Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ecological temperament“

Results of a 10-year longitudinal study on the developmental-behavioural significance of infant temperamental difficultness are presented. A cross-time, cross-context methodology was employed using data from over 100 children participating in the Fullerton Longitudinal Study. Difficult temperament was assessed at 1.5 years by mothers; behaviour problems were assessed by parents during the third year and annually from 4-12 and by teachers from 6-11 years. Temperamental difficultness correlated significantly, pervasively, and to moderate magnitudes with parent reports of behaviour problems from 3.25-12 years. Additionally, analyses using clinical cutpoints showed that 1.5-year-olds deemed temperamentally difficult evidenced a greater frequency of elevated scores, specifically, attention problems, aggressive behaviour, and thought problems (parents) and attention and thought problems (teachers). These data provide evidence for the ecological validity of parent reports of temperament and for a temperamental component in the development of childhood behaviour problems.

This study examined the relationships between temperament and ecological context among Yucatec Mayan children based on the assumption that maternal ethnotheories act as mediators and are related to world view. Since the latter is related to ecological context, its transformation may result in variations in ethnotheories and, therefore, temperament characteristics. Using standard questionnaires and ethnographic data, we evaluated 178 children aged 4 to 36 months from two villages representing the most contrasting ecological contexts in Yucatan, Mexico. Mothers described temperament-like behaviours as modos (ways) and related them to their concepts of development and children’s vulnerability, and to child-care and rearing practices. Age predicted threshold, approach, and intensity. Ecological context independently contributed to variations in approach, intensity, mood, and distractibility. Parental characteristics did not independently contribute but appeared to influence the relation between ecological context and mood, intensity, and distractibility. The findings suggest that temperament variations associated with ecological context may result from differences in maternal ethnotheories about rate of development and vulnerability of children and that knowledge of the national language and increased education without transformation of ecological context may have influenced ethnotheories on rate of development rather than on vulnerability.

Abstract Ecological and evolutionary studies on spiders have been featured prominently throughout the contemporary behavioral syndromes movement. Here we review the behavioral syndromes literature devoted to spiders, and identify some ways in which behavioral syndromes can impact the function of spiders in ecological communities. We further highlight three general themes within the behavioral syndromes literature for which spiders have served as front running model systems: (1) how trait correlations beget performance trade-offs, (2) the influence that behavioral trait variants have on interspecific interactions and (3) mechanisms that aid in maintaining behavioral variation withinand among-populations. Research on behavioral syndromes continues to grow at an impressive rate, and we feel the success of behavioral syndromes studies in spiders bodes well for their continued prominence.

This article discusses how adolescents become violent from the perspective of human development, in which the process of formation of the child and the youth depends on diverse biological, psychological e social variables that constitute the context of life of these individuals. The ecological perspective of human development opposes simple cause-effect relations between antisocial adversities and behaviors and believes that factors such as gender, temperament, cognitive ability, age, family, social environment and culture combine in a complex way influencing the behavior of the child and the adolescent. Some conclusions point to the fact that violence in adolescence usually starts from a combination of early difficulties in relationships associated with a combination of temperamental difficulties. It is concluded that the young seem to be as bad as the social environment surrounding them.

This paper aims to endow the contamination of ecological wisdom with human and political ecology by outlining the basic features of a renewed philosophical anthropology. With this purpose, the concept of human nature is investigated here, using an ecological, eco-critical and integral framework, known as “inspiratory.” The key concept of this framework is to be found in the seemingly antiquated notion of temperament, which will be archeologically recovered and philosophically enhanced.

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for depressive and anxious symptom development, and emotion regulation (ER) may be one mechanism linking temperament—i.e., positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA)—with such symptomatology. Rumination is a common ER strategy that is traditionally assessed using self-reported questionnaires, but it would also be interesting to examine it with an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) approach. Sixty-five adolescents (Mage = 14.69; SDage = 0.82; range = 14–17 years old; 53.80% girls) completed self-report measures of temperament, ER style, depression and anxiety, and underwent an EMA to investigate rumination use. Results revealed that negative ER style and rumination use mediated the relationship between NA and depression, while only rumination use mediated the relationship between PA and depression. Moreover, NA contributed to increase anxiety, but negative ER style did not significantly mediate this relationship. Rumination use also had no effect on anxiety. This study provides further support for the relationship between temperament, ER, and internalizing problems. It seems that both a negative ER style and rumination use mediate the relationship between NA and depression whereas only NA had a significant direct effect on anxiety. Furthermore, PA buffered the effect of rumination use on depression in this study.

Melastomataceae are particularly diverse in the Neotropical realm. The study of the sylvatic formations of the Lesser Antilles made it possible to identify the dominant floristic corteges associated with the different bioclimates. Although there are many indications that Melastomataceae are not among the species structuring the climax formations of the forests of Martinique, their ecological chorology and profile within these formations can be specified. The analysis of the biodemographic data of eco-units of different bioclimates, obtained during floristic inventories, confirms the indications of the floras of the region. It also makes it possible to provide some specifications concerning the ecological profiles of certain Melastomataceae. Conostegia calyptrata and Conostegia icosandra display a temperament of a heliophilous species of the sylvatic gaps. Clidemia umbrosa is a species affinis of smaller gaps or of trails. Miconia trichotoma is a more forestal species.

The purpose of this paper is to determine and quantify the effects of the clothing purchase determining factors associated with the customer’s temperament (sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic). A number of 192 respondents participated in an electronic questionnaire, 68.8% of whom were women. The results were analysed with the help of the Process-based structural equation modeling application, provided by SmartPLS 4 software. The results obtained showed that in the purchase process, social factors and appearance are important for sanguine people; in the case of choleric individuals, the conferred status and superior quality of the product are essential; for phlegmatic people, it is important that the product responds appropriately to a need and provides comfort; and melancholic people take into account ecological factors and identification with the product. These results can be useful to clothing companies for the adoption of sales strategies that consider the buyers' interest factors regarding the products.

Human is a product of nature, and nature is the basis of human itself survival, human existence and continuation of life depend on the gift from nature supplies: at the same time, nature can only be incorporated into the life of people, to become a real life elements of human. Construction activity is a creative work of human conquest of nature, transform nature, no doubt has obvious utilitarian purposes, but also must be both aesthetic and spiritual temperament. The city landscape system as a function of complex ecological system structure, has been extensive tied with the architectures.

Un arbre a besoin de lumière pour sa croissance et son développement. Il existe cependant chez certaines espèces la capacité, ou préférence, à tolérer l'ombrage sans que cela soit préjudiciable à leur développement. Cette préférence écologique induit différentes stratégies chez ces espèces qui se traduisent par un compromis, entre performance et sécurité, dans la réalisation des fonctions de soutien mécanique, de conduction et de protection contre les bio-agresseurs. Le regroupement des essences forestières partageant des stratégies de croissance communes est essentiel pour une utilisation judicieuse, responsable et rentable du bois. L'étude des stratégies écologiques et des traits fonctionnels associés permet en effet de mieux comprendre la biodiversité mais également l'élaboration de la qualité du bois au sens des propriétés technologiques utiles pour l'Homme. Trois stratégies écologiques liées au tempérament vis-à-vis de la lumière ont été étudiées. Elles comprennent des espèces exigeantes en lumière (pionnière), des espèces poussant en plein soleil mais pouvant supporter l'ombre de façon temporaire (hémi-héliophile) et des espèces capables de croître avec un faible apport de lumière (tolérantes à l'ombre). Les espèces étudiées sont des feuillus tropicaux du Gabon ayant été testés en laboratoire et caractérisés sur les plans anatomique, physique, mécanique et chimique. Les méthodes utilisées englobent des méthodes académiques et des nouvelles méthodes rapides et non destructives de détermination des propriétés du bois. Les résultats obtenus ont dans un premier temps été comparés aux résultats de la base de données physique et mécanique du CIRAD en lien avec l'écologie des espèces. Des similitudes et quelques différences ont été observées. Dans un second temps, des mises en relations entre l'anatomie, la chimie, la physique et la mécanique du bois ont été réalisées. Les résultats montrent que les espèces d'ombre ont de meilleures performances physique et mécanique et donc un meilleur soutien mécanique. Elles ont en plus une faible anisotropie qui traduit une bonne stabilité dimensionnelle. Ces performances élevées sont liées à leurs parois très épaisses, leurs nombreux vaisseaux, des diamètres de vaisseaux plus petits que ceux des hémi-héliophiles, leur densité de bois élevée et des taux de lignine et d'hémicelluloses importants. La densité élevée de ces espèces est liée à leurs parois très épaisses. Ces espèces peuvent être utilisées en ingénierie des matériaux dans les constructions lourdes ou les structures porteuses et dans les conceptions esthétiques par exemple. Il a été trouvé une quantité significative d'extractibles chez les espèces pionnières par rapport aux espèces hémi-héliophiles, ce qui leur confèrent une bonne protection contre les bio-agresseurs. Elles pourraient de ce fait être utilisées pour des constructions en extérieur. Cependant, elles étaient plus sensibles aux variations dimensionnelles dues aux variations d'humidité. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative entre les quantités d'extractibles des espèces pionnières et des espèces tolérantes à l'ombre. Dans l'ensemble, les espèces hémi-héliophiles n'étaient pas statistiquement différentes des espèces pionnières et tolérantes à l'ombre. Aucunes différences significatives n'ont été mise en évidence entre les longueurs des fibres et la teneur en cellulose des trois tempéraments. Des espèces secondaires moins connues tolérantes et intolérantes à l'ombre ont pu être identifiées comme potentielles substituts des espèces fortement exploitées au regard de la qualité de leur bois
Trees need light for their growth and development. However, some species have the capacity, or preference, to tolerate shade without this being detrimental to their development. This ecological preference leads to different strategies in these species, resulting in a compromise between performance and safety, in terms of mechanical support, conduction and protection against bio-aggressors. Grouping together forest species that share common growth strategies is essential if wood is to be used wisely, responsibly and profitably. The study of ecological strategies and associated functional traits provides a better understanding not only of biodiversity but also of the development of wood quality in terms of technological properties useful to man. Three ecological strategies linked to light temperament were studied. They include species that are light-demanding (pioneer), species that grow in full sun but can tolerate temporary shade (hemi-heliophilous) and species that can grow with little light (shade-tolerant). The species studied are tropical hardwoods from Gabon that have been tested in the laboratory and characterised anatomically, physically, mechanically and chemically. The methods used include academic methods and new rapid, non-destructive methods for determining wood properties. The results obtained were first compared with the results of CIRAD's physical and mechanical database in relation to the ecology of the species. Similarities and some differences were observed. Secondly, relationships were established between the anatomy, chemistry, physics and mechanics of wood. The results show that shade species have better physical and mechanical performance and therefore better mechanical support. They also have low anisotropy, which translates into good dimensional stability. This high performance is linked to their very thick walls, numerous vessels, smaller vessel diameters than hemi-heliophiles, high wood density and high levels of lignin and hemicelluloses. The high density of these species is linked to their very thick walls. These species can be used in materials engineering in heavy construction or load-bearing structures and in aesthetic design, for example. Pioneer species were found to have a significant amount of extractables compared with hemiheliophilic species, giving them good protection against bio-aggressors. They could therefore be used for outdoor constructions. However, they were more sensitive to dimensional variations due to variations in humidity. There was no significant difference between the extractives content of pioneer and shade-tolerant species. Overall, hemi-heliophilic species were not statistically different from pioneer and shade-tolerant species. No significant differences were found between the fibre lengths and cellulose content of the three temperaments. Lesser-known shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant secondary species were identified as potential substitutes for heavily exploited species in terms of the quality of their wood

碩士
明道大學
設計學院碩士班
101
The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological environmental education on the temperament, self-concept and well-being of middle grade students in elementary school. To reach the goal, this study used the quasi-experimental design, targeting on the students at elementary school in Taichung City. The study utilized the self-compiled questionnaire: “the temperament scale of elementary middle grade students“, “the self-concept scale of elementary middle grade students“, and “the well-being scale of elementary middle grade students“on the students after environmental education programs and analyze these. The objective of this research is to understand the ecological environmental education will benefit the temperament, self-concept and well-being of middle grade students in elementary school or not. Furthermore, statistical methodology was performed via mean, standard deviation, t-test for data analyses. The research results indicated as follows: 1. The ecological environmental education will benefit the temperament of elementary middle grade students. 2. The ecological environmental education will benefit the self-concept of elementary middle grade students. 3. The ecological environmental education will benefit the well-being of elementary middle grade students, especially in male.

Leonardo anticipates an integral, structuralist and ecological vision of the relationship between the territory and the city. The hydraulic and territorial systems he designs ‘at the service’ of cities and mobility show his unparalleled ability to ‘govern’ physiographic systems, combining climatic temperament with functional and hygienic reasons. The paper intends to observe and interpret the clues that confirm the original concreteness of its urban plans and projects aimed at giving precise answers to social needs, which are still incredibly topical today.

Temperament is a complex behavioral trait that describes characteristic patterns of response to environmental, particularly social, conditions and perturbations. Disparities in the tendency to approach or avoid novelty or readiness to engage in aggressive interactions have been documented in comparisons between species (Christian 1970), subspecies (Gonzalez et al. 1981), populations within species (Champoux et al. 1994), inbred lines of laboratory animals (Scott and Fuller 1965), domesticated versus wild populations (Price 1984), and individuals within a species (Benus et al. 1992). Differences in physiological stress response systems (Selye 1937) are commonly identified as an important proximate mechanism underlying these temperament differences (Huntingford and Turner 1987, Kagan et al. 1988). Social systems of animals are perceived as emerging from relationships between individuals (Hinde 1983). Individual interactions, in turn, are hypothesized to reflect individual behavioral strategies which maximize inclusive fitness (Silk 1987). Selection on a physiological system, which can dramatically affect the pattern and outcomes of individual interactions, could produce evolutionary change in social organization and social behavior. Many workers explicitly suggest that temperament differences among primate species are adaptive in many instances, yet admit that the specific ecological and social selection pressures to which the neuroendocrine system is responding are often unclear (Thierry 1985, Clarke et al. 1988, Richard et al. 1989). Species-level comparisons have not offered many testable comparative models, probably because of confounding effects such as large phylogentic distances or uncertain phylogeny, inadequate knowledge of ecological and social conditions in the wild, drift, and convergent evolution. In short, little progress has been made toward understanding the evolution of stress-response patterns in primates. In this chapter I suggest that comparisons of geographically and genetically separated primate populations or subspecies may be an alternative and more successful approach to addressing the evolution of stress responses and the disparate social behaviors that result. Population and geographic comparisons are likely to be profitable for three reasons: (1) comparisons are less likely to be confounded by phylogenetic disparities (Arnold 1992), (2) the factors imposing different selective regimes among localities can perhaps be more readily identified, (3) hypothesis testing may be facilitated because populations suitable for testing a model will be easier to identify than new species.

This chapter is devoted to the theoretical and practical analysis of the organizational and legal problems involved in the evolution and implementation of the environmental policy as integral part of the sustainable development strategy of Ukraine. This research is based on the international documents defining the goals of sustainable development and that are guidelines for harmonizing legal instruments in rationalizing natural resource use conforming the European Green laws. Based on the analysis of the current environmental legislation of Ukraine and its application, as well as inculcating the views of scientists, a conclusion is drawn about the need for prioritizing sectoral environmental reforms in the fields of biodiversity protection, curbing industrial pollution, waste management, emission monitoring and reporting, environmental control, and statutory responsibility. The grey areas of improving Ukraine's environmental policy ensuring effective, transparent and modern post-war reconstruction are identified as: strengthening control over compliance with standards and environmental regulations concerning natural resource management; improving the mechanism of payments for harming the environment; giving tax benefits and other financial incentives to environmentally innovative practices; encouraging the environmental audit and certification; pricing flexibly the ecological products; stimulating scientific temperament in solving environmental problems; and so on.

Currently, scientists attach great importance not only to the development of new methods to improve the environmental culture of an individual, but also to the possibility of preventing indifference to environmental problems. However, in order to develop methods for improving the ecological culture of an individual, it is necessary to know the basics of its formation. Such a basis can be the knowledge of how the type of temperament affects the attitude of the individual to global environmental problems. The negative features typical to this temperament, their negative impact on the development and social adaptation of an individual and insufficient knowledge in modern psychology of the influence of temperament on the attitude of the individual to global environmental problems determine the relevance of this study.