Dissertationen zum Thema „Écosystèmes – Effets de la pollution“
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Asanthi, Hewa Bandulage. „Etude des assemblages ichtyologiques et accumulation de métaux dans des écosystèmes lagunaires au Sri Lanka“. Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON13506.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoussel, Hélène. „Les effets du cuivre sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques : une étude en mésocosmes lotiques“. Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30235.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCopper is known to be a nonspecific toxicant and is frequently used as an algicide, fungicide, bactericide, plant herbicide and molluscicide in the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of copper on the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the use of experimental streams called mesocosms allowed to realize ecologically realistic study while controlling many parameters. During 18 months, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 µg/L) where applied on 12 outdoor mesocosms of 20 m long. Results showed an effect on both structure and function of the ecosystem and considering all those results, a NOECecosystem was set up at 5 µg/L for fresh water ecosystems
Marusczak, Nicolas. „Etude du transfert du mercure et du méthylmercure dans les écosystèmes lacustres alpins“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553704.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLomakine, Cédric. „Contribution des bassins versants aux pollutions des écosystèmes conchylicoles du Croisic et de Pen-Bé : approche par couplage d'un sig avec un modèle agro-hydrologique“. Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT3006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of the study is to evaluate the origin of various anthropic continental uses in shellfish aquaculture areas of The presqu'île Guérandaise (Loire Atlantique, France). To carry out this research, two approachs are tested. The first consists in the assessment of pollution risks in watersheds by using index created with the GIS. The second method deals with modelling with AVSWAT model the pollutant flows from littoral watersheds slightly instrumented and characterized by a strong variability of agricultural and urban uses. The GIS and modelling results underline the spatial variability of pollution risks due to agricultural and urban uses according to the watersheds. These both methods highlight that in majority the tidal marshes of Traicts du Croisic receive urban contribution and the tidal marshes of Traicts de Pen-Bé collect pollution coming from agricultural practices
Gandois, Laure. „Dynamique et bilan des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans des écosystèmes forestiers français : modélisation, spéciation et charges critiques“. Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/810/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTrace Metals (TM: Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) are dispersed in the atmosphere due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. Forest ecosystems can receive atmospheric inputs, even if they are located far from direct emission sources. In fact, forest ecosystems are particularly sensitive to atmospheric inputs since forest cover can interact with atmospheric pollution. Forest ecosystems are protected from TM atmospheric inputs through the definition of Critical Loads. TM impact on forest ecosystem is linked to their dynamic at the atmosphere/vegetation and soil/solution interfaces. Indeed, forest cover modifies atmospheric inputs. Moreover, it is through soil solution that TM are available to the biosphere and can reach ground and surface waters. During this work, TM content and speciation were determined in diverse compartments of the ecosystem (open field precipitation, throughfall, soil, soil solution and vegetation) on six forested catchments. TM partitioning between total and extractable content and soil solution, was studied in relation with soil parameters. PH was the most significant parameter for most TM extractability and solubility prediction. Cu and Pb solubility was also greatly influenced by complexation with organic colloids. Atmospheric inputs are moderate and regional differences reveal a stronger atmospheric influence on the North-East of France. Forest cover greatly modifies atmospheric inputs. Some fluxes (Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn) are reduced because of direct assimilation by forest canopy. Other fluxes (Pb, Cr and Sb) are increased following dry deposition accumulation on forest canopy. Elemental budget at the plot scale depend on soil type, TM solubility in soil solution and TM mobility in trees. Critical limits and loads have been evaluated and comparison with current soil solution concentration and atmospheric inputs revealed no exceedance
Rathgeber, Cyrille. „Impact des changements climatiques et de l'augmentation du taux de CO2 atmosphérique sur la productivité des écosystèmes forestiers : exemple du pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) en Provence calcaire (France)“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30033.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleData from 21 Aleppo pine stands have allowed to calculate a synthetic growth index which expresses inter-annual productivity variations. For each stand, three types of models (climatic, bioclimatic and biogeochemistry) have been confronted to the observations and validated. The biogeochemistry model is not sensitive to climatic changes but simulates a strong productivity increase linked to the increase of CO2 rate. The climatic model of growth simulates, in response of climatic change, a strong increase of productivity linked to the increase of spring temperatures. The bioclimatic model simulates a significant decrease of productivity linked to the increase of summer drought period. The response of a stand depends on the site conditions. The exposure, in fact, determines the thermal balance when the slope, the soil water capacity and the permeability of the substratum constraint the water balance
Rossi, Nadège. „Ecologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)“. Toulon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972/fr/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEcological studies of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton are of major interest because these organisms constitute the food web basis. In coastal ecosystems, plankton communities are subjected to anthropogenic inputs which could influence their ecology. The framework of this study is plankton ecology and measurments of metal concentrations in different compartments of coastal ecosystems. An annual study (sampling twice a month) and a diel cycle were made in two neighbouring ecosystems differently affected by anthropogenic inputs, Little Bay and Large Bay of Toulon (France, north-west Mediterranean Sea), considering bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. During the annual cycle, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in seawater, suspended particulate matter, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Results showed that plankton ecology was principally influenced by meteorological conditions, both bays showing a different functioning because of their geomorphology. Plankton density was higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay, whereas diversity was higher in Large Bay than in Little Bay. Concerning metals, the in situ study showed metal concentrations higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay whatever the compartment studied. Some biological factors as density, taxonomic composition and the place where organisms live, showed an influence on the metal composition of plankton communities. Bacteria and phytoplankton showed great capacities to concentrate metals, in particular for copper and lead. In contrast, zooplankton constituted a break in the metal bioaccumulation along the food web. Finally, the important role of the suspended particulate matter as a metal trap was confirmed, showing the importance of working on pure plankton samples to have a good estimation of metal concentrations in the different plankton compartments
Triffault-Bouchet, Gaëlle. „Effets sur les écosystèmes aquatiques lentiques des émissions de polluants provenant de différents modes de valorisation/élimination de déchets - Application à des mâchefers d'IUOM et à des boues de dragage de canaux“. Chambéry, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CHAMS004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWaste reused has been promoted by the definition of final wastes (law of the 13/07/92). The impact of two scenarios against lentic ecosystems was studied : one deals with municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (MSWIBA) reused in road embankment, the other with under water deposition of dredged materials in a gravel pit. One of the purpose of yhis study was to complete the methodology for the assessment of waste ecocompatibility, focused by ADEME. The toxic potential of these materials have been distinguished and ordered according to their toxic potential. Four of the dredged materials were characterized by a high toxic potential and presented risks of lentic ecosystem eutrophisation. Risks of this storage scenario are not acceptable for these sediments. Recommendations have been made for the sediment amount to be submerged and for the constraints around thsese deposits. MSWIBA leachates impact was demonstrated whatever the methodology used. Copper seems to be responsible of the effects measured on species. It can be considered as a major pollutant of MSWIBA leachates. Risks of this reused scenario are not acceptable for lentic ecosystems. Recommendations have been made for MSWIBA reused as road embankment. With this study, the interest of microcosm assays have been emphasized. Yhis kind of approach was convenient for the evaluation of contaminated matrix impact against lentic ecosystems. Some aspects of this protocol have to be optimised in order to obtain acceptable variability levels for each parameter
Beaulier, Camille. „Compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de tolérance et d'accumulation de l'uranium chez une microalgue verte hypertolérante du genre Coelastrella“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALV104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUranium (U) pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems poses a significant threat to the environment and human health because this radionuclide is chemotoxic. Characterization of organisms that tolerate and accumulate U is critical to decipher the mechanisms evolved to cope with the radionuclide and to propose new effective strategies for bioremediation of U-contaminated environments.In this project, we isolated a unicellular green microalga of the genus Coelastrella from U-contaminated wastewater. We showed that Coelastrella sp. PCV is much more tolerant to U than Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris. Coelastrella is able to accumulate U very rapidly and, then, progressively release it into the medium, probably to limit the toxic effects of U. The ability of Coelastrella to accumulate U is remarkably high, with up to 600 mg U sorbed per g dry biomass. Coelastrella is able to grow and maintain high photosynthesis in natural metal-contaminated waters from a wetland near a reclaimed U mine. In a single one-week growth cycle, Coelastrella was able to capture 25-55% of U from contaminated waters and demonstrated lipid droplet accumulation. Coelastrella sp. PCV is a very promising microalga for the remediation of polluted waters with valorization of algal biomass that accumulates lipids. These data are gathered in a publication currently under revision (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546994v1).Transcriptomic, metabolomic and ionomic analyses were also performed to identify the molecular actors involved in the tolerance and the accumulation of U in Coelastrella sp. PCV. The ontology of genes whose expression is regulated by U stress provides for the first time a global view of the main processes affected by the radionuclide in a green microalga. Genes involved in the cell cycle, translation, photosynthesis and the biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides are down regulated during the stress, confirming physiological and metabolomic data (decrease in the pools of proteins, amino acids and nucleotides). The functional categories that are up regulated by U relate to stress response, catabolism, lipid metabolism and transport. For example, many genes encoding proteins involved in the transport of calcium, phosphate and iron are dysregulated during U stress. Some of these genes may play a role in the accumulation and/or in the efflux of U in Coelastrella.Finally, to better understand the mechanisms of U accumulation in Coelastrella and its consequences on ion homeostasis, different cellular imaging approaches are currently being used. FIB-SEM and STEM-EDX analyses enable us to study the dynamics of cellular compartments during U stress and to identify potential accumulation sites of the radionuclide
Catinon, Mickaël. „Détermination de la pollution atmosphérique métallique : étude critique de l’utilisation des écorces d’arbres“. Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554894.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman activities are responsible for the atmospheric transfer of several types of compounds among which elements are present. One of the secondary effects of such transfer may be to affect human health and the functionality of ecosystems. After atmospheric transfer, a complex deposition of the elements occurs on the earth surface, with very unequal distribution, accumulation or dilution inducing quite different effects on water and soil composition and on the functionalities of living beings. The deposition process has been studied for approximately half a century on tree trunks. These organs constitute a very common vertical matrix on which quantitative or biomonitoring studies can be efficiently carried out, thus offering widely used routine tests. However, for a better exploitation of the information contained in such deposits, a much better understanding of this type of deposition was required. Such is the purpose of this report. A single tree species was chosen for this study: Fraxinus excelsior L. , a very common tree for our region, which was cultivated in the campus station and which could be found at several altitudes between 200 and 1700 m. Our methodological approach consisted in mixing two types of analytical techniques: ICP-MS and SEM-EDX which allowed to obtain an accurate concentration measurement of trace elements, a determination of their location or distribution at a microscopic scale and a chemical determination of the composition of crystallized or precipitated compounds. The time-scale of our studies on deposits ranged from 3 months to 40 years. Two types of fractions were analysed separately: a superficial one, on the stems, and another one, integrated inside the suber tissue and also inside other tissues. It was demonstrated that the superficial deposit was in fact a component of a specific small ecosystem characterized by a non-negligible photosynthetic rate and by a reviviscent ability. The superficial deposit is submitted to a partial lixiviation by rain. The suber tissue is a waterproof, apoplastic layer able to tightly retain most of the elements over long periods of time. It seems to be the best tissue for retaining atmospheric components over several decades. The deposit has several possible origins geogenic, biogenic or anthropogenic. In order to focus on this last fraction, a new system of calculation was conceived, which allows to determine the composition of an atmospheric anthropic elements fraction (AAEF). Moreover, this AAEF was fractionated into two parts, a dispersed one inside the deposit and a pattern of solid particles which were found either in the superficial deposit or inside the suber but not in the other tissues. A purification of the solid particles fraction was carried out, separating the water-soluble elements, the HNO3 2N-soluble ones and the solid residue. This last fraction contains most of the geogenic components, and of the Pb and Mn contents. The HNO3 fraction concentrates the elements such as Zn and Cu. The main purification steps are associated to the presence of the whole stock of dispersed K and Na inside the water phase and of Ca in the HNO3 fraction. This fractionation probably allows interesting speciation studies. With all these new experimental approaches, it seems possible to obtain realistic analyses of the historical and geographical distributions of elements deposits on different spatial scales
Béziat, Pierre. „Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes“. Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/733/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAgrosystems represent an important proportion of terrestrial ecosystems (more than one third in Europe) and play a key role in sustainable development issues. For instance, they produce green house gasses (GHG) that contribute to climate changes whose feedback on agrosystem functioning and management are still difficult to predict. Therefore, studies on biogeochemical cycle in agrosystems and their GHG production are essential. The main objective of this PhD thesis was the study of cropland carbon and water cycles using 1) micro meteorological measurements of mass and energy fluxes at the soil/vegetation and atmosphere interface and 2) data describing crop dynamics (phenology, biomass, leaf area) for two experimental crop sites located near Toulouse in South West France. This work showed that micro meteorological measurements of fluxes by the eddy covariance method (EC) are well suited to quantify agrosystem carbon and water budgets and to study the main physical and ecophysiological processes driving the different fluxes. From these measurements, carbon and water fluxes were analysed. A methodology to compute GHG budgets at plot scale considering GHG emissions associated with farm operations was developed at our sites and applied to the CarboEurope-IP cropland sites, representing an important range of crop species and management regimes. Annual net CO2 fluxes measurements between the soil/vegetation system and the atmosphere showed that agrosystem act mostly as atmospheric carbon sinks. However, accounting for carbon inputs through organic fertilisation and seeds and outputs through harvest together with vertical CO2 fluxes measurements showed that cropland are rarely carbon sinks and most often act as carbon sources (127 ± 243 g C m-2 y-1 for 41 site-years of the CarboEurope-IP network). .
Scelo, Anne-Laure. „Etude de perturbations physiologiques induites par des polluants d’origine agricole ou industrielle chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Onchorynchus mykiss) en mésocosmes“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13980.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the aquatic ecosystems, anthropic activity, but also natural environment induce several kind of stress in aquatic organisms. Among the potential sources of stress, three chemicals were studied here: a metal, a bipyridylium herbicide, a mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and an oil product exposure. This study enters within the framework of the European directive REACh (Registration Evaluation Authorization of CHemicals) but also of the Directive Cadre Eau, DCE (directive 2000/60/CE) of the European Parliament. The aim is to evaluate the relevance of an early pollution indicator pool (biomarkers) in order to predict chemical substance effects during chronic exposure or after specific contaminations of the aquatic compartment. An integrated approach of the substance effects on the genetic, proteinic, cellular, histological and individual answers in the rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, were undertaken in open and dynamic mesocosms and also laboratory. In vivo, a multibiomarker study on female juvenile trout was done at each exposure, over 21 or 28 days, followed by a period of “recovery». The mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and the gasoline used for the exposures thus show effects which perdurent until the end of this period of “recovery. The mesocosms used in this study offer favorable conditions for juvenile survival and growth. (...) In addition to the assessment of the measurement robustness and the biomarker relevance, we compared the data obtained in this study with the in vivo tests and those obtained using in vitro tests. This approach made possible to highlight coherent answers between in vitro the tests and in vivo markers. But in vitro tests are only one preliminary approach to quickly seek a specific toxic action. The modulation monitoring of key genes in the fish reproduction function, during a gasoline exposure, offers complementary informationabout the pollutant mode of action. We noted that the effects of the contamination on the hormonal rates were differed in time compared to the modulation of the gene transcription. In order to bring new tools for the monitoring, in a model species, of the aquatic environment,transposing this work in male and female fish at different developmental stages would enableisolating still most relevant parameters
Héritier, Laurent. „Changements environnementaux et menaces sur la biodiversité des écosystèmes aquatiques“. Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0034/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman imprint on Earth is actually so profound leading global environmental changes that affects and modifies the functioning of ecosystems. Among the natural biomes, freshwater ecosystems are remarkable habitats that comprise great species biodiversity but are also the most threatened by human activities. The main causes of the loss of water quality anddisruption of freshwater ecosystems includes water pollution and the introduction of alien species. The fisrt part of this thesis showed invasion of parasites on native freshwater turtle populations, carried by introduced turtle species. Furthermore, it highlighted the necessary to study and describe the new invasive parasite species with more performant technics. The second part of this thesis consisted in the development of a tool to evaluate the status of thehealth of wild freshwater turtle populations, allowed also the level of contamination of the watercourses
Rybarczyk, Hervé. „Processus d'eutrophisation et ses consequences sur les peuplements d'un ecosysteme estuarien macrotidal, un exemple en manche orientale : la baie de somme“. Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066231.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTogola, Anne. „Présence et devenir des substances pharmaceutiques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques“. Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13314.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have started recently to be studied in natural environments. The widespread use and the large consumed quantities of these compounds can lead to important inputs into the aquatic environment through wastewater treatment plants. The first part of this work consisted in the development and the comparison of various procedures concerning sampling (spot sampling and passive sampling), extraction step (Solid Phase Extraction , Microwave-assisted extraction) and analysis (Gas chromatography / mass spectrometry), needed for pharmaceutical analysis in various aquatic compartments (dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases, biological organisms). Thus a first assessment of pharmaceutical contamination of various aquatic systems (Seine, Loire, Adour and Garonne estuaries, Mediterranean coastal water…) has been undertaken. A contamination of aquatic compartments with pharmaceutical substances has been highlighted for all studied systems. Concentrations ranging from few ng. L-1 to several μg. L-1 have been measured, depending on compounds, sampling stations and seasonal variations. This work has allowed to document the origins (quantification and qualification of inputs) and the fate (degradation phenomena) of those compounds. It has also highlighted partition phenomena between the different phases (ie particulate matter and dissolved phase) and the bioaccumulation capability of some of those substances
Cosson, Richard P. „Influences des pratiques agricoles sur la contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par les métaux lourds : approche écotoxicologique“. Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112209.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMunoz, Gabriel. „Ecodynamique des composés poly- et perfluoroalkylés dans les écosystèmes aquatiques“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0414/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePoly- and perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds that have been used sincethe 1950s in a variety of applications and that have emerged as ubiquitously distributed contaminants.The first aim of this work was to optimize and validate analytical procedures for the trace-leveldetermination of PFAS. These methods were then applied to various sets of environmental samples,providing new elements to document the occurrence and environmental fate of PFAS in aquaticecosystems. In terms of statistical analyses, a special care has been devoted to incorporate nondetects(data 1 for PFOS and several long-chain PFAA, providing new evidence for theirbiomagnification. The last theme addressed in this work was the analysis of newly-identified cationicand zwitterionic PFAS ; preliminary evidence seem to dispel concerns about the bioaccumulationpotential of the latter
Dubois, Mélodie. „Effets combinés de la pêche et des perturbations naturelles sur la dynamique des écosystèmes coralliens“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoral reef provides coastal communities with vital and valuable ecosystem services, such as food and coastal protection, sources of income, and contribute to their societal and cultural identity. However, coral reef ecosystems are subjected to a combination of increasing natural disturbance regimes and increasing multiple human stressors. This may cause irreversible shifts in community structure and, thus, in the delivery of ecosystem services. Understanding the dynamics of these state shifts is fundamental to sustainably manage coral reef social-ecological systems. The overarching goal of this PhD thesis is to better develop system modeling methods to better inform sustainability management. We used two main modeling approaches: Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) and Agent Based Modeling. We used the coral reef social-ecological system of Moorea, French Polynesia, as a case study. Firstly, we collected and integrated various ecological and social data to build three food web models of Moorea, before, during and after a natural disturbance-driven coral mortality. Then, we used an ecosystem network approach to assess recovery pathways of that coral reef ecosystem. We showed that, while benthic communities recovered in a decade after the disturbance, the ecosystem as a whole presented a recovery debt. To investigate how fisheries dynamics interact with this ecosystem dynamic, we developed a dynamic food web model that revisits a natural disturbance regime under different fishing scenarios. We showed that indirect effect of fisheries can maintain intermediate level of fished populations, thus buffering the impact of the disturbance regime on local society. Finally, to better predict local fisheries management initiatives, we developed an agent-based model that accounts for more realist fisheries dynamics. We showed that a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) could in the long-term benefit both marine resources and fisheries production, but under a scenario without disturbance regime. Some of our results give new insights on how both natural disturbances and fisheries activities interact to shape coral reef ecosystems
Youssouf, Hassani. „Effets respiratoires de la pollution atmosphérique : prise en compte de plusieurs niveaux de pollution“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066456/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objectives of this thesis were to study the respiratory effects of air pollution by taking into account three levels of exposure: the macroscopic, semi-individual and individual levels. For the macroscopic level, we studied the health effects of emissions from forest fires in an ecological study. Through a literature review, we found that several epidemiological studies have shown the association between exposure to wildfire emissions and increase cardiopulmonary disease and mortality for the people living nearby. The main limitation of these studies is given by the exposure assessment. In a case study of the wildfire occurred in Marseille in the summer 2009, we observed effects at the limit of significance 8 and 9 days after exposure between concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) from fire and respiratory effects .For semi-individual level, we have studied the link between domestic and occupational pollution and respiratory diseases among farmers from Auvergne using a cross-sectional study. We observed that the halogenated hydrocarbons and Etyl-butoxyacetate were significantly associated with the small airways disease. Benzene concentration in the living room of the farm was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma. Finally, the use of a biomarker (the mercapturic acid) in the context of a case-control study allowed us to measure the internal dose of the exposure to benzene and its link with asthma among children included the study
Barnard, Romain. „Effets d'une concentration élevée en CO2 atmosphérique sur le cycle de l'azote dans les écosystèmes herbacés“. Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112241.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlobal changes are currently altering ecosystem functioning at the planetary scale. These changes include increased atmospheric CO-2 concentrations, and model scenarios project that atmospheric CO-2 concentrations should have nearly doubled at the end of this century. The effects of elevated CO-2 on the processes that affect nitrogen transformations in the soil were studied, mainly from its ammonium form. We focused on the mechanisms by which nitrifying enzyme activity (NEA) and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) are modified at elevated CO-2, and on whether the response of these processes can be generalised. An approach using different time scales and levels of complexity was used, through several experiments: i) in mesocosms of Holcus lanatus grown at elevated CO-2 for two months, ii) in mesocosms of Holcus lanatus and Festuca rubra grown as monocultures at elevated CO-2 for 15 months, iii) at four European sites of the MEGARlCH program, exposed in situ to elevated CO-2 for 20 to 48 months, iv) in the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment, in which elevated CO-2 is combined with other global changes, v) last, a meta-analytical approach was used in a review of the effects of global changes on nitrification and denitrification, in order to determine if the response of these processes may be generalised. The results of this work suggest that oxygen concentration in the soil is the primary factor by which elevated CO-2 may affect NEA, both through its effect on soil water content and on soil heterotrophic respiration. Soil nitrate availability appears to be the major factor through which DEA may be modified at elevated CO-2. In the mesocosms, a strong positive effect of elevated CO-2 on micobial biomass N was only measured in the short term. Comparison of results from the studies in mesocosms and at the MEGARICH sites suggests that elevated CO-2 has a relatively limited effect on microbial biomass N in systems that are not expanding
Tapie, Nathalie. „Contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par les PCB et PBDE : application à l'estuaire de la Gironde“. Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13325.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDue to the recent re-evaluation of their toxic properties, the study of environmental distribution of Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) has regained a great interest. At the same time, concentration of similar compounds with similar properties, such as Polybromodiphenyl-ethers (PBDEs), seems to increase in environment. In order to understand transfer phenomenon of PCBs and PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems, fast and reliable analytical methods using ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) and MAE (Microwave Extraction) have been developed. These protocols allow handling a lot of samples per day and managing environmental study and field experiment at large scale. Field experiments on different trophic status (algae (Isochrysis galbana), mussels (Mytilus edulis) and fishes (Sparus aurata)) were realised in order to understand the mechanisms of bioaccumulation or depuration of organic compounds (PCB 77, PCB 153, PBDE 47, PBDE 153, Bap, Fluoranthene, Chrysene). At the same time, Gironde estuary has been selected as a specific study area to study transfer of PCBs and PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems. The contamination of pelagic food web was evaluated by analysing water, particles, crustaceans and fishes. To compare Gironde estuary contamination to other French Atlantic coast estuaries (Seine, Ster, Loire, Vilaine and Gironde), flounder was selected as a model specie and its levels of contamination were characterised. Results show a relatively low contamination of French estuaries by PBDEs, but PCB contamination is still important and could be problematic particularly if we consider level of contamination of eel in Gironde estuary
Bragigand, Virginie. „Recherches écotoxicologiques sur les retardateurs de flamme bromés dans les écosystèmes estuariens (estuaires de Loire et de Seine“. Nantes, 2005. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=64522a75-fdcf-42fa-9d99-92ab2a5f7a3a.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTriazines and brominated flame retardants (PolyBromoBiphenyls (PBBs) and PolyBromoDiphenylEthers (PBDEs) were examined in various compartments (sediments and biota) from the Loire and Seine estuaries. In these environments, PBDEs have been detected in all the compartments whereas PBBs were never detected and triazines were detectable on few occasions only. The PBDE levels in these environments were moderate but the biomagnification of a PBDE (BDE-47) was demonstrated in both estuaries. Furthermore, the presence of organic contaminants in these environments could exert a selective pressure on flounder populations and resistant genotypes could express a strongest bioaccumulation of these contaminants. Finally, the consumption of seafoods containing PBDEs at the concentrations here-determined may not engender an important risk for the consumer health
Cortinovis, Jérôme. „Etude expérimentale et modélisation des émissions biogéniques d'oxydes d'azote et d'isoprène depuis les écosystèmes naturels et aménagés:impact sur l'ozone“. Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30162.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to build a national inventory of nitrogen oxides from agricultural activities, an algorithm deduced from laboratory experiments was coupled with the CERES crop model to simulate NOx flux at the soil level. Simulations on a year basis allow the estimation of emission factors. NOx fluxes were integrated at the regional scale for three administrative regions. A new version of the SURFATM SVAT model integrating NOx emissions and NOx-O3 basic chemistry simulates ozone and NOx surface-atmosphere exchanges. Two contrasted sites from the ESCOMPTE experiment were used to validate this new approach. The canopy reduction factor, that is the actual proportion of NOx emitted above the canopy, was calculated, this net emission being included in a meso-scale model. The contribution of isoprene emissions, the major contributor in the COV global inventory, to ozone production has been evaluated for the ESCOMPTE experiment. This contribution is a function of the anthropogenic plume degree of maturation. The contribution appears to be mostly important in the suburban and rural areas. Coupling an algorithm combining high and low frequency terms with the SVAT ISBA-Ags allows for simulations of isoprene emissions at the canopy scale including a seasonal variation. Summer emissions appear to be preponderant when compared to spring and autumn ones. Coupling with the MesoNH-Chemistry model shows the maximum seasonal contribution of isoprene emissions to ozone production during summer, followed by spring and autumn periods
Jaffrennou, Cathy. „Effets physico-chimiques de l'immersion accidentelle de charbon“. Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis report deals with the study of the physico-chemical effects after an accidental coal immersion. Coal is a sedimentary rock mainly composed of organic matter (> 50 M %). The organic part contains humic matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sulfur compounds. The inorganic part contains major (> 0,5 %: Al, Ca, Fe, Si. . . ), minor (0,02 -0,5%: Mg, Na …) and trace elements (<0,02%: Cd, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn. . . ), some of the latter being heavy metals. The PAH contents in the various coals used were determined by several extraction methods: they are 0f the order 0f 1 mg kg for the 16 most toxic PAH5. The inorganic phase was analyzed by sequential extraction apart from manganese, which is present in gypsum, the studied metals (AI, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) are present in insoluble minerals such as kaolinite. After mixing with seawater, fluorescence analyses by xenon and LASER excitation, along with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to identify organic compounds dissolved from coal onto seawater: they are humic and fulvic acids. Neither PAHs nor sulfur compounds could be detected. The concentration in humic acid equivalent increases with increasing coal mass and agitation time and intensity, and decreases with increasing grain size. Dissolved inorganic compounds were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy: since they are included in insoluble minerals, most of the analyzed elements were not dissolved, apart from Mn which is dissolved as a sulfate. The Mn concentration increases with increasing Goal mass and agitation time and intensity, and decreases with increasing grain size. It is, in batch, higher than 1. 5 μg L-1, which can be considered as an environmental limit. Several experimentations were eventually conducted in open media this displayed the elimination of thin suspended particles preventing photosynthesis and the dilution of humic acids and Mn due to the continuous seawater renewal. The spreading of a coal pile submitted to a seawater flow was also studied, and it occurs that the tiniest coal particles move faster: they can be dispersed over a distance of 1 km in 10 hours. The environmental impact after an accidental coal immersion remains on the whole limited
Meier, Laurent. „Pollution atmosphérique et asthme“. Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleScully, Norman Michel. „Les effets de la radiation ultraviolette et des facteurs hydrodynamiques sur les processus photobiochimiques des écosystèmes aquatiques“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ31509.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePoulin, Carina. „Effets de la pollution lumineuse sur l'écophysiologie de Microcytis aeruginosa“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6078.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeandri, Marc. „Soutenabilité environnementale et préservation des capacités : le cas de la capacité d'assimilation des écosystèmes dans l'analyse économique de la pollution optimale“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005230.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDevez, Aurélie. „Caractérisation des risques induits par les activités agricoles sur les écosystèmes aquatiques“. Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006497.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBuffet, Pierre-Emmanuel. „Évaluation du risque environnemental des nanoparticules métalliques : biodisponibilité et risque potentiel pour deux espèces clés des écosystèmes estuariens“. Nantes, 2012. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4222b036-2cc9-45e7-a146-038b3361bae3.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe advent of nanotechnologies is leading to the increase production of nanoparticles which could be released in the environment. Metal nanoparticles are used in a variety of commercial applications (bactericides, UV protection, medical imaging) and their toxicity is a source of concern. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fate of metal-bearing nanoparticles (Ag, Au, CuO, Cd, ZnO) in the marine environment and their effects on two marine endobenthic species : the bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the worm Hediste diversicolor by using a set of biomarkers at different levels of biological organization (behaviour, biochemical responses and genotoxicity). Effects were evaluated after exposure to different environmental sources (water, food, sediment independently or combined in mesocosms). In a number of cases, our work revealed a toxic effect of nanoparticles which is not due to the constituent metal but directly to the nanoproperties. Results show that biomarkers are promising tools to evaluate the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles and could be used to improve risk assessment
Rizzetto, Simon. „Prédiction de la sensibilité biogéochimique et écologique des écosystèmes forestiers français aux dépôts atmosphériques azotés dans un contexte de changement global“. Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19558/1/Rizzetto.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Guellec-Pichon Catherine. „Réponse des copépodes harpacticoi͏̈des et de la macrofaune aux traitements expérimentaux de sables pollués par hydrocarbures sur deux plages de la côte nord du Finistère“. Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBentayeb, Malek. „Effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé respiratoire des personnes âgées“. Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066069.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main objective of this thesis was to increase knowledge on the respiratory effects of air pollution in the elderly where few data are available. Specific objectives were: (1) To study the relationship between proximity air pollution and respiratory health in elderly (2) To study the relationship between indoor air pollution measured objectively (in French households and in European nursing homes) on respiratory health of elderly (3) to explore the hypothesis of higher susceptibility of the elderly to the effects of outdoor and indoor air pollution. Data from three epidemiological studies based on samples of a general population were used: the three cities study (3C) in the investigation of the effects of outdoor air pollution, the campaign of the French Observatory for Indoor Air Quality (OQAI) and "GERiatric study In Europe on health effects of air quality in nursing homes"(GERIE) to investigate effects of indoor air pollution. Our results are consistent with previous data and suggest that exposure to air pollution (outdoors and indoors), even at lower concentrations, could be significantly related to high prevalence of respiratory health outcomes among elderly more specifically symptoms suggestive of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) such as breathlessness, dyspnea, chronic cough and phlegm, and wheezes suggestive of asthma. The most consistent results were obtained for breathlessness and dyspnea. Some associations were more pronounced in older subjects, this support the hypothesis of greater susceptibility of elderly regarding exposure to air pollution
Semadi, Ammar. „Effets de la pollution atmosphérique (pollution globale, fluorée et plombique) sur la végétation dans la région de Annaba (Algérie)“. Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066455.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSemadi, Ammar. „Effets de la pollution atmosphérique (pollution globale, fluorée et plombique) sur la végétation dans la région de Annaba (Algérie)“. Grenoble : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375938736.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissou, Latifatou. „Toxicologie de la pollution par les oxydes d'azote“. Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P133.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEjlali, Farid. „Climatologie locale, pollution atmosphérique et leurs effets sur la végétation urbaine à Téhéran“. Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA01A002.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle[This research attempt to show the origins of the pollution in the city of Teheran, the distribution of the particules in suspension in the city and its consequences on the trees of the streets and the parcs. The differents types of anticyclonics weathers, the frequence of "calmes" and the basin topography facilitates the formation of a dome of pollution that has problems to evacuate outside. A displacement of the maximum of pollution takes place during the day inside the urban tissue, in relation with the breezes of the slopes. In the morning, a pollution pick is evident in the heart of the city (around 10h). The origins of chemical pollution are internal to the city : traffic and industrial activities. Event though they are diffused the maximum remains in the south and center east. The physical pollution, particles come from the southern extra urban deserts and penetrate into the city through the south gully. From the point of view of microclimatology and topoclimatology the center and center south sectors of the city are therefore the most hit. The trees of the sidewalks and for the parks and gardens are in a better sanitary state and their growth is more rapid in this sector. This paradox allows us to conclude that pollution is not the major problem of ligneous trees. The planes, in particular, must suffer from a lack of water at the level of their rooting system much more than from a physical or chemical modification of the urban atmosphere. ]
Labranche, Nathalie. „Les effets des microparticules diesel sur la fonction vasculaire“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/240966/3/These_NL.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDoctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Delpierre, Nicolas. „Etude du déterminisme des variations interannuelles des échanges carbonés entre les écosystèmes forestiers européens et l’atmosphère : une approche basée sur la modélisation des processus“. Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112167.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLavaine, Emmanuelle. „Les Inégalités sociales de santé liées aux effets de la pollution sur la santé“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010047/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMany pollutants are declining throughout the industrialized world. However, exposure to air pollution, even at the levels commonly achieved nowadays in European countries, still leads to adverse health effects. In this context, there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution. The thesis aims to examine health impacts linked to environmental pollution by sheding light on their macroeconomic consequences. The first objective of the thesis is to explore empirically the relations between socio-economic status, environmental exposures and health outcomes. Through econometric analysis, we study the total mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic status and air pollution for the French department, and the effect of energy production on new born health using a recent strike that affected oil refineries in France as a natural experiment. Finally, the last part of the thesis tries to draw inferences about individuals' valuations of risk by combining estimates of the effect of air pollution on bath property values and hospital respiratory admissions for respiratory causes
Ndong, Awa. „Pollution de l'air extérieur et intérieur à Dakar (Sénégal) : caractérisation de la pollution, impact toxicologique et évaluation épidémiologique des effets sanitaires“. Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0510/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAir pollution is nowadays a major societal challenge, as much for its harmful consequences on human health as on the environment. The general objective of this work was to determine the level of Dakar air pollution, outdoor and indoor, and to assess its health impact in the urban population. Fine particles (PM₂.₅) and a coarser fraction (PM>₂.₅) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65 to 75 % higher in urban samples. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and the oxidative damage (total carbonylated proteins and 8-OHdG) were found higher in bronchial BEAS-2B cells exposed to urban PMs. The air quality measurement campaign showed that the bus interior was more polluted with PM₁₀, CO, CO₂ and NO than the market and the urban and rural indoor sites. The comparison of air quality between indoor and outdoor sites revealed that, particularly in urban areas, indoor air quality may be worse than the corresponding outdoor one. Monitoring individual exposure to pollutants showed that housewives in urban and rural sites were more exposed than professionals to air pollution, confirming previous observations of potential higher individual exposure level to pollutants in indoor environment. However, exposure level of traders and bus drivers that would result from the exhaust of traffic with often old, poorly maintained and uncontrolled vehicles has to be taken into consideration due the higher levels of gaseous pollutants here reported
KERN, THIERRY. „Les effets extra-auditifs du bruit sur la sante : etat des connaissances en 1994“. Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15098.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTHENOZ, BROCHET SOPHIE. „Aspects climatiques et geographiques de la differenciation des effets des pollutions atmospheriques : regions temperee et nordique“. Strasbourg 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR10738.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNguyen, Thi-Phuong. „Etude des effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la dégradation de la gélatine photographique“. Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBesse, Jean-Philippe. „Impact environnemental des médicaments à usage humain sur le milieu récepteur : évaluation de l'exposition et des effets pour les écosystèmes d'eau douce“. Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ023S/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA high number of pharmaceuticals are used in France and can reach the aquatic environment. This observation have contributed to a growing concern for authorities in targeting and quantifying these substances in freshwaters. Considering the high number of molecules used in France, it is necessary, prior to implement any comprehensive monitoring survey in freshwaters, to build a list of priority pharmaceuticals in terms of their risk for the aquatic environment. The work conducted here aims at proposing reliable lists of priority pharmaceuticals, based on expected environmental concentrations and biological effects on aquatic non-target organisms. Several methodologies were implemented, depending on the type of pharmaceuticals assessed and the availability of data. Finally, 300 parent molecules and 50 human metabolites were screened and scientifically sound priority lists were built. Moreover, this work allowed to draw the following conclusions : The issue of pharmaceutical mixtures and their interactions with other environmental polutants needs to be addressed. Preventing the rejection of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment should be a priority. For a good management of the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals, an agreement between public health authorities, environment authorities on one hand, and pharmaceutical industries and professionals on the other hand, is necessary
Desmarchelier, David. „Pollution externalities : a source of endogenous business cycles“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12013/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince Zhang (1999), a rising number of contributions explore channels by which pollution can induce endogenous business cycles. We believe that this research line is of great interest because it reconciles the short run imperative of policy leaders and the long run imperative of environmental preservation. Consequently, the present dissertation aims to contribute to this strand of literature by pointing out new channels by which pollution can induce endogenous business cycles.Chapters 1, 2 and 3 depart from some new empirical findings who stress nonmarginal negative effect of pollution on labor productivity and on labor supply. Within those chapters, we show that such pollution effects can lead to deterministic cycles as well as stochastic fluctuations around the steady state.The chapter 4 is devoted to the study of the already existing green fiscal policies in most of OECD countries. We show in particular that their well-known regressivity, with respect to households' incomes, may promote sunspot equilibria
Laville, Nathalie. „Évaluation de l'(éco-)toxicité et du potentiel perturbateur endocrinien de contaminants aquatiques à l'aide de modèles cellulaires humains et de poisson“. Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20208.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDEROUBAIX, CHRISTOPHE. „Etude in vitro des effets de no2 a faible concentration sur les macrophages alveolaires“. Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M275.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaanan, Mehdi. „Impact des changements de l'occupation des sols sur l'état de l'environnement dans des écosystèmes côtiers : cas des lagunes d'Oualidia et de Moulay Bousselham (façade atlantique marocaine)“. Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT3042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoche-Rajot, Hélène. „Réponses des paramètres sanguins d'un poisson marin, le loup (Dicentrarchus labrax), à l'évolution des conditions environnementales : effets des modifications de nature physique (salinité et température) et chimique (xénobiotiques)“. Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10069.
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