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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Eco-labeled“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Eco-labeled"
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Hosseinikhah Choshaly, Sahar. „Applying innovation attributes to predict purchase intention for the eco-labeled products“. International Journal of Innovation Science 11, Nr. 4 (29.11.2019): 583–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-04-2019-0038.
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Purpose This paper aims to make use of the innovation diffusion theory to predict the purchase intention for eco-labeled products. Design/methodology/approach Data are collected from 180 individuals in the Mid Valley shopping mall area in Malaysia. It is then analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS. The measurement model is analyzed using composite reliability, convergent and discriminate validity, while the structural model is used to predict the relationships between variables. Findings Results indicate that the relative advantage, trialability and observability are positively related to eco-labeled products purchase intention, while the complexity is negatively related to eco-labeled products purchase intention. However, compatibility is not positively related to eco-labeled products purchase intention. Practical implications Marketers should enhance the observability of eco-labeled as it is the most influential attribute affecting eco-labeled products purchase intention. Relative advantages of eco-labeled products are also important to stimulate purchase intention. Marketers could best relate the innovation to context-specific use situations enabling consumers to evaluate the use consequences of the innovation, and therefore, may assess its particular benefits. Originality/value It explores the potential of a theoretical framework based on innovation diffusion theory to explain eco-labeled products purchase intention.
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Kim, Bong-Tae, und Min-Kyu Lee. „Consumer Preference for Eco-Labeled Seafood in Korea“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 9 (13.09.2018): 3276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093276.
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In Korea, fishery managers, eco-labeled program operators, and the government need detailed information regarding individual-level preferences for eco-labeled seafood. This study aims to identify the determinants of consumer preference for such seafood. Specifically, an ordered probit model is estimated by using micro-survey data obtained from interviews of 2773 randomly selected Korean households. Overall, the estimation results reveal that the chosen model is appropriate to analyze consumer preference for eco-labeled seafood. The coefficients of consumption frequency, the importance of price, the confirmation of origin, residential area, and household income are statistically meaningful. If consumers consider price an important factor, their consumption of eco-labeled seafood may decrease. Moreover, consumers with interest in the origin of seafood are more likely to accept eco-labeled seafood. To increase the consumption of eco-labeled seafood, it is recommended to develop products designed specifically for segmented markets and promote functional features. The findings can provide a valuable guideline to marketing managers and policy makers for designing effective strategies regarding eco-labeled seafood.
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Gross, Sven, Phillip Wilson, Jie Zhang, Chris Shao und Alan J. Dubinsky. „Selected Antecedents of Consumer Attitude toward a Product in an Eco-Label Context“. International Journal of Business and Management 11, Nr. 5 (18.04.2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n5p33.
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Marketers’ use of eco-labels—verifying the environmental friendliness of products—has steadily grown. Earlier studies have focused on the direct influence of eco-labels on consumer purchase intention for these products. Findings from that empirical work revealed that eco-labels can have a positive impact on purchase intention. Other investigations disclosed a positive relationship between consumer attitude toward the brand and purchase intention. Based on the foregoing research efforts, the purpose of the present work was to examine selected factors that may influence consumer attitude toward eco-labeled products. The following constructs were discerned to have that impact: recognition/awareness of eco-labels, perceived credibility of the eco-label, and current purchase behavior of eco-labeled products. Environmental attitude, though, was found to be unrelated to consumer attitude toward eco-labeled products. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Göçer, Aysu, und Bengü Sevil Oflaç. „Understanding young consumers’ tendencies regarding eco-labelled products“. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 29, Nr. 1 (09.01.2017): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-03-2016-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore different factors influencing young consumers’ approaches to eco-labeled products in an emerging country, Turkey. Design/methodology/approach Relevant measures were adapted from the previous literature to assess key constructs on environment and eco-label perceptions. First, an exploratory factor analysis was employed for identifying the key dimensions, and then structural equation modeling was conducted for testing the research hypotheses. Findings The findings reveal that the existence of perceived environmental knowledge has an influence on eco-labeled product purchase tendencies, with environmental concern (EC) having a significant mediating effect. Practical implications This study contributes to practice by addressing perceptual factors affecting young consumers in emerging markets such as Turkey. This relationship can be utilized to increase the tendency to purchase eco-labeled products to create EC enhancing programs in education in addition to environmental knowledge leveraging ones. Besides, these findings may also be beneficial in eco-labeled product marketing efforts. Originality/value This study provides value for the literature by investigating the perception of young consumers in an emerging market specifically, and adopts a more specific eco-label focus, which it integrates with an environmental perspective.
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Jonell, Malin, Beatrice Crona, Kelsey Brown, Patrik Rönnbäck und Max Troell. „Eco-Labeled Seafood: Determinants for (Blue) Green Consumption“. Sustainability 8, Nr. 9 (02.09.2016): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090884.
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Noblet, Caroline Lundquist, Mario F. Teisl und Jonathan Rubin. „Factors affecting consumer assessment of eco-labeled vehicles“. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 11, Nr. 6 (November 2006): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.08.002.
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Panainte, Mirela, Vassilis Inglezakis, Iuliana Caraman, Mihai C. Nicolescu, Emilian Mosnegu.u und Florin Nedeff. „THE EVOLUTION OF ECO-LABELED PRODUCTS IN ROMANIA“. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 13, Nr. 7 (2014): 1665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.184.
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Nassivera, Federico, und Sandro Sillani. „Consumer Behavior Toward Eco-Labeled Minimally Processed Fruit Product“. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 29, Nr. 1 (27.12.2016): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2016.1241734.
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LOUREIRO, MARIA L., JILL J. MCCLUSKEY und RON C. MITTELHAMMER. „Will Consumers Pay a Premium for Eco-labeled Apples?“ Journal of Consumer Affairs 36, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2002): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2002.tb00430.x.
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Gabe, Jeremy, Spenser Robinson, Andrew Sanderford und Robert A. Simons. „Lease structures and occupancy costs in eco-labeled buildings“. Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, Nr. 1 (04.10.2019): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-07-2019-0098.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether energy-efficient green buildings tend to provide net lease structures over gross lease ones. It then considers whether owners benefit by trading away operational savings in a net lease structure. Design/methodology/approach Empirical models of office leasing transactions in Sydney, Australia, with wider transferability supported by analysis of office rent data in the USA. Findings Labeled green buildings are approximately four to five times more likely than non-labeled buildings to use a net lease structure. However, despite receiving operational savings, tenants in net leases pay higher total occupancy costs (TOC), benefiting owners. On average, the increase in TOC paid by tenants in a net lease is equal to or greater than savings attributed to an eco-labeled building. Practical implications A full accounting of TOC in eco-labeled buildings suggests that net lease structures provide numerous benefits to owners that offset the loss of trading away operational savings. Originality/value The principal-agent market inefficiency, or “split incentive,” is a widely cited barrier to private investment in energy-efficient building technology. Here, a uniquely broad look at rental cash flows suggests its role as a barrier is exaggerated.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Eco-labeled"
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Bryunina, Daria, und Safaei Sara Khodadad. „The Influence of Eco-labeled Products on Consumer Buying Behavior : By focusing on eco-labeled bread“. Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11507.
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Research Question: How eco-label can influence on consumer buying behavior by focusing on bakery industry. Purpose: The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze how eco-label on bread can influence on consumer buying behavior. Furthermore, the thesis will propose suggestions for the food markets future improvements. Method: In this paper the literature review has based on the secondary data and telephone interview, e-survey and interview as the primary data has been carried out. Conclusion: Ecological labels do influence on buyer behavior, however it is difficult to make this statement about organic bread because of lack of supply and advertisement that makes it hard for people to get information about existence of such bread.
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Grankvist, Gunne. „Determinants of choice of eco-labeled products /“. Göteborg, 2002. http://www-mat21.slu.se/publikation/pdf/Gunne.pdf.
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Lundquist, Noblet Caroline. „Factors Affecting Consumer Assessment of Eco-Labeled Traditional Fuel Passenger Vehicles“. Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/NobletCL2005.pdf.
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Checheleva, Kristina, und Tatiana Kucheryavenko. „Consumers’ preferences towards eco-labeled products and purchase intention : The moderating effect of national culture“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65856.
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Eco-labeling is an important matter in the modern world, because of its relationship to the significant issues of the society, i.e. environmental and health care. More and more people pay great attention to the ‘green’ aspect of their lives. Many researchers, in their turn, unveil the topic devoted to the eco-labeling strategies in their academic papers. However, there is a certain knowledge gap in the existing literature, which allowed the researchers of this paper to focus the study on consumers' preferences towards eco-labeled products and purchase intention in the context of cultural diversity. Cultural aspect might have the crucial effect and predetermine consumers’ behavior to some extent. Thus, for companies’ management it is highly important to be aware of cultural context of the country they are already operating in or only going to internationalize into. Prior to empirical data collection a literature review on eco-labeling, cultural diversity, and purchase intention were conducted, followed by the integration of gained information into the theoretical model. The theoretical model, developed by the authors, presents the research of the perceived association between consumers’ preferences, as presented by own health care and environmental care, and purchase intention under the impact of the moderating effect of national culture. In order to test the hypotheses formulated on the literature and model bases, primary data from respondents from three different countries (namely, the USA, Sweden, and Russia) and secondary data from existing literature were collected, the integration of which allowed getting some relevant conclusions and results. After the data collection and all the statistical process analyzing it, the researchers concluded that culture has an impact on the association of consumers' preferences and purchase intention of eco-labeled products, but this moderating effect varies in terms of the context of consumers' preferences and different cultural dimensions.
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Herrera, Gonzalez Daniel Antonio. „Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence consumers’ intention and purchase behavior: The case of eco-labeled dairy products“. Doctoral thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16740.
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This research aims to undersatnd how intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence
consumers’ buying decision on shopping eco-labeled dairy products in order to close
the gap between intention and purchase. This research is a quantitative study and uses
the theory of reasoned action (TRA) of Ajzen & Fishbein (1980). Data were collected
through surveys applied to consumers buying dairy products from a recognised dairy
supermarket in Bogotá-Colombia. This work uses logistic regression as a statistical
method to subsequently complement the analysis and enhance the results. It also uses
exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory analysis, and a structural equation model.
Findings show that ecological labels do not generate a positive influence to close the
gap between intention and purchase. Manufacturers should strengthen environmental
damage knowledge and awareness on dairy products consumption while keeping
positive private benefits so that eco-labels really work and the gap between intention
and purchase can be reduced.Tesis
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Högberg, Agnes, und Rebecka Svensk. „Produktbeskrivningar och betalningsvilja : En kvantitativ studie om hur sensoriska och miljömärkta produktbeskrivningar påverkar konsumentens betalningsvilja“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36211.
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Syfte: Produktbeskrivningar kan kommunicera de fördelaktiga egenskaper som en vara medför, vilket kan få produkten att skilja sig från mängden. Under de senaste decennierna har det skapats ett ökat intresse för både sensoriska och miljömärkta produktbeskrivningar och för företag blir det allt viktigare att lyckas identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar betalningsviljan hos konsumenter. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur sensoriska och miljömärkta produktbeskrivningar påverkar konsumentens betalningsvilja. Metod: Metoden har en deduktiv ansats och vår empiriska insamling har skett utifrån en kvantitativ metod i form av en enkätundersökning. Populationen avser individer mellan 15–75 år som antingen dricker kaffe regelbundet eller som någon gång har inhandlat bryggkaffe i en livsmedelsbutik. Resultaten har bearbetats i SPSS där dem har analyserats utifrån deskriptiv statistik, korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att sensoriska produktbeskrivningar på kaffe har en positiv effekt på konsumentens betalningsvilja. Sensoriska smakattribut är de viktigaste att kommunicera i en produktbeskrivning för att tilltala konsumenten. Däremot påvisar studiens resultat att produktbeskrivningar som är miljömärkta i form av ekologisk och Fairtrade-märkning, har en starkare påverkan på konsumentens betalningsvilja för kaffe än vid sensoriska produktbeskrivningar. Examensarbetets bidrag: Vårt bidrag till ämnet företagsekonomi och marknadsföring är att produktbeskrivningar för kaffe främst bör framföra kvalitetsstämplar om sådana finns för att påverka konsumentens betalningsvilja. Vid icke ekologiska eller Fairtrade-märkta produkter, bör de sensoriska attributen förmedlas för att ha en positiv inverkan på konsumentens betalningsvilja. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Efter denna studie kan vi konstatera att betalningsviljan skiljer sig åt beroende på vilken produktbeskrivning som framställs. Det skulle därför vara av intresse att även se till olika varumärken för kaffe vid framställandet av olika typer av produktbeskrivningar för att se om betalningsviljan förändras. För framtida forskning vore det även av intresse att se till hur sensoriska produktbeskrivningar i samband med miljömärkningar hade påverkat konsumentens betalningsvilja.Aim: Product descriptions can communicate the beneficial properties that comes with a product, which can make the product stand out, among others. In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in both sensory and environmentally friendly product descriptions and for companies, it is becoming increasingly important to succeed in identifying the factors that affect consumers’ willingness to pay. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how sensory and environmentally friendly product descriptions affect consumers’ willingness to pay. Method: The method has a deductive approach, and our empirical data has been based on a quantitative method in the form of a survey. The population refers to individuals between the ages of 15 and 75 who either drink coffee regularly or have ever bought brewed coffee in a grocery store. The results have been processed in SPSS where they have been analyzed based on descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. Result & Conclusion: The results of the study show that sensory product descriptions of coffee have a positive effect on the consumer’s willingness to pay. Sensory taste attributes are the most important to communicate in a product description to appeal to the consumer. On the other hand, the results of the study show that product descriptions that are ecological and Fairtrade-labeled have a stronger impact on the consumer’s willingness to pay for coffee than with sensory product descriptions. Contribution of the thesis: Our contribution to the subject of business administration and marketing is that product descriptions for coffee should primarily communicate ecological and Fairtrade-labels if such exist, to influence the consumer’s willingness to pay. In the case of non-ecological or Fairtrade-labeled products, the sensory attributes should be communicated to have a positive impact on the consumer’s willingness to pay. Suggestions for future research: After this study, we can state that the willingness to pay differs depending on which product description is presented. It would therefore be of interest to also look at different brands for coffee when producing different types of product descriptions to see if the willingness to pay changes. For future research, it would also be of interest to see how sensory product descriptions in combination with environmentally friendly product description had affected the willingness to pay.
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Li, Xiaogu. „Consumer Willingness to Pay for Eco-labeled Refrigerators“. 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/893.
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The United States Environmental Protection Agency has used environmental information provision as a policy tool to take advantage of consumer preferences for products that meet higher environmental standards. Such environmental programs include a variety of policies ranging from eco-labeling programs to voluntary environmental agreements between governments and manufacturers. This study analyzes the effects of two such programs - the ENERGY STAR program, an eco-labeling program, and the Climate Leaders program, a voluntary environmental agreement program - on consumer preferences for a household appliance. The study estimates consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for the two programs and examines factors that motivate WTP. A particular interest for the ENERGY STAR program is in determining how the offer of a mail-in rebate affects these preferences. Data used for this study was collected from an online survey conducted in the United States during March and April, 2009. Conditional and random parameter logit models, with product attributes only and with demographic and other individual characteristics as interaction terms, are used to analyze the data. Findings from this study imply that consumers are willing to pay a premium equivalent to a significant portion of the purchase prices for the products approved by either program. Also, it is found that consumers who are more concerned about environmental issues, such as global climate change, and who have confidence in the effects of collective action, are more likely to engage in the purchase of such environmentally friendly products. These results should help government agencies and manufacturers evaluate the effectiveness of environmental information provision programs.
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Yeh, Hsin-Jou, und 葉欣柔. „Consumers’ Preference, Awareness and Willingness to Pay for Eco-labeled Seafood in Taiwan“. Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ku4u8h.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋事務與資源管理研究所
105
Eco-labeling is a market-based management tool. It provides a symbol on seafood product through certification schemes. This proves that harvests were complied with conservation criteria and were caught under sustainable standards. The goal of eco-labels is to change consumers’ preference on environmental-friendly or less ecological impact seafood products, thus ultimately change fishery producers’ harvest behavior. This study aims to explore Taiwanese consumers’ awareness and willingness to pay for existing quality labels CAS and TAP, and eco-labeled seafood. By using Choice Experiment survey, consumer preferences for eco-labeled seafood were quantified to provide strategic direction for the promotion of eco-labels. In this study, 462 effective questionnaires were collected via web-based survey during October 2016 to February 2017. Results showed that the top three seafood consumed by Taiwanese were shells, salmon and shrimps. Factors affecting consumers’ purchase behavior on seafood were freshness, flavor, seasonality abundance and cooking-convenience, the least concerned was fishing gear. Results indicated 70.3% and 61.5% of respondents had intention to purchase CAS and TAP-labeled products, respectively. However, only 61.4% and 60.8% of respondents were willing to pay higher for the respective products. Besides, 72.6% of respondents trusted eco-label and had positive correlation between willingness to pay higher for eco-labeled seafood, which was 63%. Regarding the recognition and purchasing willingness of eco-label, significant differences were among educational level. Furthermore, 78.5% of respondents supported the implementation of national eco-labels by the government. Results of random parameter logit model showed that Norway and Alaska salmon coefficient was positive but not significant, indicated the absence of preferences on the origin of salmon. Ecolabel coefficient was positive and significant suggested that eco-labeled is preferred over non-labeled seafood. Estimated marginal willingness to pay for ecolabel was NT85.3/210g. The interactive effects of origin and eco-label were positive and significant. Standard deviation parameters for random parameters of eco-labels were significant, indicating heterogeneous preferences among consumers. The willingness to pay of younger, didn’t have children and low income consumers were higher than the others. Consumers preferred species overlapping "recommended food" in the Seafood Guide Taiwan, showing potential in sustainable consumption behavior. Most respondents purchased seafood in traditional markets. If the government could assist producers to identify and label the catch and production methods to strengthen consumer knowledge on seafood production, integrated the concept of sustainable fisheries into existing quality labels, and establish and maintain a reliable and effective certification mechanism and certification bodies, which will possibly increase consumer acceptance of eco-labeled seafood.
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Jia-YiHuang und 黃家儀. „Consumers’ Acceptance and Willingness to Pay for Eco-labeled Seafood : A Case Study of Oyster Products“. Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t38f22.
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碩士國立成功大學
海洋科技與事務研究所
107
The purpose of this study is to explore the reasons and management of derelict styrofoam buoys used in oyster farming in Taiwan, and to understand the application of using seafood eco-label in the international and Taiwan. This study also seek to search out the feasibility of the application of eco-labeled oyster products in Taiwan and the consumer acceptance and willingness to pay for, and then suggest market-oriented management strategies. This research carried out network questionnaire survey with consumer in Taiwan, and collected 3,159 valid questionnaires. Results show that Taiwanese consumers have high acceptance of eco-labeled oyster products and are willing to pay more for eco-labeled oyster products to protect the environment. The price of willing to pay the most with a 10% price premium, followed by 20%. In addition, the public's cognition of the environmental problems caused by oyster farming has affected the willingness to purchase and willingness to pay. Potential purchase groups are consumers who are older, have more personal income per month, live in northern Taiwan, have lower levels of education, and higher education.
Buchteile zum Thema "Eco-labeled"
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Hamada, Shingo, und Richard Wilk. „Eco-Labeled Seafood“. In Seafood, 115–26. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315640259-8.
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Ujiie, Kiyokazu. „Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Eco-labeled Rice: A Choice Experiment Approach to Evaluation of Toki-Friendly Rice Consumption“. In Ecological Research Monographs, 263–79. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55330-4_18.
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Acharya, Anitha. „Eco-Labels“. In Green Marketing as a Positive Driver Toward Business Sustainability, 249–74. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9558-8.ch010.
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Eco-label products are very appealing. To increase sales most of the companies adopt eco-label strategy. On the other hand, the eco-labels often assure more than the products can in reality deliver. In particular, eco-labels may lead consumers to mechanically infer that the products are friendly to the environmentally friendly. The rising significance of corporate social responsibility provides strong motivation for companies to market unsustainable conventional products as environmentally friendly. Eco-labels are designed to inform consumers that the labeled product is more environmentally friendly than the competitors. Eco-labels are increasingly facilitating manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers in their purchasing decisions. The chapter explains in detail the objectives of eco-labels, benefits of eco-labels, consequences of eco-labels, and different types of eco-labels. It also mentions the adoption process of eco-labels by the consumers. The chapter ends with examples of best practices.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Eco-labeled"
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Ferrero, Vincenzo J., Arvind Shankar Raman, Bryony DuPont und Karl R. Haapala. „Understanding the Sustainability of Eco-Labeled Products When Compared to Conventional Alternatives“. In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68339.
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Sustainability considerations are becoming an intrinsic part of product design and manufacturing. Today’s consumers rely on package labeling to relay useful information about the environmental impact of a given product. As such, eco-labeling has become an important influence on how consumers interpret the sustainability of products. Three categories of eco-labels are theorized: Type I focuses on the use of labels that are certified by a reputable third party. Type II are eco-labels that are self-declared, potentially lacking scientific merit. Type III eco-labeling indicates the public availability of product LCA data. However, regardless of the type of eco-label used, it is uncertain if eco-labeling directly reflects improved product sustainability. This research focuses on exploring if eco-labeling reflects improved product sustainability by comparing eco-labeled products to conventional alternatives. To do this, we perform a comparative study of eco-labelled and comparable conventional products using a triple bottom line sustainability analysis, including environmental, economic, and social impacts. Here we show that for a selected set of products, eco-labeling does, in fact, have a positive correlation with improved sustainability. However, Type II eco-labeling shows a slight negative correlation with product sustainability. We found only one eco-labeled product (with Type II labeling) that had reduced environmental impact over the conventional alternative. Additionally, the majority of the eco-labeled products in the study are cheaper for the consumer in both initial cost and costs incurred throughout the product’s lifetime. In general, the results confirm that most eco-labels are indicative of improved sustainability. Future research can work towards improving Type II eco-labels, and promote policies that protect against false sustainability claims.
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„Assessment of Formula-Based Structural Annotation of Humic Substances by Mild Chemical Derivatization and Mass Spectrometry“. In Sixth International Conference on Humic Innovative Technologies "Humic Substances and Eco-Adaptive Technologies ”(HIT – 2021). Non-Commercial Partnership "Center for Biogenic Resources "Humus Sapiens" (NP CBR "Humus Sapiens"), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36291/hit.2021.mikhnevich.002.
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Natural organic matter (NOM) plays an important role in the environment and its chemical properties and molecular composition reflect balance between mineralization and sequestration of organic carbon. Ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (e.g., FTICR MS) provides essential molecular information about NOM. However, NOM molecular heterogeneity prevents application of tandem MS experiments and direct structural information is ultimately missing leaving opportunities to only ambiguous formula-based annotation. The main aim of this work was to develop a chemical workflow to reliably examine the accuracy of several FTICR MS-derived structural indices with the focus on aromaticity and O-functional groups, which greatly impact compound properties. Four NOM samples of different origin (coal, oxidized lignin, river, and permafrost thaw) were brominated by NBS in acetonitrile for 24 hrs at RT. Carboxylic groups in all samples were determined by selective deuteromethylation using CD 3OD/SOCl2 reaction and by HATU amidation with 15N labeled glycine. Carbonyl groups were reduced by NaBD4. All parent and labeled mixtures were analyzed by ESI FTCR MS. Custom python scripts were developed to treat spectra and enumerate specific structural moieties in individual components. Obtained data was used to assess reliability of exact aromaticity indices (AI)1 and aromaticity equivalents (Xc) 2. Lignin- and coal-derived samples turned out to be the most sensitive to bromination which corroborated with the model phenolic structures. On contrary, permafrost thaw, which is enriched with labile species, was mostly resistant to bromination - 22% of molecular ions were brominated. Moreover, unlike oxidized riverine sample, coal NOM included polybrominated species, which implies that reaction efficiency depends on reactivity (i.e. substituents) of aromatic fragments. Samples were characterized by drastically different bromine distributions on van Krevelen diagrams, which correlated with the distribution of non-carboxylic oxygen atoms. Further, we compared AI and Xc aromaticity indices in terms of the proportion of correctly assigned aromatics. The data on brominated molecules were in good agreement with the AI values; however, apparently AI tends to overestimate the number of non-aromatics in the sample since it describe averaged aromaticity rather than the factual presence of aromatic ring. On the other hand, Xc perfectly recognized non-aromatics. In general, a higher proportion of correctly attributed aromatics was observed for the aromaticity equivalent Xc (up to 68%), which tends to find aromatic moieties in non-aromatic molecules assigned by AI. Still, we observed a number of aromatic- and condensed aromatic-assigned compounds, which were resistant to bromination or included lesser Br-atoms than the evaluated number of aromatic rings. Reaction with NaBD4 and enumeration of labeling series revealed the presence of carbonyl groups in these species, which in case of multiple reducing could be reliably assigned to quinone – condensed non-aromatic compounds. The approach may be of great importance in biogeochemical and medicinal studies of NOM. Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation gran No 21-47-04405. References 1. Zherebker, A., Lechtenfeld, O. J., Sarycheva, A., Kostyukevich, Y., Kharybin, O., Fedoros, E. I. and Nikolaev, E. N. Anal. Chem., 2020, 92 (13), 9032-9038; 2. Yassine, M.M., Harir, M., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E. and Schmitt-Kopplin, P. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2014, 28, 2445-2454.