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Tam, Truong Phan Chau. "Religious Conversion of the Ethnic Minorities in the South of Vietnam." Tattva - Journal of Philosophy 8, no. 1 (2016): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12726/tjp.15.3.
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Religious conversion is a phenomenon that has frequently occurred in human history. As part of religious life, religious conversion reflects fluctuations and changes in social existence, especially changes in the economic, cultural, social, religious factors and one‟s own subjective religious convictions. Religious conversions are taking place in the ethnic communities in Southern Vietnam, but in a context that is space and time specific. So the process of evolution, the nature, dynamics and characteristics of the case of religious conversion here is different and unique. Currently, the study of religious conversion in Vietnam in general and the South in particular, is modest. There have not been many studies regarding case specific religious conversion of people and no studies have done a full assessment of the nature and characteristics of religious conversion on social life in Southern Vietnam as well as forecasted the evolution and impact of the same. This article is intended to present and describe three cases of religious conversion in the south of Vietnam. These are the conversion to Protestantism of ethnic communities Khmer (originating from Cambodia)
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Brems, Hans. "Macroeconomic Conversion Déjà Vu." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, no. 1 (1995): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002303.
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Scope. Macroeconomic theory determines either an unemployment equilibrium or an inflation equilibrium. Consider an economy producing a single good. Unemployment theory determines the physical output of that good; inflation theory determines its price. Twice in the history of economic thought an unemployment equilibrium reversed itself into an inflation equilibrium. First, in the eighteenth century the unemployment equilibrium of William Petty (1662) and A. Yarranton (1677) reversed itself into the inflation equilibrium of David Hume (1752) and A. R. J. Turgot (1769–1770). Second, in our own century the unemployment equilibrium of J. M. Keynes (1936) reversed itself into the inflation equilibrium of Milton Friedman (1968).
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Paul, Vinil Baby. "‘Onesimus to Philemon’: Runaway Slaves and Religious Conversion in Colonial ‘Kerala’, India, 1816–1855." International Journal of Asian Christianity 4, no. 1 (2021): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-04010004.
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Abstract Several theories emerged, based on the Christian conversion of lower caste communities in colonial India. The social and economic aspects predominate the study of religious conversion among the lower castes in Kerala. Most of these studies only explored the lower caste conversion after the legal abolition of slavery in Kerala (1855). The existing literature followed the mass movement phenomena. These studies ignore the slave lifeworld and conversion history before the abolition period, and they argued, through religious conversion, the former slave castes began breaking social and caste hierarchy with the help of Protestant Christianity. The dominant Dalit Christian historiography does not open the complexity of slave Christian past. Against this background, this paper explores the history of slave caste conversion before the abolition period. From the colonial period, the missionary writings bear out that the slaves were hostile to and suspicious of new religions. They accepted Christianity only cautiously. It was a conscious choice, even as many Dalits refused Christian teachings.
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Wu, Zhaoyi, Xi Gong, and Xi Guan. "Wind energy: History, basic principles, implement, environmental and economic impacts." Applied and Computational Engineering 7, no. 1 (2023): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/7/20230433.
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Wind power is a conversion shape of sun power, a non-polluting, inexhaustible renewable power. Wind power is especially used to generate electricity, in comparison with conventional power, wind electricity era has no gasoline fee risk, strong electricity era expenses, and does now no longer consist of environmental expenses along with carbon emissions. In positive locations, wind electricity has emerge as much less high-priced than different generators. Wind power is one of the lowest-cost sources of electricity, and wind power facilities are mostly three-d facilities, the use of suitable machines at suitable locations, with low harm to land and ecology. The percentage of wind electricity era has grown twenty-4 instances from 2000 to 2015, and we are able to see the improvement ability of wind power. This paper especially discusses the records of wind power, financial effects, environmental impact, implementation, and concepts of wind turbines. This paper can permit readers understand the simple data and modern-day state of affairs of wind power, and feature a positive knowledge of the concepts of wind turbines.
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Richardson, Thomas J., and Julian Cooper. "The Soviet Defense Industry: Conversion and Economic Reform." Russian Review 52, no. 4 (1993): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130678.
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Paul, Vinil Baby. "Dalit Conversion Memories in Colonial Kerala and Decolonisation of knowledge." South Asia Research 41, no. 2 (2021): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02627280211000166.
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This article seeks to decolonise knowledge of the conventional history of Dalits’ Christian conversion and its implications in colonial Kerala. As the missionary archive is the only source of Dalit Christian history writing in Kerala, in this historiography social historians have been unable to include the memories of Protestant missionary work at the local level by the local people themselves. Their experiences and rich accounts are marked by dramatic actions to gain socio-economic freedom and to establish a safe environment with the scope for future development. This article identifies how Dalit Christians themselves, in a specific locality, remember their conversion history, suggesting thereby the scope for a valuable addition to the archive.
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FELDMAN, JONATHAN. "Economic Conversion An Alternative to Military Dependency in the University." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 577, no. 1 Ethical Issue (1989): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15069.x.
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Wilkinson, Sara Jane, and Hilde Remoy. "Adaptive reuse of Sydney offices and sustainability." Sustainable Buildings 2 (2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sbuild/2017002.
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The built environment contributes 40% of total global greenhouse gas emissions and 87% of the buildings we will have in 2050 are already built. If predicted climate changes are correct, we need to adapt existing stock sustainably. Outside Australia there is a history of office to residential conversions. These conversions number few in Sydney although evidence suggests a trend is emerging in conversion adaptations. In 2014, 102 000 m2 of office space was earmarked for residential conversion in Sydney as demand for central residential property grows and low interest rates create good conditions. The Central Business District (CBD) population is projected to increase by 4% to 2031 requiring 45 000 new homes and this coincides with a stock of ageing offices. Furthermore, the Sydney office market is set to be flooded with the Barangaroo development supply in 2017; thus conditions for conversion are better than ever. However, what is the level of sustainability in these projects? And, are stakeholders cognisant of sustainability in these projects? Moreover, is a voluntary a mandatory approach going to deliver more sustainability in this market? Through a series of interviews with key stakeholders, this paper investigates the nature and extent of the phenomena in Sydney, as well as the political, economic, social, environmental and technological drivers and barriers to conversion. No major study exists on conversion adaptation in Sydney and the most residential development is new build. There is substantial potential to change the nature of the CBD and enhance sustainability with the residential conversion of office space. The findings show that opportunities are being overlooked to appreciate and acknowledge the sustainability of this type of adaptation and that there is a need for a rating tool to encourage greater levels of sustainability and to acknowledge existing levels of sustainability achieved in these projects.
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Hajnal, Zsófia. "“Celestial” snapshots: Moral economic revisitations of János Kornai's the socialist system." Acta Oeconomica 73, S1 (2023): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2023.00039.
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AbstractSignificant parts of the work of the great economist and economic visionary János Kornai function as a magnifying glass in economic theory, philosophy and history. Kornai examined economic systems and system-mixes with substantial details, for then being able to focus his audiences' attention on the most relevant and critical aspects of them. One of Kornai's masterpieces, The Socialist System – a book which recently passed its 30-year publishing anniversary – is such a political economy lens on communism. I am attempting a concise conversion of this magnifying glass, to apply a Galileian metaphor, into an economic telescope. In other words, I am adding another economic lens – that of moral economics – to the Kornaian viewpoints. In a short analysis going through various dimensions of The Socialist System, I am coupling Kornai's thoughts with moral economic ideas, both from the classical and the contemporary moral economy streams. The goal with this exercise of respectfully refreshing a toolkit and style of economic analysis is to then gaze into, and partially describe a potential multitude, or spectra of economic systems, which may manifest in econodiversity.
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KIYKO, Svitlana, and Tetiana RUBANETS. "LINGUOCREATIVE CONVERSION POTENTIAL IN THE ENGLISH MEDICAL, SPORTS AND HOUSEHOLD SECTOR." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 848 (May 2024): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2024.848.105-116.
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As the language of the analytic system, English has great creative potential for the development of conversion as a highly productive form of word formation. We interpret conversion as a morphological transposition with a word-forming character within the framework of transposition theory. Our study deals with new conversives in the English fields of medicine, sport and household. We selected 329 examples of neologisms from the dictionaries. The study emphasises the 1950s and 1970s as a reflection of human life in the middle of the 20th century. This period was characterised by enormous social changes as a result of the Second World War and the rapid economic development of the post-war period. While we describe the 20th century as a period characterised by a further leap in the development of society, we describe the 2000s-2020s as the era of advanced computer technologies and global catastrophes faced by modern man. It has been established that the emergence of conversives depends on the field under study: A greater number of new words were recorded in the field of medicine and sport (212 conversions) than in the field of everyday life (117 conversions). The results of the study show that conversion serves not only to replenish the vocabulary of the language, but also to recreate the conceptual picture of the world of the English-speaking society at a certain stage of history. A comparative analysis of the conversion-novelties in two time periods shows that the conversion-neologisms reflect the development of man in society, reflect the achievements in science, technology and art, and reproduce the global problems of mankind in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century.
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Imran, Imran, Siti Syamsiyatun, and Dicky Sofjan. "Sunni to Shia Conversion in Indonesia." Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 3, no. 4 (2023): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku1898.
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Since the Iranian Islamic revolution led by Imam Khomeini, Shia and its community have received a lot of attention as a research subject. This paper aims to examine how the phenomenon of conversion from Sunni-Shia in Indonesia. What underlies the choice to convert even with the consequence that conversion to Shia has the potential to cause psychological, economic, social and political tensions. This research was conducted in four cities in Indonesia, namely Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta and Makassar. These cities are used to represent Indonesia. The results of the study show that there are at least four 'gates' which are the main arguments in their decision to convert from Sunni to Shia. These gates are 'philosophy', 'history', 'Irfan/Sufism', and 'fiqh gates'. The typology of encounters through the four doors is a strong typology that I encountered in my research. most people who convert from Sunni to Shia usually pass through one or several gates that become milestones for their acceptance of Shia.
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BOUGETTE, PATRICE, MARC DESCHAMPS, and FRÉDÉRIC MARTY. "When Economics Met Antitrust: The Second Chicago School and the Economization of Antitrust Law." Enterprise & Society 16, no. 2 (2015): 313–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2014.18.
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In this article, the authors interrogate legal and economic history to analyze the process by which the Chicago School of Antitrust emerged in the 1950s and became dominant in the United States. They show that the extent to which economic objectives and theoretical views shaped the inception of antitrust law. After establishing the minor influence of economics in the promulgation of U.S. competition law, they highlight U.S. economists’ caution toward antitrust until the Second New Deal and analyze the process by which the Chicago School developed a general and coherent framework for competition policy. They rely mainly on the seminal and programmatic work of Director and Levi (1956) and trace how this theoretical paradigm became collective—that is, the “economization” process in U.S. antitrust. Finally, the authors discuss the implications and possible pitfalls of such a conversion to economics-led antitrust enforcement.
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Button, Kenneth. "Assessing the Economic Consequences of Disarmament." History of Political Economy 52, no. 5 (2020): 895–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8671868.
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This article looks at how a group of diverse economic experts tackled a major macroeconomic question and managed to reach a consensus conclusion. This was despite being confronted with limited data, embryonic general-equilibrium methodologies, and limited computing power. The realization, in the early 1960s, that the procession of nuclear weapons would shortly extend beyond the USA, Britain, France, and Russia led to increased fears of catastrophic global warfare. The economic concern with disarmament was along Keynesian lines, namely that reduced public expenditure on defense (“conversion”) could lead to a serious economic depression. The focus here is on a United Nations Consultative Group which had the remit of estimating the economic and social consequences of global disarmament. Using information from documents of the time, substantially supplemented with personal commentaries of committee members, both published and from archives, the paper examines how the committee managed to reconcile very divergent economic views to produce a unanimous report. These basic matters of political economy are as germane today as they were nearly sixty years ago. Indeed, probably more so with the challenges of sustainable development being added to those of global peace.
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Derham, Michael. "How green was my valley? Urban history in Latin America." Urban History 28, no. 2 (2001): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801002085.
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The history of Latin America has been dominated by ideas of order and progress. Unfortunately those ideas have not always been of regional origin. In the colonial era the conquest and conversion of the native peoples was seen as progress by the Europeans. The imposition of order was aided greatly by urbanization sometimes symbolically on the ruins of Indian cities such as at Cuzco and Mexico City. Cities became the point of cultural and economic articulation between the barbaric hinterland and the civilization of Europe. Freedom from the Spanish yoke gained in the Independence wars was similarly seen as progress, at least by the ultimately victorious creole ‘patriots’. It was here, however, that notions of national identity, modernization and economic success became intertwined to produce the conflicts which still inflame the region today. The paramount question has remained: whose order and concept of progress should be imposed?
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Alyoshina, Oksana. "MISSIONARY AND CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES OF ST. VOLODYMYR’S BROTHERHOOD OF KYIV PROVINCE (THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES)." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 9 (December 25, 2021): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112025.
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This article analyzes the charitable and missionary activities of St. Volodymyr’s Brotherhood. These areas were of primary importance in the Brotherhood’s activities and reflected the intentions of the Russian authorities to consolidate the Orthodox religion on the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine and Galicia during World War I. The methodology of the paper is based on the principles of historicism alongside the general scientific and special-historical methods: critical, analytical, synthesis, and generalization. Scientific novelty. On the basis of the little-known archival documents, the missionary activity of the Brotherhood among the Jews was analyzed, the quantitative indicators of the so-called “christenings” were introduced into scientific circulation. The main aspects of philanthropic activities of the Brotherhood during World War I were revealed.
 Conclusions. The new economic conditions associated with the results of the reform in the Russian Empire and the rapid pace of modernization demanded additional investments and the presence of the most loyal population in rather troublesome “neighborhoods”, which included Kyiv as part of Right-Bank Ukraine, from the authorities. The revival of religious institutions, perceived as “foreign” in the first half of the century, was part of the imperial plan to build a new model of loyalty and identity in the “Russian world” in which Orthodoxy had a prominent place. The desire of some Jews to go beyond the traditional constraints associating with Judaism and turning them into “foreigners” proved to be in tune with the tasks assigned to the brotherhoods in the context of their missionary activities.
 The charity of the brotherhoods during World War I had a completely pragmatic basis. In this way, the Russian authorities relied on the loyalty of Galician Greek Catholics (with far-reaching prospects for their conversion to the Orthodox faith).
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Blokhin, V. S. "RELIGIOUS CONVERSIONS OF THE ARMENIANS TO ORTHODOXY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (MID-19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY): MOTIVES, TYPOLOGY, AND RESULTS." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 4(55) (2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-4-69-79.
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An analysis of the religious conversions of persons of Armenian confession to Orthodox allows the author to evaluate them as a special phenomenon in the history of Russian-Armenian church relations, as well as to establish the features of economic, social, national, and confessional policies of the Russian Empire in the Transcaucasus in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The sources are the unpublished documents in Russian from the collections of the National Archives of the Republic of Armenia. Based on the available archival sources, it was established that the cases of the adoption of Orthodoxy by the Armenians were caused by three motives: 1) economic, 2) various situations of a non-economic nature, and 3) coercive measures. Despite the absence of a special “Armenian mission” among the Orthodox priests, the cases of Armenians’ conversion to Orthodoxy, especially those made for economic reasons, were rather actively encouraged by the Russian Orthodox Church. For the Russian government, the Armenians who converted to Orthodoxy were seen as a reliable social base in the Transcaucasus. The relevance of studying the issue is since, in the 20th century, despite the contradictions of the synodal period, the Russian Orthodox Church built relations with the Armenian Apostolic Church based on the principles of friendship, good neighborliness, and mutual assistance. Today, this factor contributes to the strengthening of both church and political relations between Russia and Armenia.
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Thomson, Steven K. "Christianity, Islam, and ‘The Religion of Pouring’: Non-linear Conversion in a Gambia/Casamance Borderland." Journal of Religion in Africa 42, no. 3 (2012): 240–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341232.
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AbstractThe twentieth-century religious history of the Kalorn (Karon Jolas) in the Alahein River Valley of the Gambia/Casamance border cannot be reduced to a single narrative. Today extended families include Muslims, Christians, and practitioners of the traditionalAwasena‘religion of pouring’. A body of funeral songs highlights the views of those who resisted pressure toward conversion to Islam through the 1930s, ’40s and ’50s. The introduction of a Roman Catholic mission in the early 1960s created new social and economic possibilities that consolidated an identity that stood as an alternative to the Muslim-Mandinka model. This analysis emphasizes the equal importance of both macropolitical and economic factors and the more proximal effects of reference groups in understanding religious conversion. Finally, this discussion of the origins of religious pluralism within a community grants insight into how conflicts along religious lines have been defused.
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Leichtman, Mara. "Revolution, Modernity and (Trans)National Shi'i Islam: Rethinking Religious Conversion in Senegal." Journal of Religion in Africa 39, no. 3 (2009): 319–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006609x461456.
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AbstractThe establishment of a Shi'i Islamic network in Senegal is one alternative to following the country's dominant Sufi orders. I examine Senegalese conversion narratives and the central role played by the Iranian Revolution, contextualizing life stories (trans)nationally in Senegal's political economy and global networks with Iran and Lebanon. Converts localize foreign religious ideologies into a 'national' Islam through the discourse that Shi'i education can bring peace and economic development to Senegal. Senegalese Shi'a perceive that proselytizing, media technologies, and Muslim networking can lead to social, cultural and perhaps even political change through translating the Iranian Revolution into a non-violent reform movement.
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Egolum, Priscilla Uchenna, Aroh Nkechi Nympha, and Okeke Onyekachi Nath. "WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: EMPHASIS FROM LISTED CONGLOMERATES FIRMS IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management Studies 05, no. 02 (2023): 172–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.38193/ijrcms.2023.5211.
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The study investigates the effect of working capital management on economic growth and development, with emphasis from listed conglomerates firms in Nigeria. Four objectives were employed with coverage of a ten-year period spanning from 2011 to 2020. Secondary data were used in the study with total population based on five (5) conglomerate firms listed on Nigerian Stock Exchange. The tests of the four null hypotheses were carried out using spearman rank correlation analysis and also employed panel least square (POLS) regression analysis. The result of the analyses revealed the following: Cash conversion cycle (Random effect = -0.03 (0.002)) has a negative significant influence on firm profitability. Inventory period (Random effect = 0.02 (0.262) has a positive insignificant influence on firm profitability. Current ratio (Random effect = 15.55 (0.002) also has positive but significant influence on firm profitability. Quick ratio (Random effect = -12.45 (0.035) has a negative significant influence on firm profitability. The study concludes that cash conversion cycle and quick ratio tend to decrease firm profitability while we provide evidence that current ratio improves firm profitability. The study recommends, among others, that Management of these conglomerates companies should advocate for policies that will enhance swift conversion of inventory to cash to improve firm profitability for economic growth and development in Nigeria.
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SAİN, Kadir, and Şakir BERBER. "Process of Functional Transformation in Higher Education: Conversion of Academic Value into Economic Value." Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, no. 4 (2023): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32329/uad.1358127.
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Tarihsel süreç içerisinde ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi yapılarda meydana gelen değişimler yükseköğretim kurumlarını işlevsel değişime itmiştir. Bu doğrultuda; dinin ve kutsal olanın ön plana çıktığı feodal toplumlarda I. Nesil Üniversiteler (eğitim-öğretim işlevi), üretim ve kârın ön plana çıktığı sanayi toplumlarında II. Nesil Üniversiteler (eğitim-öğretim ve bilimsel araştırma işlevi), bilgi ve küresel sorunların ön plana çıktığı bilgi toplumlarında ise III. Nesil Üniversiteler (eğitim-öğretim, bilimsel araştırma ve toplumsal fayda işlevi) ortaya çıkmıştır. III. Nesil Üniversiteler ile birlikte eğitim-öğretim, bilimsel araştırma ve toplumsal fayda işlevlerini bir bütün olarak yerine getirmeye başlayan yükseköğretim kurumları; eğitim-öğretim işlevleriyle nitelikli insan gücü olarak beşeri sermaye ortaya koyarak, bilimsel araştırma işlevleriyle nitelikli bilimsel bilgiler üreterek, toplumsal fayda işlevleriyle de toplumsal sorunların (ekonomik, ekolojik, sosyal, kültürel, siyasi vb.) çözümünde birçok önemli görevi yerine getirerek 21. yüzyılın hızla değişen, dönüşen ve gelişen dünyasının şekillendirici itici gücü olmuşlardır. III. Nesil Üniversiteler bilimsel, teknolojik, yenilikçi ve girişimci faaliyetlere öncülük ederek toplumsal fayda üretmişlerdir. Bu, ortaya koydukları nitelikli bilgileri ekonomik değere (yüksek katma değerli ürün ve hizmet, etkili teknoloji ve inovasyon) dönüştürebilmeleri ile mümkün olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, akademik değerin (bilginin) ekonomik değere dönüşümü bağlamında yükseköğretimde yaşanan işlevsel değişim süreci incelenmiştir.
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Shanneik, Yafa. "Conversion to Islam in Ireland: A Post-Catholic Subjectivity?" Journal of Muslims in Europe 1, no. 2 (2012): 166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341235.
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Abstract This article discusses the conversion experiences as recalled by Irish women who converted to Islam during the so-called ‘Celtic-Tiger’ period—the years of Ireland’s dramatic economic boom and major socio-cultural transformations between 1995 and 2007. In this period, the increasing religious diversity of Irish society and the decline of the social authority of the Catholic Church facilitated the exploration of alternative religious and spiritual affiliations. Irish women converts to Islam are an example of the emergence of a post-Catholic subjectivity in Ireland during the Celtic Tiger years. The women’s agency is illustrated through the choice of Islam as a religion and a cultural space different to Catholicism in order to gain status, power and control within the various religious and ethnic communities. This article is the first major study on conversion to Islam in Ireland during this period.
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Norton, Barbara T. "The Making of a Female Marxist: E.D. Kuskova's Conversion to Russian Social Democracy." International Review of Social History 34, no. 2 (1989): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900000924x.
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SUMMARYHistorians have traditionally overlooked the role of women in Russian Social Democracy. This article, based on archival as well as published sources, examines the radicalization of E.D. Kuskova (1860–1958), a long neglected participant in the Russian Marxist movement during its formative years.Kuskova was attracted to radicalism by its promise of a fulfilling life of service to society, and as an escape from the traditional, confining roles for women in prerevo-lutionary Russia. She came to Social Democracy after concluding that it provided a more satisfactory Weltanschauung and a more accurate diagnosis of Russia's socio-economic ills than did its ideological alternatives.
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Chen, Kewei, Ziyu Rui, Chenyang Xu, and Zeqi Huang. "The Conversion of Biowaste and Residue to Biofuel: From History, Physics Principles, to the Current Status of Technology, Mitigation of Environmental Impact and Economic Challenges." Applied and Computational Engineering 7, no. 1 (2023): 822–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/7/20230565.
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As the most commonly-used renewable energy in the world energy consumption, the potential and popularity of biomass energy is significantly underestimated. In the United States in 2018, renewable energy accounted for 11% of the national energy consumption, with 44.5% contributed by biomass energy. This article will focus on one feedstock, bio-waste and residue, in biomass resources. Furthermore, this journal will include an overview of the history of the technique, explanation of the fundamental physical principles, along with the discussions regarding major technology implementation of the conversion technique, and finally end with an evaluation of the environmental impacts and economic opportunities and challenges. At the end of the journal, we will show that the development of bio-waste and residue conversion techniques will naturally benefit from biomass carbon cycle and the variety of techniques available. Moreover, it has a large potential no matter environmentally or economically, along with technological advancement and the development of government regulations to minimize its harm.
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Skinner, David E. "Conversion to Islam and the Promotion of ‘Modern’ Islamic Schools in Ghana." Journal of Religion in Africa 43, no. 4 (2013): 426–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341264.
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AbstractThis article analyzes the transformation of Islamic education frommakaranta(schools for the study of the Qurʾān) to what are called English/Arabic schools, which combine Islamic studies with a British curriculum taught in the English language. These schools were initially founded in coastal Ghana during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, primarily by missionaries who had converted from Christianity and had had English-language education or by agents of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission based in London. The purposes of these schools were to provide instruction to allow young people to be competitive in the colonial, Christian-influenced social and economic structure, and to promote conversion to Islam among the coastal populations. New Islamic missionary organizations developed throughout the colonial and postcolonial eras to fulfill these purposes, and English/Arabic schools were integrated into the national educational system by the end of the twentieth century. Indigenous and transnational governmental organizations competed by establishing schools in order to promote Islamic ideas and practices and to integrate Ghanaian Muslims into the wider Muslim world.
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Fermanis, Porscha. "Capital, Conversion, and Settler Colonialism in Samuel Butler’s Erewhon." Journal of Victorian Culture 25, no. 3 (2020): 424–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jvcult/vcz058.
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Abstract Viewing capitalism as emerging primarily from within the framework of empire rather than the nation state, this essay considers the relationship between capital, conversion, and settler colonialism in Samuel Butler’s Erewhon, or Over the Range (1872). It looks, first, at the novel’s critique of Wakefieldian organized settlement schemes as systems sustained by various forms of capital accumulation and free/unfree labour; and second, at its over-arching evangelical conversion narrative, which both frames and structures the main body of the text. The essay argues that, far from directing its satire wholly or even primarily towards metropolitan Britain, the novel enacts two circulating mid-nineteenth-century settler colonial anxieties: concerns about a perceived crisis of diminishing industriousness and economic exhaustion in colonial Australia and New Zealand, and concerns about the efficacy of British humanitarianism and missionary conversion. It considers the former in the context of the disruptions to settlement caused by the gold rushes in Australia and New Zealand in the 1850s and 1860s, and the latter in the context of missionary and humanitarian efforts to ameliorate conditions for Indigenous peoples from the 1830s onwards. The essay’s larger claim is that Erewhon presents capital and conversion as structurally interconnected mechanisms of an evolving Anglo-settler state in New Zealand. Radicalizing a tradition of economic critique of empire beginning with Adam Smith, Butler satirizes the idea of colonialism as an essentially liberal system by showing how much it is intertwined with exploitative practices of territorial expansion, dispossession, capital accumulation, unfree labour, missionary conversion, and racial assimilation.
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Enock M. Maina, Vineet Chouhan, and Shubham Goswami. "Measuring Reporting Practices After Harmonization And Conversion Of IFRS In India And Kenya Corporates." GIS Business 15, no. 1 (2020): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v15i1.18791.
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Accounting is the system of recording, classifying and summarizing financial information in such a way that users of the information can make economic decisions based upon it. Accounting began as a simple system of clay tokens to keep track of goods and animals, but has developed throughout history into a way of keeping track of complex transactions and other financial information.The study includes 457 total respondents that include 240 from Kenya and 217 from India.The results of multiple regression analysis revealed the Predictors including Har_conv_2, Har_conv_3, Har_conv_5, Har_conv_6 and Har_conv_14 as predicting Harmonization and conversion of accounting standards
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Phillips, Julian Cole. "Mission and Migration in the Formation of an Arab Middle Class." Social Sciences and Missions 35, no. 1-2 (2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-bja10013.
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Abstract Beginning in the late nineteenth century, there was significant migration of Arabs from the Ottoman Empire to the Americas, and such migrants often originated in the communities that had been subject to Protestant missionary programs. This article uses a micro-history of a single family to assess the relationship between missionary activity and emigration. The article concludes that Arabs deployed both involvement with missions (employment, conversion, and education) and temporary economic migration as strategies to join a transnational middle class.
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Clair, Robin Patric, Elizabeth Wilhoit, R. J. Green, Corey Palmer, Tillman Russell, and Stephen A. Swope. "Occlusion, Confusion, and Collusion in the Conversion Narrative, Religion Exemplified in the Life of Poor Sarah." Journal of Communication and Religion 38, no. 4 (2015): 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jcr201538426.
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Using an American tract of the early 1800s, Religion Exemplified in the Life of Poor Sarah, this study explores the power of the exemplar to occlude Native American history. In addition, this study addresses the confusion over the authorship of Poor Sarah and why authorship, in this case, is significant to contemporary American (and Native American) historians and Native Americans, especially the Cherokee. Finally, this historical criticism investigates the role played by Federalists in funding the production and distribution of the conversion narratives in order to expose and underscore the political and economic collusion behind the promotion of the tracts. This study follows the history of Poor Sarah as it moves from New England to the Cherokee Nation, from the past to present, and concludes the necessity of historical criticism in the study of ethnic marginalization and communication and religion.
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Stark, Barbara L., Lynette Heller, and Michael A. Ohnersorgen. "People with Cloth: Mesoamerican Economic Change from the Perspective of Cotton in South-Central Veracruz." Latin American Antiquity 9, no. 1 (1998): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972126.
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We examine the ways that textile production, exchange, and consumption were integrated into the political economy of the Gulf lowlands, Mexico, over the course of two millennia. Archaeological, botanical, and historical data concerning cotton textile production reveal that changes in the industry resulted from alterations in the cotton plant, shifts in the local political economy, and changes in the relationship of the Gulf lowlands to other key regions of Mesoamerica. Initially, textiles did not figure prominently in social displays, and there is little archaeological evidence for spinning of cotton thread. Subsequently, textile production may have been stimulated by elite substitution of locally crafted items for increasingly scarce exotic imports toward the end of Olmec times in the Preclassic period. The political and cultural stature of the Gulf lowlands increased during the Classic period in conjunction with a greater emphasis on cotton processing and use of textiles. During the Postclassic period, ruralization of once-key localities and possible conversion of the western lower Papaloapan Basin to a tributary status correlated with changes in the attributes of whorls and in representations of textiles.
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Wells-Oghoghomeh, Alexis. "Race and Religion in the Afterlife of Protestant Supremacy." Church History 88, no. 3 (2019): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640719001902.
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In her book Christian Slavery: Conversion and Race in the Protestant Atlantic World, Katharine Gerbner offers a rich history of Protestant planters’ efforts to tether Christian identity to free status and European descent in the American colonies, and missionaries’ answering attempts to reconcile African and indigenous conversion with enslavement. Gerbner's concept of Protestant Supremacy names the sociopolitical function and economic utility of “religious belonging,” specifically how Christian institutional, discursive, and ritual spaces demarcated boundaries between the enslaved and their enslavers, prefiguring race in the process. In this history of Atlantic slavery, religion is not subsidiary to the punitive, legal, sexual, and economic systems that enabled the enslavement of African and indigenous peoples in the Americas. Rather, Gerbner argues that Protestant Christianity provided a metastructure for the race-based caste systems that emerged in Barbados and other British colonies in the Americas. Through an intense and extensive interrogation of correspondence, missionary accounts, and institutional records from across the Atlantic, she traces how Protestant emissaries established “Christian” as a “protoracial” term and hastened the legal and discursive codification of lineage-based American caste systems in the process. The linkage of Christian identity and nascent whiteness not only exposes the Protestant architecture of American racial logics, but also sparks nuanced questions about how African, indigenous, and creole people oriented themselves toward Protestantism in early America. In this way, Gerbner definitively situates religion at the center of ongoing conversations about racial formation in the Americas, while opening up avenues for fresh speculation and imaginative intellectual trajectories in studies of American religion and Atlantic slavery.
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Utterback, Kristine T. "“Conversi” Revert: Voluntary and Forced Return to Judaism in the Early Fourteenth Century." Church History 64, no. 1 (1995): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168654.
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Forced to choose between conversion and death, many medieval Jews chose to be baptized as Christians. While not all Jews in Western Europe faced such stark choices, during the fourteenth century pressure increased on the Jewish minority to join the Christian majority. Economic, social, and political barriers to Jews often made conversion a necessity or at least an advantage, exerting a degree of coercion even without brute force. Once baptized these new Christians, called conversi, were required to abandon their Jewish practices entirely. But what kind of life actually awaited these converts? In the abstract, the converts had clear options: they could either remain Christians or return to judaism. Reality would surely reveal a range of possibilities, however, as these conversi tried to live out their conversion or to reject it without running afoul of the authorities. While the dominant Christian culture undoubtedly exerted pressure to convert, Jews did not necessarily sit idly by while their people approached the baptismal font. Some conversi felt contrary pressure to take up Judaism again. In the most extreme cases, conversi who reverted to Judaism faced death as well. This paper examines forces exerted on Jewish converts to Christianity to return to Judaism, using examples from France and northern Spain in the first half of the fourteenth century.
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Tomlinson, J. D. "The Iron Quadrilateral: Political Obstacles to Economic Reform under the Attlee Government." Journal of British Studies 34, no. 1 (1995): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386068.
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The 1945 Labour government came to power with a clearly formulated economic program relating to nationalization and the continuation of wartime planning and controls to smooth the transition to a peacetime economy. The first of these components, at least, was largely carried out according to plan over the next six years. The transition to a peacetime economy was much less smooth, and Labour's policies here underwent a major shift. While controls remained an important part of the policy regime down to 1951, they increasingly gave way to the instruments of fiscal policy. In large part this reflected the buffeting of the economy by balance-of-payments problems. But while the compelling force of economic circumstance must be given its due, it is clear that the increasing dependence on demand management was a political and ideological defeat for Labour, in the sense that it had previously based its distinctive appeal so much on microeconomic policies usually summed up in that ambiguous term, “economic planning.” In that sense the reliance on demand management represented a retreat for Labour from its policy position of 1945: “Socialist planning was a notable, if unlikely casualty of Labour government after the Second World War.”On one influential view, Labour's conversion to macroeconomic management may be considered a success; eventually, as Alec Cairncross records, that management delivered balance-of-payments equilibrium without sacrificing the goal of full employment. But it is increasingly recognized that Labour's agenda involved issues beyond these macroeconomic goals, important as they undoubtedly were.
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Mandamdari, Alpha Nadeira, Djeimy Kusnaman, and Adwi Herry Koesoema Elyanto. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Konversi Lahan Pertanian Sawah ke Non Pertanian di Kabupaten Banyumas Jawa Tengah." Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa dan Pertanian 6, no. 4 (2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v6i4.19559.
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Agricultural land in Banyumas Regency has decreased from year to year due to population and economic growth. The farm rice fields in Banyumas Regency in 2017 were 66.210 hectares, reduced to 63.326 hectares in 2020 or decrease in land area of 4%. This research was aimed to examine the conversion rate of agricultural land in the Banyumas Regency and factors that determine the conversion of agricultural land in the Banyumas Regency. The primary method used was descriptive-analytical. Determination of the research location was using a purposive method in Banyumas Regency. The technique to analyze the data was Linear multiple regression (Ordinary Least Squares). The information which used in this research was secondary data in 2010 – 2020. The variables in this research are conversion of agricultural land, population, number of industries, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), and Farmer’s terms of trade (FTT). This research shows that the conversion rate of agricultural land in Banyumas Regency is 8,45%, meaning that the average of arm rice fields in Banyumas regency for the last ten years (2010 – 2020) has decreased by 8,45%. The multiple linear regression analysis shows that the variables number of population, number of industry, and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) have a significant and positive effect on the conversion of agricultural land in Banyumas Regency. Farmer’s terms of trade (FTT) do not significantly affect agricultural land conversion in Banyumas Regency.
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Hurlbut, David Dmitri. "The “Conversion” of Anthony Obinna to Mormonism: Elective Affinities, Socio-Economic Factors, and Religious Change in Postcolonial Southeastern Nigeria." Religions 11, no. 7 (2020): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11070358.
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This article analyzes the “conversion” of Anthony Uzodimma Obinna, an Igbo schoolteacher from the town of Aboh Mbaise in Imo State, and his extended family to Mormonism in southeastern Nigeria between the 1960s and the 1980s, from a historical perspective. I argue that the transition of Anthony Obinna and his family away from Catholicism to Mormonism can be explained by both the elective affinities that existed between Mormonism and indigenous Igbo culture, and socio-economic factors as well. This article bases its conclusions on a close reading of oral histories, personal papers, and correspondence housed at the LDS Church History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah and L. Tom Perry Special Collections at Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.
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Réno, Fred. "Re-sourcing Dependency: Decolonisation and Post-colonialism in French Overseas Departments." Itinerario 25, no. 2 (2001): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300008792.
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When speaking of decolonisation and post-colonialism, it is essential to avoid the generalising approach which sometimes leads to a distortion of the real. Decolonisation is generally seen as accession to sovereignty. For the elites and the populations of the French Overseas Dependencies it represents a reforming of the bond with France. It is a conversion of what was political subordination into dependence on social and economic resources. This conversion is a rational process based on the following idea: Independence would be costly compared to the advantages of dependence. In other words, Guadeloupe, Guyane and Martinique would be decolonized without becoming independent. Therefore, the transition from the status of colony to that of ‘departement’ is not a legal contrivance. Even if local populations did not choose their political status through the electoral process, they did vote for the parties which were in favour of French citizenship.
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Mabat, Yael. "Veterans of Christ: Soldier Reintegration and the Seventh-day Adventist Experience in the Andean Plateau, 1900–1925." Americas 77, no. 2 (2020): 187–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2020.1.
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AbstractThis article recounts the story of the Seventh-day Adventists’ success in Puno, Peru, between 1900 and 1925, from a grassroots perspective. Retracing the footsteps of prominent indigenous converts, the article presents the discovery that most of the church's native leaders were army veterans. These men had spent years away from their communities and, upon their return, discovered the numerous challenges of reintegration into rural society. In almost every aspect of communal life, veterans encountered obstacles to their reintegration: their lands had been usurped, they lacked the necessary social and political outreach, and they were ridiculed and marginalized because of the cultural—apparently mestizo—habits and practices they had adopted while away. In their quest for alternatives, these veterans left the Catholic Church and converted to Seventh-day Adventism. Conversion, I argue, offered an answer to the difficulties of their reintegration. It provided new opportunities for social and economic mobility and possibilities for veterans to reinterpret their Indian racial identity in a way that would include the seemingly mestizo traits they had adopted while in the barracks and on the coast. Thus, this paper sheds light on how religious conversion served to ameliorate some of the difficulties that veterans faced as they attempted to re-enter rural life.
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Woods, Tryon P. "Marronage, Here and There: Liberia, Enslavement's Conversion, and the Settler-Not." International Labor and Working-Class History 96 (2019): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000206.
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AbstractThis proposed contribution to the special issue of ILWCH offers a theoretical re-consideration of the Liberian project. If, as is commonly supposed in its historiography and across contemporary discourse regarding its fortunes into the twenty-first century, Liberia is a notable, albeit contested, instance of the modern era's correctable violence in that it stands as an imperfect realization of the emancipated slave, the liberated colony, and the freedom to labor unalienated, then such representation continues to hide more than it reveals. This essay, instead, reads Liberia as an instructive leitmotif for the conversion of racial slavery's synecdochical plantation system in the Americas into the plantation of the world writ large: the global scene of antiblackness and the immutable qualification for enslavement accorded black positionality alone. Transitions between political economic systems—from slave trade to “re-colonization,” from Firestone occupation to dictatorial-democratic regimes—reemerge from this re-examination as crucial but inessential to understanding Liberia's position, and thus that of black laboring subjects, in the modern world. I argue that slavery is the simultaneous primitive accumulation of black land and bodies, but that this reality largely escapes current conceptualization of not only the history of labor but also that of enslavement. In other words, the African slave trade (driven first by Arabs in the Indian Ocean region, then Europeans in the Mediterranean, and, subsequently, Euro-Americans in the Atlantic) did not simply leave as its corollary effect, or byproduct, the underdevelopment of African societies. The trade in African flesh was at once the co-production of a geography of desire in which blackness is perpetually fungible at every scale, from the body to the nation-state to its soil—all treasures not simply for violation and exploitation, but more importantly, for accumulation and all manner of usage. The Liberian project elucidates this ongoing reality in distinctive ways—especially when we regard it through the lens of the millennium-plus paradigm of African enslavement. Conceptualizing slavery's “afterlife” entails exploring the ways that emancipation extended, not ameliorated, the chattel condition, and as such, impugns the efficacy of key analytic categories like “settler,” “native,” “labor,” and “freedom” when applied to black existence. Marronage, rather than colonization or emancipation, situates Liberia within the intergenerational struggle of, and over, black work against social death. Read as enslavement's conversion, this essay neither impugns nor heralds black action and leadership on the Liberian project at a particular historical moment, but rather agitates for centering black thought on the ongoing issue of black fungibility and social captivity that Liberia exemplifies. I argue that such a reading of Liberia presents a critique of both settler colonialism and of a certain conceptualization of the black radical tradition and its futures in heavily optimist, positivist, and political economic terms that are enjoying considerable favor in leading discourse on black struggle today.
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Ullman, Peter W. "Offshore Tidal Power Generation—A New Approach to Power Conversion of the Oceans' Tides." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 4 (2002): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787908707.
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Offshore tidal power generation (“OTP”) is a new approach to tidal power conversion that resolves the environmental and economic problems of the familiar “tidal barrage” technology. OTP uses a rubble mound impoundment structure and low-head hydroelectric generating equipment situated a mile or more offshore in a high tidal range area. Shallow tidal flats provide the most economical sites. Multi-cell impoundment structures provide higher load factors (about 62%) and have the flexibility to shape the output curve in order to dispatch power in response to demand price signals. The tides are highly predictable and permit tidal power to fit comfortably into existing electricity distribution grids. The author describes a computer simulation program that uses equipment performance characteristics and tidal data to create a detailed simulation of generation output, water flows and storage, and is used for design optimization. The article also contains a history of tidal power and discussion of tidal power's place in the renewables market.
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Schreiter, Robert. "Locating European Mission in a Wounded World in Deep Transformation." Mission Studies 37, no. 3 (2020): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341735.
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Abstract This article explores the challenges to engaging in Christian mission in Europe in these times. It takes as two defining characteristics of the current moment woundedness and the need for deep transformation. The woundedness of Europe is marked by the consequences of globalization which, on the one hand, give people the sense of losing control over their own world and, on the other, the influx of migrants and refugees escaping political and economic disorder in Asia and Africa. A spirituality of woundedness, based on the wounds of Jesus Christ, is offered as a basis for attending to wounds as a missio ad vulnera. The profound transformation to which Europe is called will require a spirituality based on conversion, kenosis, building community, and prophetic witness.
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Song, Qian, and James P. Smith. "The Citizenship Advantage in Psychological Well-being: An Examination of the Hukou System in China." Demography 58, no. 1 (2021): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-8913024.
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Abstract Given that Chinese migrants with rural hukou status are not considered full citizens in their urban destinations, rural-urban hukou conversion signifies full citizenship attainment in urban China. We assess causal effects of three major types of urban hukou attainment—merit-, policy-, and family-based hukou conversion—on migrants' psychological well-being in middle- and later-life. We further examine how hukou matters—how periods and hukou destinations alter the values of specific urban hukou and their psychological health implications for individuals. We use the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2015 data) and life history data (for 2014) for analysis. To assess the extent to which the salmon effect contributes to estimation bias for migrants, we compare results from a sample with current migrants and one with current and returned migrants. To address for selection into hukou conversion, we adopt inverse probability–weighted regression adjustment methods. We show that the salmon bias significantly dampened causal estimates. Merit- and policy-based hukou conversion has protective effects on psychological well-being. Policy-based converters have better psychological health than other types of converters. Hukou conversion in the pre-1978 period conveys greater psychological benefits than that in the post-1998 period, when economic and social values of urban hukou have decreased. Hukou converters in the cities with the most resources enjoy better psychological well-being than their counterparts in other cities. Our study joins the emerging literature in investigating how citizenship conveys advantage in health and well-being. We discuss these results in the global context as well as the context of China's decades of evolution of hukou policy and the urbanization process.
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Vats, Gulshan. "Whether the Human Resource Economic System is possible, As Well As Being an Advanced Economic System compared to Capitalism and Socialism." Innovations 74, no. 00 (2023): 940–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54882/7420237416981.
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Whether the Human Resource Economic System is an advanced Economic System compared to Capitalism and Socialism. As per the principles of the H.R. Economic System, may it be possible for to State to declare Human Resources as absolute assets, and monetize aforesaid assets for initial Capital investment? In this Economic System, valuation of the Human Resources in terms of Unit, and conversion of the aforesaid Unit into monetary funds in favour of Entrepreneurs for a limited time period of time for initial Capital investment for the establishment of a new industrial establishment, if it succeeds, in that case, mankind shall not be required the Capitalism for Economic perspectives, and H.R. Economic System shall be considered a new Economic System Worldwide in respect of Capitalism and Socialism.
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Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre. "Introduction: Jesuits in Asian-Pacific Borderlands." Journal of Jesuit Studies 9, no. 2 (2022): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09020001.
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Abstract In the last years, a growing number of scholars of world history have focused on Jesuit networks, economic and cultural interactions in the Asian-Pacific territories. This introduction and the essays contained within the pages of this special issue bring religious mobility to the foreground, putting special emphasis on the way how “conversion” (both religious and cultural) transformed the trans-Pacific frontier into a zone of sustained contact and transculturation involving Europe, Asia, and the Americas. First, it explores contending networks of evangelization, which revolve around a basic premise: they were heterogeneous and uncoordinated, moving in unexpected and complex directions. Second, it analyzes the way in which Jesuit evangelization effected a “tricultural convergence” of Asian, Iberian, and indigenous cultures towards the production of a “global consciousness.” Finally, it examines a meta-history of Iberian globalization and empire, which emphasized a failed hegemony over Islamic territories of southern Philippines as much as diminished the native Filipino as historical subject.
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Birch, Kean, and Kirby Calvert. "Rethinking ‘Drop-in’ Biofuels." Science & Technology Studies 28, no. 1 (2015): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55357.
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A sustainable transition is premised upon moving from a carbon energy regime to a renewable energy regime; a highly contested political-economic transformation, to say the least. In places like the United States and European Union the main form of renewable energy is bioenergy, especially biofuels. Recent policy and industry efforts are focusing on the development and implementation of what are known as ‘drop-in’ biofuels, so named because they can be incorporated into existing distribution infrastructure (e.g. pipelines) and conversion devices with relatively few, if any, technical modifications. As with carbon energy, bioenergy has particular materialities that are implicated in the political-economic possibilities and constraints facing societies around the world. These political materialities of bioenergy shape and are shaped by new energy regimes and therefore problematize the notion of a drop-in biofuel. Thus further examination of the political materialities of bioenergy, and of renewable energy more generally, is of critical importance for successful sustainable transitions.
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Raza, Bilal, Zhongming Zheng, and Wen Yang. "A Review on Biofloc System Technology, History, Types, and Future Economical Perceptions in Aquaculture." Animals 14, no. 10 (2024): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14101489.
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Given the scarcity of water and land resources, coupled with the competitive nature of aquaculture, the long-term viability of this industry will depend on strategies for vertical development. This involves enhancing production environments, increasing productivity, and advancing aquaculture technologies. The use of biofloc technology offers a potential solution to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts and the heavy reliance on fishmeal in the aquaculture sector. This method is designed to effectively assimilate inorganic nitrogen found in aquaculture wastewater, thereby enhancing water quality. Additionally, this process produces microbial protein, which can serve as a viable supplemental feed for aquatic animals. Furthermore, this technique has the potential to reduce the feed conversion ratio, thereby lowering overall production costs. This article provides an overview of the evolving field of biofloc system technology within aquaculture. In this study, we will examine the historical development and various types of biofloc systems, as well as the factors that influence their effectiveness. Finally, we will explore the economic potential of implementing biofloc systems in aquaculture.
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Adie, Douglas K. "In Search of America's Great Awakenings." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, no. 1 (2002): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2002141/25.
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This essay re-examines Robert W, Fogel's thesis in The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianim, which sees America's religious revivals as pivotal in the transformation of culture through the political process, ultimately producing greater equality. Fogel's work thus provides the context for examining the impact of evangelical Christianity on American culture. Curiously, Fogel's approach brackets the underlying spiritual reality beneath the conversion experience, and assumes the primacy of social, economic, arid political processes in U.S. history. Yet, the Puritan Awakening the nature of overlapping historical cycles leading to greater equality, and the increasing secularization of American society-all beg the question of interpreting U.S. history, and leave open the prospect of spiritual renewal which would characterize America's Fourth Great Awakening. Hence, the essay tries to regraft some of the spiritual roots onto Fogel's secular interpretation of historical events and the dynamics of American culture.
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Beisenbayeva, Lyazzat, and Yücel Gelişli. "Comparison of social studies, Turkish Republic Revolution History and Kemalism, History of Kazakhstan and World History curricula in the secondary education in Turkey and the Republic of Kazakhstan." International Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (2016): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3571.
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The aim of this study is to make a comparison between history topics in Social Sciences course, Ataturk's Principles and History of Turkish Revolution course in secondary schools in Turkey and History of Kazakhstan and World History courses in secondary schools in Kazakhstan. This study that has adopted qualitative research methods is a comparative educational research. Data has been collected through data analysis method. In the study, the curriculum of Social Sciences course and Ataturk's Principles and History of Turkish Revolution course in secondary schools in Turkey and the curriculum of History of Kazakhstan and World History courses in secondary schools in Kazakhstan have been compared in terms of objectives, content and weekly course schedule.<br />Findings show that subject that is based on historical content take place as units in 5th, 6th and 7th grade Social Sciences course. Social Sciences course is three hours per week for 5th and 6th graders. History topics in Social Sciences course include first states in Anatolia, Huns that is the first Turkish state, Turkish states founded in Central Asia, Turks' migration to Anatolia, foundation and development of Ottoman states, science, art and economic structure. Additionally, the rise of Islam, states founded by Muslims, conversion of the Turks to Islam, development of science and art are among the history topics, as well. In 8th grade, for Ataturk's Principles and History of Turkish Revolution course, students attend two hours of lecture per week. This course covers foundation of the Republic of Turkey, Ataturk's life, Ataturk's Principles and political developments of the related period. In Turkish secondary schools, there is not a course on world history. On the other hand, in Kazakhstan, for the History of Kazakhstan, 5th grade students attend one hour of lecture while 6th, 7th and 8th grade students attend two hours of lecture per week. In the curriculum of the History of Kazakhstan, Turkish states founded in Kazakhstan starts with the Sakas and it covers Turkish states in history, their foundation, development and improvements in science, art and economy. Additionally, 6th, 7th and 8th grade students attend one hour of lecture for the World History course. This course includes topics such as states founded in Asia, Europe, America and Africa, foundation and development of Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey that are among states founded by Turks in Anatolia and developments in science, art and economic structure of the related states.
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Sindawi, Khalid. "Al-Mustabsirūn, "Those Who Are Able To See The Light": Sunnī Conversion to Twelver Shī'ism in Modern Times." Die Welt des Islams 51, no. 2 (2011): 210–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006011x574508.
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AbstractThe present study's objective is to analyze the phenomenon of the mustabsirūn in Twelver Shī'ism in modern times. The term mustabsir is used among (Twelver) Shī'ites to refer to someone who has left his previous faith, converted to Shī'ism and adopted its doctrines. In this study we inquire into the meaning of the term in general, in the Qur'ān and its commentaries, and as a specific term. We examine the motivation for conversion to Shī'ism, the types and status of converts and the reasons which drive them to convert, the pressures and threats which converts face from Sunnī circles and how converts cope with these and respond to the attacks on them. The study also surveys mustabsir websites and their contents, books which such converts have written, describing their conversion experience, as well as factors which have contributed to the popularity of the conversion movement, among them the support which Iranian cultural missions provide to converts, the Lebanon War of 2006 and the burgeoning popularity of Hasan Nasr Allāh, the political protection which many converts enjoy, monetary and economic emoluments given to converts, and Shī'ite satellite TV stations and websites. The study's main conclusion is that the terms mustabsir ("he who has had his eyes opened", convert to Twelver Shī'ism) and istibsār (the verbal noun: conversion) have taken on a clear and definite meaning, denoting a real trend in recent years, although still relatively limited in scope, so that at present and in the foreseeable future Sunnī Muslims have no reason to fear this trend.
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Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet. "Rendering Economies: Native American Labor and Secondary Animal Products in the Eighteenth-Century Pimería Alta." American Antiquity 76, no. 1 (2011): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.1.3.
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While the ostensible motivation for Spanish missionization in the Americas was religious conversion, missions were also critical to the expansion of European economic institutions in the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries. Native American labor in mission contexts was recruited in support of broader programs of colonialism, mercantilism, and resource extraction. Archaeological research throughout North America demonstrates the importance and extent of the integration of Native labor into regional colonial economies. Animals and animal products were often important commodities within colonialperiod regional exchange networks and thus, zooarchaeological data can be crucial to the reconstruction of local economic practices that linked Native labor to larger-scale economic processes. Zooarchaeological remains from two Spanish missions—one in southern Arizona and one in northern Sonora—demonstrate that Native labor supported broader colonial economic processes through the production of animal products such as tallow and hide. Tallow rendered at Mission San Agustín de Tucson and Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera was vital for mining activities in the region, which served as an important wealth base for the continued development of Spanish colonialism in the Americas. This research also demonstrates continuity in rendering practices over millennia of human history, and across diverse geographical regions, permitting formalization of a set of expectations for identifying tallow-rendered assemblages, regardless of context.
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Mundstock Xavier de Carvalho, Miguel. "Science and Agribusiness in the History of Pig Factory Farming in Ontario." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 10, no. 2 (2021): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i2.p187-199.
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The article explores some of the connections between science and agribusiness in the history of pig factory farming in Ontario, Canada, between the 1950s and the present. The factory farm model of pig production submits animals to a very artificial way of life, which would not be possible without the inputs of scientific and technological innovations of the 20th century. Topics discussed include the use of antibiotics, swine nutrition, feed conversion (in)efficiency, and pork promotion and consumption. The primary sources utilized are a trade magazine, a census of agriculture, and other government and industry publications. The article sheds light on how notions such as “progress”, “improvement”, “modern” or “efficiency”, frequently used by scientists when referring to results of pig production, are restricted to narrow or internal considerations of the industry that, in turn, can be challenged by broader analysis of aspects (social, economic, environmental) of the food system. Scientists have not just produced scientific knowledge but in some cases have also promoted ideologies about animals and the food system. These ideologies of “progress”, “improvement”, “modern” or “efficiency”, as in the context of pig production in Ontario, only make sense if we understand the particular historical moment in the analysis, which since the 1950s has markedly been one of strong agribusiness interventionism.
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Goyal, Sandeep Kumar, Gopal Singhal, Bhanu Pratap Sharma, Dinesh Mohan, Savita Savita, and Pooja Pooja. "Determinants for Predicting the Conversion of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Cholecystectomy - A Prospective Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 50 (2020): 3006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/614.
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BACKGROUND Laparoscopic surgery is a kind of minimal access surgery that obviates various complications which are encountered during open method, but the outcome of procedure varies according to condition of the patient. Knowledge of these factors may be used for the preoperative counselling of the patients regarding the successful outcome of the surgery as well as to herald the risk of conversion before undertaking patients. We wanted to evaluate the various preoperative factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy.c METHODS A total of 100 patients of both sexes, from all age groups and socio-economic status was included in the study. All routine investigations and USG (Ultrasonography) were done. Risk factors assessed were age, sex, abdominal tenderness, gall bladder wall thickness, any history of para-umbilical surgery. Clinical evaluation was done for each included patient and score was given according to their signs and symptoms. Patients were categorised subsequently into mild (group 1 & 2), moderate (group 3 & 4) and severe (group 5) difficulty as per scoring method. RESULTS The mean age was 46.21 ± 13.36, ranging between 20 years to 80 years (95 % CI 43.56 to 48.86) with 89 females and 11 males. Among the converted group, 3 (18.75 %) participants were > 60 years of age and 2 (2.38 %) participants were of age < 60 years. According to patient's expected level of difficulty in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and according to scoring system, patients were categorised as mild, moderate and severe. A total of 81 patients were categorised as mild, 17 as moderate and 2 as severe. Conversion rate is 0 % in mild difficulty group, 17.64 % in moderate difficulty group and 100 % in severe difficulty group. CONCLUSIONS Difficulty and conversion risk may be predicted accurately by using the scoring system. Surging scores indicated marked increase in difficulty levels intraoperatively and thus affects the conversion rates. Thus, it can be concluded that the scoring system accurately assessed the conversion rates of laparoscopic cholecystectomy preoperatively to open surgery. Higher scores indicated increase in difficulty level. KEYWORDS Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Open Cholecystectomy, Determinants