Dissertationen zum Thema „Eaux souterraines – Teneur en métaux“
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Dugamin, Elza. „Facteurs contrôlant les concentrations en métaux dans les eaux de formation des bassins sédimentaires“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0322.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe energy transition is associated with the increasing use of a wide range of metals, particularly those needed for lithium-ion batteries (e.g. lithium, cobalt), while there is a continuing need for base metals (e.g. copper, zinc). The development of alternative metal resources such as "liquid ores", notably the formation waters of sedimentary basin aquifers, could potentially contribute to meeting global demand. However, the geochemical processes involved in metal enrichment in formation waters remain poorly understood and the following approach was therefore pursued in this work: • Establishment of a database of temperatures and chemical and isotopic compositions of formation waters (3700 analyses) and fluid inclusions that preserved ancient formation waters (1700 analyses) from 90 sedimentary basins worldwide, based on published sources. The objective is to highlight the characteristic concentration ranges of dissolved metals in formation waters and the parameters that control their concentration. • Application to the case study of the Rhine Graben, on the example of the Soultz-sous-Forêts geothermal system, through the analysis of metals in fluid inclusions and minerals of the basin and the crystalline basement. The aim is to provide an overview of metal transfers related to fluid-rock interactions from the Oligocene to Present. The results indicate that formation waters generally acquire their metal load (Li, Mn, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ba, Cu) mainly through fluid-rock interactions, the increase in temperature and salinity facilitating their dissolution. In the peculiar case of lithium, the richest formation waters are most often brines derived from seawater and enriched in salts and partially in lithium by surface evaporation, and subsequently expelled from the evaporitic formations in which they are initially trapped, during tectonic events. The preservation from dilution by recharge fluids, and the interaction with lithologies enriched in lithium (siliciclastic rocks, volcanic levels, crystalline basement) are two key parameters to reach the highest concentrations. The lithium resources estimated in some reservoirs are of the same order of magnitude as those of the salars and hard-rock mines (granites, pegmatites) currently exploited. In the case of the Rhine Graben, brines from the Triassic formations mix with more diluted waters infiltrated from the Vosges mountains, and carry significant amounts of lithium (up to 200 mg.l⁻¹ in the present-day formation waters) as well as other metals (e.g. Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Sb). Fluid inclusions show that lithium concentrations from 3 to 800 ppm of lithium were reached between the Oligocene and Present. Mineral analysis indicates that the main Li carriers (Fe, Mn, Zn) in the crystalline basement are biotite, amphibole and chlorite, which were probably significant sources for these metals
Khaska, Mahmoud. „Vulnérabilité des ressources en eau souterraine : origines de la salinité en domaine karstique côtier et de la contamination après-mine en métaux lourds. Approche par multitracage géochimique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4381.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first theme has for objectives: 1) to trace the origin of the salinity of the waters of the karst aquifers in coastal environment mediterraneen,2) to quantify the mixing proportions between salt waters and the waters karstiques,3) to discriminate the geochemical tracers to identify and model the process of salinization of aquifers coastal karst. The second theme has for objectives:1) to establish the [hast] of natural origin of surface waters and groundwater, 2) to quantify the level of contamination by arsenic in these waters and its spatial and temporal variability 3) to trace the natural or anthropogenic origin of pollution in hast to the aid of isotopic tools adapted. the origins of the salinity identified include i) of came from deep waters salted ii) of come deep water salted dating back toward the surface by a major flaw normal. The 36Cl/Cl has allowed us to identify the origin of deep saline waters and a recharge of meteoric water infiltrated during the period of thermonuclear tests. The PHREEQC modeling used to differentiate between the mixture with a deep water of salt that one with a sea water current. The 87SR/ 86Sr shows a conservative behavior for tracing the origin of saline waters in karst aquifers. The plotters Cs, Rb, Li and B allows to differentiate the three origins identified of salinity. The data acquired on the contamination in hast underline a net increase and perennial of [hast] from the ancient sites of mining processing rehabilitated. The reports 87SR/ 86Sr and δ18O and δ2H will reveal in this case a chartplotter very discriminant of natural or anthropogenic origin of arsenic
Turin, Annie. „La pollution des eaux souterraines en Lorraine : le cas des nitrates“. Nancy 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN21010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe pollution of waters by the nitrates can have three origins: agricultural, industrial, domestic. It results from a main process, the mineralization of organic nitrogen, that is to say its transformation in soluble nitrogen. Because of different agents (climate, vegetation, etc) the nitrates are more or less drawled away to the phreatic sheets. In Lorraine, the analyses of underground waters show the irregular but general progression of the nitrates between 1976 and 1989. The examination of polluted areas will allow us to estimate the part of physical factor ( prheatic sheets vulnerability) and human factor ( nitrogenous throw ) in pollution phenomena
Lefèvre, Émilie. „Étude de la minéralisation de la nappe de la craie sous pressions naturelles et anthropiques : application à la présence de l'azote, du soufre et du nickel dans les eaux souterraines“. Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_17.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLonga, Norbert. „Influence de quelques agrosystèmes lorrains sur la qualité des eaux : cas des eaux de captage de la commune de Loisy-54“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL093N.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn agricultural areas, the pollution of aquifers by nitrates is caused especially by the mineralization of soil organic matter. This phenomenon is aggravated by farming practices that use organic or mineral fertilizers to achieve maximum yield. During five years, the nitrate levels in top-soil layer (Ap and subsequent lavers) of a clayey-calcareous soil were measured. The amounts of these nitrates non immobilized by soil or by crops come directly to a mini-watersheb supplying a water-catchment of the commune of Loisy (54). The nitrate contents of water were, for several years beyond the target content of 50 mg/l (CEE norm) to range between 65 and 75 mg/l. Therefore, an attempt was made to explain the relationship between the contents of nitrates in soil and in drainage water measured weekly. In parallel, the influence of the buryinf of the straw and an intercrop culture using rape to catch the nitrates was studied during the intercrop period on bare soil. The overall balance of this work explained clearly the necessity to know the real supply of native mineral nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers applications should be made accounting for local climatic conditions and particularly the different stages of the development of plant crop
Mcheik, Amale. „Évaluation de la biodisponibilité des métaux dans l’eau de surface et les sédiments de la rivière Al-Ghadir (Mont-Liban)“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1163.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe biogeochemical cycle of trace metals was greatly accelerated by human activities that have led to the contamination of water and river sediments. Following their emissions, the majority of trace metals exist in particulate form which can be transported by runoff and end up in rivers where they settle and where a portion can be dissolved into the water column in response to changes in the physico-chemical conditions of the site and under the action of indigenous microorganisms which later can interact with the food chain and pose a potential danger of toxicity to humans and other living organisms. In this study, we have chosen to work on Al-Ghadir River which represents an exceptional and an original case of pollution where the height of sediments, including several types of pollutants, is more than one meter. The aim of this work was to understand and to evaluate the role of the microbial compartment in the sediments of the Al-Ghadir River, which is the most polluting source to the Mediterranean, on the mobility of metals and their effects on underground water. This study was realized in two series of experiments (batch and soil column) with situations similar to those found in the river. A physico-chemical and chemical characterization of the studied sites was conducted as a first step to begin, after that, with the experimental approach which was used to isolate the physico-chemical processes from those which are attributable to microbiological activity. In the experiments conducted in closed reactors (batch), results obtained showed that the microbial activities are correlated with the strong dissolution of metals, especially for Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu and Zn. Iron appeared the most solubilized element and its solubilisation was correlated with the other trace metals suggesting that these metals are associated to iron oxides. This hypothesis was confirmed by sequential extraction procedure indicating the presence of iron-reducing bacteria, which, during the fermentation of glucose and the production of organic acids, reduced iron oxides. These later have led to the dissolution of trace metals and to a change in the bacterial populations which were detected after five days of incubation by the microbiological and the genetic studies. The effect of the bacteria on the mobilization of metals in sediments was then studied in hydrodynamic columns, under conditions similar to those in the field. Results obtained showed that: (i) Studied metals are not leached in the same order and showed the following order (in μg/l): Fe > Mn > Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb ≥ Cr; (ii) Metals will reprecipitate on the neoformed phases after the system returns to equilibrium. Studies of the distribution profile of metals in columns showed that metals were leached homogenously from the sediments during incubation. This distribution was shown to depend on the height of the sediment where the re-distribution was shown at its maximum at the surface of the column sediments (0-10 cm) and became null at a depth between 10 and 25 cm. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the metals after being dissolved and passed into solution, were then readsorbed to the negative electrochemical, neoformed and colloidal sediment phases which explains the decrease in the concentration of metals in the leachate obtained in the laboratory and suggests that the mechanism of trapping of metals in the column limits the migration of these later to underground water, as the adsorption capacity of present colloïds is not reached and the system is at equilibrium
Buluku, Ekwakwa Nsie-Ley Emvan. „Influence de l'agriculture sur la qualité des eaux souterraines : cas des nappes phréatiques du Parc naturel régional du Lubéron (Vaucluse, France)“. Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX11017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleConan, Céline. „Modélisation des transferts d'eau et de polluants (nitrates et métaux lourds) dans les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines de trois bassins versants européens“. Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLasserre, Frédérique. „Conception et intégration dans un SIG d'un modèle de transport des nitrates dans les aquifères libres : application sur deux bassins hydrogéologiques de la région Poitou-Charentes“. Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2267.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJego, Guillaume. „Influence des activités agricoles sur la pollution nitrique des eaux souterraines : analyse par modélisation des impacts des systèmes de grande culture sur les fuites de nitrate dans les plaines alluviales“. Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/469/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is now, well recognized that agricultural activities are responsible for an important part of the groundwater nitrate pollution. The case of the alluvial plains is particularly interesting because they associate the presence of a rich and deep soil, very favourable to the agriculture, and shallow alluvial groundwater. In this work we are interested in two types of alluvial plain. The alluvial plain of the Alegria River (Pays-Basque, Spain) represent the case of an alluvial plain with a small river. The recharge of the aquifer is mainly made by the infiltration and the percolation of the water through the not saturated zone of the soil. In such situation the nitrate leaching under the agricultural plots influences significantly the groundwater nitrate concentrations. The modelling of two crops (a potato crop in 1993 and a sugar beet crop in 2002) with the model the STICS soil-crop allowed on one hand to confirm that the agricultural practices had a significant impact on the evolution of the groundwater nitrate concentrations, and on the other hand to explain partially the decrease of the concentrations which was observed between the studies (between 1993 and 2002). The alluvial plain of the Garonne corresponds to a situation where the groundwater solutes concentrations are influenced by the exchanges between not saturated zone and the groundwater but also by the exchanges between groundwater and river. The coupling of the STICS model outputs (drainage and concentration in nitrate) with the hydro-biogeochemical model 2SWEM allowed to simulate these two types of interactions, and so, on one hand to explain the spatial distribution of the groundwater nitrate concentrations, and on the other hand to estimate the impact of modifications of the agricultural practices on these concentrations (notably the effect of the catch crop)
Fifi, Urbain. „Impacts des eaux pluviales urbaines sur les eaux souterraines dans les pays en développement : mécanismes de transfert des métaux lourds à travers un sol modèle de Port-au-Prince, Haïti“. Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0122/these.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle[Direct infiltration of urban stormwater towards superficial formations in developing countries constitutes a contamination risk for both those formations and/or subjacent groundwater. This thesis was focused a round this environ mental issue in which we have studied the three heavy metals (Pb, Cu and Cd) reactivity du ring their transfer related to urban stormwater infiltration in the alluvial formations of the Cul-de-sac Plain in Port-au-Prince. A "model soil " from the area study, with grain size s 2 mm considered as the most reactive, have been used and subjected to metal ions solutions according two different experimental conditions : static (batch) and dynamic (column) experiments. Results from these experimental deviees highlighted the retention or release mechanisms of these metal ions in the pedological medium of Port-au-Prince. Results from batch studies have showed that the competition between two or several cations for the sa me active sites in soils can inhibit the ir sorption individually. Results from columns proved the reactive character of the soil sample for the three metal ions, where approximately 99, 94 and 92% respectively for Cd, Pb and Cu have been retained on the soil. The study of the interactions between metals and the soil sample using PHREEQC code have showed that metals precipitation in a carbonated (cerrusite and otavite) and hydroxides forms and the ion exchange reactions are strongly contributed to this retention. However, these metals can be released or remobilized in the soil related to an abrupt change of the acido-basic conditions of the porous media, then representing a pollution risk for groundwater. ]
Darmendrail, Dominique. „Filtration géochimique de métaux lors de leur transfert d'une rivière vers une nappe alluviale : applications à la nappe des alluvions du Rhône (69) et de la Deule (59)“. Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30200.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBacquart, Thomas. „Développement de méthodes de spéciation de l'arsenic dans des échantillons biologiques et environnementaux : approches appliquées à la contamination des eaux souterraines au Bangladesh“. Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13466.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGoujon, Michaël. „Quantification du devenir des nitrates dans les hydrogéosystèmes hétérogènes fissurés : périmètre expérimental de Kerveldreac'h (Finistère - 29)“. Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2279.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRemediation measures of excessive nitrate concentrations in streamwaters yield contrasted effects regarding response times and degradation rates, generally lower than expected. This can be explain by the role that groundwaters play in the nitrate behaviour at catchment scale. Mechanisms which take place there are controlled by the hydrodynamic properties of fissured and weathered aquifers, and by the hydrochemical processes in groundwaters. Generalization of processes at groundwater scale depends on the understanding of processes at the well scale. Some misinterpretations can then arise due to the proper functioning of the wells. This work has been carried out on the Experimental Perimeter of Kerveldreac'h (EPK) within the Kerharo watershed. It made it possible to confirm the vertical hydrochemical zonation of the fissured aquifer. Two hydrodynamic and hydrochemical studies have been performed. The first study used a well without any equipment (Somlette, 1998). The second study used a well equipped with a packer, which let the aquifer recover its continuity. Despite the multiple inversions of piezometric levels observed in the well, the results show that, during a hydrological cycle, the groundwater hydrochemical stratification is steady. Knowledges, gathered on the EPK, have led to the elaboration of a conceptual model, as accurate and realistic as possible, prerequisite to the numerical modeling. The modeling task performed with MODFLOW allowed to estimate the effect of the hydrochemical zonation, and of the aquifer functioning on the nitrates amounts which are released into the stream, and on the response times of the whole system. This approach allowed also to establish water budgets and nitrate mass balances through the hydrogeosystem. Results show that natural denitrification in groundwater is a significant phenomenon. Actually, the mass balances resulting from the numerical modeling (2D vertical cross section model ) show that, when an oxydo-reduction barrier is present, 80 to 90 % of nitrates entering the aquifer, are decayed during their transport and so don't reach the stream
Dupuy, Alain. „Simulation de la contamination diffuse des eaux souterraines par les nitrates à l'échelle du bassin versant“. Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2306.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMangeret, Arnaud. „Cinétiques de dégradation des solvants chlorés dans les eaux souterraines : approche multi-échelles du laboratoire au site réel“. Bordeaux 3, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650447.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoulomb, Bruno. „Spectrophotométrie U. V. -visible avancée pour l'analyse en continu d'éléments métalliques dans les eaux“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTisserand, Pierre. „Mesure en continu et in situ des pollutions dans les milieux aqueux : conception et réalisation d'une instrumentation adaptée à la détection de métaux lourds par potentiométrie sélective“. Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10308.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMastering the quality of water demands that industrialised countries develop and improve facilities for the sanitising of water rejected back into the environment. Sewage sometimes contains micropollutants such as heavy metals which, in excess, can be noxious and alter ecosystems. Measuring them accurately is possible - with polarography or spectrometry - yet these techniques can hardly be used for non-stop monitoring. Within this framework, we have developed a detecting device for heavy metals Cu(II) and Pb(Ii). The principle cop. Sists in measuring potentials with two ion selective electrodes (ISE), which - by fusing varied data such as temperature, conductivity, pH, Redox - allows the gauging of free or hydroxylic metal. In order to lest the device, we have conceived a testbench reproducing the physical and chemical condition of sewage. The principle consists in injecting specific solutions into a reactor fitted with a measuring set containing sepsors which will carry out the aforementioned measures. Thanks to a system sampling and processing the data, aIl parameters can be measured non-stop. To characterise our tool, we have 'used two modelling methods. On the one hand, we have considered the output from the ISEs as a polynomial combination of all parameters (external models). On the other hand, we have assumed that hydroxylic forms can be parameterised in Nernst's equation (internaI models). Where the copper ISE is, concerned, internal models provide very interesting levels of detection, while extemal models fit the lead ISE best. Still using our test-bench, we have determined our models' limits, especially regarding the measure of Cu (II), in typical cases of reconstituted pollutions. To this end, we have elaborated different tests demonstrating that the internal model - which does not take the Redox potential into account - provides more accuracy than external models. In conclusion, we have shown that, in laboratory conditions, the potentiometric method with ISE is adapted to non-stop detection of heavy metal ions, by correcting the measures of relevant variables. The methodology we have developed can be extended to other heavy metals
Landru, Bruno. „Méthodologie d'étude de la mise en solution des nitrates d'origine agricole au sein des eaux souterraines (exemple des aquifères du Haut-Rhône)“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE1A001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleContamination study of agricultural nitrate in haut-rhone aquifer requires an evident multidisciplinarity approach in view of the important number of factors involved in this mechanism. Nitrate in groundwater usually results ofrom the combination of many climatic, agronomic, hydrological, hydrogeological and geological factors. The different situations come across, usually result from the importance of each factor. Such a study allows to determine the vulnerability of agricultural nitate contamination of each aquifer
Vallée, Karine. „Le nickel dans les eaux alimentaires : application à des champs captants du bassin Artois-Picardie“. Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-385.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElsamrani, Antoine. „Traitement des eaux pluviales par coagulation-floculation : speciation des éléments traces, influence des anions complexants, et recherche sur le devenir des boues à partir du système de silice-phosphate-FeCl[indice]3“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_ELSAMRANI_A.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFeller, Olivier (1970. „Analyse des métaux lourds dans les eaux de mer par spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique électrothermique“. Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11089.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDao, Thanh Duong. „Procédés membranaires pour l'élimination des métaux lourds : application de la distillation membranaire à l'élimination de l'Arsenic contenu dans les eaux“. Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0040/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD work deals with vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) for arsenic removal from groundwaters. Contamination of water resources with arsenic was identified in 105 countries. Approximately 150 million people are being exposed to arsenic contamination, and 147 million of these people live in Asia. In Vietnam, chosen as the case study of this work, 13% of the population is being in risk of arsenic poisoning. Drinking water resources present not only high arsenic concentration (1 – 3050 ppb) but also high salinity (5 – 15 g/L). This work allowed demonstrating the feasibility of VMD to remove arsenic and also salts contained in groundwaters. As(III) concentration in the permeate of VMD was always lower than the standard level for drinking water (10 μg.L-1), even for high As(III) concentrations in the feed (up to 2000 μg.L-1). With VMD, a pre-oxidation step was not necessary to convert As(III) into As(V), as it is the case for other conventional treatment processes. Moreover, a coupling between reverse osmosis (RO) and VMD was studied. RO was considered as a first step to concentrate NaCl and As(III) before this retentate stream was further concentrated by the VMD. VMD could work efficiently with 99.9% of As(III) andNaCl rejections at a very high RO retentate concentrations ([NaCl] = 300 g/L and [As(III)] = 7000 ppb). Arsenic in the permeate was still lower than the required standard for drinking water. Finally, a simulation of the coupling was performed. By coupling of RO and VMD, ahigh global recovery of 96% could be achieved
Chevron, Florence. „Dénitrification biologique d'une nappe phréatique polluée par des composés azotés d'origine industrielle : expérimentations en laboratoire sur les cinétiques, le métabolisme et les apports de nutriments“. Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-234.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEstèbe, Alexandrine. „Impact de l'agglomération parisienne et de ses rejets de temps de pluie sur les concentrations en métaux des matières en suspension et des sédiments en Seine en période estivale“. Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120072.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGabelle, Cédric. „Étude de la contamination des sédiments par les métaux dans les canaux et rivières du Nord de la France“. Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_90.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMusset, Joanne. „Déterminisme de la distribution spatiale du nitrate dans un système d'aquifères : application à une petite région agricole méditerranéenne (Comtat Venaissin, Vaucluse, France)“. Avignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AVIG0024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMorvan, Xavier. „Influence de la variabilité spatiale de différentes caractéristiques du milieu aux échelles de la parcelle expérimentale et du bassin versant hydrogéologique sur la contamination d'un aquifère sableux par les phytosanitaires“. Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLoyaux, Lawniczak Stéphanie. „Mécanismes d'immobilisation du chrome dans les sols : diagnostic de la pollution d'une friche industrielle et réactivité des ions chromates vis-à-vis du fer divalent“. Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0260_LOYAUX_LAWNICZAK.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePelfrêne, Aurélie. „Spéciation des métaux traces (Cd., Cu, Pb, Zn) dans les eaux d'un Planosol non pollué (Massif Central, France)“. Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNo summary avalaible
Benabderraziq, Hind. „Modalités et processus de la contamination des eaux souterraines : application à la présence du sélénium dans la nappe de la craie (Nord de la France)“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10018/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn north France, the concentration of selenium in the groundwater of the Turonian-Senonian chalk layers located in the south of Lille (Emmerin, Houplin -Ancoisne , the Ansereuilles and Salome) exceeds drinking-water limit of 10 µg/L and reaches 60 μg/L in some located small areas. The various lithological levels, except the Senonian chalk, contain natural selenium. The maximum measured values stand out in the Ypresian clay layer (4.87 mg/kg), alluvial clays (4.8 mg/kg) and sediments of rivers with important influence of anthropogenic origin (between 2.1 to 15.8 mg/kg). Selenium has a high affinity to the organic material. The soluble/exchangeable fraction is the most mobile selenium one. Strontium isotopes coupled with Ca/Sr and Mg/Sr and strontium isotopes ratios 87Sr/86Sr were used to identify the main groundwater bodies and theirs mixtures. Oxidizing or reducing environment conditions are controlled by the variations in the groundwater level which is influenced by the inter-annual and seasonal changes in the water and pumping process. However, each well field is characterized by its geological and hydro–geochemical conditions. The selenium may be mobilized through seepage (from the top), water levels variations (from the bottom), lateral transfers (interconnections between boreholes due to hydraulic gradients) and mixtures of water from surrounding areas
Haroux, Christian. „Biogéochimie du manganèse dans les nappes aquifères libres du domaine rhodanien“. Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO11708.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBriand, Cyrielle. „Approche multi-traceurs pour la détermination de l'origine des nitrates dans les eaux souterraines : exemple d'une source karstique dans les Landes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066133.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNitrate is widely derived from anthropogenic activities. When it reaches groundwater bodies, it becomes an environmental issue especially when the resource is used for drinking water supply. The determination of nitrate sources is thus the first step in water restoration and preservation management. An innovative multi-indicators approach has been used in Marseillon karstic spring (Southwest of France) which is considered as a strategic resource for drinking water supply. A spatial and temporal multi-scale sampling plan has been carried out in surface waters and groundwater. Hydrodynamic and geochemical tools helped to highlight an important contribution of deep water origin (i.e.: low nitrate concentration) in spring alimentation. Isotopic (?15N-NO3, ?18O-NO3 and ?11B) and microbiological tools have allowed identifying a hydraulic connection between surface water and the spring. This connection seems to be more important during the river?s flood events. Water dating shows a heterogeneous recharge of Marseillon spring with old water (<1940) mixed with current water characterized by nitrate derived from organic sources and fecal contamination originated from both human and animal wastes. This original multi-tracers approach developed in this thesis improves the knowledge on the nitrate origin determination and can be seen as a methodological guide for drinking water management
Chbib, Chaza. „Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’Akkar au nord du Liban : évaluation des risques sanitaires“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10110.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAkkar is the second agricultural zone in Lebanon. Pesticides are intensely applied in agricultural activities, and the groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated by some pesticides. Due to the absence of a public network for water distribution, groundwater is used as the main source for drinking water of local inhabitants. The present study focus firstly on the evaluation of groundwater and soil contamination by OCPs, OPPs and ONPs and by heavy metals in order to characterize the degree of contamination. Secondly, it is focusing on the risk assessment of pollution on the population of Akkar. High levels of pesticides were detected in many villages in Akkar plain groundwater. Similarly, high concentrations of OCPs were detected in agricultural soil. A huge difference between the contamination levels in cultivated area and tillage land. Moreover, a significant variation has been established between soil depth. Results showed that some prohibited pesticides are still currently used in Akkar. To complete the background of pollution, trace metallic element As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd have been studied. The results showed that soils are moderately polluted by Cd. In parallel, a health study was conducted, the prevalence of nervous disorders; birth defects; cancer and other chronic diseases were exceeded those values reported in other regions. A significant correlation has been established between wells water consumption and the appearance of some diseases.More researches could be realized to identify pesticides levels in human blood or urine. Also it will be necessary to manage pesticides use in this region to reduce their effects on human health
Debieche, Taha Hocine. „Evolution de la qualité des eaux (salinité, azote et métaux lourds) sous l'effet de la pollution saline, agricole et industrielle : application à la basse plaine de la Seybouse Nord-Est algérien“. Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBriand, Cyrielle. „Approche multi-traceurs pour la détermination de l'origine des nitrates dans les eaux souterraines : exemple d'une source karstique dans les Landes“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064359.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSalvarredy, Aranguren Matías Miguel. „Contamination en métaux lourds des eaux de surface et des sédiments du Val de Milluni (Andes Boliviennes) par des déchets miniers : approches géochimique, minéralogique et hydrochimiques“. Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/456/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeavy metal contamination has been investigated in the Milluni valley (Bolivia, high plateau, 4800 m asl) combining geochemical, mineralogical and hydrochemical approaches. For each metal, the mineral source was determined, as well as the geochemical process leading to the weathering of primary minerals into tertiary minerals. The knowledge of the ongoing geochemical processes and of the hydrochemical budgets allowed to determining the origin, the transport pathways and the control parameters of the metals in this environment. Finally, the cores in lake sediments and in peat-bogs of the valley allowed assessing the historical behaviour of heavy metal contamination, especially during the last century
Triboit, Frédéric. „Les métaux dans les bassins autoroutiers du Sud-Est de la France : potentialités de dépollution des eaux et des sédiments par les plantes“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX11068.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmongst the numerous retention ponds alongside motorways from the French concession motorway company ASF, this study focused on a pool of 18 ponds in the South-East of France. The purpose was to determine the major features of the pond functioning beyond structural characters, biotic and abiotic environmental parameters and evaluate the remediation potential of the spontaneous flora. Results showed that water chemistry was not a discriminant pool of data because these parameters were under control of water renewal. However, among the sediment chemical parameters selected, carbonate content was a good discriminant. Pond vegetation showed a classical dynamic of evolution with helophytes following hydrophyte colonization. Amongst the plant taxa, Chara vulgaris was more abundant in carbonated ponds while Chara globularis occurred in less carbonated ponds. A rhizospheric effect was demonstrated enhancing trace elements biodisponibility. However no metal hyperaccumulation was observed in the analysed aquatic plants. Metal contents in plants were low compared with metal contents in sediments. The highest metal accumulation was obtained in roots of typha. Even if charophytes produced high biomass in the ponds, low levels of trace elements were accumulated in plant tissue. However, plant cover play a stabilization role in the ponds: regarding strong gusts of wind, typical of Mediterranean climate and possible pollutant dispersion, vegetation may improve particles trapping in the ponds
Brohon, Bertrand. „Utilisation d'indicateurs d'activités microbiennes telluriques et de biotests pour l'évaluation du niveau de pollution d'un sol : application à un sol pollué par des hydrocarbures et à un sol agricole soumis à l'épandage de boues et déchets de nature variée“. Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this present study is to evaluate whether the information given by the measures in eco-toxicology could be used in diagnosis of sail pollution. The sail bio-indicators (sail respiration measurement, enzyme activities measurements represented by Dehydrogenase activity, Phosphatase activity, Esterase activity and Urease activity) and the bio-essays used require a great care about handling and storage of the sail samples. Preliminary investigations have therefore focused on the laboratory practices to be used in order to minimize the bias introduced by handling and storage of the sail samples. One case of chronic pollution represented by an industrial site polluted by hydrocarbons and one case of a punctual pollution represented by sail polluted by different sludges and wastes have been analysed. We have shown the pertinence of bath bio-indicators and bio-essays simultaneously used. The followed processes help to reduce the probability of « false negative results » and provide useful information for the diagnosis of sail pollution. However, the use of microbial activity measurements on sail polluted by sludges and wastes showed a greater sensibility than the Microtox bio-essay. From our study, the results demonstrated the advantages and inconvenient of the eco-toxical measurements. Notably, on slightly polluted soils, the phosphatase activity didn't seem sensitive enough to the level of sail pollution
Barrez, Frédéric. „Essais de caractérisation hydrochimique verticale de la nappe de la craie dans le secteur minier Carvin-Douai-Hénin Beaumont“. Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_304.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBenremita, Hocine. „Approche expérimentale et simulation numérique du transfert de solvants chlorés en aquifère alluvial contrôlé“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2002/BENREMITA_Hocine_2002.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the objective of the better understanding of the complex mechanisms of groundwater pollution by chlorinated solvents, it is essential to apprehend the physico-chemical processes of mass transfer between phases and the exchange phenomena between the various compartments of the subsurface medium and atmosphere. Experiments were undertaken on controlled experimental platform SCERES with dimensions 25m1́2m3́m reconstituting an alluvial aquifer. It is observed that the development and the distribution of the chlorinated solvent vapor plume are strongly influenced by the temperature, density-induced advection and mass flux towards the atmosphere. This pollution by the vapor can cause a significant contamination of the water table by vertical dispersion through the capillary fringe, and a more intense contamination by vapor leaching with flux of several tens times more significant. Validation of multiphase model SIMUSCOPP on the basis of the results of these experiments allowed, on one hand, to test the model under which condition it is capable of reproducing the observed concentrations and, on the other hand, to show the potentials as well as the limits of numerical modeling
Roussel, Hélène. „Les effets du cuivre sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques : une étude en mésocosmes lotiques“. Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30235.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCopper is known to be a nonspecific toxicant and is frequently used as an algicide, fungicide, bactericide, plant herbicide and molluscicide in the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of copper on the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the use of experimental streams called mesocosms allowed to realize ecologically realistic study while controlling many parameters. During 18 months, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 µg/L) where applied on 12 outdoor mesocosms of 20 m long. Results showed an effect on both structure and function of the ecosystem and considering all those results, a NOECecosystem was set up at 5 µg/L for fresh water ecosystems
Crosnier, Jérôme. „Devenir de la pollution métallique drainée par les eaux pluviales : influence du compartiment microbien et des alternances de dessiccation-réhumectation sur le transfert du zinc dans la zone non saturée du sol“. Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarchat, David. „Fixation du cadmium par une hydroxyapatite phosphocalcique : étude cinétique et thermodynamique“. Limoges, 2005. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/3a196289-6919-42b0-ab52-159a1f248c8c/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0062.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUse of synthetic apatites could be a way of eliminating cadmium from waste industrial aqueous solution and water. Apatites could be also used as host matrix for the storage of this toxic element. The implementation of this stabilization process depends on the nature of the interactions between the Cd2+ cations and the apatite crystals. Within this framework, the fixation mechanism of cadmium by a calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 in aqueous solution was determined. At first, the calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite was synthesized. Then, the Cd2+ immobilization was performed by "batch " experiments. The mechanism was determined from a chemical analysis of the loaded powders and the supernatant. The isothermal data obtained after two weeks are well fitted by the simple Langmuir adsorption isotherm whatever the experimental parameters may be. The amount of immobilized cadmium is proportional to the powders surface area, and can reach 7. 1 mol per mol of apatite. The main immobilization reaction is made of two successive steps. The first one is a fast ionic exchange between Cd2+ cations of the bulk solution and Cd2+ cations adsorbed on specific sites at the apatite surface. The second, slower than the previous one, is the heterogeneous precipitation of a cadmium-containing hydroxyapatite. This reaction is initiated by the Cd2+ cations adsorbed on the surface of the particles. They become the germination sites of the calcium-cadmium hydroxyapatite crystals. The growth of this epitaxial layer is carried out via a local redistribution of the matter at the grains surface, and/or via an Ostwald ripening within the bulk solution. The loaded powder is made of a pure calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 core, surrounded by a shell of cadmium-containing hydroxyapatite Ca10-xCdx(PO4)6(OH)2 (4≤x≤10). In the same time two minor reactions occur, a homogeneous precipitation of a cadmium-containing hydroxyapatite followed by the slow dissolution of the initial calcium hydroxyapatite. According to the temperature, between 17% and 35% of the total amount of cadmium fixed after two weeks of contact are adsorbed on grains surface. The surface precipitation incorporates in an apatitic solid solution between 59% and 82% of this quantity, and the homogeneous precipitation from 1 % to 6%
Fekete, Ilona. „Évaluation complexe de la pollution environnementale du système de lacs Gödöllö - Isaszeg“. Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT003A.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDarwishe, Hanan. „Contribution des Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques (SIG) à la gestion et à l'aide à la décision : approche pluridisciplinaire pour l’évaluation des aspects à risques : site d’application : dans le nord de la France“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10044/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe chalk aquifer of northern France is currently facing nitrate concentrations above the levels specified in the European Nitrates Directive. In the urban area of Lens, the drinking water resource occurs mainly in this chalk aquifer, but its nitrate concentrations can reach 100mg/l. This modeling study focuses on the chalk aquifer located in Béthune (17 km from Lens), which provides natural denitrification and ensures a good drinking water quality The management of Béthune’s aquifer requires the implementation of a numerical modeling that has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding the hydrodynamic behaviour of this chalk aquifer. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offers an integrated platform of management, analysis, modeling, display and decision support. In this research, a methodology, based on the combination of GIS, hydrogeological modeling by Modflow, transport modeling by MT3D and Artificial Neural Networks model (ANN), was adopted to support groundwater management. A numerical flow model was created by the code “Modflow” using a Geographic Information System. A conceptual data model CDM has been prepared according to HBDS method and this is to visualize the relationships between the different studied phenomena. The physical data model PDM presenting by geodatabases has been made mainly in order to structure spatial (geographic) and/or no spatial (thematic) information, treatment, handling and creating input data were performed with a model designed in ArcGIS 9.3.1 software. Two simulations were done, steady state simulation in order to calibrate the model and transient simulation to define an optimum level of water use from two wells located in Béthune’s aquifer so as to supply Lens with drinking water without reducing the aquifer’s denitrification capacity. Water usage scenarios are defined and tested (in Modflow and using RNA) for dry and for wet years over the period 1972-2008. A nitrate transport model has been created by the code MT3D, and compared with another model based on a coupling between ANN and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which build for spatial nitrate prediction of groundwater. This coupled model allows to create spatial distribution maps of nitrates at different time scales without creating transport models that rely on complex mathematical equations and that require a lot of input data. To get better the results of models created in this study, a tool of consulting and data management (GWMV) was created in ArcGIS using the VBA. This tool provides interfaces that are created for Bethune‘s aquifer management. The user can view and consult the inputs and outputs data in a more simple and effective way
El-Mufleh, Amelène. „Répartition des micropolluants métalliques et organiques au sein de la matrice solides des sédiments issus de l'assainissement des eaux pluviales urbaines : comparaisons et critiques de méthodes de fractionnement“. Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDN0008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo manage urban runoff, retention/infiltration ponds have frequently been implemented for several decades. Sediments that accumulate by settling at the bottom of the basins should be removed to maintain or restore the good functioning of these structures. However, these sediments are often highly contaminated by organic micropollutants (hydrocarbon) and trace metals. Pollutant distribution in the sediment solid phases is crucial with regards to: i) their potential transfer and bioavailability, ii) the treatment and the reuse of these sediments. The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAHs and trace metals) in the solid matrix of three sediments from urban runoff retention/infiltration basins. Six methods of fractionation and chemical extractions coupled to chemical analysis and microanalysis of the solid have been carried out in this study. The results show that PAHs and trace metals are mostly contained in aggregates composed of mineral and organic phases. After disaggregation, it appears that these pollutants were mostly associated to fine particles (<63 µm), PAHs are only associated with organic matter, while trace metals are adsorbed on clays, metal oxides, carbonates and organic matter. A critical analysis of these methods and improvements are proposed for application to other sediments or contaminated soil with high levels of aggregation
Bellier, Sandra. „Modélisation de la contamination nitrique de la nappe des calcaires de Champigny : Application à la protection des captages prioritaires de la fosse de Melun et de la basse vallée de l'Yerres“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0072.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on modelling of the nitrogenous contamination in Champigny's limestone aquifer. This groundwater is a strategic resource for Ile-de-France drinking water supply where several well-fields have been identified as a priority. The coupling of an agronomic model (STICS) and a hydrogeological model (MODCOU) enables to simulate the transfer of nitrates through the hydrosystem resulting from agricultural practices.The implementation of MODCOU on the study area has required improvement of the software for better representing distinctive features of the hydrosystem. The application of this model from 1971 to 2011 shows the importance of exchanges between rivers and aquifers in order to capture aquifer functioning and particularly the behaviour of the well field's water supply basins identified in previous studies. To integrate these exchanges in the modelling of nitrogenous contamination, a module assessing concentrations in rivers has been developed for each catchment and enables to reproduce the evolution of contamination from the past to the present and subsequently realize forward-looking scenarios.The development of a specific methodology enabled to identify the most contributory areas for well-field supply. Results show that these areas are located essentially along streams and represent a little less than half of the area of the well field's water supply basins. The linking between the main recharge area and the transfer velocity enables to determine the most relevant priority action areas on which protective measures could be more specifically applied
Diop, Cheikh. „Étude de la contamination, de la spéciation et de la biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les eaux et sédiments côtiers et estuariens au Sénégal : évaluation de la toxicité potentielle“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10034/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this study was to assess the trace metals contamination level, chemical speciation, bioavailability and toxicity in sediments and water column from Dakar coast and Saint Louis estuary in Senegal. For water column, the results show that the pollution of the estuary was more serious than in Dakar coast for Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn; while, Cd and Cu were higher in Dakar coast. A strong affinity between metals and suspended particles has been revealed and the mobility of trace metals in estuary is controlled by dissolved organic carbon, while in coast it depends on chlorides. This study has assessed the metals trace contamination level in sediments and to examine their bioavailability and toxicity. Toxicity indexes are exceeded one in several sites suggesting the potential effects on sediment-dwelling organisms. However, seasonal variability of metal bioavailability was noted, revealing the best period to monitor metal contamination. From an ecotoxicological point of view, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were above the effects range low (ERL) threshold limit of the sediment quality guidelines for adverse biological effects. The accumulated trace metals in sediment can be released into the water column due to sediments resuspension caused by tide, flood effects or dredging activities which increases the risk to aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this work is interested in the behavior of metals during these phenomena. The results showed an important mobility of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd and their mobility is strongly correlated to their speciation and bioavailability
Mattio, Elodie. „Développement de systèmes d'analyse en flux imprimés en 3D pour le dosage de Pb, Cd et Hg dans les eaux“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0361.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMetals determination in aqueous samples is a major challenge nowadays, in the light of their high toxicity and their numerous emission sources into the environment. In this context, the development of on-line and low-cost analytical systems allows to carry out automated on-site measurements. Three metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) have been targeted in this study. 3D printing has been used in this study to reduce fabrication costs and to allow a tailor-made conception of the units. The developed flow systems in this study are based on the same analytical methodology: first, the sample is photo-oxidized to extract targeted metals from organic and mineral matrix of the sample. Then, metals are preconcentrated on a solid phase, then eluted and detected by UV-Visible or fluorescence spectroscopy. The choices of preconcentration solid phases, eluents, and detection reagents are decisive for the selective and sensitive characterisation of each metal. The first developed system concerns lead analysis, and consists of three 3D printed units, which contain a resin column, a mixing coil, and a spectroscopic flow-cell. The second system for lead and cadmium determination contains a 3D printed lab-on-valve with eight ports, two resin columns, and a mixing coil with baffles. Finally, the third system includes a 3D printed unit whose surface has been modified by grafting a molecule with high affinity for mercury (dithizone carboxylate). This 3D printed unit provides a selective extraction of mercury after modification of its surface. The systems thus developed allow to explore the possibilities of 3D printing for the development of more complex flow systems