Dissertationen zum Thema „Ee90“
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1
Mariapragassam, Matthieu. „Calibration to vanilla and barrier options with the Gyöngy and Brunick-Shreve Markovian projections“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f2105b9-ee90-4280-9be9-ef88eddc73a5.
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In this thesis, we present a novel approach to the calibration of diffusion models to vanilla and barrier options with the Gyöngy and Brunick-Shreve Markovian projection results. Firstly, we derive a forward equation for arbitrage-free barrier option prices in continuous semi-martingale models, in terms of Markovian projections of the stochastic volatility process. This leads to a Dupire-type formula for the coefficient derived by Brunick and Shreve for their mimicking diffusion and can be interpreted as the canonical extension of local volatility for barrier options. Secondly, we treat the problem of long-dated foreign-exchange option pricing and propose a novel and generic calibration technique to vanilla options for four-factor foreign-exchange hybrid local-stochastic volatility models with stochastic short rates. We build upon the particle method introduced by Guyon and Labordère and combine it with new variance reduction techniques in order to accelerate convergence. Finally, we derive the necessary and sufficient condition for the exact calibration to up-and-out call options and provide a step-by-step procedure to calibrate a Brunick-Shreve volatility model, a Heston-type local-stochastic volatility model with local vol-of-vol and a path-dependent local-maximum-stochastic volatility model. While the Brunick-Shreve model is calibrated with our forward PIDE for barriers, both stochastic volatility models require an interesting two-dimensional extension of the particle method. We then derive and prove the self-consistency condition for perfect calibration to barrier options for path-dependent models with stochastic domestic and foreign short rates, where techniques from our previous work can be combined, in order to price accurately long-dated derivatives with barrier feature.
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Gondwe, Sellah Rose Jaranthowa. „Determinants of flow of formal credit to small and medium enterprises : a case of social capital and savings mobilisation for Malawi“. Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/107aff98-ee98-4632-962e-59a7e504714e.
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This thesis explores the role of social capital and domestic savings mobilisation, as demand and supply determinants of access to formal credit for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), in developing countries. The thesis provides evidence on how the domestic banking sector in developing countries can address information asymmetry between lenders and borrowers, and supply of loanable funds for SMEs, by considering other non-conventional determinants. The research focuses on Malawi, a developing economy in Sub Saharan Africa, to conduct micro-level and macro-level analyses. Analysis of cross sectional data uses probit models to reveal evidence of the effect of social capital on access to formal credit. Analysis of time series data uses vector autoregressive model to document evidence of the effect of domestic savings mobilisation on credit extended to the private sector by banks. The findings indicate that social capital is a determinant of access to formal credit and should be considered in credit risk assessments, for a more comprehensive process. The Findings also suggest that bank deposits influence credit provided to the private sector, providing evidence that domestic savings mobilisation also matters for economic growth in less developed countries. Evidence further suggests that although banks lend to the Government, the effect of the lending on mobilised deposits is not significant. The research recommends acknowledgement of, and more use of social capital, especially for first-time borrowers, to complement other quantitative risk assessment approaches. Initiatives to improve the flow of information between lenders and borrowers would not only improve access to credit but also increase savings mobilised domestically, to provide a readily available pool of funding for banks, and hence the supply of credit to entreprises, ceteris paribus.
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Miller, John Francis. „The determination of very small electrophoretic mobilities of dispersions in non-polar media using phase analysis light scattering“. Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/45ef1314-ee97-4667-b179-a073b73d568d.
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An apparatus is described that can determine electrophoretic mobilities of polar and non-polar colloidal dispersions down to -12 2 10 msV -1 -1 with typical resolutions of 0.5 to 5%, depending on the nature of the dispersion being studied. The diffusion coefficient and settling/convection velocity of the sample may be determined simultaneously in real time with the electrophoretic mobility. The technique, phase analysis light scattering (PALSY, is based upon classical laser-Doppler electrophoresis, but employs signal processing of the time domain phase information within the scattered light signal, rather than analysis of its frequency spectrum. This allows much smaller electric field strengths to be employed, thereby alleviating the usual heating problems associated with electrophoretic studies of non-polar dispersions. PALS measurements of typical aqueous latex dispersions with large mobilities and non-polar dispersions with very small mobilities (down to 5x 10_12 m2 s-1 V-1) are presented to illustrate the versatility of the technique.
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Sisto, Alessandro. „Geometric and probabilistic aspects of groups with hyperbolic features“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcf456c4-eef0-4fe8-bb7d-8b15f9cf7b18.
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The main objects of interest in this thesis are relatively hyperbolic groups. We will study some of their geometric properties, and we will be especially concerned with geometric properties of their boundaries, like linear connectedness, avoidability of parabolic points, etc. Exploiting such properties will allow us to construct, under suitable hypotheses, quasi-isometric embeddings of hyperbolic planes into relatively hyperbolic groups and quasi-isometric embeddings of relatively hyperbolic groups into products of trees. Both results have applications to fundamental groups of 3-manifolds. We will also study probabilistic properties of relatively hyperbolic groups and of groups containing ``hyperbolic directions'' despite not being relatively hyperbolic, like mapping class groups, Out(Fn), CAT(0) groups and subgroups of the above. In particular, we will show that the elements that generate the ``hyperbolic directions'' (hyperbolic elements in relatively hyperbolic groups, pseudo-Anosovs in mapping class groups, fully irreducible elements in Out(Fn) and rank one elements in CAT(0) groups) are generic in the corresponding groups (provided at least one exists, in the case of CAT(0) groups, or of proper subgroups). We also study how far a random path can stray from a geodesic in the context of relatively hyperbolic groups and mapping class groups, but also of groups acting on a relatively hyperbolic space. We will apply this, for example, to show properties of random triangles.
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Collins, Peter. „Some contemporary atheist and Christian responses to moral nihilism and amoralism“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d4c208c4-eef0-4d14-973a-f64adf90c7e9.
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If the universe and our lives within it exist for no purpose and are destined to be annihilated for ever in death, perhaps nothing much matters including how we live and treat others. In particular, we may never have good reason to make substantial, enduring and uncompensated sacrifices of our own interests here and now in order to secure the interests of others. This is especially so in seeking realise our ambitions through pursiuing fame and fortune in competitive careers. Part One sets out three challenges to any morality which requires some unselfishness: from the perennial facts about the human condition; from the extreme pluralism of contemporary secular society; and from an updated Machiavellianism in relation to ambition. Part Two explores the answers to these challenges offered by three versions of contemporary atheist ethics: Isaiah Berlin's, Daniel Dennett's and Derek Parfit's. Part three builds on the work of the Christian ethicists Keith Ward and Charles Taylor to show how a Christian ethics grounded in the theological virtues, in the virtiue of humility, and the concept of vocations offers more attractive and inspiring answers to the challenges of moral nihilism and amoralism than is available to atheists, who also need forms of faith if they are to rebut these challenges.
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Birkett, James. „On plaintext-aware public-key encryption schemes“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://digirep.rhul.ac.uk/items/9d38ad1d-2409-ee40-2dc8-2457c278c156/1/.
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Plaintext awareness is a property of a public-key encryption scheme intended to capture the idea that the only way to produce a valid ciphertext is to take a message and encrypt it. The idea is compelling, but the devil, as always, is in the details. The established definition of plaintext awareness in the standard model is known as PA2 plaintext awareness and was introduced by Bellare and Palacio. We propose a modified definition of plaintext awareness, which we call 2PA2, in which the arbitrary stateful plaintext creators of the PA2 definition are replaced with a choice of two fixed stateless plaintext creators. We show that under reasonable conditions our new definition is equivalent to the standard one. We also adapt techniques used by Teranishi and Ogata to show that no encryption scheme which allows arbitrarily long messages can be PA2 plaintext aware, a disadvantage which our new definition does not appear to share. Dent has shown that a variant of the Cramer-Shoup encryption scheme based on the Diffie-Hellman problem is PA2 plaintext aware under the Diffie-Hellman Knowledge (DHK) assumption. We present a generalisation of this assumption to arbitrary subset membership problems, which we call the Sub- set Witness Knowledge (SWK) assumption, and use it to show that the generic Cramer-Shoup and Kurosawa-Desmedt encryption schemes based on hash proof systems are plaintext aware. In the case of the Diffie-Hellman problem, the SWK assumption is exactly the Diffie-Hellman Knowledge assumption, but we also discuss several other possible instantiations of this assumption.
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Robinson, Elizabeth. „Women and needlework in Britain, 1920-1970“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/47fc4d88-eea0-e510-6d8f-0bfcc950f7cc/7/.
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This thesis addresses needlework between 1920 and 1970 as a window into women's broader experiences, and also asserts it as a valid topic of historical analysis in its own right. Needlecraft was a ubiquitous part of women's lives which has until recently been largely neglected by historians. The growing historiography of needlework has relied heavily on fashion and design history perspectives, focusing on the products of needlework and examples of creative needlewomen. Moving beyond this model, this thesis establishes the importance of process as well as product in studying needlework, revealing the meanings women found in, attached to, and created through the ephemeral moment of making. Searching for the ordinary and typical, it eschews previous preoccupations with creation, affirming re-creation and recreation as more central to amateur needlework. Drawing upon diverse sources including oral history research, objects, Mass Observation archives, and specialist needlework magazines, this thesis examines five key aspects of women's engagement with needlework: definitions of ‘leisure' and ‘work'; motivations of thrift in peacetime and war; emotions; the modern and the traditional and finally, the gendering of needlework. It explores needlework through three central themes of identity, obligation and pleasure. Whilst asserting the validity and importance of needlework as a subject of research in its own right, it also contributes to larger debates within women's history. It sheds light on the chronology and significance of domestic thrift, the meanings of feminised activities, the emotional context of home front life, women's engagement with modern design and concepts of ‘leisure' and ‘work' within women's history.
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Haykel, Bernard. „Order and righteousness : Muhammad ʻAli al-Shawkānī and the nature of the Islamic state of Yemen“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:83fd25f6-ee9c-40bf-937f-a1dd2e2b8481.
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This thesis is about the life and thought of the scholar Muhammad b. ʻAli al-Shawkānī (d. 1250/1834) and his continuing influence on Yemeni law and society. It is argued here that in order to better understand Shawkānī one must look at the history of the Qāsimī imāmate he served. In the 17th century the imāms lived up to the ideal posited by Hādawī-Zaydī law. They were learned men and able military commanders in their own right and authority was largely based on charisma. In the 18th and 19th century in contrast, the imāms lacked the qualities evident in their predecessors and behaved more like kings. Rule became dynastic and took on patrimonial forms. A further development during the 18th century was the increasing influence of Sunnī Traditionist views among Zaydī-born scholars in northern Yemeni highlands. With the imāms now offering their support to Sunna-oriented scholars, the Hādawīs increasingly become marginalised. These changes were also accompanied by considerable territorial losses by the imāmate and a decline in its revenues generated from the coffee trade. The alliance between the imāms and the Sunna-oriented scholars became most evident when Shawkānī was appointed chief judge (qāḍī al-quḍāt) of the imāmate. It will be argued that his views on law and reform posited an alternative vision of order and righteousness to that espoused by Hādawīs. His teachings implied that he, in his capacity as mujtahid muṭlaq, was to be the ultimate legal authority to which others must defer. Moreover, his views on the institution of the imāmate refuted the conditions set by Hādawī law and legitimized the rule of the imāms he served. The imām, according to him, need not be a mujtahid and rebellion against him (even if he were unjust) was absolutely forbidden. With the support of the imāms, Shawkānī was able to implement his views. His influence was manifested in his ability to appoint his students to administrative posts throughout the realm. All of this engendered a reaction from the more traditional Zaydī scholars and several clashes, both scholarly and in the form of popular riots, ensued. After his death Shawkānī's views were carried on by his students who continued to teach his works and the Sunnī ḥadīth collections until modern times. The 20th century Ḥāmīd al-Dīn imāms were interested in publishing Shawkānī's works in order to show the wider Muslim world the convergence between Zaydism and Sunnism. After the 1962 revolution republican intellectuals further focused great attention on Shawkānī in order to undermine the legitimacy of the imīmic regime and for nationalist ends. By making appeal to his views they have tried to mould Yemeni religious identity away from the Zaydī legacy of the past.
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Passamani, Elise Gabrielle. „Empathy and narcissism in the work of Molière“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:00424b4d-ee60-439d-b136-4eb856c3a5fe.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the comic art of Molière through the lens of empathy and narcissism, and reciprocally, to show that Molière nourishes Western thought about these phenomena, which can be viewed as opposite ends of a continuum. Every personality has some of each, but the unbalanced egoist has excessive self-love and cannot put himself in another's place. The narcissist is omnipresent in Molière's theatre, but has been heretofore unidentified as such in criticism. This work attempts to fill this gap, and accordingly, my corpus encompasses his 33 extant plays. Furthermore, these psychological concepts are inherently theatrical, especially with respect to whether or not spectators recognize themselves in characters on stage. There is a dialectic relation between reconnaissance and empathy or antipathy, and, therefore, laughter. Hence, empathy and narcissism provide a way of looking at characters on stage and at the interaction between the dramatic action and the audience. To explore the former, I investigate endogenous words Molière uses to convey empathy and narcissism; how he portrays empathizers and narcissists visually through their adherence to and breaking of social codes; and how cognition influences their ability to change. For the latter, I demonstrate how early modern querelles surrounding Molière's plays involve these notions; and how his metatheatrical discourses reveal that Molière transports his spectators 'hors de soi': a state that mirrors romantic love and provides pleasure. Taken in this framework, I argue that Molière's work can be seen as anti-narcissistic; if his spectators knew themselves in the mirror he held up, laughing was a means of precluding blind empathy. Thus, employing tools from modern psychology and neuroscience and notions from the seventeenth century, this thesis evaluates how Molière's characters provide us, today, with a means for better understanding the place of narcissism in our occidental world.
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Paine, Jonathan. „Buying the story : transaction and narrative value in Balzac, Dostoevsky and Zola“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:90b4d56d-ee10-463e-96fc-0cf2fe927ea4.
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This thesis explores narrative as a self-reflexive commentary on the conditions of its own production. It argues that the need for narratives to perform economic functions, such as to provide an income for the author or to promote subscription to a host publication, affects how texts are written. It suggests that this approach is particularly suited to nineteenth-century prose fiction. It proposes a methodology for approaching this analysis based on treating the text as an exchange commodity in a transaction between author and reader whose economic function can be investigated and analysed. The thesis illustrates the application of this approach to major works of three nineteenth-century authors, following the evolution of the book format in France from its subordination to the roman-feuilleton in the late 1830s to its revival as an economically independent format in the 1880s, and contrasting this to the situation in contemporary Russia. A chapter on Balzac, which focusses on Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, shows how this work can be seen as both a mirror of the rapidly evolving world of publishing during the 1830s and 1840s and as an extended discussion on the constituents of narrative value. It demonstrates how Balzac first adopts, then rejects and parodies, literary devices developed for the rapidly commercialising world of the roman-feuilleton. A chapter on Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, serialised in 1879-80, examines how an author could develop strategies to create literary and economic value within a contemporary readership which was far less developed than that in France. It demonstrates how important literary devices which Dostoevsky uses can be shown to have economic as well as aesthetic effect. The thesis concludes by an analysis of Zola's role in the industrialisation of narrative, which mirrors the rise of the story itself as a key tool of commercialisation. It illustrates this by a discussion of L'Argent (1891) as an allegory of the rise of the story as big business. The thesis promotes the relevance of economic criticism as an underrecognised critical discipline.
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Harvey, Ruth Elizabeth. „Aspects of the poetic treatment of love and female figures in the works of the troubadour Marcabru“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1986. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/7183c406-ee9c-46ce-8aa8-f0d071bcefde/1/.
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Since the poems of Marcabru contain criticisms of twelfth-century aristocratic society, an attempt has been made initially to determine, as far as this is possible, his place in and relationship to that society. Marcabru's representation of female figures is considered in the light of the contrast he establishes between true and false love, itself an aspect of an ideological and poetic conflict with contemporary troubadours concerning the nature of love and its expression in lyric poetry. This theme of the dichotomy of love pervades Marcabru's works. The means by which it finds expression are explored through consideration of the vocabulary, images and sources on which the troubadour draws in order to convey approbation of finamors and condemnation of false love. Several of the studies focus on individual poems (PC 293, 31; 44; 25; 26; 15), of particular interest for the striking and detailed depictions of love and women which they contain: in analysing these songs in detail, reference is made to other songs where these elucidate particular ideas or images, and consideration is given to elements deriving from learned Christian orthodoxy and especially its misogynist tradition. Examination of apparently unorthodox uses of courtly terminology and lyric commonplaces suggests that these also are employed by Marcabru to convey his consistently radical view. Dejeanne's edition of Marcabru's works has been taken as a basis for this investigation, and attention is also paid to proposed corrections to this edition, recent partial re-editions and to the manuscript readings. In all cases account has been taken of previous interpretations and of the development of critical opinion concerning Marcabru's works. These studies are intended to complement existing work by attempting to elucidate the conception of love of this complex and influential troubadour through an investigation of his treatment of a number of representative female figures.
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Hall, David John. „Facets of judgment : towards a reflexive political psychology“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2257e7b2-eee0-493e-bd39-eeba4e2c60cd.
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The knowledge base of empirical psychology is more expansive than ever before. So too is the impulse to integrate this factual knowledge into political theory. But how should this psychological turn be undertaken? What would a political psychology for political theorists look like? How could psychology credibly tackle the questions that political theorists characteristically ask, especially regarding the nature and consequences of prescriptive political judgment? In this thesis, I explore this issue through the framework of recent debates between political moralists—specifically, John Rawls, G. A. Cohen, and Peter Singer—and political realists—largely Bernard Williams. Deploying the insights of political realists, I argue that moralists cannot quarantine the relevance of psychological facts through the ideal of a 'pure' normative judgment. To explore what this empirical engagement might look like, I contrast these moralist ideals of judgment with Jonathan Haidt’s social intuitionism, which proposes a more affectively laden and pluralistic model of judgment. I then redeploy the insights of political realism to critique social intuitionism, to uncover its weaknesses from the perspective of existing political theory. Finally, to stabilize this critique, I lay out the framework for a reflexive political psychology, which acknowledges the co-constitutive relationship between the discipline of psychology and its subject matter: human psychology. This reflexive political psychology offers an agenda by which we can investigate the political usefulness of psychological and political theories.
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Ajzensztejn, Daniel. „Harnessing the immune system to reject cancers through genetic modifications of tumour cells“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1aafa1f4-ee10-4081-b621-d81b9979d96a.
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The immune system, which defends the body against a wide array of threats, is gaining a growing role in the fight against cancer. For an immunotherapy to be successful, it needs to overcome intrinsically weak tumour-specific immune responses. There are two broad approaches to achieving this goal: targeting the various arms of the immune system or targeting the cancer and its microenvironment. The experiments discussed in this thesis adopt the second approach. Tumours were transduced with a combination of costimulatory molecules: CD48, CD54, CD70 & CD86, the chemokine CX3CL1 and the cytokines: IFNγ, GM-CSF and IL-12. Transduction of costimulatory molecules enhances priming in-vitro and cause tumour rejection and delayed tumour growth in-vivo. This effect is demonstrated with single costimulatory molecules but is more pronounced when multiple costimulatory molecules are transduced. Addition of the cytokines and chemokine enhanced tumour rejection, and also resulted in partial rejection of contralateral parental tumours. Attempts to enhance anti-tumour memory by fusing IL-2 and IL-15 to their respective receptors are also discussed. Work in a human/mouse chimeric PD-1 mouse model shows that transduction of multiple costimulatory molecules is able to overcome intrinsic anti-PD-1 resistance. Radiation is known to result in upregulation of several costimulatory molecules within tumours or their infiltrating dendritic cells. The experiments presented here suggest that radiation therapy may be useful in overcoming anti-PD-1 therapy resistance. In human trials, approximately three quarters of cancers fail to respond to anti-PD-1 therapies. Understanding and potentially overcoming anti-PD-1 therapy resistance is therefore of great interest.
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Di, Roma Alessio <1990>. „The FORUM-EE9 mission: potentiality of the FIR measurements of the Outgoing Longwave Radiation for the estimate of geophysical variables“. Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9631/1/Tesi%20PhD%20Alessio%20Di%20Roma.pdf.
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The Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM) mission has been selected to be the Earth-Explorer 9 mission of the European Space Agency. The main instrument on board of FORUM is a Fourier Transform Interferometer measuring the outgoing longwave radiation from 100 to 1600 cm-1, designed to provide for the first time the spectrally resolved full emission spectrum of the Earth and the atmosphere. The far infrared (FIR) region below 600 cm-1 contains large part of the information on climatological key variables strongly driving the Earth Radiation Budget. This work investigates the information content of the FORUM synthetic radiances in a large set of atmospheric scenarios. First, the sensitivity of the acquired signal in the FIR is studied by analysing the derivatives of the spectrum with respect to water vapour concentration and surface emissivity. The precision on these variables is estimated from the inversion of synthetic FORUM measurements. We then have calculated the systematic contribution due to different systematic sources on these parameters. The uncertainties on water vapour spectroscopic data is a relevant source of systematic error, therefore we assessed the consistency of recent spectroscopic data by analysing the agreement between the simulations performed using different spectroscopic databases and the REFIR-PAD measurements over Teresina (Brazil). Finally, the airborne measurements of the Tropospheric Airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TAFTS) have been analysed to retrieve water vapour VMR from 0 to 9 km. The quality of the obtained products has been estimated studying the consistency of the retrieved profiles with those evaluated by in-situ dropsondes and the Numerical Weather Prediction model, determining also the information gain on water vapour VMR in the upper troposphere due to the measurements in the FIR range.
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Phelps, Eric J. „Mediation and gangs : a study of violence reduction in the Metropolitan Police area in London“. Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/mediation-and-gangs(3b1463ce-ee97-46a8-9ba7-b356b8a35a7c).html.
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Gang violence in London is an increasing problem that has gained momentum in the last two decades. Finding workable solutions to reduce gang violence or interventions in the current economic climate is a constant challenge for practitioners. This study examines the use of mediation as a tactic for reducing gang violence. Through data analysis, outcomes of this intervention are explored. The initial research conducted shows that there is a significant correlation between reductions in violent reoffending between those referred for mediation and those not referred. Further analysis of 17 semi-structured interviews conducted in the UK suggests that individuals do not have to engage in the mediation process for it to have an effect. Very often, the fact that an individual has been referred will be sufficient to deter continued violent offending. This research suggests that the implications for practice requires a unified co-ordinated response to violence that includes the proactive provision of joined up activity from the authorities, such as education, housing, health, social services and employment agencies. Their services need to be adequately funded, properly resourced and intelligently delivered in order to provide the necessary support required to end the cycle of gang related violence and offending generally.
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Watts, Anna. „Women learning about sex : lessons from the old and new (anti)feminism in Poland“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/women-learning-about-sex(20f844fc-ee96-4975-a7b4-3db002f82b73).html.
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This research study explores popular sex advice texts, such as teenage and women’s magazines, not only as resources for sexual learning and the construction of sexual identities but also as potential sites where the formulation, (re)production and contestation of the dominant discourses of femininity and female sexuality take place. My examination is set within the unique and novel cultural context of Poland; a country with a long-standing tradition of dissent and an unusual location of struggle between the discourses of global neo-liberalism juxtaposed against the ideals of former socialism and the powerful tradition of Catholicism. Poland is also a location where after the systemic change in 1989, feminist activism has enjoyed an increasing popularity. This research project is a feminist-informed examination of the discourses of female sexuality in popular culture and media that involves analyses of popular Polish sex advice materials as well as semi-structured interviews with young women in Poland, some of whom identified themselves as feminists. Apart from exploring topics relating to romantic relationships, the interviews also looked into the issues of sex education, sexualisation of culture, as well as feminist identification and consciousness. The text materials analysed included excerpts from archival Polish teenage magazines Bravo and Bravo Girl! and the popular psychology magazine for women, Charaktery. The analytical approaches deployed here utilised selected tools developed within discursive psychology (Edley 2001) and the textual analysis developed by Fairclough (2003). Discursive narratives of un-readiness threaded through the participants’ accounts around the themes of sex education, sexualisation and romantic love. Other girls, but predominantly not the participants themselves when they were younger, were constructed as too sexually uneducated, sexualised and misguided by the media in their understanding of what it takes to form intimate and fulfilling romantic and sexual relationships. The positive self-presentation as a sophisticated, discerning, free-thinkingand articulate individual was achieved through the juxtaposition with other persons that lacked these qualities. The social context in which these identities and counter identities were constructed was often perceived as in need of intervention and improvement, especially within the participants’ accounts around sex education in Poland and the role of the newly-emergent media in the promotion of gender discrimination.
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Passias, Achilleas. „Supersymmetric backgrounds of M-theory and AdS4/CFT3 correspondence“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/supersymmetric-backgrounds-of-mtheory-and-ads4cft3-correspondence(43808e1c-ee20-4e45-b9db-2694c8a92c11).html.
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We analyse the most general N = 2 supersymmetric solutions of d = 11 supergravity consisting of a warped product of four-dimensional anti-de-Sitter space with a sevendimensional Riemannian manifold Y7. We show that the necessary and sufficient conditions for supersymmetry can be phrased in terms of a local SU(2)-structure on Y7. Solutions with non-zero M2-brane charge also admit a canonical contact structure, in terms of which many physical quantities can be expressed, including the free energy and the scaling dimensions of operators dual to supersymmetric wrapped M5-branes. We show that a special class of solutions is singled out by imposing an additional symmetry, for which the problem reduces to solving a second order non-linear ordinary differential equation. As well as recovering a known class of solutions, that includes the IR fixed point of a mass deformation of the ABJM theory, we also find new solutions which are dual to cubic deformations. In particular, we find a new supersymmetric warped AdS4×S7 solution with non-trivial four-form flux. Furthermore, we study supersymmetric asymptotically locally AdS4 solutions of N = 2 gauged supergravity which via the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence are dual to supersymmetric gauge theories on deformed 3-spheres with SU(2)×U(1) symmetry and a non-trivial background gauge field. These solutions lift to solutions of M-theory and we show that the gravitational free energy agrees with the large N limit of the dual field theory free energy, obtained from the localized partition function of a class of N = 2 Chern-Simons-matter theories. In this context, we present a complete class of supersymmetric backgrounds of N = 2 gauged supergravity whose conformal boundary is a biaxially squashed Lens space S3/Zp. Generically we find that the latter admits Taub-NUT-AdS fillings, with topology R4/Zp, as well as smooth Taub-Bolt-AdS fillings with non-trivial topology.
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Srpan, Katja. „Regulation of Natural Killer cell cytotoxicity by shedding of the Fc receptor CD16“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/regulation-of-natural-killer-cell-cytotoxicity-by-shedding-of-the-fc-receptor-cd16(8bafd31a-ee93-4e46-ae0e-c6781bbeda79).html.
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Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can recognize and kill virally infected or tumour transformed cells by the secretion of cytolytic granules containing perforin. An individual NK cell can kill several target cells sequentially. Each target cell can trigger NK cell activation via different activating ligands and here we report that the order in which ligands are encountered affects the NK cell response. When NK cells are repeatedly activated via their Fc receptor CD16, with the therapeutic antibody rituximab, perforin secretion decreases with each stimulation. However, perforin secretion is restored to its initial level upon subsequent activation by MICA, which ligates NKG2D. Repeated stimulation of NK cells via MICA also decreases the degranulation capacity of NK cells but, strikingly, this effect cannot be rescued by a subsequent stimulation with rituximab. The strength of perforin secretion is also translated to killing of Daudi target cells, expressing different ligands. When Daudi, opsonised with rituximab is the first target NK cell encounters, the sequential killing of another opsonised rituximab or Daudi, expressing MICA will not be affected. But, when Daudi-MICA is met first, the consecutive killing of Daudi-MICA as well as Daudi-rituximab will be impaired. We found that the mechanism underlying these differential outcomes involves shedding of CD16, which occurs upon NK cell activation through both, CD16 and NKG2D. Shedding of CD16 renders the cells insensitive to further activation via that receptor but they remain competent for further activation through NKG2D. Interestingly, however, we also identified the beneficial role of CD16 shedding for NK cell serial killing. NK cells are more motile on rituximab-coated surfaces than on MICA-coated surfaces and their migration speed decreases upon inhibition of CD16 shedding. Moreover, the inhibition of CD16 shedding also prevents the NK cell detachment from rituximab opsonised Daudi cells. Thus, the shedding of the receptor can serve to augment NK cell motility to move between target cells. Efficient NK cell detachment also correlated with their increased survival. Finally, we report that CD16 is constitutively organised in small, dense nanoclusters and that the ligation with rituximab does not affect their spatial distribution. Despite the shedding of the receptor, leading to less protein molecules at the surface, the area of these clusters remains the same. Together these data suggest that CD16 shedding hinders NK cell cytotoxicity against opsonised targets, but promotes their movements between different targets. Thus, receptor shedding is important for efficient NK cell serial killing. Manipulation of CD16 shedding, perhaps by boosting its recovery, might therefore represent an important target for NK cell-based therapies including treatments with therapeutic antibodies.
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Trenholm, Susan. „Using complexity theory to understand the organisational response to resurgent tuberculosis across London“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/using-complexity-theory-to-understand-the-organisational-response-to-resurgent-tuberculosis-across-london(00bdfa80-ee60-4a83-88a1-4854d2513c0c).html.
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This thesis analyses the organisational response to resurgent tuberculosis (TB) across London. Tuberculosis in modern London reached its lowest recorded rate in 1987, but since that time there have been almost annual year on year increases, with the rate climbing by 50% between 1999 and 2009 alone. The rate of drug resistant TB is also increasing at a worrying pace. This research uses a novel complexity theory approach to analysis but empirically finds that positive features of complexity theory were crowded out by an embedded New Public Management paradigm. This study is qualitative and narrative-based, using complexity theory as the main theoretical framework, but also applies the theory of professional dominance and the paradigm of New Public Management (NPM) as possible alternatives. Institutionalism/archetype theory and Kingdon’s (1995) theory of public policy development are also introduced to help theorise the findings. This research found that complexity theory offers a useful, but partial, means of understanding the system responsible for TB control in London. Self-organisation, the key feature of complexity theory, was evident, but often resulted in maintaining the status quo and resisting change, in addition to infrequently resulting in innovation. The effects of highly embedded NPM practices and principles were wide-spread and powerful; its relentless preoccupation with risk aversion and control may have thwarted potentially positive benefits from self-organisation at the system level. Further, extensive NPM-inspired fragmentation almost eliminated co-adaptation (another complexity theory precept) by the TB control system to its changing environment, and reduced system fitness and robustness. TB control was also found to occupy a lowly place in terms of public health priorities. Finally, and rather surprisingly, there was little evidence of professional (medical) dominance observed. Medical consultants, stretched for time and faced with competing priorities, often acquiesced to NHS management efforts.
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Freddolini, Marco. „Dynamic properties of the lumbar spine in people with non-specific low back pain“. Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2014. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/dynamic-properties-of-the-lumbar-spine-in-people-with-non-specific-low-back-pain(9589eabf-ee40-4fa5-843f-86d543332723).html.
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Non-specific low back pain (LBP) has been associated with alterations in the biomechanical properties and muscle activities of the trunk, but it is unclear how these changes are related to the dynamic stability of the trunk. During sitting, the structures of the trunk stabilise the upper body counterbalancing external moments acting on the trunk. The aim of this research was to evaluate a range of biomechanical variables including the hip and lumbar spine joints range of motions, moments and powers the viscoelastic properties of the trunk, and the role of the muscles while a participant was performing a balancing task in sitting and to compare results between healthy and LBP subjects. A custom-made swinging chair was used to perform the balancing task. It was designed to challenge primarily the trunk and to minimise the effect of the lower limbs so that the role of the trunk could be examined in isolation. Twenty-four participants with LBP and thirty healthy participants were requested to sit on the custom-made swinging chair and to regain the balance after tilting the chair backward for 10° and 20º. Electromagnetic motion track system sensors were placed on the participants’ back, one at the sacrum level and one at the first lumbar vertebral level to measure hip and lumbar kinematics. One further sensor was placed on the chair to track its rotation, which was also the rotation of the lower limbs. Forces data were taken from a force-plate which was mounted at the bottom of the chair. Inverse dynamic equations were used to derive the muscle moment acting at the hip and lumbar spine joints using data from the force platform and the motion tracking system. Muscle power was then calculated by multiplying the muscle moment and the corresponding joint angular velocity. Trunk viscoelastic parameters were derived using a second order linear model combine trunk moment and motion. Chair motion and trial duration were used to evaluate dynamic stability and task performance, in particular, the angular displacement of the chair was fitted in an equation describing the underdamped second-order response to a step input to derive natural frequency and damping ratio and to evaluate possible differences between groups. Activities, reaction times and co-contraction of the trunk muscles were evaluated using surface electromyography (EMG). The surface electrodes were placed bilaterally on the erector spinae , rectus abdominus, external and internal oblique. Kinematic analysis showed that the hip range of motion increased whereas spine range of motion angle decreased in participants with LBP for both tilt angles (p. < 0.05). No significant differences were found in muscle moment and power between healthy and LBP subjects (p > 0.05). The duration of contraction of various trunk muscles and co-contraction were significantly longer in the LBP subjects (p < 0.05) when compared to healthy subjects, and the reaction times of the muscles were also significantly reduced in LBP subjects (p<0.05). Trunk stiffness was found increased for LBP subjects (p < .05) while no difference was found for damping coefficient. There were no significant differences between the 2 subject groups in the time required to regain balance, and in the dynamic stability parameters, the natural frequency and damping ratio. The present study showed LBP was associated with alterations in biomechanical variables; in particular stiffness, hip and lumbar spine joints kinematic and muscle responses were altered in subjects with LBP when compared with healthy group. However, these alterations did not affect dynamic stability and moment developed at joints level, suggesting that LBP subjects adopted a different strategy to maintain balance but with the same effectiveness as the healthy subjects without any worsening of the symptoms. This may suggest to clinicians to encourage patients to remain active rather than to avoid movements. On the other hand, compensatory strategies were achieved with increased co-contraction at the expenses of muscle efficiency. This may lead to muscle fatigue and increase in spinal stress. Future research should clarify if the observed biomechanical alterations in this study are consequences or causes of LBP; or if the biomechanical changes and pain operate in a vicious circle, reinforcing each other leading to chronic conditions. This would help achieve our ultimate goal of developing effective treatment strategies, and it is hoped that the work of this thesis has helped us take a significant forward towards this goal.
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Alexander, Steven Ralph. „Painting and the Comedia in the Spanish Golden Age with particular reference to the portrait in the theatre of Lope De Vega and other contemporary dramatists“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/painting-and-the-comedia-in-the-spanish-golden-age-with-particular-reference-to-the-portrait-in-the-theatre-of-lope-de-vega-and-other-contemporary-dramatists(14181cda-ee96-42ec-b333-186387d8370e).html.
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