ayurveda cosmeceutical provides Vayasthapana, Varnya, Sandhaniya, Tvachya, Shothahara and Tvachagnivardhani effects thus helps to retain beauty and resist symptoms of early aging. Natural products such as Amla, Gotukola, Neem, Henna, Bael, Brahmi, Haritaki, Shikakai, Bhringaraj and Reetha, etc. mainly used for the beautification purpose. Some Ayurveda formulations or topical preparations and oils also recommended for improving health of skin and hair. Ayurveda cosmeceuticals offers advantages of availability, safety and free from unwanted chemical reactions. Present article summarizes the key aspects related to the natural cosmeceuticals and their mode of action.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Beauty, Cosmeceuticals, Vayasthapana, Tvachya
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Goldsmith, Lowell A. „Skin Effects of Air Pollution“. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, Nr. 2 (Februar 1996): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670169-9.
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The skin is a target organ for pollution and also allows the penetration of exogenous agents into the body. About 700,000 new cases of skin cancer were diagnosed in 1993, and 9100 people died of cancer; 76% of the deaths were due to melanoma. Skin cancers are most closely associated with exposure to UVB (290 to 320 nm) irradiation. For every 1% decrease in ozone there is a 2% increase in UVB irradiance, and therefore a 2% increase in skin cancer is predicted. Therefore the atmospheric pollution by ozone-depleting chemicals is a major concern to dermatologists. In addition to being a target organ and site of neoplasms and contact allergens, the skin is the site of significant absorption of environmental pollutants. In the case of chloroform, the percutaneous absorption is equivalent to the respiratory uptake, emphasizing how important it is to recognize skin absorption in toxicologic exposures.
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Konstantinova, Natalia, Tatyana Eremina und Irina Kuznetsova. „Study of fireproof properties of textile materials safe when in contact with human skin“. E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199703013.
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The methods of surface fire retardant treatment of textile materials (TM) and the chemical basis of the fire retardants used are considered. The possibility of developing a fire retardant composition for tissues that would not adversely affect the human skin upon contact has been studied. To determine the degree of danger of contact and of the penetration of chemicals through skin in contact with the fireproof TM, special studies were conducted to study the local irritating effect and resorption of the composition according to special developed laboratory methodological instructions. As the result the evidence was found that the irritating effect of the fire retardant composition developed on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes of experimental animals was not detected. Comparative thermo analytical studies showing the effectiveness of the fire retardant action of the composition developed on the main stage of thermal decomposition of cellulose-containing TM are presented. Thus, the development of a fire retardant composition based on phosphorus-containing compounds and urea compounds and the selection of the optimum ratio of stabilizers for the processing of decorative and finishing fabrics with safe contact with human skin can be one of the effective ways to solve the problem under consideration.
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Chou, Tzu‐Chieh, Tung‐Sheng Shih, Jui‐Chen Tsai, Jyun‐De Wu, Hamm‐Min Sheu und Ho‐Yuan Chang. „Effect of Occupational Exposure to Rayon Manufacturing Chemicals on Skin Barrier to Evaporative Water Loss“. Journal of Occupational Health 46, Nr. 5 (September 2004): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.46.410.
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Morofuji, Ryo, Tomohiro Hikima und Kakuji Tojo. „Effect of Diffusive Direction across the Skin on the Penetration Profile of Chemicals in Vitro“. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36, Nr. 11 (2013): 1760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b13-00331.
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Lang, E., A. Novak, P. W. Reeh und H. O. Handwerker. „Chemosensitivity of fine afferents from rat skin in vitro“. Journal of Neurophysiology 63, Nr. 4 (01.04.1990): 887–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.4.887.
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1. Properties of sensory receptors with slowly conducting nerve fibers (less than 10 m/s) were studied using a rat skin-saphenous nerve in vitro preparation where receptive fields of identified single units can be isolated and superfused at the corium side with defined chemical solutions. 2. With mechanical search stimuli, 150 slowly adapting units were identified, 88% C-fibers, and the remainder, A delta-fibers. The majority of these units (65%) were categorized as mechano-heat sensitive ("polymodal") with controlled radiant heat stimulation. The remaining units were classified as low- or high-threshold mechanoreceptors according to their von Frey thresholds. 3. Bradykinin (BK), in concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-4) M, was repeatedly applied for 1 min at 10-min intervals. Fifty-six percent of the polymodal C-fibers responded to BK (up to 10(-5) M), in contrast to 17% of the heat-insensitive units (P less than 0.01). No correlation between BK sensitivity and conduction velocity or von Frey threshold was found. 4. The BK "threshold concentrations" to excite C- and A delta-fibers were about equally distributed over a range from 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. 5. There was a large interindividual variability in pattern and magnitude of the response to BK. Intraindividually, a marked tachyphylaxis upon repeated BK stimulation was observed. 6. In fibers with a slow development of tachyphylaxis, the effects of conditioning application of different chemicals on BK responsiveness were studied. Norepinephrine in 10(-7) M concentration did not produce a significant effect, whereas 10(-5) M and 10(-4) M seemed to increase the BK responses. 7. Prostaglandin E2 (10(-6) M) caused a weak sensitization to BK on average (n.s.), but serotonin (10(-6) M) was clearly effective (P less than 0.05). 8. The strongest sensitization to BK (P = 0.01) resulted from conditioning heat stimulation, which also uncovered a responsiveness in some units initially insensitive to BK. 9. In some experiments the calcium concentration in the superfusate of receptive fields was lowered to 0.3 mM, which induced ongoing activity in C-fibers and markedly increased the BK responses in two polymodal units tested. Increasing the calcium concentration to 3.0 mM reversed these effects. 10. After completing the BK test protocol, polymodal C-fibers were exposed to other chemicals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Heo, Yunwi, Min-Jung Pyo, Seong Kyeong Bae, Hyunkyoung Lee, Young Chul Kwon, Je Hein Kim, Bokyung Kim, Choul Goo Kim, Changkeun Kang und Euikyung Kim. „Evaluation of Phototoxic and Skin Sensitization Potentials of PLA2-Free Bee Venom“. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/157367.
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Bee venom (BV) from honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) has been used in oriental medicine and cosmetic ingredients because of its diverse pharmacological activities. In many studies, among BV components, phospholipase A2(PLA2) is known as a major player in BV-induced allergic reaction. Therefore, we removed PLA2from BV using ultrafiltration and then investigatedin vitrophototoxicity andin vivoskin sensitization of PLA2-free BV (PBV) in comparison with regular BV. The 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay can be appropriated to identify the phototoxic effect of a test substance upon the exposure of ultraviolet A. Chlorpromazine, a positive control, showed high levels of photoirritation factor and mean photo effect values, while BV and PBV had less of these values. Local lymph node assay is an alternative method to evaluate skin sensitization potential of chemicals. BALB/c mice were treated withp-phenylenediamine (PPD, positive control), BV, or PBV. In all of PPD concentrations, stimulation indexes (SI) as sensitizing potential of chemicals were ≥1.6, determined to be sensitizer, while SI levels of BV and PBV were below 1.6. Thus, based on these findings, we propose that both BV and PBV are nonphototoxic compounds and nonsensitizers.
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Quandt, Sara, Thomas Arcury, Colin Austin und Rosa Saavedra. „Farmworker and Farmer Perceptions of Farmworker Agricultural Chemical Exposure in North Carolina“. Human Organization 57, Nr. 3 (01.09.1998): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.57.3.n26161776pgg7371.
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Agricultural chemicals pose health risks for farmworkers engaged in cultivating and harvesting crops. In a project to develop culturally appropriate interventions to reduce farmworker exposure to agricultural chemicals, formative research used in-depth interviews and focus groups to elicit beliefs and knowledge about exposure from farmers and migrant and seasonal farmworkers in North Carolina. Farmworkers were concerned about acute effects they attributed to exposure and had little knowledge of long-term effects of low-level exposure. They believe that some individuals are inherently more susceptibility to the health effects of exposure than others; most do not recognize the skin as a site of chemical absorption. They report instances of exposure that reflect the power relationships with farmers, indicating that lack of knowledge is not the only issue that must be addressed in an intervention. Farmers believe that farmworkers are not exposed to chemicals because they do not mix or apply chemicals. Such a belief is consistent with the training received by farmers. The PRECEDE-PROCEED planning model is used to identify predisposing and reinforcing factors on which an effective intervention should focus.
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Montero, Andrés, Cristina Quílez, Leticia Valencia, Paula Girón, José Luis Jorcano und Diego Velasco. „Effect of Fibrin Concentration on the In Vitro Production of Dermo-Epidermal Equivalents“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 13 (23.06.2021): 6746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136746.
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Human plasma-derived bilayered skin substitutes were successfully used by our group to produce human-based in vitro skin models for toxicity, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical testing. However, mechanical weakness, which causes the plasma-derived fibrin matrices to contract significantly, led us to attempt to improve their stability. In this work, we studied whether an increase in fibrin concentration from 1.2 to 2.4 mg/mL (which is the useful fibrinogen concentration range that can be obtained from plasma) improves the matrix and, hence, the performance of the in vitro skin cultures. The results show that this increase in fibrin concentration indeed affected the mechanical properties by doubling the elastic moduli and the maximum load. A structural analysis indicated a decreased porosity for the 2.4 mg/mL hydrogels, which can help explain this mechanical behavior. The contraction was clearly reduced for the 2.4 mg/mL matrices, which also allowed for the growth and proliferation of primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes, although at a somewhat reduced rate compared to the 1.2 mg/mL gels. Finally, both concentrations of fibrin gave rise to organotypic skin cultures with a fully differentiated epidermis, although their lifespans were longer (25–35%) in cultures with more concentrated matrices, which improves their usefulness. These systems will allow the generation of much better in vitro skin models for the testing of drugs, cosmetics and chemicals, or even to “personalized” skin for the diagnosis or determination of the most effective treatment possible.
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Krzemińska, Sylwia, und Małgorzata Szewczyńska. „Analysis and Assessment of Hazards Caused by Chemicals Contaminating Selected Items of Firefighter Personal Protective Equipment – a Literature Review“. Safety & Fire Technology 56, Nr. 2 (2020): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.56.2.2020.6.
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Aim: The aim of the presented paper is to review the literature concerning the risks related to possible contamination with chemical substances of firefighter’s personal protective equipment (i.e. special clothing, special gloves, firefighter boots and balaclavas) during rescue operations. The authors focused on contamination resulting from the interaction of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds and phthalates. Introduction: During rescue operations, firefighters are exposed to chemicals which are inherent in fires in buildings and open spaces. The health hazards caused by chemicals accumulating on the surface of personal protective equipment, which can enter the firefighter’s body through the skin, posing a lethal threat, is becoming an increasingly recognized issue. Scientific research shows that chemicals generated during fires are harmful – a significant proportion of them has a confirmed carcinogenic and mutagenic effect. Methodology: The presented analysis of the issue of chemical contamination of personal protective equipment and the associated risks to the firefighter was prepared on the basis of a review of selected Polish and foreign literature. The main types of chemical pollutants with chemical substances and the determined levels of pollution were addressed in the paper, indicating the conditions under which they were obtained. Additionally, the properties of the most common groups of chemicals that contaminate personal protective equipment are described. The characteristics of firefighter’s personal protective equipment, with the particular focus on the materials used for special firefighter suit, are also presented. Conclusions: A review of relevant literature indicates that contamination of firefighter’s personal protective equipment were investigated mainly with respect to the presence of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds with a proven carcinogenic effect. Phthalates as substances posing a very high risk to fertility were less commonly studied. The high content of harmful chemicals in dirt present on the surface of the material of special clothing and on other personal protective equipment, as well as in the urine metabolites, indicates unequivocally the need for decontamination of personal protective equipment after every fire.
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Kobaisi, Farah, Eric Sulpice, Caroline Barette, Nour Fayyad, Marie-Odile Fauvarque, Bassam Badran, Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan, Hussein Fayyad-Kazan, Xavier Gidrol und Walid Rachidi. „Isoconazole and Clemizole Hydrochloride Partially Reverse the Xeroderma Pigmentosum C Phenotype“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 15 (29.07.2021): 8156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158156.
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Xeroderma Pigmentosum protein C (XPC) is involved in recognition and repair of bulky DNA damage such as lesions induced by Ultra Violet (UV) radiation. XPC-mutated cells are, therefore, photosensitive and accumulate UVB-induced pyrimidine dimers leading to increased cancer incidence. Here, we performed a high-throughput screen to identify chemicals capable of normalizing the XP-C phenotype (hyper-photosensitivity and accumulation of photoproducts). Fibroblasts from XP-C patients were treated with a library of approved chemical drugs. Out of 1280 tested chemicals, 16 showed ≥25% photo-resistance with RZscore above 2.6 and two drugs were able to favor repair of 6-4 pyrimidine pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PP). Among these two compounds, Isoconazole could partially inhibit apoptosis of the irradiated cells especially when cells were post-treated directly after UV irradiation while Clemizole Hydrochloride-mediated increase in viability was dependent on both pre and post treatment. No synergistic effect was recorded following combined drug treatment and the compounds exerted no effect on the proliferative capacity of the cells post UV exposure. Amelioration of XP-C phenotype is a pave way towards understanding the accelerated skin cancer initiation in XP-C patients. Further examination is required to decipher the molecular mechanisms targeted by these two chemicals.
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Zimniewska, Malgorzata, Mariola Pawlaczyk, Barbara Romanowska, Agnieszka Gryszczyńska, Edyta Kwiatkowska und Patrycja Przybylska. „Bioactive Hemp Clothing Modified with Cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis sativa L. Extract“. Materials 14, Nr. 20 (13.10.2021): 6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206031.
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Hemp fiber variety, Bialobrzeskie, contains phenolic acids in its chemical composition giving it inherent antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The use of this raw material in fabric manufacture allows the creation of functional clothing with a positive effect on human skin. The aim of the study was to develop biologically active functional clothing made of pure industrial hemp raw materials, where cannabidiol (CBD) extract applied on the fabric surface strengthened the fiber bioactivity. The design of the clothing technology was focused on keeping the hemp inherent properties on a steady level and avoiding the use of chemicals in each stage of the value chain from plant cultivation up to garment manufacture. The research covered the evaluation of phenolic acids content and The Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power FRAP antioxidant activity of the hemp fabric. The hemp fabric enriched with CBD was used for clothing preparation. The human trials covered wearing of the clothing by 15 volunteers for six weeks and evaluation of hemp garment effect on human skin. The skin parameters were tested twice, before and after six weeks of clothing wearing, according to the own methodology that included measurements of skin biophysical properties including tests of skin moisture, transepidermal water loss, and sebum. Also, the effect of the active substances present on the fabrics on the in vitro culture of human keratinocytes was evaluated. Results of the research proved, that the wearing of developed functional hemp clothing with CBD extracts applied on the fabric surface was safe and caused improvement of skin condition, which can have an influence on slowing down of skin aging. The invention covering the pure hemp functional clothing with hybrid bioactivity resulting from the joined activity of fiber and cannabidiol was applied for a patent, Patent Application No: P.438388, 2021.
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Zimniewska, Malgorzata, Mariola Pawlaczyk, Barbara Romanowska, Agnieszka Gryszczyńska, Edyta Kwiatkowska und Patrycja Przybylska. „Bioactive Hemp Clothing Modified with Cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis sativa L. Extract“. Materials 14, Nr. 20 (13.10.2021): 6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206031.
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Hemp fiber variety, Bialobrzeskie, contains phenolic acids in its chemical composition giving it inherent antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The use of this raw material in fabric manufacture allows the creation of functional clothing with a positive effect on human skin. The aim of the study was to develop biologically active functional clothing made of pure industrial hemp raw materials, where cannabidiol (CBD) extract applied on the fabric surface strengthened the fiber bioactivity. The design of the clothing technology was focused on keeping the hemp inherent properties on a steady level and avoiding the use of chemicals in each stage of the value chain from plant cultivation up to garment manufacture. The research covered the evaluation of phenolic acids content and The Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power FRAP antioxidant activity of the hemp fabric. The hemp fabric enriched with CBD was used for clothing preparation. The human trials covered wearing of the clothing by 15 volunteers for six weeks and evaluation of hemp garment effect on human skin. The skin parameters were tested twice, before and after six weeks of clothing wearing, according to the own methodology that included measurements of skin biophysical properties including tests of skin moisture, transepidermal water loss, and sebum. Also, the effect of the active substances present on the fabrics on the in vitro culture of human keratinocytes was evaluated. Results of the research proved, that the wearing of developed functional hemp clothing with CBD extracts applied on the fabric surface was safe and caused improvement of skin condition, which can have an influence on slowing down of skin aging. The invention covering the pure hemp functional clothing with hybrid bioactivity resulting from the joined activity of fiber and cannabidiol was applied for a patent, Patent Application No: P.438388, 2021.
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Merecz-Sadowska, Anna, Przemysław Sitarek, Ewa Kucharska, Tomasz Kowalczyk, Karolina Zajdel, Tomasz Cegliński und Radosław Zajdel. „Antioxidant Properties of Plant-Derived Phenolic Compounds and Their Effect on Skin Fibroblast Cells“. Antioxidants 10, Nr. 5 (05.05.2021): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050726.
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Plants are rich sources of a diverse range of chemicals, many of which have significant metabolic activity. One large group of secondary compounds are the phenolics, which act as inter alia potent reactive oxygen scavengers in cells, including fibroblasts. These common dermis residue cells play a crucial role in the production of extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, and maintaining the integrity of connective tissue. Chronic wounds or skin exposure to UV-irradiation disrupt fibroblast function by the generation of reactive oxygen species, which may damage cell components and modify various signaling pathways. The resulting imbalance may be reversed by the antioxidant activity of plant-derived phenolic compounds. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the impact of phenolics on fibroblast functionality under oxidative stress conditions. It examines a range of compounds in extracts from various species, as well as single specific plant-derived compounds. Phenolics are a good candidate for eliminating the causes of skin damage including wounds and aging and acting as skin care agents.
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Li, Yunfei, Rong Xu und Yilin Zuo. „Effects and Detection Methods of Potential Toxic Chemicals in Cosmetics: Metals, Phenoxyethanol and Aloe Vera“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 6 (27.07.2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v6i.928.
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Cosmetics are widely used, but some components can be toxic at a certain dose. Thus, it is emerging to understand the toxic chemicals in cosmetics and their potential impact. This review introduces common cosmetics components with toxicity including metals, phenoxyethanol and Aloe vera. Toxic effects include some local effects, such as osteomalacia caused by metals, eye irritation, skin irritation and allergy caused by phenoxyethanol, as well as colonic mucosa caused by Aloe vera. Toxic chemicals in cosmetics are usually absorbed via the skin, and degraded in liver, then exerted through kidney and forceps. Methods to determine potential toxins includes determining heavy metals in skin-whitening cosmetics, fluorescence-based assay and the first voltametric method of phenoxyethanol determination. Future research may focus on exploring the effects of accumulation of toxic components and mechanisms of the toxicities to prevent toxic effects, as well as improving the efficiency of testing to better monitor the commercial cosmetics.
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Ha, Nuri, Seohyeon Oh, Seunghee Lee, Yujin Jung, Jiyul Choi und Sokhee P. Jung. „Institutional Management Plan for Hazardous Chemical Substances in Textile Products“. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, Nr. 5 (31.05.2021): 390–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.5.390.
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Due to accidents related to chemical substances at home and abroad, the effects of hazardous chemicals on the environment and interest in them are increasing. In order to prevent the occurrence of hazardous chemical accidents, it is first necessary to clarify institutional standards for hazardous chemicals. Among the daily life products in which hazardous chemicals are detected, textile products are in close contact with the human body for a very long time, and thus are closely related to human health. However, our society's interest in the health of chemical substances in textile products is still insignificant. Therefore, this paper examines the seriousness of hazardous chemical substances in textile products and the limitations of their management system, and considers institutional supplementary measures.<br/>Formaldehyde, arylamine, and dimethyl-fumarate, which are regulated as harmful substances in textile products, mainly cause skin diseases through skin contact, and may cause organ damage when absorbed into the body. In Korea, hazardous chemicals are regulated in advance through the KC system. However, this system regulates only some of the heavy metals that are eluted, and chemicals such as phenols and toluene are not subject to regulation. The issuance of the KC mark is poor, and there is a problem that there is no obligation to mark the certification mark if the product is not intended for under 14 years of age. Therefore, it is necessary to expand and strengthen the scope of the regulation. It is mandatory to re-inspect OEKO-TEX® STANDARD, the standard of multinational corporations, every three years. The KC system also needs to follow this.<br/>The post-safety management system used when harmful fiber products exceeding the regulatory standards were analyzed by dividing into a product accident investigation and a national recall system. In order to increase the recall recovery rate, it is necessary to strengthen the information collection system, improve business awareness, and classify the recall stage as supplementary measures. Companies need to provide highly reliable textile products to consumers by participating in the ZDHC and Higg Index, which are programs for reducing hazardous chemical substances in textiles.
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Zhang, Weiyi, Jie Gao, Chuanjing Cheng, Man Zhang, Wenjuan Liu, Xiaoyao Ma, Wei Lei et al. „Cinnamaldehyde Enhances Antimelanoma Activity through Covalently Binding ENO1 and Exhibits a Promoting Effect with Dacarbazine“. Cancers 12, Nr. 2 (29.01.2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020311.
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At present, melanoma is a common malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate of all types of skin cancer. Although the first option for treating melanoma is with chemicals, the effects are unsatisfactory and include poor medication response and high resistance. Therefore, developing new medicines or a novel combination approach would be a significant breakthrough. Here, we present cinnamaldehyde (CA) as a potential candidate, which exerted an antitumor effect in melanoma cell lines. Chemical biology methods of target fishing, molecular imaging, and live cell tracing by an alkynyl–CA probe revealed that the α-enolase (ENO1) protein was the target of CA. The covalent binding of CA with ENO1 changed the stability of the ENO1 protein and affected the glycolytic activity. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that dacarbazine (DTIC) showed a high promoting effect with CA for antimelanoma both in vivo and in vitro. The combination improved the DTIC cell cycle arrest in the S phase and markedly impacted melanoma growth. As a covalent inhibitor of ENO1, CA combined with DTIC may be beneficial in patients with drug resistance in antimelanoma therapy.
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Sawada, Yuka, Hanae Tsukumo, Junji Fukuda, Kazutoshi Iijima und Hiroshi Itagaki. „Co-Culture of THP-1 Cells and Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK) for Modified Human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT)“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 12 (18.06.2022): 6207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126207.
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To improve the accuracy of skin sensitization prediction of chemicals by conventional alternative methods using cells, it is important to reproduce the environment of skin in vitro, such as the crosstalk between keratinocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). We developed a skin sensitization test system based on the markers and criteria of the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT), which combines THP-1 cells as a surrogate for DCs and keratinized normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). After exposure to chemicals via keratinized NHEK, the cell surface expression of CD54 and CD86 on THP-1 was measured by flow cytometry. This co-culture system evaluated 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), a typical sensitizer, as positive, lactic acid (LA), a non-sensitizer, as negative, and isoeugenol (IE), a prohapten that requires biological activation to acquire skin sensitization, as positive. However, the expression levels of CD54 and CD86 in DNCB-treated THP-1 were lower than those in normal h-CLAT. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the medium and secretion by NHEK cells on THP-1 cells. CD54 and CD86 expression was enhanced in monocultured THP-1 in the medium for keratinized NHEK and in the conditioned medium of keratinized NHEK. The increase in CD54 and CD86 by changes in the medium type was higher than that by the NHEK secretion; therefore, it was found that the medium composition has a large effect on the evaluation index among the experimental parameters in the co-culture system. It is necessary to find the optimal medium for immunotoxicity assessment in the co-culture system.
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Bates, Nicola. „Poisons affecting the skin“. Veterinary Nurse 12, Nr. 4 (02.05.2021): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2021.12.4.176.
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All homes contain substances capable of causing serious injury if they come into contact with the skin. These substances include detergents, acids and alkalis found in many cleaning products, and petroleum distillates such as white spirit and petrol. Asphalt used in road surfacing can also cause local effects, particularly if it is still hot when contact occurs. The risk of effects on the skin from these chemicals is increased if decontamination in delayed. The method of decontamination will depend on the substance involved but in many cases simple bathing is sufficient. Removal of oily or greasy substances may require the use of a commercial degreaser and sticky material may need to be softened with oil or fat to facilitate removal. Decontamination after contact with corrosive substances may require prolonged and repeated water irrigation to ensure thorough removal. Another potential source of dermal injury in pets is exposure to psoralen-containing plants (such as hogweed, Heracleum spp.) in combination with ultraviolent light (sunlight) which can result in erythema, blistering and dermatitis. In this case, management is supportive with avoidance of sunlight.
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Akbarzadeh, Abolfazl, Elham Abasi, Mostafa Ghanei, Arash Hasanzadeh und Yunes Panahi. „The effects of various chemicals on lung, skin and eye: a review“. Toxin Reviews 35, Nr. 3-4 (02.06.2016): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2016.1187174.
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Hwang, Jee-hyun, Seungmi Lee, Ho Geon Lee, Dalwoong Choi und Kyung-Min Lim. „Evaluation of Skin Irritation of Acids Commonly Used in Cleaners in 3D-Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model, KeraSkinTM“. Toxics 10, Nr. 10 (24.09.2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100558.
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Cleaners such as dishwashing liquids contain various chemicals that cause skin damage. Alkaline agents used in cleaners alter the lipid composition of the skin and damage the skin barrier. However, little is known about the effects of acids used in cleaners on the skin. Here, we investigated the effects of acidic pH on the skin and evaluated the skin irritation of acids commonly used in cleaners with a 3D-reconstructed human epidermis model, KeraSkinTM, according to OECD TG439. First, to examine the effects of acidic pH, we evaluated the skin irritation of citrate buffers (0.1 M, McIlvaine buffer) prepared in a wide pH range (pH 1.5–6.0). Surprisingly, cell viability was not significantly affected even at pH 1.5, reflecting that the acidity alone may not be sufficient to induce skin irritation. Even after longer exposure (180 min), the cell viability was not reduced below 50%, a cutoff to determine an irritant. To examine the effect of the anionic part, several organic acids used in cleaners (citric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid) were examined. These organic acids also failed to reduce viability at 0.1 M. However, at 1 M, most of the acids tested, except lactic acid, were determined to be skin irritants. Histology further supported the skin irritancy of acids at 1 M. Similarly, inorganic acids (hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid) were determined to be irritants only at 1 M. In the case of alkaline agents, pH and concentrations were also important factors to determine the skin irritancy, although the epidermal structure and lipids were more damaged than acids. Collectively, we demonstrated that both the pH and concentration are important factors for the skin irritancy of acids, shedding an important insight into the mechanism of skin irritation.