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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Écologie agricole – Amazonie“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Écologie agricole – Amazonie"
De, Aguiar Janaina. „Padrões de uso e sistemas de trabalho associados à diversidade vegetal no amazonas : uma abordagem interdisciplinar“. Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20125.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the last decades, there has been an intensification of environmental impacts generated by the conventional agricultural production model (degradation, contamination of water resources, reduction of biodiversity). Coupled with a concentration of land and income -producing exclusion of rural workers and violence in campagne- this intensification has been lead to the emergence of proposals for rural development which includes the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. In this agroecological approach, the implementation of new agricultural practices is inserted into a gradual process and multilinear change, called agro-ecological transition, which is the transition from an agricultural model based on the use of chemical inputs to forms more sustainable production. The research was conducted in the community of São Francisco da Costa da Terra Nova. From existing production models, this agro-ecological transition has triggered a series of technical and organizational innovations, that have led both to changes in the production process, in the forms of work organization, and in the inclusion of a new work activity: the marketing of agro-ecological products. In addition to crop production practices and forms of work organization, agro-ecological transition leads to new performance prospects for farmers, for example formation of a new market, the agro-ecological fairs. The research shows that changes resulting from agro-ecological transition process may contribute to the development, enhancement and dissemination of innovative processes that improve the working conditions of farmers, and that adds value and expand the work opportunities in the context of sustainable agriculture
Nas últimas décadas, a intensificação dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo modelo de produção agrícola convencional (degradação dos solos, contaminação dos recursos hídricos, redução da biodiversidade); associado à concentração fundiária e de renda e, consequentemente, à exclusão de trabalhadores rurais e à violência no campo; propiciou o surgimento de propostas de desenvolvimento rural que incluíam a adoção de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, a fim de fomentar alternativas viáveis à produção de alimentos e ao fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Na abordagem agroecológica, a implementação de novas práticas agrícolas está inserida em um processo gradual e multilinear de mudança, denominado transição agroecológica, que visa a passagem de um modelo agrícola baseado no uso de insumos químicos à formas de produção mais sustentáveis. Na comunidade São Francisco da Costa da Terra Nova, lócus da pesquisa, observou-se, a partir dos modelos de produção existentes, que essa transição desencadeou uma série de inovações técnicas e organizacionais que resultaram em mudanças no processo produtivo, nas formas de organização do trabalho e na inclusão de uma nova atividade: a comercialização dos produtos agroecológicos. Além de ressignificar as práticas produtivas e as formas de organização do trabalho, a transição agroecológica conduziu à possibilidades inéditas de atuação dos agricultores, através dos novos espaços de comercialização, as feiras agroecológicas. Acredita-se que as mudanças decorrentes do processo de transição agroecológica possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento, aprimoramento e difusão de processos inovadores que visam a melhoria das condições de trabalho dos agricultores familiares, com vistas a valorizar e ampliar as perspectivas do trabalho no contexto da agricultura sustentável
Nascimento, Wagner Luiz Nascimento do. „Desenvolvimento de sistemas agroflorestais nos territórios rurais da Amazônia“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LEMA3009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe debate on other ways of farming is necessary and urgent. The crises that areravaging society increasingly highlight the importance of adapting practices, techniquesand tools to produce in rural areas of the Amazon. For centuries, family farming hasbeen based on a practice that consists of cutting and burning the forest, linked toitinerant agriculture. Recent factors, such as population growth and the demand forfood, have increased the production areas to meet market demand. This endangersnatural resources such as water, soil and air. Rethinking production methods andsystems is a key point to achieve family farming capable of meeting the fundamentalaspects of sustainability. In this sense, agroforestry systems (AFS) are an alternativeadopted by family farmers in the Amazon, as they are well adapted to the diverserealities of the region, but these systems are spreading slowly. Thus, the presentresearch aims to identify the aspects related to the barriers that prevent the adoptionand/or diffusion of AFS in family farming and the possible adoption strategies that cancontribute to overcoming them in rural areas of the Amazon. The research wasconducted in the floodplain areas of Igarapé-Miri and on the mainland of Tomé-Açu,Eastern Amazon, adopting a qualitative-quantitative research approach, withexploratory and descriptive purposes. At the end of the research, as main results, weidentified that research on SAF has focused on a more socio-environmental debate,while the main barriers identified both at the property level and at the multi-level spatiallevels Local/Territorial and Regional/Federal, the factors that limit the adoption of SAFare linked to socioeconomic factors. Another result is to consider both the specificitiesof the biophysical environment to structure these systems and the techniques used toimplement them, considering various aspects of the farms such as availability of labor,financial resources, time, materials, inputs, among others. Finally, another extremelyimportant result that we identified is linked to cooperation relationships and the creationof networks in the territory: they reveal strategic and fundamental elements to overcomethe barriers encountered and thus support family farmers in the agroecologicaltransition
O debate sobre outras formas de fazer agricultura é necessário e urgente. As crises queassolam a sociedade destacam cada vez mais a importância da adaptação de práticas,técnicas e ferramentas para produzir nos territórios rurais da Amazônia. A agriculturafamiliar baseou-se durante séculos numa prática que consiste no corte e queima dafloresta, ligada à agricultura itinerante. Fatores recentes, como o crescimentopopulacional e a procura de alimentos, intensificaram as áreas de produção parasatisfazer a procura do mercado. Isto põe em perigo recursos naturais como a água, osolo e o ar. Repensar os métodos e sistemas de produção é um ponto chave paraalcançar uma agricultura familiar capaz de atender aos aspectos fundamentais dasustentabilidade. Nesse sentido, os sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) são uma alternativaadotada pelos agricultores familiares na Amazônia, pois estão bem adaptados àsdiversas realidades da região, mas esses sistemas estão se espalhando lentamente.Assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os aspectos relacionados àsbarreiras que impedem a adoção e/ou difusão do SAF na agricultura familiar e aspossíveis estratégias de adoção que possam contribuir para superá-las nos territóriosrurais da Amazônia. A pesquisa foi realizada nas áreas de várzea do Igarapé-Miri e nocontinente de Tomé-Açu, Amazônia Oriental, adotando uma abordagem de pesquisaquali-quantitativa, com fins exploratórios e descritivos. Ao final da pesquisa, comoprincipais resultados, identificamos que a pesquisa sobre SAF tem se concentrado emum debate mais socioambiental, enquanto as principais barreiras identificadas tanto nonível da propriedade quanto nos multiníveis espaciais Local/Territorial eRegional/Federal, o os factores que limitam a adopção do SAF estão ligados a factoressocioeconómicos. Outro resultado é considerar tanto as especificidades do ambientebiofísico para estruturar esses sistemas quanto as técnicas utilizadas para implementálos,considerando diversos aspectos das fazendas como disponibilidade de mão de obra,recursos financeiros, tempo, materiais, insumos, entre outros. Por fim, outro resultadoextremamente importante que identificamos está ligado às relações de cooperação e àcriação de redes no território: revelam-se elementos estratégicos e fundamentais parasuperar as barreiras encontradas e assim apoiar os agricultores familiares na transiçãoagroecológica
Ferreira, Laura Angelica. „Le rôle de l'élevage bovin dans la viabilité agro-écologique et socio-économique des systèmes de production agricoles familiaux en Amazonie brésilienne. Le cas d'Uruara (Para, Brésil)“. Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INAP0050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLamotte, Sandrine. „Essai d'interprétation dynamique des végétations en milieu tropical inondable : la plaine alluviale de Haute Amazonie“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLima, resque Antônio Gabriel. „Can the concept of ecosystem services facilitate agroecological transition in the Brazilian Amazon? Results from a mixed methods approach in Irituia and Paragominas, Pará state“. Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IAVF0026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe proposal of a model of development that reconciles environmental conservation, especially of forest resources, and socioeconomic development is still a challenge to be achieved worldwide, especially in the Amazon region. Due to its amplitude, the Brazilian portion of the Amazon is a matter of great concern nationally and internationally. Agriculture stands out in the Brazilian Amazon for its socioeconomic importance and its tremendous potential to alter ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services (ES). Among the different forms of agriculture (i.e. large and small farmers), family farms are key players for promoting rural sustainable development. Despite its importance, local actors supporting family farms face numerous challenges to promote agroecological transition of these farms. The general question that we want to contribute to with this thesis is: How can the conceptual framework of ES serve as a cognitive and operational basis to support the agroecological transition? We carried out this research in two contrasting municipalities in the eastern part of the Brazilian Amazon, Irituia and Paragominas. The farming sector of the first study site is dominated by family farming, which is often biodiversified. Contrastingly, large-scale industrial agriculture predominates in the second study site, although it coexists with family farming. We adopted a multi-actor perspective, with the participation of a heterogeneous set of local actors (e.g. policy makers, researchers, rural extension agents, farmers) related to rural issues. We implemented a “mixed methods approach” combining well-tested qualitative methodologies, such as semi-directive interviews and participant observation, with semi-quantitative methodologies such as questionnaires and a role-playing game. We first aimed to understand the perception of different local actors about ES and their co-production process. We observed that, in general, a diversity of ES is perceived by local actors. The perception of ES and the different possible ways to co-produce these ES differ significantly among actors. The type of activity performed by the stakeholders and their municipality are the main factors influencing their perception of ES co-production. The type of knowledge (more scientific or empirical) was also relevant to distinguish between the ways to perceive ES. We also sought to understand the importance of these perceptions in the decision-making process on land use. We investigated some contextual factors that influence this decision making process, focusing on factors external (notably institutional markets) and internal (e.g. labor, costs, cognitive aspects) to the agroecosystem. We realized that these markets are important for valuing agrobiodiversity, but this will depend on how they are managed at a municipal level and on the local institutional landscape. Accordingly, the agroecosystem may evolve towards agroecological or non-agroecological standards. Internal factors in the farm, such as labor, money, values also influence this decision making process. Finally, we sought to understand how the knowledge generated previously could contribute to operationalize the agroecological transition in our two study sites. Knowledge about ES issues generated in our research site contributed to disclose the expectations and factors that drive the actions of stakeholders regarding land use management. This knowledge was obtained through and was used to feed methodological tools to support agroecological transition. Finally, we highlight that the conceptual framework of ES co-production not only enables exploring elements correlated to agroecosystem management, it also serves as a viable tool to stimulate the communication of different actors on the subject. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-production of ES and the sharing of different knowledge and perceptions can support more collective awareness toward agroecological transition
Bertrand, Georges. „Caractérisation des réponses adaptatives à la contrainte hydrique dans le Sud-Est de l’Amazonie chez trois espèces fourragères cultivées en monoculture et en association : brachiaria brizantha, Leucaena leucocephala et Arachis pintoï“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0066/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the Eastern Amazon region (Pará, Brazil), smallholder farming significantly contributes to the transformation of the Amazonian rain forest ecosystem into pasture land that typically includes a single species, generally a perennial fodder grass (Poaceae) originating from Africa (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). Such pastures rapidly lose their sustainability and get invaded by weeds. To prevent these effects, two imported perennial fodder species of the Fabaceae family (Arachis pintoï cv. Amarelo and Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) have been mixed with the African grass Brachiaria and the interrelations between B. brizantha and the Fabaceae species have been studied. In this unique ecophysiological study, plant parameters, such as gas exchange and plant water potential have been correlated with soil parameters, such as soil water content. The final goal was to assess the impact of the Fabaceae plants on pasture tolerance to water deficit. The experimental setting included five treatments applied to 100 m2 fenced plots to keep cattle away. Treatments corresponded to various combinations between the grass and the two Fabaceae species. Three biological repeats were set up for each treatment for statistical significance and in order to account for soil structure variability. In monospecific plots, B. brizantha exhibited stomatal conductance values higher than those expected from typical C4 species whereas net CO2 assimilation rates were normal. A. pintoï and L. leucocephala had usual stomatal conductance values for field-cultivated C3 plants. In response to drought, a general adjustment in stomatal conductance was observed 30 days into the dry season (i.e. without rain), suggesting that the plants limited transpiration rates according to the progressive decrease in soil water content. This strategy allowed them to maintain photosynthetic activities and to supply photosynthates to their tissues while limiting rises in temperatures. Upon exhaustion of soil water cotent, decreases in leaf water potentials were observed and plants escaped drought by reducing their leaf area and by abruptly closing their stomata. Brachiaria’s responses to drought were similar in mixed and monospecific plots regarding stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate or real-time water efficiency. However, when grown in mixed plots with A. pintoï, Brachiaria’s leaf water potential decreased rapidly after the onset of drought, due to the competition for water. In a A. pintoï ! Brachiaria plot, Brachiaria had a negative impact on A. pintoï photosynthetic activities and biomass production, even though the latter was considered as a shade plant species. On the other hand, Brachiaria metabolic activities were reduced in L. leucocephala ! Brachiaria combinations, due to the interception of light supply by L. leucocephala. L. leucocephala avoided water deficit by reducing leaf area. The resulting increase in light intensity reaching the lower strata, toward the end of the dry season weakened the shortest plants and limited fodder production. In conclusion, we propose that farmers implement pasture sustainability by developing crop mixing, using fodder species adapted to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, our results show that several crop combinations represent viable solutions to the perpetuation of new pastures. Each fodder species presents specific drought adaptation features. Combining them could be beneficial if pastoral pressure was allowed to develop according to the plants tolerance level. Improvements in fodder production and diversity could extend the life-span of smallholder settlements and as a result slow down deforestation
Bücher zum Thema "Écologie agricole – Amazonie"
Fearnside, Philip M. Human Carrying Capacity of the Brazilian Rainforest. Columbia University Press, 1986.
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