Dissertationen zum Thema „Écologie des communauté“
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Chalmandrier, Loic. „De la communauté à la méta-communauté, décrypter les patrons de diversité“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV033/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePatterns of community diversity refers to the structure of diversity, i.e. its quantification, its distribution and its turnover in space and time. Its study is likely to shed the light on the assembly rules that determined the structure of communities. However, numerous ecological assumptions are often made when studying diversity patterns. What motivated the work was the perspective that by relaxing these assumptions, a number of developments linked to diversity indices and null models are possible and can help to understand the impact of multiple ecological processes on phylogenetic and functional diversity patterns. In a first part we studied the pattern of functional diversity of alpine plant communities as a function of spatial and organizational scales. In the second part, we studied the methodological perspectives brought by the Hill numbers. In a third part, we addressed the main methodological issues of a new type of community data: environmental DNA
Fanfard, Sandrine. „Relation " communauté-ressource " : cas des communautés marines d'invertébrés benthiques qui exploitent les débris grossiers dérivés de plantes terrestres“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066678/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEither adrift or submerged, coarse debris derived from terrestrial plants provide energy and nutrients for marine ecosystems. By considering this allochtonous organic material, the goals of my PhD were to describe the assembly process of macrobenthic communities around food sources and to consider the feedback effect of the observed communities on the geochemical fate of the resource. To do so, I combined in situ experiments and modelling with the intention to build a consistent, quantitative description of the ecogeochemical link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Using leaf litter and dead wood, this approach allowed: (i) to show the importance of biotic interactions from the beginning of the community assembly process, (ii) to make the explicit connection between the resource consumption and the population dynamics of the consumers, and (iii) and to test how resource processing is affected by the specific diversity of the communities
Carré, Gabriel. „Biodiversité, paysages et conservation de la communauté d'abeilles dans les agrosystèmes“. Avignon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AVIG0607.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAgricultural intensification at the landscape scale is considered to be the main driver of pollinator decline in agroecosystems. Several studies have demonstrated this effect on wild bee communities, but some questions remain regarding the broad generalisation of this result. My work deals with the impact of the landscape context of crop fields in relation to semi-natural habitats on the wild bee communities in agroecosystems. A first study was conducted in five annual entomophilous crops, each located in one of five European countries in the framework of the ALARM project. A second study was conducted in a single geographical area (southwest of Toulouse, France) in semi-natural habitats and ecotones to assess which habitat features could explain the features of the ground-nesting bee community using large emergence traps. For each study, we assessed the impact of habitats on (i) bee abundance and diversity and (ii) the functional traits of the bee species, i. E. Their caracteristics related with their functions in ecosystems. The results of the first study clarified the different kinds of interaction between the landscape context and the bee fauna of annual crop fields. Observed differences of bee abundance and diversity were due to differential response to surrounding habitats, and we characterized taxa that were positively affected by semi-natural habitat only, those favored by urban habitat only, and those favored by a combination of natural, urban and crop habitats. Bees favoured by urban and mixed habitats were abundant and less vulnerable overall than bees favoured only by semi-natural habitat. The trait distribution of the species captured in crop fields was different from that of the countrywide summer bee fauna as species captured in annual crop fields were consistently more eusocial and polylectic, and this response was stable among the 5 country-crop combinations. Clearly, bee species found in flowering annual crops are characterized by their high capacity to adapt to environmental disturbances. The results of my second study on ground-nesting bee diversity were not in agreement with classical results on ecotones as the α and β diversities were not higher in ecotones compared to semi-natural habitats, nor were the species in ecotones resulting solely from the species in adjacent habitats. The α diversity of ground-nesting bees increased with the local abundance of dicotyledons and was higher in unmanaged habitatsand lower in managed habitats. The theorical β diversity was lower in ecotones adjacent to crops than in those adjacent to semi-natural habitats and in forest or natural grassland habitats. The preservation of semi-natural habitats should therefore be recommended to preserve the ground-nesting bee diversity rather than the sole management of field crop margins. The ground-nesting bee community had different nesting requirements depending upon their sociality level: Neither the abundance nor the species richness of solitary ground-nesting bees was explained by habitat characteristics, but the abundance of social ground-nesting bees was associated withspecific soil elements, such as a high soil hardness and low ground cover, and their community was structured by habitats and the community of flowering plants
Nelva, Pasqual Jean-Sébastien. „Exploration des réseaux d'interactions en écologie : de la structure vers la dynamique : signification des analyses des matrices de communauté en écologie des estuaires“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0114/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNetworks are a key concept in ecology and a number of models and methods have been used. This PhD dissertation links two approaches, the community matrix and input-output analyses, which have been developed by separate streams of theory. It compares their assumptions with important features of estuarine systems. It explicitly analyses the links between the matrices and the significance of the mixed trophic impacts analysis. Matrices of storage and throughflow analyses are linked to Jacobian matrices of donor or recipient controlled compartment models. Unlike most of what can be seen in the litterature, here the mixed trophic impacts are interpreted as the effects of a compartment being present or absent. Using available data in the case of five European estuaries, qualitative and quantitative matrices are built in the aim of performing sensitivity analyses. First explorations reveal high levels of uncertainties, even in the sign of the predictions. Furthermore, this work examines in more details the possibilities to explore transient dynamics from the community matrix. This PhD dissertation emphasises important features which are necessary to consider when choosing such approaches
Modéran, Julien. „Estuaire de la Charente : structure de communauté et écologie trophique du zooplancton, approche écosystémique de la contamination métallique“. Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeloup, Julie. „Etude de la communauté microbienne sulfato-réductrice (portant le gène dsrAB) dans les vasières de l'estuaire de Seine“. Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the mudflats of the Seine estuary (France), sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) play an important role in the sulfur and carbon cycles, but also in metal cycles. As these microorganisms constitute a polyphyletic group, we have chosen a functional gene as a molecular marker: the dsrAB genes that encode for the key enzyme of sulfate respiration. A molecular tool, the competitive PCR, was developed for the quantification of the dsrAB genes in the Seine estuary sediments. Thus, the annual distribution and dynamic of SRM, coupled to the sulfate reduction rate (SRR), were investigated in both marine and freshwater mudflats. The maximum abundance of the dsrAB genes and SRR, were located in the first fifteen centimetres of the sediment, throughout the year. The dynamic of the SRM shows a seasonal evolution with a predominance of the activity during the early summer, the temperature, organic matter supply, but also the sedimentary process, were identified as important factors. A phylogenetic study of the dsrAB genes retrieved from both the marine and freshwater sediments, shows that the diversity of the sequences in the both sites was different, and could be related with the chemical characteristics of the sediments, such as the salinity and the sulfate concentration
Mondy, Cédric. „De la communauté à l'individu : apport des traits des invertébrés benthiques dans la bio-évaluation des cours d'eau“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0221/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a global change context, ecosystems are subjected to more and more severe human pressures. In this context, optimizing the biomonitoring of natural ecosystems has become a major scientific, political and societal issue. In the early 2000th, most of the freshwater bioassessment methods did not succeed in fulfilling the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive, for efficiently evaluating the ecological status of rivers with the main objective to maintain or to reach the good ecological status for all the water bodies. In the same time, a major advance in community ecology was the explicit consideration of the biological and ecological attributes of species (i.e. their ?traits?) to better explain the role of habitat characteristics in community assembly. The main goal of this PhD work was to establish how trait-based approaches, at different biological scales, could enhance the bioassessment of French streams. We have first focused on the utilization of potential bio-ecological traits of macrobenthic communities for (i) evaluating the ecological quality of rivers, (ii) assessing the risk of significant alteration of benthic assemblages by specific pressure categories and (iii) appraising the human pressure-drived functional homogenization process in benthic communities. We examined the potential of new traits (derived from stable isotopy, stoichiometry and proteomics) for depicting the benthic invertebrate responses to 'simple' anthropogenic pressures (i.e. acidification and organic contamination). We have demonstrated that using potential bio-ecological traits efficiently enhances the ecological monitoring of wadeable rivers, at large spatial scale (e.g. on National survey networks). The stable isotope and stoichiometry analyses, when applied at reach scale, have allowed to link biological traits (i.e. diet and development) to ecological functions provided by macrobenthic communities, such as nutriment and organic matter flows in rivers. Finally, the proteomic analysis, performed along an acidification gradient, has brought out very interesting perspectives for the development of an integrative ?expert system? that early detects the biological effects of water quality alteration on benthic invertebrate assemblages
Giloteaux, Ludovic. „Dynamique de la communauté microbienne sulfato-réductrice d'un drainage minier acide riche an arsenic : (Carnoulès, France)“. Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIdentified as one of the major problems of the world mining industry, Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) occurs when sulfur containing minerals are exposed to air and water by the process of mining extraction. Their oxidization leads to the acidification of waters, releasing of high quantities of sulfates and leaching of associated metals/metalloids such as arsenic. Because sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are able to produce H2S, it is of growing interest in bioremediation systems since metals/metalloids coprecipitate in the form of metallic sulfides. It seems essential to understand the role of the SRB in the AMD functioning. This research work aimed at study the diversity of SRB in the AMD of the former Carnoulès AMD contaminated by arsenic, to characterize their spatio-temporal dynamics and to better understand their role in the bioprocessings of arsenic. The development of a nested PCR method on the dissimilatory sulfite-reductase encoding genes (dsrAB) allowed detecting SRB within this environment. This developed tool, served for studying the dynamics of the community along the AMD by combining molecular approaches and to correlate the SRB distribution according to the physico-chemical variations prevailing in the ecosystem. All these works highlighted the influence of pH, iron and arsenic forms on the SRB dynamics. Afterward, a complementary cultivation approach has been applied to study the SRB mobilization of contaminants. A new SRB strain has been isolated from Carnoulès sediments, representing a new species. The capacity of the strain to grow in acid conditions and at high arsenic concentrations allowed to better understanding the role of the SRB in mining environments
Sanguin, Hervé. „Développement et validation d'une puce à ADN taxonomique 16S pour la caractérisation et le suivi de la communauté bactérienne rhizosphérique“. Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe rhizosphere is a complex microbial habitat, where root exudates (rhizodeposits) lead to intense microbial activity. The bacterial community plays an important role in the biological functioning of rhizosphere, but its description remains incomplete with current analysis methods. The objective of this work was the development of a 16S rDNA-based taxonomic microarray (600 probes) for characterizing and monitoring the bacterial community, especially in the rhizosphere. Protocols were developed for the design of probes and the sensitivity of the tool was determined. The microarray was validated experimentally using about 50 strains and by comparison with cloning sequencing. It was used to assess bacteria colonizing monoculture maize and wheat. In the case of maize, a rhizosphere effect was shown, with the predominance of Agrobacterium in rhizosphere and Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and especially Planctomycetes in bulk soil. Inter-plant variability was also evidenced. In the case of wheat, crop monoculture leads to the decline of take-all disease. This is paralleled by modifications of bacterial community structure, confirming the presence of antibitiotic-producing antagonistic Pseudomonas and evidencing bacterial groups belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. This work demonstrates the microarray potential for characterizing and discriminating between rhizosphere bacterial communities, a prerequisite for a better understanding of the relationships between bacterial community and soil biological status
Darnis, Gérald. „Structure de la communauté de zooplancton du plateau du MacKenzie (mer de Beaufort)“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24258/24258.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of my study was to describe the biogeography of the zooplankton in the southeastern Beaufort Sea in the fall 2002 by means of multivariate and indicator species analysis. A neritic community characterized by herbivory and the dominant taxon Pseudocalanus spp., occurred on the Mackenzie shelf and in Franklin Bay. Two oceanic communities, in which omnivore and carnivore feeding modes dominated, were located in the Amundsen Gulf Polynya and over the continental slope respectively. The polynya assemblage displayed the highest biomass with the dominant species Calanus hyperboreus, Metridia longa, Oithona similis, and Oncaea borealis as indicator species. This repartition of zooplankton assemblages was influenced mostly by the topography and the ice cover dynamic during the season of high biological production. Hence, it is predicted that a reduction in ice cover, as anticipated in the present context of global warming, will alter the distribution patterns of zooplankton, a key element of the marine ecosystem in the Arctic.
Morin, Bernard. „Description et distribution de la communauté de poissons à Wemindji, Baie de James, et écologie de la morue du Groenland (Gadus ogac)“. Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60425.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGreenland cod were studied in the same period. During the summer, they principally occupied shallow coastal waters, characterized by a belt of eelgrass (Zostera marina). In winter, more cod were found in the estuary. This movement corresponds to sexual maturity; spawning occurs in April to June. Greenland cod life history variables differ from those of most arctic benthic fishes: they show rapid growth, high fecundity, low age at first maturity and high mortality.
Auger, Sébastien. „L'importance de la variabilité interspécifique des traits fonctionnels par rapport à la variabillité intraspécifique chez les jeunes arbres en forêt mature“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4937.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMichel, Nadia. „AGRICULTURE ET BIODIVERSITÉ : APPROCHE PLURI-ÉCHELLE DE L'ÉVOLUTION D'UNE COMMUNAUTÉ DE PETITS MAMMIFÈRES ET DE DEUX RAPACES PRÉDATEURS LE LONG D'UN GRADIENT DE PAYSAGES AGRICOLES CONTRASTÉS“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00097063.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDans cette optique, nous nous sommes intéressés à une communauté de petits mammifères (rongeurs et insectivores < 40g) des haies dans trois paysages agricoles bretons contrastés du point de vue de l'intensité de l'usage des terres et de la densité des réseaux de haies, le long d'un gradient d'intensification de l'agriculture. Quatre axes principaux sont identifiés : (1) caractériser la structure et la composition de la communauté dans les trois paysages, (2) déterminer (dans une approche multi-échelle quelles sont les variables environnementales qui peuvent expliquer les
différences dans les assemblages d'espèces entre les haies, (3) caractériser les variations saisonnières de la communauté et des populations qui la composent en réponse à la dynamique des paysages. (4) Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à un niveau trophique supérieur en comparant les abondances de deux espèces de prédateurs des petits mammifères, la buse variable (Buteo buteo) et la faucon crécerelle (Falco tinnunculus) en réponse à la composition des paysages et à la
disponibilité en proies.
Les résultats soulignent l'importance de développer des approches qui intègrent plusieurs niveaux d'organisation et plusieurs échelles d'analyse. La diversité, l'abondance, la composition, la biomasse et les amplitudes saisonnières de fluctuation de la communauté, ainsi que l'abondance des deux espèces de rapaces sont différentes entre les trois sites, montrant un effet de
l'intensification de l'agriculture sur les différents taxons étudiés. Le paysage, mais également les caractéristiques de l'habitat sont impliqués dans la structuration des assemblages d'espèces.
Ces résultats permettent d'envisager des modes de gestion et d'aménagement pour la conservation de la biodiversité dans les paysages agricoles.
Lehours, Anne-Catherine. „La communauté procaryotique dans les zones anoxiques de deux écosystèmes lacustres : structure et diversitéEtude plus particulière de son rôle fonctionnel dans le monimolimnion d'un lac méromictique (lac Pavin)“. Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/70/33/27/PDF/2006CLF21685.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDanet, Alain. „Interactions entre plantes dans un contexte de communauté : une approche expérimentale en Espagne et en Bolivie“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT160/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInteractions between organisms are key drivers of community composition and ecosystem functioning. Ecology has a long history of studies on negative interactions, such as predation and competition. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of positive interactions, such as facilitation in nature. The integration of these interactions into modern ecological theory has nonetheless lagged behind. This thesis aims at contributing to this research effort and addresses two core questions : (i) How does indirect facilitation (through protection against grazing) affect the functional structure (characteristics of trait distributions) of plant communities? (ii) Does the net effect of the interactions between a species pair (benefactor-beneficiary) remain valid in the presence of several beneficiary species at community level? We set up two insitu experiments in contrasted environments: a grazing exclusion experiment in tropical alpine peatlands and a transplantation experiment of sapling communities beneath adult plants in a mediterranean environment. Our results showed that indirect facilitation affects the characteristics of the environmental filter, species dominance and niche differentiation in the community. Our results also suggested that the composition of sapling communities modifies adult-sapling interactions, thereby questioning the possibility of extrapolating results from pairs of individuals to the community scale
Massé, Valérie. „Recul de la lande à lichens de l'île Nue : déterminants et impacts sur la communauté végétale“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27299.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBecause they are unable to compete for light and soil nutrients, lichens are sensitive to disturbance and to the development of a vascular plant cover. As such, the objective of this study was to better understand changes in the dynamics of lichen barrens found on île Nue in the Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve of Canada, where recent increase in vascular plant cover was observed. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate the role of recent climate warming and herring gull disturbance on the lichen barrens’ recession on this island. Aerial photo analysis showed that the area occupied by lichen barrens declined by 85.5 % from 1967 to 2009, and that it was associated with an advance of vascular plants. The vascular plant species involved in this phenomenon were mainly shrubs (~63 %, Rhododendron groenlandicum and Empetrum nigrum) and herbaceous species (~35 %, Rubus idaeus and Chamerion angustifolium). This decline of the lichen barrens does not seem to be associated with recent climate change as it occurred mainly between 1967 and 1988, a period during which temperatures were relatively stable. Furthermore, the low lichen cover measured around sites disturbed by herring gulls indicates that the disturbances probably occurred after the lichen was replaced by vascular plants, which suggests that these disturbances were not responsible for the observed decline. However, herring gull disturbances seem to favour the development of an herbaceous cover. Besides the loss of lichen species, no negative effects of a vascular plant cover development was observed on the diversity, species richness nor abundance of functional groups. Our results do not allow us to identify the cause of the lichen narrends retreat. A change in soil condition caused by oraganic mater accumulation after the island emergence and permafrost degradation could be implicated, but still need to be investigate.
Muru, David. „Solution miracle ou coup dans l’eau ? Potentiel et limites de l’utilisation des programmes de lutte biologique en écologie expérimentale“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ6008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiological control (or biocontrol) is the use of living organisms to suppress the population density or impact of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would otherwise be. The biological control agent may directly or indirectly interact with more than just the target pest and vice versa. Therefore, monitoring its populations, in conjunction toother ecological factors, may allow to confirm or discard ecology theories or unveil brand new interactions with both abiotic and biotic facets of the recipient ecosystem. Moreover, the methodological aspects of the post release monitoring phase and those of ecological experimentations sometimes do share similarities. In this work I explore how both disciplines are reconciled and how the resulting data from biocontrol could be optimized for its use in ecology.I use data from biological control programs to address questions related to invasion dynamics, community ecology and landscape ecology.In chapter 1, I detail the case studies: (i) the introduction of the parasitoid Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) against the Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) ; (ii) the introduction of the ectoparasitoid Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) against the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) ; (iii) a nation-wide survey of Trichogramma species in France in order to characterize the ecological ranges of each species; (iv) the description of egg parasitoid species associated with Iphiclides podalirius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) at a fine temporal scale.Chapter 2 is focused on understanding the dispersal of T. sinensis at the scale of several chestnut producing areas. In this chapter, I use monitoring data from release sites to fit a growth model for populations of T. sinensis in order to infer the time since colonization in naturally colonized sites. In chapter 3 I investigate the impacts of the successful control of D. kuriphilus by T.sinensis on the structure of native parasitoid community that recently became associated with the pest. Chapter 4 is focused on cases where scientific valorization ranges from a complete failure (primo-introduction of M. ridens), the diffusion of naturalist knowledge (survey of I. podalirius and related oophagous parasitoids) and/or the identification of some patterns using specific statistics (national survey of Trichogramma species).Finally, by compiling knowledge from the extensive literature on biological control and field experience I then discuss on the potentials and limits of biological control programs for experimental ecology. I conclude that although biological control gives an ecological context to experimentation by allowing to manipulate a wide variety of factors, the context and the organisms at play may not be compatible with any ecological issue. For example, the obvious parallel between classical biological control and invasion biology makes the former extremely useful to study ecological processes that drive the success of invasions. This in turn could yield knowledge that may have implication in other disciplines such as the preservation of endangered species. However, factors like the low detectability of a biological control agent at low densities (coupled with varying sensibility of monitoring methods) may render the study of early stages dynamics and interactions too much of a daunting endeavor
Fily, Marc. „Succession post-culturale et pression de pâturage dans les Pyrénées centrales : étude à l'échelle de l'écosystème, de la communauté et d'une population de Dactylis glomerata L. prise comme modèle“. Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30132.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCasquet, Julianne. „Hasard, déterminisme et édification des communautés écologiques insulaires : le cas des araignées d'Hawaï et des îles de l'océan indien“. Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1977/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis belongs to the ecological community edification framework, which is a complex phenomenon that can be studied at various scales and is influenced by numerous factors. After proposing the hypothesis of a link between the colonization dynamics and the assembly rules of a community (chapter 1), I highlight the role of these factors in the ecological community edification. In the chapter 2, I propose that intrinsic and geographical factors can impact on ecological community edification through the persistence of individual flow between the immigration source and the place where the community is built-up. In the chapter 3, I show how the regional, geographical and ecological context could impact on various components of local communities; I also highlight the fact that not all the regional factors impact on the same community components. In the chapter 4, I develop a case study that warns us against the interpretation of so-called local diversification patterns without taking into account the species biology; I also show how some intrinsic factors of some lineages could prevent an in situ diversification despite a potentially favorable ecological context. The edification of ecological communities is the product of numerous processes that acts on landscapes that are the expression of historical and geographical contingencies, which probably partly explains why the topic of community build-up and assembly is one of the most controversial of scientific ecology. Only a careful examination of a combination of morphological, genetic, ecological and behavioral data could allow us to identify in which context the classical theories of ecological communities are valid
Guillou, Philippe. „La communauté salicole du bas-pays guérandais ou les interrelations entre l'homme et son environnement naturel“. Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997STR20067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe running of salt-marshes as it is executed in the peninsula of guerande (loire atlantique, france), presents a remarkable adaptation of mankind to nature. Benefiting from the presence of a natural clayey substratum, the paludiers (salt-makers) took advantage of this unsuitable soil for agriculture to shape nearly 2000 hectares (500 acres) of salt-marshes. Owing to an ingenious system of canals, the sea-water naturally enters salt-marshes according to tides. A spring tide enables salt-makers to feed the vasiere (slime-pond), that represents the basis of all salt-marshes. This water reserve guarantees the continuous feeding of the marsh for 15 days. Then the water, more and more concentrated, flows down slowly through several basins till the harvest ponds, where salt lastly cristallizes. Though revealed by their economic activity, the remarkable adaptation of manking to the environment can as well be expressed by various aspects of their culture, and notably by their housing, furniture and traditional costume. Regarding these three examples, the use of locally available materials shows the patent concern of the salt-makers community for freeing themselves from outside influences. In this nearly autarkic spirit, the development of the paludiere culture in guerande's area gave birth to a strong community identity, within which appear cultural symbols, relatively unvarying till the beginning of the 20th century. On the one hand, these symbols are the fruit of an historical syncretism, and on the other hand they are the result of an observation of nature. That is why these symbols are related to salt-making, and particularly to meteorological and astronomical conditions that ensure its everlastingness. My work hypothesis firstly consisted in making sure of the existence of such symbols, and secondly in finding their different expressions as much in salt-markers's handicrafts and vocabulary as in the salt-marsh microtoponymy
Taschen, Elisa. „Interactions biotiques et biologie reproductive de la Truffe noire, Tuber melanosporum (Vittad.) : des truffières spontanées aux plantations“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS111/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Black Truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus spontaneously growing in open woodlands before canopy closure. Such open landscapes drastically regressed during the last century in the Mediterranean regions, and nowadays 80% of the production comes from man-made plantations where the Truffle is inoculated. Despite a large corpus of local knowledge and empirical practices, the production remains largely sporadic and unpredictable, and our knowledge of the biology and ecology of the Truffle is still fragmentary. In this work, we first analyzed the distribution of the ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity among host plants co-existing in the shrub-dominated landscapes where Truffle naturally occurs. We then analyzed the interactions between the Truffle and endo- or non-mycorrhizal plants, as they typically occur in the so-called brûlés, zones with scarce vegetation. A third part aimed at better understanding the genetic diversity of Truffle populations, with special focus on fertilization and dispersal process of this fungus with haploid lifecycle and hypogeous fruiting. In a multi-scale approach combining community ecology, experimentation and population genetics, we found that in the Mediterranean region:1) The Truffle is transiently present in rich ectomycorrhizal communities, showing a significant host preference for Q. ilex, in assemblies made of numerous multi-host fungal species. 2) Some endo- or non-mycorrhizal plants species, that were supposed to provide beneficial effect on the Truffle, can be experimentally shown to stimulate the development of T. melanosporum mycelium in soil, and indirectly trigger plant-plant interactions (between oak and endomycorrhizal plants). The early brûlé symptoms could at least partially result from a Truffle's inhibitor effect on seed germination.3) At truffle ground scale, gene flow is limited, and mating occurs between genetically and physically close parents. Despite probable hermaphroditism of the Truffle, paternal parents are poorly detectable, certainly of smaller size than maternal ones (these forming nourishing tissue of the ascocarp). Cultural practices could favor genetic mixing/diversity at brûlé scale, but at the regional scale, no difference in genetic diversity was found between spontaneous and planted compartments.This work revealed the richness of biotic interactions involving the black Truffle and the plant as well as the fungal diversity in both artificial and spontaneous truffle-ground of the Mediterranean region. These results enlighten the reproductive biology of the species, and pave the way for practices integrating the biological diversity of truffle-grounds and the development of further in situ experimentations. Key words: Arbutus unedo, Cistus albidus, community ecology, domestication, empirical practices, local knowledge, experimental approach, inbreeding, isolation by distance, ITS, Mediterranean forests, mesocosms, microsatellites, mycorrhiza, population genetics, qPCR, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, secondary successions
Génin, Alexandre. „Réseaux d'interactions écologiques, stabilité et résilience des écosystèmes“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG031/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEcological systems are not simple but composed of many different elements(species, for example) interacting with each other. These networks ofinteractions exhibit structural properties that determine ecological systems’ability to absorb and recover from perturbations. Mappinginteractions along with their changes in time and space is therefore key tounderstand and predict empirical communities' response to global changes.In this thesis, we used plant communities as model systems (i) to explore howspatial patterns may help identify feedbacks loops which make communities morefragile to upcoming changes and (ii) to map species interactions in empiricalcommunities and describe how they change along stress gradients and recover fromperturbations. To do so, we used two datasets documenting plant communities insubalpine meadows (USA) and Mediterranean grasslands (France).Our results show that feedback loops can be inferred to some extent from thespatial patterns of plant communities and hence help identify communities thatmay respond more abruptly to perturbations. Going to a more detailed level ofdescription, plant-plant interactions (as measured through spatial associations)were shown to respond strongly and consistently to stress but exhibited a weakresilience to disturbances.This work shows that plant-plant interactions -- which are linked to the response of the community to perturbations -- can be uncovered using spatial patterns. It paves the way towards a better understanding and a better anticipation capacity of how ecological communities might reorganize when subject to disturbances
Hermand, Rachel. „Réponses d'une communauté macrobenthique méditerranéenne soumise à des apports sédimentaires allochtones naturels ou anthropiques“. Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrisel, Pierre-Nicolas. „La possibilité d'une transition agroécologique? : une analyse des déterminants économiques, écologiques et institutionnels de l'adoption de pratiques agricoles alternatives dans une communauté d'agriculteurs familiaux au Brésil“. Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01250525.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this thesis is to explore the issue of changes in ways of production of family farmers communities facing economic and ecological crisis. To what extent are they able to carry out a transition to more sustainable ways of production? The thesis focuses on a rural region of Nova Friburgo (Brazil) with family farmers organized in communities. First of all, we identify the environmental, economic and institutional factors allowing family farmers to substitute agroecological practices to practices that emerged during the "green revolution" Based on a farming systems model, we then highlight the weakening of family structures since the 1970s, both in terms of economic performances and exploitation of ecosystem services. This context facilitateemergence of "environmental desservices" that had undermined the sustainability of these structures. In addition, the reintroduction of a full set of agroecological practices in the current family farming system does not appear as a viable economic alternative for farmers. Using scenarios, we however show that it is possible to identify the missing capabilities of producers that would enable them to initiate basic transformations. In addition, by focusing our analysis on the community level, we show the existence of endogenous forms of coordination – institutional arrangements – which could turn the current farming system toward an agroecology-based system
Delavat, François. „Composition et fonctionnement d'une communauté microbienne au sein d'un drainage minier acide : approches culturales et fonctionnelles“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00797981.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOthmani, Ahlem. „Médiation chimique entre l’algue brune méditerranéenne Taonia atomaria et la communauté bactérienne associée à sa surface“. Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the marine environment, all submerged surfaces are rapidly colonized by bacteria and other microorganisms, resulting in the formation of complex three-dimensional structures called biofilms. This step could be followed by the attachment of macro-colonizers. Nevertheless, a number of marine organisms, such as macro-algae, appeared to be relatively free of epibionts at a macroscopic scale. In this study, several Mediterranean algae (Taonia atomaria and Dictyota spp.) were selected for their ability to keep their surface free of biofouling. However, microscopic techniques allowed the observation of a diversified biofilm on the surface of their thalli. The purpose of this work was to understand how this alga could interact with its associated bacteria using a chemical ecological approach. The first part of this work deals with studying the anti-adhesion properties of algal molecules against a range of marine bacteria. For this, the whole chemical composition of the two algae was analyzed leading to the isolation and structural characterization of 12 molecules from which three were found to be new. The anti-adhesion activity of some of these compounds was then evaluated: 1-O-octadecenoylglycerol proved to be the most active product (20 µM < EC50 <55 µM). The second part of this study was dedicated to the study of the surface metabolome of T. atomaria in order to assess its involvement in the ecological interactions between the alga and its associated bacteria. A specific extraction protocol was optimized for the surface compounds using a dipping technique in organic solvents associated with the integrity control of algal cell membrane. Sampling was carried out monthly at Carqueiranne (N W Mediterranean Sea, France) between February and July 2013. The results showed the presence of a major molecule in accordance with a sesquiterpenic structure. Anti-adhesion capacity against reference bacterial strains was noticed for this compound, while it remained inactive against strains isolated from the algal surface. This specificity was not observed for commercial biocides and the other molecules purified from crude algal extracts of T. atomaria. Then, changes in surface extracts and associated bacterial surface communities were monitored using metabolomics (LC-MS) and DGGE, respectively. Seasonal fluctuations for the two parameters could be reported without any evident correlation between them. The occurrence of the major molecule throughout the seasonal monitoring was also noticed and its capacity to diffuse in the marine environment was shown. Finally, the study of the potential involvement of the associated bacteria in the biofilm control was conducted by evaluating the anti-adhesion activity of their crude extracts against reference strains. In conclusion, we hypothesize that T. atomaria could control at least partially the biofilm at its surface using specific metabolites
Farrera, Lucie. „Analyse de la communauté bactérienne et de la diversité inter et intra spécifique des bactéries acétiques et lactiques impliquées dans la fermentation de cacao selon trois origines géographiques“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG091.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCocoa fermentation is a spontaneous fermentation that lasts 4 to 8 days. It is mainly based on the succession of three groups of microorganisms: yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic bacteria that carry out respectively the alcoholic, lactic and acetic fermentation. The beans are sterile until the opening of the pod. The inoculation of the beans is usually naturally done using the environment around the pod opening and the fermentation process. Post-harvest treatment processes differ from one country to another and influence the fermentation progress. However, three species of lactic and acetic bacteria (L. plantarum, L. fermentum and A. pasteurianus) dominate the fermentations in all countries. On the other hand, their intraspecific diversity was rarely studied. In this study, we used the metabarcoding method to study the interspecific diversity of bacterial communities associated with the fermentation of cocoa beans in 3 countries: Mexico, Ivory Coast and Guyana. In addition, this method was used to identify the contribution of the surfaces related to the pre- and post-harvest environment of cocoa pods during the fermentation, which was carried out in Mexico. The dominance of the genera Lactobacillus and Acetobacter during fermentation in each country has been confirmed. In addition, the presence of country-specific genera was founded on the first day of fermentation. All the surfaces linked to the fermentation environment participate to the inoculation of the dominant genera. They act as bacterial tanks. A collection of lactic and acetic bacteria strains was produced. L. plantarum and A. pasteurianus were the most isolated species. Intra-specific diversity of A. pasteurianus strain was studied. For this, their genomic polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR amplification on repeated sequences and their biochemical characteristics were compared in a specific medium, simulating the conditions of the cocoa pulp at the 2nd day of fermentation. Our study showed that the strains of A. pasteurianus could be present in the three different countries. Some strains were distinguished for their greater affinity for lactic acid than the others, which is interesting in order to improve the organoleptic quality of the final cocoa. The results on intra-specific diversity allow us to propose potential candidates for the production of culture starters for the fermentation of cocoa beans
Lehours, Anne-Catherine. „La communauté procaryotique dans les zones anoxiques de deux écosystèmes lacustres : structure et diversité. Etude plus particulière de son rôle fonctionnel dans le monimolimnion“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703327.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVan, den Beld Inge. „Habitats coralliens dans les canyons sous-marins du Golfe de Gascogne : distribution, écologie et vulnérabilité“. Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0017/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCold-water coral (CWC) habitats formed by colonial scleractinians, gorgonians, antipatharians and sea pens are biodiversity and biomass hotspots that provide important functions, such as shelter and feeding grounds, to other organisms. But, they are also vulnerable to human activities, because they are long-lived, grow slowly and have a low resistance. Submarine canyons may offer the environmental conditions needed for CWC habitat development, due to their steep topography, complex hydrodynamics and substrate heterogeneity. In the Bay of Biscay, which margin is incised by hundreds of canyons, CWCs are known to exist since the late 19th century, but their distribution, density and functional role remained largely unknown, which impaired their preservation.To increase this knowledge, 24 canyons and three locations between adjacent canyons were visited with an ROV and a towed camera system during 46 dives on 7 cruises. Images were analysed for CWC habitats using the CoralFISH classification system. Within these habitats, corals, associated fauna were identified and substrate cover measured. Litter was identified in 15 out of 24 canyons.Eleven coral habitats constructed by 62 coral morphotypes were observed in the canyons of the Bay of Biscay hosting 191 associated megafaunal morphotypes, including 160 unique morphotypes. The distribution patterns at regional and local scales could be linked to hydrodynamics and sedimentary regimes. Substrate type was an important driver for coral and associated faunal assemblages, distinguishing biogenic, hard substrate and soft substrate habitats. Coral assemblages were similar between biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but the associated fauna was more abundant and diverse on biogenic habitats. The alpha, beta and gamma diversity was surprisingly high on soft substrate habitats, equalling or exceeding that of biogenic habitats.Marine litter was abundant and was mainly composed of plastic items and fishing gear. Litter could co-occur with CWCs and impact them: litter and most CWC habitats were observed at similar water depths and litter was more abundant in areas with a seafloor relief created by biological or geological features. Observations of coral reefs on steeper areas in the canyons and coral debris on flatter areas on the interfluve/upper slope may indicate a potential impact of the fishing industry. This study supports the ongoing effort to create a Natura 2000 network that will protect biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but also points out the need to develop a framework for the preservation of coral habitats on soft substrate
Mohit, Vani. „Diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle de la communauté bactérienne d'une lagune côtière aux Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Golfe du Saint-Laurent, Canada“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30606/30606.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoastal lagoons are productive ecosystems, which are economically as well as biologically important. Bacteria are largely responsible for key ecosystem functions such as organic matter degradation and nutrient recycling, and studies on their diversity and functional roles are necessary to gain knowledge on the overall ecosystem properties. The main objectif of this thesis was to investigate the temporal and functional diversity of the bacterial communities in the water column and in the sediment of the Havre-aux-Maisons lagoon; a strictly marine coastal system located in the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada. In the water column, the attached bacterial community was more diverse than the free-living bacterial community and the two communities were phylogenetically different. The temporal changes in communities were linked to the concentration of particulate organic matter. At the phylum level, the sediment bacterial community structure changed little over time. This community was linked to several biogeochemical cycles, in particular to the sulfur cycle. A stable sediment bacterial community structure was altered by major disturbances such as storms and high concentrations of organic matter. Results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting genes coding for enzymes used in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism indicated the importance of sulfur metabolism and potentially nitrogen-fixation in the sediment. An increase in the organic matter concentration in the form of mussel biodeposits had little influence on transcript concentrations of genes involved in denitrification, nitrogen-fixation and sulfate reduction. However there was evidence of an organic loading threshold at which a change in the diversity of the bacteria involved in denitrification and nitrogen-fixation could occur. Overall this thesis demonstrated that bacterial communities are likely good indicators of the biochemical processes in coastal lagoons and similar studies could be applied to other shallow systems.
Parveen, Bushra. „Structure et dynamique de la communauté bactérienne libre et attachée dans les écosystèmes lacustres“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22221.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe free-living bacteria point of view dominates in recent research of freshwater microbial ecology, only a few studies have focused on attached bacterial communities. In present study, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, diversity of attached and free-living bacterial community was investigated from two freshwater aquatic systems ; a mesotrophic lake Bourget and a hypereutrophic lake Villerest. The diversity of attached and free-living Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, in relation to environmental variables was investigated from lake Bourget during two contrasting periods of phytoplankton dominance. Comparison analyses showed a phylogenetic difference between attached and free-living bacterial communities of all three studied bacterial groups. The betaI, appeared as most dominant among all clades representing phylogenetic diversity of freshwater Betaproteobacteria, for both attached and free-living fractions, contributing to 57.8% of of the total retrieved opertational taxonomic units (OTUs). For Actinobacteria, the acIV cluster was detected as dominant, followed by acI accounting for 45% and 25% of the total retrieved OTUs respectively. Similarly, freshwater Verrucomicrobia cluster namely, CRE-PA29, FukuN18, CL120-10 appeared as dominant, comprising 22.3%, 16.15% and 14.61% of the total retrieved OTUs respectively. This study allowed defining 15 new putative clades representing the freshwater bacterial divesity of Betaproteobacteria (lbI-lbVIII), Actinobacteria (acLBI) and Verrucomicrobia (CRE-PA29, FukuS27, BourFI-BourFIV). In addition, 12 clusters representing the phylogenetic diversity of Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were exclusively comprised of OTUs from the attached fraction. The seasonal dynamics of environmental variables have been reflected as changes in distinct bacterial phylotypes for both attached and free-living communities. The attached bacterial communities of Actinobacteria showed affiliation with Chrysophyceae biomass and N-NO3, while attached Betaproteobacteria were affiliated with biomass of Chlorophyceae and phytoplankton richness. Similarly attached verrucomicrobial communities appeared to be mainly influenced by phytoplankton richness, rotifers abundances and inorganic nutrients (NNO3,SiO2). On the other hand, within free-living communities, few actinobacterial clades were found to be dependent on either nutrients or phytoplankton communities, whereas Betaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were mainly associated with biological parameters (i.e. phytoplankton and copepods communities). In another study during a cyanobacterial (Microcystis sp.) bloom from lake Villerest, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were detected as prevalent taxa among the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, however, Verrucomicrobia and Deinococcus-Thermus appeared as comparatively less abundant bacterial groups in both fractions. Whereas, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Op11 were appeared as minor phyla in clone libraries of attached and free-living bacterial communities. For attached bacterial communities Betaproteobacteria (n=118) appeared as most dominant group, followed by Gammaproteobacteria (n=74) and Bacteroidetes (n=52). The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained for the clone library from free-living fraction showed that most of the OTUs belonged to Betaproteobacteria (n=192) followed in decreasing order by Bacteroidetes (n=132) and Actinobacteria (n=61) whereas Gammaproteobacteria (n=42) and Alphaproteobacteria (n=42) appeared in equal proportion in free-living 16S rRNA clone libraries. (...)
Coste, Clother. „Écologie et fonctionnement des communautés lichéniques saxicoles-hydrophiles“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745808.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePayri, Claude-Elisabeth. „Variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la communauté des Macrophytes des récifs coralliens de Moorea (Polynésie française) : contribution des algues au métabolisme du carbone de l'écosystème récifal“. Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFraisse, Stéphane. „Structure de la communauté phytoplanctonique des fleuves côtiers en réponse aux contraintes hydrodynamique : une approche basée sur les traits morpho-fonctionnels“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911634.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEsparon, Stéphane. „Analyse de la durabilité systémique d'un réseau de création de valeurs forestier : étude de cas à l'échelle d'une communauté de communes dans le massif des Landes de Gascogne“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0377/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePublic policies stimulate the deployment of circular economy (EC). Among the application tools, industrial and territorial ecology aims is to improve productive systems by optimizing materials loops. However, studies have shown that elements organizations of a system influences the holistic capabilities of this system.The objective of this thesis is to exploring the influences of the network shapes of a companies set, on systemique durability of this set at local scale.The forest system of « Les Landes de Gascogne » is an appropriate industrial ecosystem to analyse innovative organization shapes and regional networking. Our experimental territorial unit is surrounded by forest and gives support to many companies, therefore we mapped the material wood flow, in order to build the collaborations structure between companies. Using comparative analysis we observed some network indicators related to robustness, flexibility and stability.The first contribution of this thesis is the extended created value network as a optimal framework to observe all activities involved in the value-creation of local resource. The second contribution is the proposition of the municipalities conurbation as adequate scales, to understand flux topology from local naturals ressources and the end-of-life goods.It is necessary to reproduce our study on other territories or on experimental data sets to improve our methods and results
Dessier, Aurélie. „Analyse du compartiment mésozooplanctonique et écologie alimentaire printanière de la sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1782), et de l’anchois, Engraulis encrasicolus (Linné, 1758) adultes dans le Golfe de Gascogne“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS036/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDietary studies of marine species constitute an important key to improve the understanding of its biology and of its role in the ecosystem. Thus, prey-predator relationships structure and determine population dynamics and the trophic network at the ecosystem scale. Among the major study sites, the marine ecosystem is submitted to natural and anthropogenic constraints. In the North-Eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Bay of Biscay is a large open area surrounded South by Spain and East by France. This bay is an historic place of intense fishery activities for which the main small pelagic species targeted are the pilchard, Sardina pilchardus and the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus. The aim of this work is to analyze the trophic ecology of these two small pelagic fish in spring in the Bay of Biscay. To do this, a first section is devoted to their prey composed by the mesozooplanktonic compartment, through a two-fold approach: the characterization of their spatio-temporal dynamics during the decade 2003-2013 and the measurement of their energetic content in spring. For this season, it appears that all prey types are not worth energetically and that the Bay of Biscay represents a mosaic of dietary habitat. Moreover, the spring mesozooplankton community presents a strong spatial structuration, a temporal evolution marked by a major change in abundance and a control by the microphytoplankton biomass. The second section of this work is relative to a methodological approach of the trophic ecology of S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus. Three different trophic tracers have been used: isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen, parasitological fauna and mercury contamination levels. To improve the use of the first of these trophic tracers, an experimental approach has been conducted with S. pilchardus to determine a trophic discrimination factor. Finally, it appears that the use of these three trophic tracers has always been permitted to highlight a temporal variability of the relative trophic ecology of these fish. However, no spatial dynamics could be identified through these three trophic tracers
Lopes, Ferreira Thiago. „Architectures vernaculaires et processus de production contemporains : formation, expérimentation et construction dans une communauté rurale au Brésil“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH037/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis takes as its analytical perspective the contemporary manifestations of vernacular architecture production and building cultures within the complex correlation of forces and interests that shape and determine the phenomena of capitalist production of popular housing.The analytic framework is delineated from a series of reflections of theoretical and conceptual order, in relation to the analysis of a popular housing building site within an agrarian reform rural settlement in Brazil. This assumes the form of a field school in loco on the building site and is projected as a stage for experiments and experiences, where the proposal is to combine pedagogy and production in the same space. The processes of knowledge formation and construction occur simultaneously and complementarily to practical achievements and development of technologies.This building site is thus transformed into a tool for the constitution of a dialectical space of social work, where the orientation of its productive experimenting is focused on the challenge of designing a house from the local generation of social technologies, through the use of natural materials and reuse of discarded resources. A theoretical work, presented in the initial of the thesis, provides the framework for this fieldwork, which feeds back our reflection on processes of production and development of new vernacular architectures, integrated into their territories
Esta tese possui como perspectiva de análise as manifestações contemporâneas de produção das arquiteturas vernáculas e culturas construtivas, dentro da complexa correlação de forças e interesses que formatam e determinam os fenômenos de produção capitalista das habitações populares. Seu contorno analítico está delineado a partir de uma série de reflexões de ordem teórico-conceituais relacionadas com as análises de um canteiro habitacional dentro de um assentamento rural de reforma agrária. Este, assume a forma de um canteiro-escola e se projeta como palco de experimentações e vivências, onde se propõe como prática o exercício de conjugar pedagogia e produção no mesmo espaço. Os processos de formação e construção dos conhecimentos ocorrem de maneira complementar e simultânea às realizações práticas e ao desenvolvimento das tecnologias. Tal canteiro se transforma, assim, em ferramenta para constituição de um espaço dialético de trabalho social, onde o experimentar produtivo está focado no desafio de conceber uma habitação a partir da geração local de tecnologias sociais, por meio do uso de materiais naturais e da reutilização de recursos descartados. O trabalho teórico, apresentado nas primeiras partes da tese, define o quadro de sua práxis, que por sua vez, realimenta a reflexão sobre os processos de produção e desenvolvimento de novas formas de arquiteturas vernáculas, integradas aos seus territórios
Bouchet, Diane. „Succession écologique et influence de la fauche dans des communautés végétales de talus routiers en région méditerranéenne française“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT119.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe success of revegetation or ecological restauration highly depends on our knowledge of mechanisms underlying changes in composition and structure of the vegetation along the ecological succession. Natural or human-induced disturbances of varying intensity and frequency often occur simultaneously to influence vegetation temporal dynamics. However, the influence of a recurrent disturbance combined with ecological changes along plant succession remains poorly documented.Plant communities growing on road slopes are particularly appropriate to study this issue. Construction work and management history are well documented, so that the age of the vegetation and its disturbance regime by mowing can be precisely informed. Thus, road slopes plant communities represent an in situ quasi-experimental framework particularly adapted to study processes affecting community assembly along the ecological succession under the influence of a recurrent disturbance.The principal objective of this study is to characterise the successional dynamic initiated after road slope construction in the Mediterranean area, and to identify the ecological processes and environmental factors influencing this dynamic. We particularly focused on the influence of recurrent mowing on this dynamic.We studied the floristic composition and the diversity of functional traits (mainly leaf traits and flowering phenology traits) in a 70-year long chronosequence of French Mediterranean (Hérault, France) road slopes, each including both mown and unmown vegetation.The analysis of taxonomical variations between road slopes plant communities reveals a large species turnover along the ecological succession. This floristic turnover relates with functional changes within communities. These functional changes are structured by environmental filters influencing flowering synchrony within communities on one hand, and the diversity of a combination of functional traits between communities of similar age on the other hand. These environmental filters changing along the succession relate with changing soil parameters and increasing spatial heterogeneity of light and temperature conditions with canopy closure.Mowing alters floristic and functional trajectories along the succession, notably through the decrease of speed in resource-use strategy changes along the succession in mown communities compared to unmown communities. In addition, this recurrent disturbance increases taxonomic and functional diversity within communities, while it decreases taxonomic and functional turnover between communities of the same age. Finally, mowing acts as an additional environmental filter on community assembly along the succession and homogenises vegetation between communities of the same age.The conclusions of this study provide basic knowledge in ecology. It also has implications for the management of road slopes plant communities in the perspective of their revegetation after construction work. Our conclusions suggest, amongst others, that combining mown and unmown vegetation could provide habitats for a higher diversity of associated fauna. In addition, it would allow vegetation to be pleasant to road users, while still ensuring a good visibility for road safety
Bertrand, Céline. „Réponses de la communauté phytoplanctonique et de la population de la Diatomophycée, Asterionella formosa Hassal, à la variabilité physique, chimique, biotique de l'environnement à l'échelle d'un complexe hydraulique composé de 9 retenues artificielles en région méditerranéenne (Sud-Est de la France)“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIntensive impoundments have been built on southeastern France Rivers, Durance and Verdon, to satisfy human needs in energy and water resources. The course of both rivers is interrupted by reservoirs with quite different morphometric and hydrodynamic characteristics. Phytoplanktonic responses to physical and chemical environmental variability has been studied along a series of reservoirs from the Durance-Verdon complex. The "Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis" concept has been tested on phytoplanktonic communities (taxonomic richness) and Asterionella formosa populations (architectural richness) subjected to human disturbances. This diatom induces dysfunctions on water supply companies treatment (Societe des Eaux de Marseille). An experimental study has been conducted on A. Formosa cultures to determine effects of density and architectural modifications on the efficiency of floculation treatment
Burst, Maxime. „Les communautés végétales des interfaces forêt-prairie et leur environnement face aux cas d'afforestation et de déforestation“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0078/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn temperate Europe, landscapes are dominated by a mosaic of forests, grasslands and crops since several centuries. This long period of time allowed the specialization of species within the habitats and their interfaces thanks to strong environmental contrasts. However, there have been frequent land-use changes in the past, which have accelerated in recent decades, challenging the stability of plant communities and their environment. The afforestation of former grasslands and the extension of grasslands by deforestation, mostly resulting from the progression and regression of the edges, have been poorly studied. In the forest-grassland interfaces, in addition to an edge effect induced in each habitat by the proximity to the adjacent habitat, a history effect can be added in recent habitats, i.e. an environmental and/or floristic legacy (extinction debt, colonization credit). In the recent habitat edges, an interaction between edge effect and history effect can also be encountered. In this thesis, the objectives were to evaluate the relative abundance of the edge effect and the history effect along forest-grassland interfaces stable, from afforestation process and from deforestation process, by studying (i) environmental conditions, (ii) the richness and floristic composition of plant communities, and (iii) trait values within communities. Our results showed increasing gradients of light intensity and soil nutrients ranging from grassland edges to grassland cores. In response to these gradients, a strong edge effect on the composition of plant communities was found in grasslands. These floristic differences between grassland edges and grassland cores are explained by the presence of a large number of transgressive species among the forest specialist species, which have trait values favoring their transgression in grasslands. Besides this, an extinction debt of grassland specialist species has been found in recent forests, which is responsible for a higher vegetative height compared to ancient forests. These results can be explained by the fact that light intensity remained higher in recent forests, even after several decades. An extinction debt of forest specialist species has also been demonstrated in the recent grassland edges, which is the result of an interaction between edge effect and history effect. In recent grasslands, the edge effect favors the maintenance of forest species. According to our findings, forest and grassland edges, most of which have been displaced over the past two centuries, are home to many plant species that are habitat specialists, sometimes in extinction debt. A re-evaluation of the distribution of species within forest and grassland plant communities then seems necessary, taking into account the history of habitats. In a context of increasing forests and grasslands instability, the identification of species in extinction debt represents an opportunity for the conservation and restoration of plant biodiversity
Tardy, Vincent. „Lien entre la diversité microbienne, la stabilité des communautés microbiennes et le turnover des matières organiques du sol“. Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS081/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoil microbial communities act as important agents of the biological soil functioning, particularly through their involvements in the transformations of biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P…). In agro-ecosystems, the diversity of these communities is affected by perturbations associated to agricultural practices, and the significance of these modifications in terms of preservation of biological functioning and sustainability of agricultural systems has emerged as a central issue in the environmental sciences. Whereas the role of biodiversity has been well studied for macroorganisms, in particular for plants; the biodiversity/activity relationship is still largely unknown for soil microorganisms. However, in the current agro-ecological movement, this knowledge is needed to define new agricultural practices including a best management of microbial diversity for the sustainable use of agro-ecosystems. In this context, the objective of this Phd was to test the significance of microbial diversity for the stability (resistance/resilience) and the activity of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) involved in the turnover of soil organic matter, a major function for soil fertility, environment quality and global changes. From an experimental point of view, these issues were addressed by coupling laboratory with field experiments. In a first work, by manipulating microbial diversity in laboratory condition, we have shown that the stability of both microbial genetic structure and activity in response to different perturbations is positively linked to microbial diversity (i.e. number of species). This link was then validated by a sampling based on a field experiment that allowed us to demonstrate that (i) the soil microbial diversity can be modulated (increased or decreased) depending the intensity of land use management, and (ii) the mineralization of organic matter is more intense in the soil with the highest level of diversity. Finally, thanks to an experiment carried out in the field (SOERE-ACBB, Lusignan), we showed that the response of bacterial and fungal communities to wheat residues supply in terms of successions of microbial populations and activities of organic matter mineralization depends on the soil management history. These works provide new insights into the significance of microbial diversity (richness, composition) for the stability and the activity of communities involved in the soil organic matter turnover. They also suggest that the modulation of the diversity of soil microbial communities by agricultural practices, past or present, can significantly affect the turnover of soil organic matter
Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie Amelie. „Hydro-écologie des communautés d'invertébrés aquatiques dans les rivières glaciaires équatoriennes“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066547/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn mountainous glacierized catchments, stream biodiversity is strongly influenced by physicochemical habitat heterogeneity linked to the spatio-temporal dynamics of water source contributions from snowmelt, ice-melt and groundwater. One impact of climate change is the rapid shrinking of glaciers, resulting in a reduction in glacial meltwater contribution to river flow in glacierized catchments. These modifications in water regimes are expected to affect the aquatic biodiversity. Thus it is of critical importance to understand the effect of glacial influence on aquatic communities in glacierized catchments to be able to predict the impact of glacier retreat on the aquatic biodiversity. In this study, we investigated the effects of the glacial influence on aquatic macroinvertebrates. The study was conducted in 51 stream sites in a glacierized catchment in the equatorial Andes (Antisana, Ecuador), where glacial floods occur all year round due to the lack of thermal seasonality. Our main objectives were to determine the glacial influence at each stream site; to characterize the impact of the glacial influence on the macroinvertebrate communities; and to anticipate the aquatic macroinvertebrates response to glacier retreat. In order to meet these objectives, we quantified the glacial influence using different methods and test its effects on macroinvertebrates at different scales from the stream reach to the entire catchment. These analyses allowed us to better understand the mechanisms governing macroinvertebrates distribution, and to determine the potential risk of species loss with the diminution of glacial meltwater contribution
Dufossé, Fabien. „Effets de la limitation en sels nutritifs, de la température et de leurs interactions sur la réponse de cinq espèces phytoplanctoniques : approche multifactorielle expérimentale en monoculture et en communauté“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10174/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe effects of nitrogen and phosphorus depletion, temperature and their interaction were studied on five microalgae which differ in terms of phenology and size. By a multifactorial experimental approach, we demonstrated that nutrient effects override temperature effects, and that species from a same classical functional group could show different responses. Our results suggest that size matters for the responses of microalgae in our different conditions. Indeed, an interactive effect of temperature and nutrients was observed leading to decrease of photosynthetic activity of the small sized algae. These species also showed a high variability in their responses compared to larger ones. Furthermore, particular and dissolved carbohydrates per cell was positively influenced by nutrient limitation, temperature or their interaction, independently of cell size but rather in a specific way. Lastly, in order to highlight the relationship between productivity and diversity three experimental communities were done under nitrogen or phosphorus depletion. Our results demonstrated a better efficiency of nutrient and light absorption of communities compared to monocultures. However these communities were overall less productive than monocultures in terms of carbohydrate and biomass formation. No clear trend between diversity and productivity was shown in our study. Our results provide useful information about the responses of phytoplankton to environmental gradients and consequently of several ecosystem processes taking into accounts the modifications expected through global change
Dusza, Yann. „Toitures végétalisées et services écosystémiques : favoriser la multifonctionnalité via les interactions sols-plantes et la diversité végétale“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066033/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGreen roofs are urban constructed ecosystems, associated with multiple ecosystem services, such as urban heat island and stormwater runoff mitigation or support for biodiversity. Enhancing the quality and quantity of expected ecosystem services requires to understand how interactions between substrate composition, substrate depth and plant community affect multiple ecosystem functions. However, such interactions have never been studied on green roofs. Using experimental approaches under controlled and real conditions on a Parisian rooftop, we focused on the influence of soil-plant interactions on key ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen and water cycles as well as pollination. We highlighted that interactions between substrate type, substrate depth, plant species and plant diversity affect (1) the level of ecosystem functions and (2) interactions between functions. We found that the choice of green roof components could lead to trade-offs between ecosystem services. We propose general guidelines for the conception and management of multifunctional green roofs
Pampoulie, Christophe. „Conséquences d'une arrivée massive d'eau douce sur la communauté de gobies (Téléostéens, Poissons) d'une lagune méditerranéenne : l'exemple de l'étang du Vaccarès (Camargue, France)“. Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20148.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRolet, Céline. „Les communautés macrozoobenthiques des sédiments meubles intertidaux du littoral Nord – Pas-de-Calais : structure, relations avec les limicoles hivernants et enjeux de conservation“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10052/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoft intertidal areas are recognized as major interface ecosystems providing permanent or transitory habitat for reproduction, feeding and migration of many species. However, in the context of increasing human impact on coastal areas, beaches and estuaries are highly threatened. Studying their biodiversity and ecological functioning is therefore required to implement effective management and conservation strategies. As a contribution to achieve this goal, the relationship between benthic macrofauna (preys) and shorebirds (among their most important predators) were studied at the scale of Northern France. The main questions of this study were: (1) What are the macrobenthic communities found in soft intertidal areas (beaches and estuaries)? (2) What are their relationships with wintering shorebirds in a spatial context? (3) Do human forcings potentially affect these two biological compartments (i.e. benthic communities and shorebirds)? This work enabled, in a first step, the characterization of macrozoobenthic communities located in soft intertidal areas (diversity, abundance, biomass and spatial distribution) according to the EUNIS habitat classification. The relationship (functional approach) between these communities and their major predators (shorebirds) in winter has been investigated in a second step. Ecologically important sites have been identified and should be targeted as a priority for the implementation of management and conservation strategies at the regional scale
Fadda, Sylvain. „Organisation des communautés de coléoptères terricoles en écosystème multi-perturbé : le cas des écosystèmes de pelouses sèches“. Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCalba, Sarah. „Pourquoi sauver Willy ? : Épistémologie synthétique de la prédiction en écologie des communautés“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20183/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith this thesis, I propose that you undertake an epistemological travel to move outside your usual place of residence (and of research), a transition from the “how”, so from the resolution of practical issues, to the “why” and the definition of the purposes of scientific research. This travel must be experienced as an adventure, a difficult and dangerous attempt during which you will defy the authority of a Grand Partage prevailing on the epistemological seas, legitimizing a true and justified knowledge to the detriment of belief and opinion. This will oppose a realist position to a constructivist and relativist affirmationist position seeing scientific research not as one step in the discovery of the real or of a universal truth but as the confrontation of points of view leading to common definitions and shared representations. Will follow a stopover on the island of community ecology, where the study of different kinds of predictions produced by ecologists is used to illustrate two types of research: one is called “analytical” and aims to provide explanations of reality by decomposition and simplification; the other one, called “synthetical” intends to understand by setting links. While the first uses an exclusive language, generating a double movement of exclusion and avoidance of some questions, the second discusses through a coélitaire language, creating complexity and thickening to reconfigure our knowledge of the world to generate questions that are subjectively new. This travel will finally lead to the proposal of a new architecture for the home of ecology engaged in a synthetical research
François, Sarah. „Diversité et écologie des virus associés aux arthropodes : des communautés aux génomes“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT106/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigh throughput sequencing technologies have revealed the extraordinary diversity of viral sequences in hitherto largely unexplored host groups. Thus, our knowledge about arthropod viruses, infecting the most diverse and abundant animals on Earth, was hitherto essentially reduced to species of economical and medical interest. New data on viral diversity in arthropods illustrate the need to expand viral inventory at the scale of the ecosystem and to include viruses as an essential component of their functioning and their evolution.In my thesis, I developed and applied two approaches to study the diversity of viruses in arthropods and how virus circulate in ecosystems, focusing on species of agronomic interest: (i) a virus-centered approach by exploring nucleotidic sequence databases, searching for the presence of a group of small DNA viruses infecting arthropods, the densoviruses (ii) an arthropod-centered approach at the scale of the ecosystem, using a viral metagenomic method to analyze viral communities associated with arthropods from different trophic levels from the same agroecosystems.My results showed that:(i) Densoviruses are spread throughout the animal kingdom - particularly in a wide diversity of arthropods - and are highly diverse genetically, which led to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of this group of viruses;(ii) A number of new viruses can be described in pests: the spider mite (Tetranychus urticae, Acari) from laboratory populations, as well as the green pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hemiptera), the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica, Coleoptera) and the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera, Lepidoptera) from natural populations sampled from alfalfa crops and grasslands. These studies also highlighted that specific viromes are associated with each pest species, and I characterized the distribution of some of these viruses in arthropod communities. In total, more than 60 new species of arthropod and plant viruses were discovered. Their evolutionary links with known virus species was characterized by phylogenetic analyzes.(iii) The work realized in (ii) also contributed to optimize a methodology to prepare and analyze viromes from multiplexed samples, that is particularly suitable to optimize the taxonomic allocation of sequences and thus reduce the "dark matter" that is inherent to viral metagenomics analyses
Alonso, Lise. „Hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle du microbiote de la grotte de Lascaux“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1136/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnthropisation is the main source of disturbance in the caves, and in the cave of Lascaux it has led to the proliferation of microorganisms and alterations of the wall threatening its conservation.The objective of this thesis was to better understand the ecology of microorganisms colonizing the cave of Lascaux, by identifying its microbial community at different spatio-temporal scales, to characterize the factors that structure this community and to study its functional dynamics in using high throughput sequencing of nucleic acids, a new approach to Lascaux.A regional comparison of different Dordogne caves, more or less anthropised was carried out, then at a local scale with the study of Lascaux rooms, the Passage to evaluate the role of mineral substrates, and the Apse which presents two types of alterations (black spots and dark areas).Our results show that anthropogenic caves (including Lascaux) have particular microbial communities. The mineral substrate structures the Passage community more than the presence of spots. In the Apse, although dark areas are visually different from black spots, microbial communities show strong similarities, including the role of interactions between collembolans, black fungi, and bacteria. Finally, the metatranscriptomic profiles differ according to the rooms and the presence of spots.This project has made it possible to characterize the ecology of the Lascaux microbial community and to better understand the microbial functioning of the cave