Dissertationen: „Economic Net Present Value“

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Westergard, Chris. „Farmland valuation: a net present value approach using simulation“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19035.

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Master of Agribusiness
Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
As the single largest asset class on the agriculture sector’s balance sheet, real estate is clearly a significant component of America’s farming community’s well-being and key to production agriculture. Purchasing farmland requires a significant commitment of capital, and one of the chief considerations for producers when contemplating purchasing a property is the return they can expect to receive from their investment over the course of its productive life. The traditional Net Present Value approach to investment valuation is difficult to implement since estimating cash flows over the life of the property is extremely difficult due to uncertainty in yields and commodity prices. By using historical price, yield, and cost data, this thesis develops a net present value spreadsheet model that uses simulation to determine an expected cash flow per acre. This expected cash flow can then be used to determine the gross cash flow from a particular farm over the term of the investment. While not explicitly accounting for non-direct expenses in the model such as returns to management, the techniques discussed provide a solid foundation for a more thorough enterprise analysis and give the producer an estimate of cash flows independent of short-term management decisions.

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Gullickson, Travis R. „Net present value analysis of plant investment to add capacity“. Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1051.

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Craig, Julie. „Economic feasibility of growing hops in Nebraska“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35370.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Vincent R. Amanor-Boadu
Nationwide, the craft brew industry has enjoyed massive growth. Hops are an important ingredient in craft brew beer and rapid growth of this industry has created many opportunities to grow hops. Currently, hops production is concentrated in the Pacific Northwest. That is beginning to change with new hops acres being planted every year across the country. The study looks at how economically feasible it is to plant hops in Nebraska. Is there enough local demand? Finally, given that Nebraska’s weather is dramatically different than the Pacific Northwest, can hops flourish there? The research begins by assessing all costs associated with a starting a three acre hops operation. Estimated yield and income is projected for ten years to establish cash flow. Instances of hail, wind and tornados for Clay County Nebraska for the years 2006-2016 were calculated to determine a probability of those weather events occurring. The probability was then used to determine the effect it could have on yield of hops per year. In addition to cost of production, the study also documented the growth of Nebraska’s craft brew industry to establish demand for locally grown hops. The researched concluded that if production stayed constant and our discount rate at 5%, assuming prices remain where they are or higher, then it is economically feasible to grow hops in Nebraska. Wind, hail and tornadoes do pose a threat in the Midwest but their effect on yield is not enough to deter someone from planting hops there. Access to reliable capital to begin and sustain a hops operation appears to have a greater impact. In addition, Nebraska’s craft brew industry continues to expand rapidly suggesting a strong market for locally grown hops. This information is important for anyone who is considering planting a commercial hops yard. Given how expensive the start-up costs are and how labor intensive the crop is, this research can provide guidance to those seeking to add hops production to their new or existing farming operation.

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Popelka, Paul. „Net present value analysis of an automated grain aeration system technology on stored corn“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19034.

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Master of Agribusiness
Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze whether the use of automated aeration systems for reducing moisture in corn during storage provides sufficient net present value for Nebraska corn farmers. The objective is to examine if an automated aeration system provides sufficient energy savings, marketing opportunities and reduced drying costs before corn delivery to an elevator. On-the-farm corn storage has steadily increased and harvesting corn before the moisture has achieved the desired targets cost farmers in drying charges and shrink. Farmers are interested in whether automated aeration systems can remove enough moisture from grain, without over-drying the bin, without spending a large amount of time determining when to run their grain bin aeration fans. Data for this project were obtained from four privately owned 60,000 bushel grain bins outfitted with the IntelliAir™ BinManager™ automated aeration system. Moisture samples were taken from each of the trucks hauling grain to the bin and again after removal of the corn after the automated system had ran for 9 months. Energy usage, drying charges, and shrink were calculated for the initial corn moisture averages and the moisture at the time of removal. Each bin was examined using Net Present Value (NPV) analysis to determine whether the energy savings were enough to offset the initial installation cost and annual expenses of the project. After the NPV was estimated for each of the bins, a sensitivity analysis of how corn price changes and no aeration required would affect the NPV analysis. Finally, an analysis of the total costs savings of a continuously ran aeration system was compared to the automated aeration system. The conclusion of the NPV analysis was that adding an automated aeration system would be profitable under most scenarios. More studies are needed to determine the profitability of automated aeration systems in different regions, moisture inputs, and bin sizes.

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Arati, James M. „Evaluating the economic feasibility of anaerobic digestion of Kawangware Market Waste“. Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2200.

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Romanzini, Eliéder Prates. „Economic evaluation, strategy and prediction studies of results into beef cattle production using different scenarios /“. Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183167.

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Orientador: Euclides Braga Malheiros
Resumo: A pecuária de corte brasileira tem sido pressionada no sentido de cada vez obter melhores resultados, o que força os proprietários a utilizar práticas e manejos específicos, os quais possibilitarão a manutenção dentro da atividade. Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o uso de inteligência artificial, mais especificamente redes neurais artificiais (RNA), para predizer resultados futuros tanto da produção de pasto quanto animal. Determinar dentre diversos cenários de recria e terminação de bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais, qual foi o melhor cenário no que diz respeito aos resultados econômicos. Avaliar dentre diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada, qual foi aquela que retornou melhores índices econômicos. As RNA se mostraram melhores que as regressões normalmente utilizadas para predizer as produções de pastagem (valores médios obtidos pelo uso das RNA foram 0,84; 0,78 e 0,75 para massa de forragem, porcentagens de folha e colmo, versus 0,74; 0,39 e 0,50 obtidos usando regressão linear múltipla) e animal (0,72 [RNA] e 0,67 regressão). No estudo referente aos cenários, os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando utilizado apenas sal mineral (lucratividade de 26,3%; período de “payback” simples igual à 11 ciclos e taxa interna de retorno de 9,30%) na recria dos bovinos de corte e na terminação, quando as variáveis climáticas possibilitaram via manejo de pastagem o uso de maior taxa de lotação (3,18 UA ha-1) na área. Quando avaliados os efeitos das doses de adubação n... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Brazilian beef cattle has been under pression to obtain better results, which drives owners to use specific practices and management, which will allow the maintenance within livestock. This study aimed to evaluate use of artificial intelligence, specifically artificial neural networks (ANN), to predict future results both forage and animal productions. Determine between a lot of rearing and finishing phase scenarios of beef cattle production using tropical pastures, how was the best scenario considering economic results. Evaluate between different nitrogen fertilizers levels, how was there obtained best economic indexes. The ANN was better than regressions normally used to predict forage production (mean values obtained by ANN use were 0.84, 0.78 and 0.75 for forage mass, leaf and stem percentages, versus 0.74, 0.39 and 0.50 obtained using multiple linear regression) and animal (0.72 [ANN] and 0.67 regression). Into study about scenarios, the best results were obtained when used mineral mix just (profitability of 26.3%, simple payback period equal to 11 cycles and internal return ratio of 9.30%) during rearing phase of beef cattle. During finishing phase, the best results occurred when weather variables allowed by pasture handled, the use of higher stocking rate (3.18 AU ha-1) into area. The evaluation of economic results caused by different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Allowed to say that was possible to observe that there was linear increase both on costs, and gross revenue,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Goertz, Marvin. „Feasibility of building a greenfield contract manufacturing plant“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19690.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Vincent Amanor-Boadu
Bunge is a global agribusiness company that has invested in a facility to produce extruded ingredients and inclusions in its Woodland, California rice mill. Because Bunge is not a branded food manufacturer, it is in a unique position to be a contract manufacturer to a variety of customers without the potential for a conflict of interest. Also, because Bunge is primary in three of the most common ingredients for extruded products, corn, rice and oil, this would be a move down the value chain that would allow it to be more competitive. The initial investment in Woodland has allowed Bunge to learn more about the manufacture of extruded ingredients and inclusions and also gauge overall market demand. A possible next step would be to build a second facility in the eastern half of the United States to expand capacity and be geographically situated to supply the Midwest, South and Northeast regions of the U.S. In order to begin exploring the possibility of a greenfield expansion into the contract manufacture of extruded ingredients and inclusions, this thesis considers three subjects. The first is a customer survey case study, which discovers the customer found high price and whether or not the manufacturer was considered a strategic partner to be the most significant factors in how desirable a manufacturer is. The second subject considered is the ideal location for a second manufacturing site based on a number of factors, including distance from both the customer base and inputs, labor issues, and any savings associated with a particular site. It was found that distance from the ultimate customer may be less important overall than the other factors. The third and final component of the research involved conducting a financial feasibility study. The analyses were conducted under alternative scenarios and subjected to a sensitivity analysis on a number of crucial variables. The weighted average NPV for the alternative scenarios was about $31 million and the IRR of 13.8% cleared the company’s investment hurdle rate. The payback period was estimated to be just under six years. All these suggest that the project as presented in this research is feasible and any investment in it, subject to the absence of any unforeseen event, will be profitable. It is hoped that this information can be used as a starting point and a guide to consider a future investment based on demand and other market indicators available at the time such a decision is required.

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Cafferata, Michael J. S. „Economic Comparisons Between an Even-Aged and an Uneven-Aged Loblolly Pine Silvicultural System“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36773.

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This study compares financially optimal uneven-aged and even-aged silvicultural regimes of loblolly pine (Pinus Taeda). Uneven-aged regimes which maximize net present value (NPV) are found by quantifying the effects of diameter distribution (Q factor), maximum diameter, cutting cycle, and residual basal area on NPV. For the benchmark inputs, the regime yielding the highest NPV had a maximum diameter of 12 inches, residual basal area of 45 ft2/acre, and a cutting cycle of 11 years. Financially optimal even-aged regimes are taken from published literature of even-aged silviculture. Even-aged and uneven-aged silvicultural regimes are simulated starting from, 1) bare land, 2) a balanced uneven-aged loblolly pine stand, and 3) a mature even-aged loblolly pine stand. For the three starting conditions and selected benchmark variable values, simulation of even-aged silviculture yields NPVs of $877, $2,152 and $3,400 per acre and simulation of uneven-aged silviculture yields NPVs of $644, $2,084, and $2,569 per acre. Sensitivity analysis shows, for the levels of the variables tested, that even-aged silviculture yields higher NPVs than uneven-aged silviculture when starting from bare land or from a mature even-aged stand. When starting from an uneven-aged stand, for the variable values tested, uneven and even-aged silviculture are financially very competitive.

Aside from the aesthetic benefits of avoiding clearcutting under uneven-aged silviculture, non-timber considerations between loblolly pine silvicultural systems are not well documented. Resource professionals hold opinions often in direct conflict with each other regarding the non-timber costs and benefits of even-aged and uneven-aged silviculture when considering wildlife, soil and water, and catastrophic damage events.
Master of Science

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Lukach, Sarah Elizabeth. „Feasibility of business expansion in the seed industry“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35297.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
The landscape of the United States seed industry has changed substantially over the last 100 years. In the mid-1930s, there were 115 active seed corn companies marketing seed in the United States. By the 1980s, there were 303 hybrid seed corn companies and in 2016 there were 140 active hybrid seed corn companies in the United States. As the seed industry continues to evolve, so will the logistics and methods of which seed is sold to farm customers. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and determine if a seed business expansion provides a positive net present value and rate of return for the management based on the capital costs of the investment and estimated income opportunities. Based on historical information of the existing business and the new market territory opportunities, a ten year projected cash flow was estimated to provide a basis for the net present value and internal rate of return analysis. Sensitivity analysis was applied to different variables in the cash flow model to identify variables of risk and the impact on the projected cash flow and net present value analysis. The projected cash flow model and net present value analysis provides management a basis for the decision to expand their existing business. The conclusion of the net present value and internal rate of return analysis was that the expansion of the seed business was profitable under most sensitivity scenarios. Recommendations were made for additional research that could be performed to maximize and diversify the business’s product offerings and net income.

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Nkoi, Barinyima. „Techno-economic studies of environmentally friendly Brayton cycles in the petrochemical industry“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9260.

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Brayton cycles are open gas turbine cycles extensively used in aviation and industrial applications because of their advantageous volume and weight characteristics. With the bulk of waste exhaust heat and engine emissions associated, there is need to be mindful of environmentally-friendliness of these engine cycles, not compromising good technical performance, and economic viability. This research considers assessment of power plants in helicopters, and aeroderivative industrial gas turbines combined-heat-and-power (ADIGT-CHP) in the petrochemical industry. Thus, it consists of two parts: part A focuses on performance analysis of helicopter gas turbines, while part B entails technoeconomic and environmental risk assessment of ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry. The investigation encompasses comparative assessment of simple cycle (SC) and advanced gas turbine cycle options including the component behaviours and the environmental and economic analysis of the systems. The advanced cycles considered include: recuperated (RC), intercooled (IC), intercooled-recuperated (ICR), and low pressure compressor zero-staged (LPC-ZS), cycles. The helicopter engines are analysed and subsequently converted to small-scale ADIGT engines. Also, modelling combined-heat-and-power (CHP) performances of small-scale (SS), and large-scale (LS) ADIGT engines is implemented. More importantly, a large part of the research is devoted to developing a techno-economic model for assessing, predicting, and comparing viability of simple and advanced cycle ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry in terms of net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and simple payback period (SPBP). The techno-economic performances of the ADIGT-CHP cycles are measured against the conventional case of grid power plus on-site boiler. Besides, risk and sensitivity of NPV with respect to uncertain changes in grid electricity cost, gas fuel cost, emission cost, and electricity export tariff, are investigated. Two case studies underlie the development of the techno-economic model. One case study demonstrates the application of the model for large-scale (LS) ADIGT-CHP, and the other for small-scale (SS) ADIGT-CHP, all in the petrochemical industry. By so doing, techno-economic and environmental risk analysis framework (a multi-disciplinary preliminary design assessment tool comprising performance, emissions, economic, and risk modules) is adapted to ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry, which is the aim of this research. The investigation and results led to the conclusions that advanced cycle helicopter and ADIGT engines exhibit higher thermal efficiencies than simple cycle, and that savings exist in operational costs of ADIGT-CHP above the conventional case. Thus, for both SS ADIGT-CHP, and LS ADIGT-CHP cases, all ADIGT-CHP cycles are profitable than the conventional case. For LS ADIGT- CHP category, the IC ADIGT-CHP is the most profitable, whereas for SS ADIGT-CHP category, the RC ADIGT-CHP is the most profitable. The contribution to knowledge of this research is the development of a technoeconomic model for assessing, predicting, and comparing viability of simple and advanced cycle ADIGT-CHP in the petrochemical industry in terms of NPV, SPBP, and IRR over the conventional case of grid power plus on-site boiler. A second contribution is the derivation of simple and advanced cycle small-scale ADIGT and ADIGT-CHP from helicopter engines. Cont/D.

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Šemberová, Petra. „Studie proveditelnosti vybraného zdravotnického projektu“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71662.

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Thesis and feasibility study that addresses the viability of a construction project to build housing for the care of the elderly and senior citizens of Usti nad Orlici. The study examines all the necessary aspects surrounding feasibility of the project and in particular, the results of market and economic analysis including personnel and staffing. The thesis concludes with a summary indicating feasibility or non feasibility of the project.

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Santos, Leonardo Hunaldo dos. „AvaliaÃÃo de programas de seleÃÃo para a caprinocultura leiteira brasileira“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10830.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de um programa nacional de melhoramento genÃtico de caprinos leiteiros. Foram comparados os ganhos genÃticos e econÃmicos para dois esquemas de seleÃÃo, sendo um tradicional que representa a situaÃÃo geral nacional e outro utilizando o teste de progÃnie, conforme proposto pelo Programa de Melhoramento GenÃtico de Caprinos Leiteiros (CAPRAGENE) coordenado pela Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Em seguida, foi verificado no esquema tradicional de seleÃÃo, o impacto econÃmico da alteraÃÃo na porcentagem de utilizaÃÃo de reprodutores do rebanho nÃcleo no estrato comercial. Averiguou-se tambÃm os efeitos da intensidade de utilizaÃÃo dos reprodutores jovens em teste para o esquema com teste de progÃnie. As anÃlises foram realizadas utilizando o ZPLAN, que utiliza um enfoque determinÃstico para estimar os ganhos genÃticos e econÃmicos para programas de melhoramento genÃtico. O esquema de seleÃÃo tradicional, com a seleÃÃo de reprodutores do nÃcleo feita com base em informaÃÃes reprodutivas e de produÃÃo leiteira das mÃes e a seleÃÃo das matrizes feitas com suas prÃprias informaÃÃes e de suas mÃes, nÃo apresentou viabilidade econÃmica, nÃo cobrindo os custos com a infraestrutura fÃsica e humana para manutenÃÃo do programa de melhoramento genÃtico. O esquema utilizando testes de progÃnie de reprodutores jovens apresentou viabilidade, com considerÃveis ganhos genÃticos para o objetivo de seleÃÃo e para as caracterÃsticas individuais que compÃem este objetivo. Os retornos econÃmicos do programa superou os custos do mesmo, com um retorno de investimento de cerca de 20%. Neste esquema, a caracterÃstica de maior impacto econÃmico foi a produÃÃo de leite, seguida pela contagem de cÃlulas somÃticas. O esquema tradicional somente permitiria retornos de investimento do programa de melhoramento com altos nÃveis (>60%) de uso de reprodutores do nÃcleo no estrato comercial. Ã possÃvel que isto nÃo tenha viabilidade prÃtica, principalmente devido ao baixo uso de inseminaÃÃo artificial no Brasil. A intensidade de utilizaÃÃo dos reprodutores jovens deve estar entre 10% e 15%. Acima desses valores nÃo se constituem ganhos monetÃrios considerÃveis ao objetivo de seleÃÃo, alÃm da reduÃÃo do lucro genÃtico de caracterÃsticas importantes como produÃÃo de leite.
This work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a national breeding program for dairy goats. The genetic and economic gains for two selection schemes, one traditional that represents the overall Brazilian situation and the other using the progeny test, as proposed by the Breeding Program for Dairy Goats (CAPRAGENE) of Embrapa Goats and Sheep were compared. The economic impact of the use of bucks of the nucleus in commercial was evaluated in the traditional scheme. It was also examined the effects of intensity use of young breeding test for the scheme with progeny testing. Analyses were performed in ZPLAN, which uses a deterministic approach to estimate the genetic and economic gains for breeding programs. The traditional scheme with bucks selected in the nucleus of milk production and reproductive traits from their dams and the selection of does made with the same information for themselves and their dams, had no economic viability, not covering the costs of physical and human infrastructure for maintenance of the breeding program. The scheme using progeny tests of young bucks presented viability, with considerable genetic gains for the selection objective and the individual traits that make up this goal. The economic returns of the program outweigh the costs of the same, with a return on investment of about 20%. In this scheme, the trait of greater economic impact was milk yield followed by somatic cell count. The traditional scheme would only allow investment returns of the breeding program with high levels (>60%) for use of nucleus bucks commercial flocks. It is possible that this has no practical feasibility, principally due to the low use of artificial insemination in Brazil. The amount of use of young bucks should be between 10% and 15%. Major uses not promote substantial monetary gains to the selection objective and reduce the genetic profit the important traits as milk yield.

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Moreira-Munoz, Simon. „Timber supply and economic impact of mountain pine beetle salvage strategies“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/697.

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To address the scale mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in British Columbia, salvage has become fully integrated with timber supply strategies. The objective of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of different salvage strategies depending on different attack levels, decay rates, and stakeholder discount rates. The study area is located in N.E. British Columbia where the MPB has not yet reached its peak and where susceptible to attack stands account for 40% of the area. Salvage strategies were modelled with a timber supply model (Woodstock) which uses a linear programming type II optimization approach. Performance of the model was assessed over a range of indicators such as NPV, profit, salvage proportion, species composition, inventory levels, and non-recoverable volume. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on harvest flow, discount rate, and ending inventory. The model was very sensitive to the intensity of attack and less sensitive to the decay level. The high level of attack resulted in large volume losses, mostly as un-salvaged inventory. Although allowable annual cut (AAC) uplifts have an economic benefit, they do not necessarily maximize the salvage of pine. Non-pine species are an important component of the salvage and these species are also essential for the future timber supply. If the objective is to ensure quality and quantity of the future forest, policies have to complement AAC uplifts by strongly encouraging the salvage of mainly pine-leading stands and management options that minimize the “by-catch” of non-pine species and minimize destruction of advanced regeneration during salvage. However, this has an opportunity cost for the private industry where the objective is to maximize profit. If the salvage strategy focuses on decreasing the impact on cash flows, achieving desirable ending inventory levels, avoiding salvage of stands after shelf-life, and reducing impact on non-attack species, then the current harvest level will likely lead to a mid-term timber supply fall-down. Using the fibre for bioenergy production is an alternative if managing for bioenergy can be integrated into harvest operations. However, unlike mill residues, the bioenergy supply has to fully account for harvest and transportation costs of dead wood to the mill.

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Jasaitė, Aida. „Medynų auginimo derlingose augavietėse ekonominis įvertinimas“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120620_150616-65023.

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Tirtas labiausiai paplitusių Lietuvoje medžių rūšių (P, E, Ą, U, B, D, J, Bt) grynų medynų auginimo derlingose augavietėse (c, d, f dirvožemio derlingumo ir N, L dirvožemio drėgnumo indeksai) ekonominis efektyvumas. Darbo objektas –ūkinių miškų labiausiai paplitusių medžių rūšių grynų medynų (P išskyrus d, f derlingumus, E, Ą, U, B, J, D, Bt) derlingose augavietėse (c, d, f dirvožemio derlingumo ir N, L dirvožemio drėgnumo indeksai) auginimo ekonominis efektyvumas, išreikštas grynosios dabartinės vertės rodikliais. Šios derlingos augavietės sudaro 44,1 proc. visų Lietuvos miškų. Tyrimų tikslas – palyginti dirbtinai atkuriamų ąžuolynų, uosynų, eglynų bei pušynų ir savaime atželiančių beržynų, juodalksnynų, drebulynų ir baltalksnynų auginimo ekonominį efektyvumą. Darbo metodai - taikytas variantų skaičiavimo metodas. Darbo rezultatai. Taikant įvairius nenukirsto miško kainų variantus ir 3 proc. diskonto normą, nustatyta, kad derlingose augavietėse savaiminis miško atžėlimas minkštųjų lapuočių medžių rūšimis (B, J, D, Bt) yra ekonomiškai efektyvesnis nei ąžuolynų, uosynų, eglynų ar pušynų dirbtinis įveisimas. Nustatyta, kad nenukirsto miško kainos padidėjimas, tiesiogiai veikia medynų auginimo ekonominio vertinimo rodiklius, šiuo atveju GDV. Raktažodžiai: medynų auginimas, technologinė savikaina, ekonominis efektyvumas, grynoji dabartinė vertė, diskonto norma, vidutinė metinė grynoji dabartinė vertė, nenukirsto miško kaina.
The economic efficiency of growing the pure stand of the most common tree species ( pine, spruce, oak, ash tree, birch, aspen, black an dgrey alder) inLithuania‘s fertile site type habitats ( c,d,f – soil fertility and N,L indice of soil moisture) has been studied. Research object: Economic efficiency of growing pure stand of the most common tree species in fertile habitats, expressed by the net present value of the indicators ( soil fertility, soil moisture indice). The fertile sites constitute 44,1 percent of all the forests in Lithuania. Researchaim: To compare the economic efficiency of artificially reforested oak, ash, spruce and pine stands with natural regeneration of birches, black alders, grey alders and aspens. Research methods: Variant calculation method was applied. Research outcomes: By applying diverse price options for uncut forest and 3percent discount rate, it was estimated that self – regeneration of soft deciduous tree species in fertile habitats is more cost effective than artificial afforestation with oaks, ash trees, spruces and pines. The price increase was found to have a direct effect on the economic indicators of forest growing. Keywords: forest growing, technological cost, economic efficiency, net present value, discount rate, the average annual net present value, the price of uncut forest.

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Post, Seth. „A financial analysis of placing fixed grain assets in northern Kansas“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18146.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Christine Wilson
During the past two decades, there has been major consolidation in the grain handling industry. Staying competitive in today’s environment involves finding projects that add value from a strategic geographic standpoint and a revenue generation standpoint. This study examines several economic factors regarding growth opportunities of facility assets that exist in Northern Kansas, and what the associated cost structure would look like based on a business feasibility study. This study researched the county production by volume and acreage devoted to crop production as well as bid structures and freight spreads of competitors currently in the region today. It also involved researching the margin structures, and it considered a strategic decision about the size of facility that could be built on the existing margin opportunity. Several economic theories were used to derive the feasibility of this research and measure the profitability of the project. Farmer sentiment was polled and a focus group was assembled to understand the opportunity that Scoular may have in the region. The results found a region that provides a steady volume of crop production and margins that are typical of those that Scoular is experiencing in other regions of the state. The research also found the farmers of this geography, receptive to more competition entering the market place.

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Holický, Martin. „Ranking finanční výkonnosti firem žebříčku '100 NEJVÝZNAMNĚJŠÍCH FIREM ČR'“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358770.

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The diploma thesis deals with ranking of financial performance ranking of companies in period from 2011 to 2015. The main goal is to propose ones own ranking, which compares companies on the basis of indicators of financial analysis. Ranking contains seven models and indicators, which comprehensively evaluates important economical spheres of company and its environment. Signatures of assessment are given bankrupt and solvency models, absolute and relative economic value added, net present value. Partial goal is to compile seven independent rankings, which with the help of method of simple sum of ranking and method of distance from fictive object create final propose of ranking.

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Oium-Zube, Teresa. „Value optimization of sow byproducts through new business development“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19757.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Ted Schroeder
Johnsonville Sausage’s core business is to produce premium fresh and ready to eat (RTE) sausage. To accomplish this on the fresh side of the business, the organization procures and slaughters all of their own animals. The type of animal that Johnsonville Sausage procures is called a “fancy sow”. This type of sow averages 500 pounds and has had three or more litters of piglets. Johnsonville Sausage is the largest procurer of this type of sow accounting for 23% of the overall market. The largest contributor to the finished product cost is the meat. Over the last two years, the organization’s business has been faced with a number of challenges related to mass liquidations within the hog industry as well as increased sow prices due to lower supplies. Specifically, these issues have impacted the expected profitability as an organization and lead Johnsonville Sausage to question whether the supply projections within the industry will meet future growth needs. Because of these factors, Johnsonville Sausage is looking at how they can create more value for the sow that is slaughtered in order to utilize the whole animal to its highest potential, increase overall profitability to the organization and increase available sow supply within the industry. Within the business today, 55% of a sow that is harvested goes towards making the meat formulations (batter) utilized in fresh sausage production. The other 45% of the sow can be broken down into three key areas: sales credits, drop credits and rendering. Items within these three areas are classified as by-products and are sold to industries such as human consumption, pet food, pharmaceutical, medical, academia, commercial fishing and rendering to name a few. The issue that Johnsonville Sausage faces is how to define new channels, create new products, and increase customer base and volume for those parts of the sow that are not utilized in fresh sausage production thus driving increased value for these by-product items. In conjunction with this, how do they create more profitability for those items that are consistently harvested and sold today? The focus of this research was to create a project portfolio for the by-product business within Johnsonville Sausage. The goal of the portfolio was to identify industries and projects that would drive the greatest profit maximization for the by-product business and in return achieve the greatest return per sow. To accomplish this, optimization models and net present value (NPV) analyses were utilized. Utilizing the tools, I found that within Johnsonville Sausage’s existing by-product business, they have the opportunity to increase profitability by 54% from what was achieved in 2010. In conjunction with this, a NPV analysis on a further processed pork loin was conducted. Results of this analysis proved that creating this type of concept for Johnsonville Sausage was a more value added solution financially as compared to the traditional manner in which pork loins are sold today.

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Bassey, Michael Etim. „Economic viability of a floating gas-to-liquids (GTL) plant / Bassey, Michael Etim“. Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1577.

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19

Mostafa, Imeni Seyed. „Techno-Economic Assessment of Anaerobic co-digestions of livestock manure with agro-industrial by-products“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667824.

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L’aplicació al sol d’una quantitat excessiva de dejeccions ramaderes, pot tenir un impacte ambiental notable sobretot en sòls i aigües subterrànies. Les dejeccions ramaderes com a residus biodegradables es poden tractar i reciclar per obtenir recursos (compost o biogàs) i per tant la producció d’energia renovable i productes fertilitzants. En general, els residus biodegradables reben una especial atenció a la legislació europea (Revised Framework Directive 2008/98 / CE) i, per tant, és necessari desenvolupar instal·lacions adequades per tractar i reciclar aquest tipus de residus i assegurar el funcionament correcte i eficaç d'aquestes instal·lacions de tractament i gestió. La digestió anaeròbia dels fems i purins és una pràctica habitual; no obstant, el baix potencial de producció de biogàs pot dificultar la rendibilitat dels sistemes de digestió anaeròbia en explotacions ramaderes de petita i mitjana producció. Així doncs, perquè aquesta tecnologia sigui més atractiva per als agricultors, es podria aconseguir un increment de la producció de biogàs co-digerint els fems animals amb un co-substrat abundant i accessible, com ara subproductes agrícoles com la palla de blat (en forma crua o pre-tractats) i derivats de la indústria làctia com el sèrum de formatge. A més de l'augment de la producció de biogàs i conseqüentment de la producció energètica, afavoreix la viabilitat econòmica de les tecnologies i plantes de digestió anaeròbia a explotacions ramaderes petites i mitjanes. No obstant això, hi ha poca informació disponible en la literatura científica sobre la viabilitat tecno-econòmica de l'aplicació d'aquestes plantes en explotacions ramaderes petites i mitjanes. Per tant, en aquesta tesi es va dur a terme una avaluació tecnoeconòmica de la co-digestió anaeròbia de fems de bestiar i palla de blat (en forma crua i pretratada) i amb sèrum de llet. L'avaluació tecnològica es va realitzar a escala de laboratori mitjançant reactors discontinus i semicontinguts. Amb les dades obtingudes, es va desenvolupar un model econòmic per investigar la rendibilitat de les plantes de co-digestió anaeròbia en explotacions ramaderes petites i mitjanes; també es va realitzar un anàlisis de sensibilitat per investigar l’efecte de paràmetres importants (per exemple, el preu de l'electricitat) sobre el rendiment econòmic global del sistema. Els resultats obtinguts a partir de l’avaluació tecnoeconòmica van mostrar que per a una granja de 250 caps de bestiar adult, els ingressos generats en un procés de digestió anaeròbia no són capaços de compensar la inversió inicial necessària. No obstant això, la co-digestió de fems amb palla crua o briquetada ha mostrat uns rendiments econòmics positius (valors actuals nets> 0, taxa interna de retorn> 9% i retorn de la inversió en 11 anys), així com la co-digestió de fems amb un 30% de sèrum de llet amb resultats econòmics també positius (valors actuals nets> 0, taxa interna de retorn> 11% i retorn de la inversió en 9 anys). Pels agricultors disposats a aplicar la digestió anaeròbia, el preu de venda de l'electricitat i el preu de la palla són els paràmetres clau per determinar la rendibilitat del sistema. A més a més, s'han provat i avaluat els tractaments previs per augmentar la producció de biogàs de palla des d'una perspectiva tècnica i econòmica. Els pre-tractaments alcalins i de microones-alcalins amb palla van mostrar els millors resultats amb un augment de la producció de biogàs del 156% i del 92% respectivament en comparació amb la palla crua.
Deposition of excess amount of livestock waste when they are not properly treated has a notable environmental impacts specially on soil and undergrounds water. Livestock waste as a biodegradable waste can be treated and recycle to finally obtain compost or biogas which means green energy and fertilizer/soil-amendment products. In general biodegradable waste receives especial attention in the European Legislation (Revised Framework Directive 2008/98/CE) and therefore, is necessary to develop suitable facilities to treat these types of waste and assure the correct and efficient operation of such treatment and management facilities. Anaerobic digestion of dairy cattle manure is a common practice; however, the low biogas yield of manure can hamper the profitability of anaerobic digestion systems in small to medium dairy cattle farms. To make this technology more attractive to farmers, an increase in biogas yield per cubic meter of reactor could be achieved by co-digesting animal manure with an abundant and easy accessible co-substrate such as agricultural by-products like wheat straw (in its raw form or pre-treated) and dairy industry by-products like cheese whey. In addition of increase in biogas production which can be translated to production of more energy, economic feasibility of implementation of anaerobic digestion plants in the farms is a must. However, there is scarce information provided in scientific literature about economic feasibility of implementation of such plants in small to medium cattle farms. Thus, in this thesis a techno-economic assessment of anaerobic co-digestion of animal manure and wheat straw (in the raw form and pretreated) or cheese whey was carried out. The technological assessment was carried out at lab scale using batch and semi-continuous reactors. With the data obtained, an economic model was developed in order to investigate the profitability of anaerobic co-digestion plants in small to medium dairy cattle farms, sensitivity analyses were carried out to investigate important parameters (e.g. electricity price) on the overall economic performance of the system. The results obtained from the techno-economic assessment showed that for a farm of 250 adult cattle heads the revenues generated in an anaerobic mono-digestion process are not able to offset the initial required investment. However, the co-digestion of manure with raw or briquetted straw showed positive economic performance and positive returns (Net Present values > 0, Internal Rate of Return > 9 % and a Return of the investment in 11 years) as well as the co-digestion of manure with 30% of cheese whey which showed positive returns (Net Present values > 0, Internal Rate of Return > 11% and a Return of the investment in 9 years). For farmers willing to implement anaerobic digestion, Electricity selling price, and the price of the straw are the key parameters to determine the profitability of the system. Moreover, pre-treatments to increase the straw biogas production have been assessed and evaluated from a technic and economic perspective. Alkali and microwave-alkali straw pre-treatments showed the best results with an increase in biogas production of 156 % and 92 % compared to raw straw.

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Geiger, Audra. „Analysis of raw potato sorting technology on a potato chip line“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16159.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Bryan Schurle
Frito-Lay is part of the PepsiCo Family which makes some of the best known and top selling snack foods around. Frito-Lay is the dominant player in the salty snack category in the United States, with a 65 percent share of the market. Frito-Lay brands include Lay's, Ruffles, Tostitos, Sunchips, Fritos, Cheetos, and Doritos. The objective of the thesis is to analyze a potential project: installing a raw potato sorting system on a potato chip line. Part of the analysis will be to conduct a net present value analysis of the costs and benefits associated with the project. Currently the line runs with one full time employee that inspects the raw incoming potatoes for foreign matter and color. Recently, technology options are available that the company could add to the raw potato sorting function that could potentially reduce employee labor costs. This research project provides information regarding the system’s investment cost, maintenance requirements, labor savings, and finished product quality impact. As the business environment changes businesses must keep up with rapidly changing technology to be able to compete. A company that is able to compete will be able to survive in the market and sustain profitability. Capital expenditures need to be evaluated and adopted if they keep a company competitive or make a company more cost efficient. The analysis concluded that the investment of installing a raw potato sorting system would be profitable, earning a positive NPV and internal rate of return greater than Frito-lay’s cost of capital. I would recommend that Frito-Lay move forward with this investment.

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Bradshaw, Terence L. „Comprehensive Assessment of Organic Apple Production in Vermont: Experience from Two Orchard Systems, 2006-2013“. ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/327.

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Despite substantial consumer demand and willingness to pay premium prices for organically grown fruit, apple growers in Vermont and other New England states have been slow to adopt certified organic practices. Barriers cited in the past to increased adoption of organic apple production in the region include susceptibility of traditionally grown cultivars to apple scab, lack of effective insect pest management materials, and few available effective options for fruit thinning. Recent changes in apple cultivar plantings in the region, introduction of new insect pest management materials, and advances in crop thinning justified an evaluation of organic apple production systems containing cultivars identified as important to the future of the apple industry. In 2006, two apple orchards were established at the University of Vermont Horticulture Research and Education Center in South Burlington, VT to comprehensively evaluate the five commercially-important apple cultivars of `Ginger Gold', `Honeycrisp', `Liberty', `Macoun', and `Zestar!' over eight growing seasons in two organically-managed orchard production systems, including a newly-planted high-density orchard (Orchard 1) and in an existing, medium-density orchard which was top-grafted to the new cultivars (Orchard 2). Parameters for tree growth and survival, crop yield, disease and arthropod pest incidence on foliage and fruit, and long-term economic return, including a twenty-year projection of net present value (NPV) of each cultivar in the two systems were evaluated in this study. `Ginger Gold', despite high incidence of some diseases on foliage and fruit, performed the best in both orchard systems overall. The cultivar was among the cultivars with the highest measurements of tree growth. `Ginger Gold', along with `Honeycrisp', had the highest cumulative net crop yield per tree in Orchard 1 and the highest in Orchard 2. Notably, apple scab on `Honeycrisp' foliage and fruit and `Zestar!' fruit in both orchards was at a level that was not significantly different from `Liberty', a scab-resistant cultivar on which no scab was observed. However, `Honeycrisp' had the highest incidence of fruit rots in both orchards, but it was not significantly different than `Zestar!' in Orchard 1. Management of lepidopteran pests of fruit was a major challenge on all cultivars over the years of the study. For most of the tree growth parameters and cumulative net crop yield, `Liberty' was among the lowest group of cultivars in both orchards. Cumulative net crop yield of both `Macoun' and `Zestar!' were also among the lowest in both orchards with the top-grafted `Macoun' and `Zestar!' trees having significant tree death compared to the other cultivars in Orchard 2. Harvested fruit were graded to commercial standards and cumulative gross and net income calculated from grade distribution, crop yield, and fruit price data. In Orchard 1, `Ginger Gold' and `Liberty' had greater cumulative gross income per hectare from 2006-2013, in excess of US$40,000, compared to `Liberty'. However, after management costs were deducted, all cultivars in Orchard 1 had negative cumulative net income of $-77,892 or less. In Orchard 2, all cultivars had positive cumulative net income for 2006-2013, and `Ginger Gold' had the highest at $109,717/ha. The twenty-year projected NPV was negative for all cultivars in Orchard 1, but in Orchard 2, all cultivars had positive NPV with `Ginger Gold' having the highest among the cultivars.

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Broders, Nathan. „Feasibility study of a 100-million gallon ethanol plant in Des Moines, Iowa“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6763.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
The cost of energy is a major concern for the United States and its citizens. With domestic demand at all time highs, the need for renewable fuels has become a key in reducing our countries reliance on imported energy. It is important for the U.S. to examine the feasibility of producing its own energy from renewable resources that can be grown domestically. Along with the potential financial gains from renewable fuels, the ability to control the supply of energy for the U.S. is also very important. With the amount of oil imported by the U.S., the ability to produce more of our nations needs and not be forced to rely on other countries could be important for our country moving forward. With the political unrest in many oil producing areas, the security of energy independence is a goal for the U.S. This study uses United States Department of Agriculture, Pro Exporter, Advance Trading, and other statistical sources to analyze the economic feasibility of an ethanol plant near Des Moines, IA. It looks at the available supply of corn in the area as well as the production of ethanol and distillers grains. An increase in the price of imported oil does not necessarily results in an economically viable ethanol plant. Many variables go into the economic viability of an ethanol plant and consumers will still buy the low cost good, and that may be imported energy. Some of these variables affecting economic viability include corn price and availability, denaturant price, natural gas price, ethanol demand and distillers grains demand. With the push for cleaner air and a cleaner environment, ethanol is also used as a gasoline additive to reduce emissions. As more states regulate a higher inclusion rate of ethanol, this will continue to create greater demand. A 100 million gallon ethanol plant is an economically viable investment in the Des Moines area, but when looking at the sensitivity tests, the better investment option if investors want to enter the ethanol industry, is to buy an existing ethanol plant.

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Koc, Reyyan. „Technical and Economic Performance Assessment of Pd/Alloy Membrane Reactor Technology Options in the Presence of Uncertainty“. Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/108.

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A comprehensive process intensification analysis was performed for the integration of the Pd-based membrane reactor technology into IGCC power plants by designing effective process control strategies as well as identifying and optimally characterizing inherently safe operational conditions to achieve the most favorable economic outcomes. Experimental results indicated that Pd-based composite membranes supported on porous stainless steel tubes, fabricated with H2 permeance values as high as ~50 m3/[m2.h.atm0.5] at 450°C were capable of extra purity H2 production (≥99.99%). Two illustrative process control and performance monitoring cases namely, process regulation and servo mechanism, were considered and quite satisfactory process control was attained by maintaining CO conversion at levels higher than 95% so that the retentate stream could become suitable for high pressure CO2 sequestration. From a process safety standpoint, process parameters and operating conditions were identified and optimized to achieve the target performance level of 98% CO conversion and 95% H2 recovery and at the same time to prevent conditions which could potentially induce hazards and thus compromise process system safety. Furthermore, the average total product cost of a water-gas shift membrane reactor module including manufacturing costs and general expenses was carefully estimated by taking into account the full cost structure and found to be 1464 $/ft2. Moreover, a comprehensive economic assessment was performed for composite Pd/Alloy membrane reactor technology options integrated into IGCC power plants in the presence of market and regulatory uncertainty (possible regulatory action on CO2 emissions) as well as technology risks with the aid of Monte-Carlo simulation techniques. Within such a context, it was demonstrated that an IGCC plant with embedded Pd-based membrane reactors and a stream of revenues coming from electricity and H2 selling (IGCC co-production mode), represented an economically attractive and advantageous option when comparatively assessed against its main competitors namely, an IGCC plant with shift reactors and double stage Selexol units as well as the more traditional supercritical pulverized coal power plant option with an Econamine unit installed for CO2 capture purposes.

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Tee, Meng Y. „The economics of an alternative bio-energy feedstock - the case of Jatropha curcas“. Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2334.

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Danyśová, Ester. „Hodnocení ekonomické efektivnosti investičního záměru“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265528.

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The thesis focuses on determination of cash flow and evaluation of economic efficiency of the development project of the residential construction in Brno. The theoretical part deals with basic evaluation of economic efficiency of investment project including the most used indicators and gives insight into the developing activity including risks that companies must count with in such projects. The practical part deals with the particular project where cash flows are determined and its economic efficiency is evaluated.

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Palermo, Rick. „Analysis of solar power generation on California turkey ranches“. Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1607.

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Nordmark, Sandra, und Josefin Wallgren. „The value of iron ore and timber in Sweden : An ex post study of the United Nations valuation framework for green national accounts“. Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63279.

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Green national accounts are a complement to the more traditional GDP measure which includes natural capital and the depreciation and regeneration of natural capital. The United Nations have developed an international standard model, the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, for valuing natural resources within the green national accounts. The method is based on forecasts of future streams of expected incomes from the resource. This study aims to find out whether the valuation method used to forecast future incomes from iron ore and timber according to the international standard is consistent with the actual outcomes. In Sweden, previous studies have been made to develop green national accounts from the 1800s onward. By using the United Nations’ current and previous valuation methods and performing calculations on historical resource rents it is possible to evaluate how well the methods can estimate true future values. This study shows that both valuation methods systematically misestimate the future income streams from both resources.
Gröna nationalräkenskaper är ett komplement till det mer traditionella BNP-måttet som även tar hänsyn till bland annat naturkapitalet och dess förslitning. FN har utvecklat en internationell standardmodell för gröna nationalräkenskaper, System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), där en rekommenderad värderingsmetod för naturkapital finns angiven. Värderingsmetoden är baserad på framtida, förväntade, inkomstflöden från naturresursen. Den här studiens syfte är att ta reda på om värderingsmetoden för att förutse framtida intäkter för järnmalm och skog enligt den internationella standarden stämmer överens med de faktiska utfallen. I Sverige har tidigare studier gjorts för att utveckla gröna nationalräkenskaper från 1800-talet och framåt. Genom att använda FN:s nuvarande och tidigare rekommenderade värderingsmetoder för naturresurser och göra beräkningar på historiska vinster från naturresursen kan man se hur väl värderingsmetoderna fungerar i praktiken. Den här studien visar att bägge värderingsmetoderna systematiskt felskattar de framtida intäktsflödena från bägge resurser.

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Morkevičiūtė, Vilija. „Investicijų planavimas ir analizė“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061220_090305-88629.

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In final master work “Investment planning and analysis” there was analyzed and systemized conceptual and practical researches of investment analysis of Lithuanian and foreign authors. When analyzing capital investment effectiveness, it is very important to use various methods in complex, not separately. There was performed analysis of investment project of JSC “Lamega”, also there was calculated indicators of investment effectiveness, main factors, which influence final results of a project, were defined, uncertainty and possibilities of the project were evaluated by using Black-Scholes real options evaluation model. Hypothesis, that investment decision depends not on meaning of separate indicator, but their sequence and reciprocity.

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Mwansa, Sosthenes. „Comparative investment analysis for small scale broiler and layer enterprises in Zambia“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15903.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Small scale broiler and layer production constitutes a significant part of the poultry industry in Zambia. However, the contribution of small scale enterprises to broiler production is more pronounced than layers with statistics showing 60 and 30 percent for broilers and layers, respectively. This study was carried out for the purpose of determining the economic profitability of both broiler and layer enterprises and also to evaluate their degree of attractiveness for investment. The thesis used the Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return methods to determine the economic profitability for both broiler and layer enterprises. The data used in the analyses were obtained direct from the market and additional data were extracted from the Cost of Doing Business Manual 2012, a publication of the Zambian Development Agency. Additionally, the study used a capital investment of US $50,000 for each enterprise, 25 percent opportunity cost of capital and an economic life of five years. The data were used in estimating the enterprise budgets for both broiler and layer enterprises from which income statements were generated. The enterprise budget for broiler production estimated revenue from the sale of live broiler chickens at a wholesale price while the layer enterprise budget estimated its revenue from the sale of eggs and culled hens. The sale prices used were US $5 per broiler chicken, US $3.60 per tray of eggs and US $2 per culled hen as obtaining on the market at the time. In addition, production was estimated at 60,000 broilers and 30,000 trays of eggs from 3,000 layers annually. The cost of constructing brooder houses and purchase of production equipment were the major cost components for the two enterprise budget estimates. The estimates indicated that these two cost components amounted to US $27,090 and US $21,095 for boiler and layer enterprises respectively. The other cost component was production cost and it includes the cost of labor, feed, day old chicks, marketing, vaccines, transportation, electricity, debeakers, heaters, stationery, etc. The cost of feed constituted about 65 percent of total production cost for layer enterprises and about 60 percent for broiler enterprises. The total production cost as a percentage of revenue was estimated at 80 percent and 70 percent for broiler and layer enterprises, respectively. The analyses were completed under three alternative scenarios that included optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios. The analyses across all scenarios show that both broiler and layer enterprises are economically viable for investment though the broiler enterprise is more economically profitable than the layer enterprise. They both show positive NPVs and IRRs in excess of the 25 percent opportunity cost of capital used in the analysis. The analysis for broiler enterprise showed a NPV of US $178,242 for the optimistic scenario, US $122,742 for the expected scenario and US $30,550 for the pessimistic scenario. Results obtained from layer enterprise analysis showed NPVs of US $72,388, US $49,260 and US $11,186 for the optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. Consistent with the decision rules of the NPV and IRR methods, both enterprises were found to be economically viable for investment. On a comparative basis though, the small scale broiler enterprise was found to be more attractive for investment than the small scale layer enterprise as indicated by the results of the NPVs and IRRs. The lucrative nature of the broiler enterprise and easy of management could be used as possible explanation to the current investment trends seen in the Zambian poultry industry.

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Davis, Bill. „The feasibility of crop insurance agency acquisitions“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14043.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Crop insurance, in recent years, has displaced U.S. federal farm program payments as the most important safety net for net farm income. The business climate that crop insurance purchasers and providers face in the future is one of increasing premiums for producers and decreasing commissions for crop insurance companies and agents. The primary objective of this thesis is to assess the desirability of crop insurance agency acquisitions to increase market share for Farm Credit Services of America, considering the significant uncertainties in the future subsidy levels and commission levels for these products. Financial analysis and modeling crop insurance agency acquisitions is completed under a wide range of future economic and political scenarios. The wide range of assumptions, however, does contribute to a wide range of potential purchase prices and rates of return on crop insurance agency acquisitions. The crop insurance industry faces uncertainty in the future and general industry profitability will likely decline. However, an expansion strategy in a period of reduced commissions can be profitable if acquisitions are priced appropriately and can be made in locations where existing support services can be leveraged to support the acquisition.

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Götz, Miroslav. „Hodnocení ekonomické efektivnosti a analýza rizika investičních projektů v reálném podniku“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162463.

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The aim of the work is to introduce various ways of economical evaluation of investments and present their practical application for industry branch of electrical devices. The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical one. The introductory part presents framework of economical evaluation and describes basics of economical evaluation and terms such as NPV, discount rate, investment decision) The work focuses on the most favorite approach -- discounted cash flow method - of economical evaluation of investments in detail. However, practical experiences show that conventional approach does not take probability distributions of input variables into account. When the higher risk is implied to discount rate, promising project could be rejected. That is why DCF concept is complemented by Monte Carlo risk modeling application.

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Pelikánová, Kateřina. „Hodnocení ekonomické efektivnosti projektu výstavby mateřské školy“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409899.

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This diploma thesis deals with the project of Kindergarten construction in Svatobořice-Mistřín. The thesis focuses on the evaluation of economic efficiency of project in the form of CBA analysis, where is possible decide is the plan as suitable or unsuitable for implementation. The theoretical part describes life-cycle of project, project financing, economic evaluation of investment, methods of evaluation and cost-benefit analysis.

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Petrovičová, Světlana. „Financování investičního projektu v Severočeských vodovodech a kanalizacích a.s“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221558.

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This graduation theses analyse financial evidence of point stock company in years 2003 – 2005 and continue on an investment plan for years 2007 – 2016. The goal of this work is with utlization of financial analysis make a propsal and evaluate potential investment.

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Ogunleye, Lawrence Olawale. „A techno-economic appraisal of renewable energy in remote, off grid locations in Nigeria : Obudu ranch as a case study / L. Olawalemi Ogunleye“. Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2559.

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Energy is central to economic development. It has been established that there is a clear correlation between energy consumption and living standards. Nigeria is a country of very industrious and enterprising people. However, due to non availability of adequate energy in the country, especially in the remote, off grid locations, the entrepreneurial inclination of the average Nigerian living in these locations has been largely stunted. Over the years, successive governments in the country, in realisation of the pivotal role of energy in national development, have explored various options to improve energy supply and availability, but the situation has not experienced any remarkable improvement. This has forced many businesses and households to resort to self provision through generators, often at exorbitant costs. This research work addresses the challenge of energy in remote, off grid locations by appraising the techno economic potential of renewable energy, using Obudu Ranch as a case study. This ranch is the foremost tourism resort in Nigeria, and has played host to a number of international events over the years. Presently, electricity is being generated through the use of diesel powered generating sets. The adjoining communities are currently without electricity, although a few of the residents have acquired generators for self provision, mostly for their domestic use. Aside the high cost associated with this, the discharge of noxious contaminants into the atmosphere is undesirable. The research entailed a working collaboration with some notable Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that have done extensive ground work in the area for access to some secondary data, as well as a number of corporate and governmental agencies that are relevant to the study. Further, the ranch was visited to establish hands-on, the existing renewable energy sources. A trade-off of these sources was carried out with reference to a number of relevant evaluation parameters to identify the most suited option for addressing the energy challenge. A comparative analysis of this selected source was then made to establish its techno economic potential against the existing source of power generation- diesel powered generating sets, which currently costs R1.5 million annually in running expenses. The findings from this research have established that a Renewable Energy source (mini hydro) is a more cost effective option than the diesel powered gen set, providing a 43% reduction in cost of energy generation, and a 42% reduction in the life cycle cost over the five year of analysis, compared to the status quo. In addition, it is also more environmentally friendly. Conclusively, the findings and recommendations of this research effort, if well implemented, will be beneficial to the ranch, the adjoining communities and other relevant stakeholders.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Gupta, Mayank. „“What are the different obstacles involved with the implementation of Real Options Valuation technique?” : A case study conducted in company X in Sweden“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-23095.

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In much of the recent times the practitioner’s fraternity has been focused towards making investment decisions, based on traditional financial evaluation techniques ranging from Net present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Pay Back Period, Profitability Index. Although these techniques have performed satisfactorily and have provided practitioners’ insights about how to value investments and thereby providing them a holistic view of the project and making informed decisions. However, these traditional techniques have focused more on quantifying the risk assessment done at the beginning of the project, by taking into consideration an optimal discount rate based on the firm’s overall cost of capital, and the additional risk associated with the given project. Nevertheless, these traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) techniques, fails to take into account the value of managerial flexibility in business environments associated with a high degree of uncertainty, thereby not encapsulating the value of different options which are embedded within the project, that managers possess and the value of new information during the project lifecycle. In order to value these options, Real Options Valuation technique has been proposed, which predominantly traces its origin from valuing financial options. Though various academicians have supported this technique and the potential benefits it offers to organizations while making investment decisions, it still rests on a number of assumptions, which needs to be validated across different businesses. Therefore, this study focuses on understanding the obstacles involved with the implementation of Real Options Valuation technique, based on the three roadblocks identified by Lander and Pinches (1998). A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted within a given case company X in Sweden. Wherein based on the existing financial evaluation technique that company X uses while making investment decisions are analyzed. Based on the responses provided by the company X officials, the study revealed that company X employs traditional financial evaluation techniques, since they are been widely accepted across a wide range of industries, and also decision makers, and shareholders tend to prefer a probabilistic risk assessment at the beginning of the project, however company X do acknowledge the potential benefits offered by Real Options Valuation technique, but they are not been implemented, because of its ignorance among the key decision makers, coupled with complex mathematical calculations and various assumptions that needs to be incorporated while using Real Options approach for valuing investments, which makes it difficult in the context of given company X for using Real Options approach for valuing investments.

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Antunes, Felipe da Silva. „Alternativas técnico produtivas para o aproveitamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal“. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4602.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
As reservas brasileiras de petróleo e gás natural apresentarão um significativo crescimento a partir do desenvolvimento das reservas da camada do pré-sal. Segundo estimativas elaboradas pela EPE e pela EIA, nos próximos vinte anos, haverá um quadro de grande oferta de gás natural no país, com a oferta excedendo a demanda. Como o segmento de transporte do gás natural tem grande importância na formação do custo desse energético, uma tecnologia de transporte menos onerosa irá proporcionar um cenário mais vantajoso para a entrada do gás no mercado. A presente dissertação analisa duas tecnologias disponíveis para escoamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal gasoduto submarino e gás natural liquefeito embarcado e as possibilidades de utilização no mercado interno ou para ser exportado. De acordo com dados da Petrobras, foram utilizadas três rotas para escoar o gás do pré-sal. A metodologia Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) foi utilizada para analisar qual dos investimentos em transporte é mais viável economicamente. Os resultados mostraram que de acordo com as perspectivas de produção do gás natural no horizonte de tempo analisado as duas tecnologias serão viáveis, com o transporte por gasodutos a alternativa mais viável economicamente.
The Brazilian reserves of oil and natural gas will present a significant growth from the development of the reserves of the pre-salt layer. According to estimates prepared by the EPE and the EIA, the next twenty years, the supply of natural gas will exceed demand. As the transportation sector natural gas has great importance in the formation of the cost of energy, a less costly transport technology will provide a more advantageous to enter the gas market. This dissertation examines two technologies available to transport the gas from the pre-salt layer - offshore pipeline and liquefied natural gas shipped - and the possibilities of using the domestic market or for export. According to data from Petrobras, three routes were used to drain the gas from the pre-salt. The methodology Net Present Value (NPV) was used to analyze which of the investments in transport is more economically viable. The results showed that according to the outlook for natural gas production in the time horizon analyzed the two technologies will be feasible to transport by pipeline economically the most viable alternative.

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Абдрахимова, А. М., und A. M. Abdrakhimova. „Повышение эффективности продвижения компании на рынке с использованием ИТ : магистерская диссертация“. Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/93434.

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Актуальность темы обусловлена значительным ростом конкуренции на рынке продаж, увеличением значимости развития информационных технологий при продвижении продукции, а также потребностью предприятия, занимающегося продажей бумажной продукции, в привлечение новых клиентов через различные каналы рекламы с целью увеличения дохода. Целью магистерской диссертации является повышение эффективности продвижения компании на рынке с использованием ИТ. Результаты работы - практическим результатом работы стало комплексное продвижение товаров и услуг с помощью интернет-маркетинга на предприятии «Крафт Пейпер». Цель экономического обоснования проекта – оценка экономической эффективности, а именно расчет чистого приведенного дохода (NPV), внутренней доходности (IRR) и срока окупаемости (PP).
The relevance of the topic is due to a significant increase in competition in the sales market, an increase in the importance of the development of information technology in promoting products, as well as the need of an enterprise selling paper products to attract new customers through various advertising channels in order to increase income. The aim of the master's thesis is to improve the efficiency of promoting a company in the market using IT. Results of the work - the practical result of the work was the comprehensive promotion of goods and services using Internet marketing at the Kraft Paper enterprise. The purpose of the economic feasibility study of the project is to assess economic efficiency, namely, the calculation of net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PP).

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Struhár, Krisztína. „Ekonomická efektivnost realizace projektu výstavby nákupního centra“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10979.

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The aim of this final thesis is to evaluate the economic efficiency of the realisation of a shopping center project. We can devide this work into two parts. The first one is concerning the theoretical explanation of an investment project, its financial aspects and the criteria for evaluating its economic efficiency. The second part focuses on the evaluation of the Tilla shopping center project according to the previous theoretical description. This evaluation is made by the net present value, the index of rentanility and the internal rate of return. In addition to the previous criteria there are the financial stability and the economic value added calculated to obtain a global view of this investment project.

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Vozár, Jan. „Návrh a zhodnocení výstavby a provozu fotovoltaické elektrárny“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222628.

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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou výstavby a provozování fotovoltaické elektrárny v podmínkách České republiky. Diplomová práce se skládá z části teoretické, analytické a návrhové. V části teoretické kde jsou rozebrána teoretická východiska, která jsou následně aplikována v dalších částech. Analytická část pojednává o podmínkách a překážkách výstavby a provozu fotovoltaických elektráren na území ČR. Část návrhová obsahuje vlastní návrh možných řešení fotovoltaické elektrárny a doporučení nejvhodnějšího řešení.

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Vániš, Jiří. „Ekonomická efektivnost projektu větrné elektrárny“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219084.

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The following text is devoted to wind power stations. It shows basic distribution of wind engine according to the principle of their function and suitability of their use for power generation. It shows the parameters that must satisfy the suitable sites for building wind power stations and it shows wind maps of the Czech Republic. There are described some of the most frequently installed machines in the Czech Republic. Next chapters describe the economics running part of wind power stations; analyze the basic cost-sharing, mention methods of tax depreciation of tangible assets, the redemption value of electrical energy from renewable sources. There are chosen some of the most used methods for assessment the economic efficiency of wind power stations. There are common methods of static and dynamic in terms of time value of money, the possibilities and limitations of their use. This information is a basis for designing and implementing a program to calculate the economic efficiency of wind power station. The goal is to create a computer program based on your input values and calculation methods to calculate the economic indicators and economic effectiveness of project wind power station in terms of total investment coasts and on equity capital projects. Based on evaluation of data it will be ready to determine whether the investment in to the construction of wind power station can provide the required funding.

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Pocius, Ričardas. „Investicijų į naują ilgalaikį materialųjį turtą UAB „Langma“ vertinimas“. Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120702_130238-60761.

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UAB „Langma“ gamina įvairią produkciją iš medienos, taip pat atlieka montavimo darbus. Darbe aprašoma įmonė dirba pelningai ir turi pakankamai klientų darbui be prastovų užtikrinti. Nuo 2012 metų įmonė planuoja padidinti gamybos apimtis, tačiau nėra atlikta jokia analizė kuri patvirtintų ar paneigtų įmonės vadovų optimistines prognozes. Gamyba įmonėje vykdoma naudojant senus įrengimus, tačiau manoma , kad turimų gamybinių pajėgumų užteks. Darbe apskaičiuoti įmonės ilgalaikio materialaus turto panaudojimo efektyvumo rodikliai. Apskaičiuota galima investicijų į naujus gamybinius įrengimus nauda. Apskaičiuoti investicinio projekto pinigų srautai. Įvertinta galima rizika ir jos padariniai projekto grynajai dabartinei vertei.
Bachelor's thesis examined the company's investment in a new long-term tangible assets reasonableness. The paper describes the company is operating profitably and has enough clients to work without downtime. Since 2012, the company plans to increase production. Analysis is required to confirm or deny the company executives optimistic forecasts. Production company based on the use of old equipment, but company managers think they have enough production capacity. The paper calculate the company long-term tangible assets using performance indicators. Estimated to be investment in new production equipment benefit. Paper describes the investment project cash flows. It is also possible to assess the risks and consequences of the project net present value.

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Tantisuvanichkul, Vacharee. „Optimising net present value using priority rule-based scheduling“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimising-net-present-value-using-priority-rulebased-scheduling(54988eab-c26f-4aa1-a8c2-935ebf162a67).html.

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This research is focused on project scheduling with the aim to capture the monetary objectives of the project in the form of the maximisation of Net Present Value (NPV). In addition, this research is also highlighted key project management practices and scheduling methods. Project scheduling is very attractive for researchers and it has recently been drawn considerable attention because of the high cost of capital and the significant effect of the time value of money. This is the principal motivating factor behind this study. Project-scheduling problem is solved by priority rule-based heuristic methods in this study. The idea behind heuristic algorithms is to rank the activities by some rules. This research proposes a new rule called m-CCF with improved performance from the existing one. The m-CCF is also embedded in serial and parallel schedule generation schemes and is extended by implementing in a forward and backward strategy. The experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique measuring the NPV generated for a particular project. This research also presents a framework summarising the previous research on project scheduling techniques. It is found that the m-CCF results in higher NPVs than any other heuristics. A series of different projects are examined to validate the potential of the m-CCF technique. The main findings of the research discover that the m-CCF is worthwhile to be employed in priority rule-based scheduling technique. Furthermore, the main findings suggest that it is beneficial to utilise forward-backward solution for scheduling improvement and selecting the schedule with the largest NPV among those available. In conclusion, this research contributes to existing knowledge by developing the combination of m-CCF priority rule methods and backward–forward scheduling. This can be considered as a good direction to develop further heuristics that can be exploited as a powerful tool in project planning and control systems.

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Stryja, Michal. „Ekonomická efektivnost investičního projektu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372033.

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This diploma thesis solves the evaluation of the economic efficiency of the investment - Municipal Library in Třinec. The aim of the work was to verify the effectiveness of this project using the CBA analysis. The theoretical part generally describes concepts such as investments, public contracts, public projects, the life stage of the project and, above all, the evaluation of the effectiveness of investment projects. The practical part deals with the effectiveness of the investment from the operational data provided by the library, which is compared with the planned variant.

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Joneš, Filip. „Hodnocení ekonomické efektivnosti projektů dopravní infrastruktury“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392149.

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This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of economic efficiency of investment projects in transport infrastructure in the Czech Republic. The evaluation of road and motorway infrastructure projects is carried out according to the methodological documents of the Ministry of Transport, the State Fund for Transport Infrastructure and the Road and Motorway Directorate of the Czech Republic. As changes in methodological procedures have taken place in recent years, the diploma thesis deals with the resulting values of economic efficiency indicators, especially with net present value. The thesis analyzes the basic calculation formula for the evaluation of road and motorway infrastructure, which is an integral part of the evaluation of road projects. There are also described fundamental methodological changes regarding, for example, the calculation of the residual value of the project at the end of the reference period or the change in the discount rate. The changes are applied to a case study of a specific section of the Czech transport industry. It evaluates their impact on the final value of the critical indicator of economic efficiency, which is the net present value.

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Liu, Lin. „Estimation of net present value of total health care costs“. Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Statistics and Probability, 2006.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-98). Also issued in print.

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Melicharová, Jitka. „Hodnocení ekonomické efektivnosti veřejného stavebního projektu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409896.

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This thesis deals with the issue of assessing the effectiveness of public investment. The first part of the thesis is theoretical. The life cycle of the building is defined in the introduction. The feasibility studies and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of public projects are subsequently described. The practical part of the thesis is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the public investment project. The evaluated project is the building of a kindergarten in a small village. The eCBA application was used to evaluate the efficiency. A quantitative analysis of the risks related to the project is carried out at the end of this thesis.

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Konířová, Eva. „Proces investičních propočtů ve společnosti Bosch Diesel, s.r.o“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264238.

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The aim of this diploma thesis is to characterize the process of investment calculations at Bosch Diesel company and to compare Bosch Diesel s effectiveness of investment evaluation methodology with the methodology recommended in teaching literature. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part defines various methods for evaluation of investments. It also deals with estimation of cash flow of an investment, calculation of a discount rate and risk analysis. The practical part illustrates the process of investment calculations at Bosch Diesel company by the means of the real investment in production of CP4 pumps. According to the found deviations the investment calculation of this project is recalculated. In the conclusion there are proposals for how the investment process of the company could be improved.

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Judy, Tracy Jay. „Net-present-value return on marketing investment model for Arrowhead Credit Union“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1954.

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Jadari, Salam, Anton Andrée und Axel Sjöstrand. „Modelling for a brighter future : Net present value optimization of solar plants“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324690.

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Climate change has already had major impacts on our planet. Loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves, are a few of these. Many scientists believe that a continued climate change will have even more severe impact on our planet. To tackle the climate change, a fast transition towards renewable energy sources is necessary. One of the most promising sources of renewable energy is solar energy. To achieve the goal of making the world more reliable on solar energy, various actors try to improve the technology and the financial basis regarding this way of extracting energy. In this transition, calculations have to be as accurate as possible, in order to benefit from them when installing solar panels. This bachelor thesis intends to create an investment model for solar plants and an optimization of the plant’s size based on net present value. The model is built in Microsoft Excel, and factors such as electricity prices, electricity production/consumption and several others are taken into account. Based on the comparison with a case study and the calculations made by the model, the results suggest a reliable model. On behalf of Herrljunga Elektriska AB, the model is created to help them generate reliable and fast investment calculations, which will hopefully bring value to their business.

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Hamontree, Chaowalit. „Coordination buyer-supplier in supply chain models from net present value perspective“. Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2014. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/coordination-buyersupplier-in-supply-chain-models-from-net-present-value-perspective(bd0f0c81-c783-429c-b2c0-b0fa12344697).html.

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This thesis examines four parts of production and inventory models for buyer-supplier in the supply chain under deterministic conditions. The main objective is to find optimal lot-sizing decisions and inventory policies which derive from the classical inventory and Net Present Value (NPV) framework. Firstly, we study the production and inventory models from the classical framework to identify how to value the holding cost for buyer and supplier in the average profit or cost functions. Secondly, we propose the inventory model derived from the NPV framework to identify the incorrect model from the classical framework. It makes a clear distinction between physical inventory and opportunity costs and the supplier’s reward is identified as a lost term in the supplier’s profit function which it has been proved that the corrected supplier’s profit function does lead to a channel. Thirdly, we developed the quantity discount model derived from the NPV framework to help the supplier increase profits under constant demand. It is found that price discounts often lead to a solution very close to the joint optimal policy for buyer and supplier. Fourthly, four different VMI models are developed which derive from the NPV framework for single-supplier and single buyer under deterministic conditions. The experimental results show that the VMI+ Policy can guarantee to achieve the perfect channel coordination and gives the highest supply chain profit more than other VMI approaches and the classical framework.

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